Stimulated cooling in non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate

Stimulated cooling in non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Stimulated cooling in non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate Anton Zasedatelev, Ka Kit Kelvin Ho Ho, Vladislav Shishkov, Mohammad Amini, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8882714/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We report on the experimental observation of stimulated cooling in the non-equilibrium Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) of weakly interacting exciton-polaritons from approximately room temperature down to 20K. Our results indicate that the temperature of the weakly interacting Bose gas is universally set by the density-dependent chemical potential, revealing a defining property of non-equilibrium BECs. We demonstrate that the stimulated nature of the cooling process directly governs the emergence of quantum coherence of the condensate and shapes the dissipative properties of the excited states. Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Polaritons Physical sciences/Physics/Atomic and molecular physics/Ultracold gases Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SI.pdf Stimulated cooling in non-equilibrium Bose--Einstein condensate Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8882714","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":592180654,"identity":"2ecf3069-d0e5-4d79-9251-4848065d6692","order_by":0,"name":"Anton Zasedatelev","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIie3PsWqDQBjA8a8Iunzg+kFBX+HkoDhY8ionglOGQiE4lFQINGPWSgZfwZIXOBGSxQe40g4Nrh2ELE6lpunQQdOOHe4Pxx3H/bg7AJ3un8f64QNYKcBbv7QWYweNH0QCAaAEEKKfqz8TEt9EDgN7vSqbG5i77nLxdGgTcthzs2/DLgC0hgm9VgZ/BNMr6u0tyZo4e4k5CREDGsMEVGReIuBFQVNG5QOF2VqwnlQwGSHuidAkz995V37QfZbtDt2RjN3CToSFqcIrKlMSNvWLc8RTEefIRFTU8cyvt+StcDrzRRzjGHFUuG8wmV/ny2qjkrvANa3dRrVB4KAtR/7/9byBPTxzXqfT6XS/9Akk0VYjcDw2igAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anton","middleName":"","lastName":"Zasedatelev","suffix":""},{"id":592180655,"identity":"4a6a15c0-2269-4ac7-97b2-3fb4e2700765","order_by":1,"name":"Ka Kit Kelvin Ho Ho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ka","middleName":"Kit Kelvin Ho","lastName":"Ho","suffix":""},{"id":592180656,"identity":"93d516b5-3bd2-4501-a97b-27951c5fe33c","order_by":2,"name":"Vladislav Shishkov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vladislav","middleName":"","lastName":"Shishkov","suffix":""},{"id":592180657,"identity":"51422fa1-5573-4fb3-8626-318de0e378ec","order_by":3,"name":"Mohammad Amini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Amini","suffix":""},{"id":592180658,"identity":"ca2da062-c97a-41af-a244-4033ee13243b","order_by":4,"name":"Leonie Teresa Wrathall","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leonie","middleName":"Teresa","lastName":"Wrathall","suffix":""},{"id":592180659,"identity":"c243ebfc-e834-4396-93fd-b9ad5d919511","order_by":5,"name":"Evgeny Mamonov Mamonov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Evgeny","middleName":"Mamonov","lastName":"Mamonov","suffix":""},{"id":592180660,"identity":"e5f29df8-dda7-461a-a560-5506ab3db657","order_by":6,"name":"Darius Urbonas","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9919-9221","institution":"IBM Research - Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Darius","middleName":"","lastName":"Urbonas","suffix":""},{"id":592180661,"identity":"f918a41e-ca5a-4d66-815b-b18fd7b0cf8f","order_by":7,"name":"Ioannis Georgakilas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IBM Research Europe - Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ioannis","middleName":"","lastName":"Georgakilas","suffix":""},{"id":592180662,"identity":"791dd041-36ad-4795-8d62-7470c7f3e216","order_by":8,"name":"Tobias Herkenrath","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bergische Universität Wuppertal","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tobias","middleName":"","lastName":"Herkenrath","suffix":""},{"id":592180663,"identity":"8ed96ca9-c33b-4a89-9ef7-f185505972bd","order_by":9,"name":"Michael Forster","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bergische Universität Wuppertal","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"","lastName":"Forster","suffix":""},{"id":592180664,"identity":"095d2dd8-2db0-437d-8a9b-a9b54009d798","order_by":10,"name":"Ullrich Scherf","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-4919","institution":"Bergische Universität Wuppertal","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ullrich","middleName":"","lastName":"Scherf","suffix":""},{"id":592180665,"identity":"bf083cd3-9ebc-447b-bacc-0fe76ead10f9","order_by":11,"name":"Tapio Niemi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tampere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tapio","middleName":"","lastName":"Niemi","suffix":""},{"id":592180666,"identity":"96be2238-c15d-4ecc-979b-4c8ac27c3817","order_by":12,"name":"Päivi Törmä","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0979-9894","institution":"Aalto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Päivi","middleName":"","lastName":"Törmä","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-14 22:10:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8882714/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8882714/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107482654,"identity":"d006d15d-3add-472c-993c-bb913802ea5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:24:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":867348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"Main.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8882714/v1_covered_0ea1556d-11b4-4e0f-8fbe-a59ec86f3005.pdf"},{"id":104698341,"identity":"6572a0cd-e73c-41e1-8104-6c0f0cee05e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 08:07:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1386429,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Stimulated cooling in non-equilibrium Bose--Einstein condensate","description":"","filename":"SI.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8882714/v1/f5f0df630f97d9b6d52cfed1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Stimulated cooling in non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8882714/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8882714/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"We report on the experimental observation of stimulated cooling in the non-equilibrium Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) of weakly interacting exciton-polaritons from approximately room temperature down to 20K. Our results indicate that the temperature of the weakly interacting Bose gas is universally set by the density-dependent chemical potential, revealing a defining property of non-equilibrium BECs. We demonstrate that the stimulated nature of the cooling process directly governs the emergence of quantum coherence of the condensate and shapes the dissipative properties of the excited states.","manuscriptTitle":"Stimulated cooling in non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-16 08:06:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8882714/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5b784093-ed82-4440-af94-aa6405611196","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":63012219,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Polaritons"},{"id":63012220,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Atomic and molecular physics/Ultracold gases"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-17T14:01:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-16 08:06:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8882714","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8882714","identity":"rs-8882714","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}