Ghost cells as a two-phase blood analog fluid —fluorescent mechanical hemolysis detection

Ghost cells as a two-phase blood analog fluid —fluorescent mechanical hemolysis detection | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ghost cells as a two-phase blood analog fluid —fluorescent mechanical hemolysis detection Benjamin J. Schürman, Bennet F. Holst, Pia Creutz, Thomas Schmitz-Rode, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5666675/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Artificial Organs → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study investigated fluorescent hemolysis detection as an optical method to detect local hemolysis in mechanical circulatory support systems, addressing the limitations of standard hemolysis tests and current simulation methods. Standard tests, per ASTM1841-19, quantify general hemolysis but do not localize it. Methods We employ a two-phase blood analog fluid composed of calcium-loaded ghost cells and phosphate-buffered saline. Ghost cells are hemoglobin-depleted red blood cells, allowing for optical measurements. A calcium-sensitive fluorescent indicator (Cal590 potassium salt, AAT Bioquest, Pleasanton, USA), activated by calcium released upon ghost cell hemolysis, enables fluorescent hemolysis detection. Hemolysis tests were conducted using porcine whole blood and the blood analog fluid, confirming that both undergo mechanical hemolysis in the Food and Drug Administration pump model. Results The results revealed increased fluorescence intensity in response to hemolysis, with a quantitative fluorescence increase of 8.85/min at 3500 RPM and 2.5 L/min, indicating hemolysis, particularly at the rotor tip. Through image processing of fluorescence images, local hemolysis was visualized. Conclusion This study is the first to use fluorescent hemolysis detection for local detection of mechanical hemolysis. Further refinement may enhance the design of mechanical circulatory support systems and bridge simulation limitations with experimental, localized hemolysis detection. Biomedical Engineering fluorescent mechanical hemolysis detection resealed ghost cells translucent two-phase blood analog fluid Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Artificial Organs → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Standard tests, per ASTM1841-19, quantify general hemolysis but do not localize it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eMethods\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe employ a two-phase blood analog fluid composed of calcium-loaded ghost cells and phosphate-buffered saline. Ghost cells are hemoglobin-depleted red blood cells, allowing for optical measurements. A calcium-sensitive fluorescent indicator (Cal590 potassium salt, AAT Bioquest, Pleasanton, USA), activated by calcium released upon ghost cell hemolysis, enables fluorescent hemolysis detection. Hemolysis tests were conducted using porcine whole blood and the blood analog fluid, confirming that both undergo mechanical hemolysis in the Food and Drug Administration pump model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eResults\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results revealed increased fluorescence intensity in response to hemolysis, with a quantitative fluorescence increase of 8.85/min at 3500 RPM and 2.5 L/min, indicating hemolysis, particularly at the rotor tip. Through image processing of fluorescence images, local hemolysis was visualized.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eConclusion\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is the first to use fluorescent hemolysis detection for local detection of mechanical hemolysis. Further refinement may enhance the design of mechanical circulatory support systems and bridge simulation limitations with experimental, localized hemolysis detection.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ghost cells as a two-phase blood analog fluid —fluorescent mechanical hemolysis detection","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-19 06:54:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5666675/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dadc1ecf-22b6-4287-af68-7046d314adc3","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":41754081,"name":"Biomedical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-03T17:29:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5666675","link":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.15061","journal":{"identity":"artificial-organs","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Artificial Organs"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-24 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-19 06:54:04","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1111/aor.15061","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.15061","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5666675","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5666675","identity":"rs-5666675","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}