Evaluation of the Effect of Chrysophylum albidum seed aqueous extract on Pancreas and Kidney of Hyperglycemic Wistar rats

Evaluation of the Effect of Chrysophylum albidum seed aqueous extract on Pancreas and Kidney of Hyperglycemic Wistar rats | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of the Effect of Chrysophylum albidum seed aqueous extract on Pancreas and Kidney of Hyperglycemic Wistar rats Oluwafemi Samuel OLANIYI, Oluwagbenga Oluwasemilore JOSEPH, Olalekan Wasiu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006774/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that resulted from an imbalance in insulin production or function. Nonetheless, research has proved traditionally that medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities may provide valuable information for the development of safer and more potent oral hypoglycemic medications. The study therefore investigated the effects of aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed on the pancreas and kidney of hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Forty male Wistar rats weighing between 90g-150g were divided into four groups (n = 10). Group 1 (control) received 2 ml of distilled water; Group 2 and 3 (diabetic) injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) after 12hrs fasting period. Group 3 (diabetic treated) treated with 750 mg/kg aqueos extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed , Group 4 (normoglycemic) treated with 750 mg/Kg of the extract. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) routine staining, Gomori and Masson trichome special staining to demonstrate the histoarchitecture of the tissue samples. The results showed a significance reduction (p < 0.05) in the body weight of the animals in group 2 compare to control group and diabetic treated. The FBS of the animals in group 2 increased significantly (p < 0.05) compare with control and was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in group 3 (diabetic-treated) compare with control and group 4 (extract group). Histologically, studies of the pancreas in Group 1 and 4 showed normal morphology compare with Group 2 (diabetic) which revealed inflammation of the acini, disorganization of the pancreatic architecture, fibrotic and degenerative changes of Islet of Langerhans cells, while Group 3 reveals improvement in the pancreatic tissue histo-architecture, similarly, renal tissue in group 2 shows distort and degenerated cells while improved histological architecture of renal tissue in group 3 (diabetic treated) was indicated. The relative pancreatic weights were significantly reduced in group 2 (diabetic) compare with control and group 3 (diabetic treated). The study concluded that Chrysophylum albidum seed has anti-diabetic properties with significant reduction in blood glucose level in the hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Further studies of the mechanism involved and screening of bioactive components of the extracts are recommended. Diabetes Mellitus Chrysophyllum albidum Hyperglycemic Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that resulted from an imbalance in insulin production or function. Insufficient production of insulin results in a long-term condition of elevated blood sugar levels, leading to disruptions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (1). DM, the most prevalent endocrine medical conditions, is projected to affect over 200 million individuals globally, with an anticipated increase to 300 million by 2025 (2,3). As the condition advances, it causes damage to tissues or blood vessels, resulting in serious problems associated with diabetes, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular issues, and ulceration. In addition to high blood sugar levels, diabetes is linked to both small and large blood vessel problems, which are the primary factors contributing diabetes mortality. Therefore, a broad spectrum of diverse disorders is included in the term diabetes. The secondary aim is to mitigate the occurrence of chronic problems associated with diabetes and enhance lifespan by mitigating numerous risk factors (4). Patients with type 1 DM are treated primarily with insulin replacement therapy, while individuals with type 2 DM are treated and managed mostly with diet and lifestyle changes (5). Insulin plays a crucial role in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus when blood glucose levels cannot be effectively regulated with dietary changes, weight reduction, physical activity, and oral medications. Oral hypoglycemic medications are beneficial for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral hypoglycemic medicines include sulfonylureas, biguanides, alpha glucosidase inhibiting agents, meglitinide derivatives, and thiazolidinediones (6). The primary goal of these medications is to rectify the fundamental metabolic dysfunction, such as insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion. The present synthetic anti-diabetic medications, however, have a number of negative effects, are relatively costly, and have a limited potency (7,8). Their use is restricted due to unfavourable clinical circumstances and elevated rates of subsequent failure. Due to this, it became necessary to look for safer, more affordable, and more effective diabetic therapies. Traditionally, medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities may provide valuable information for the development of safer and more potent oral hypoglycemic medications (9). Roughly 350 traditional plants have been documented for their use in the management of diabetic mellitus. However, only a limited number of these remedies have received scientific and medical scrutiny to assess their efficacy (8). Therefore, the study's main emphasis is on how Chrysophylum albidum's are used to manage diabetes. Chrysophyllum albidum is a medicinal plant classified within the Sapotaceae family, which has around 800 species and constitutes almost 50% of the Ericales order. Prior research has shown the hypoglycemic properties of Chrysophylum Albidum. The phytochemicals studied in Chrysophyllum albidum include flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrates, protein and resins (10). Chrysophyllum albidum has antioxidant benefits via the process of free radical scavaging, reducing lipid peroxidation, and elevating the levels of endogenous blood antioxidant enzymes (11). Researchers have shown that Chrysophyllum albidum seeds contain valuable compounds with physiological and therapeutic properties, including alkaloids, glycoside cardiac, flavonoids, anthraquinones and terpenoids. Vitamin D, which is also believed to be associated with breast cancer (12). However, there is a lack of evidence in literature on the hyperglycemic impact of Chrysophyllum albidum seed. Therefore, the study investigated the effects of aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed on the pancreas and kidney of hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Material and Method Preparation of the Plant Extracts Fresh Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledon was collected from Ita-Alasa area, Ogbomoso North LGA, Ogbomoso, and authenticated by a taxonomist in person of Prof. Ogunkunle at the Department of Pure and Applied Biology of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. With record ID Number LH0 867, The Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledons were air-dried at room temperature for four (4) weeks and pulverized before extraction. Dried powdered Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledons weighing 500g was successfully macerated in distiled water for 48hours. After this, the extract was filtered with clean muslin. The filtrate was concentrated in a rotary evaporator and then dried in a laboratory oven at 40ºC to obtain the powder extract. LD 50 LD50 was determined at Department of Pharmacology of LAUTECH, Osogbo, Osun State. A total of seventy (70) Wistar rats of both sexes were used in the determination of the acute toxicity of the extract of Chrysophyllum abidum seed. The rats were randomly divided into seven groups of ten(10) each and the first (1st) group was given 10mg/Kg, the second (2nd) group 100mg/Kg, and the third(3rd) group 1000mg/Kg of the plant extract respectively via the oral route. They were observed for signs of toxicity, adverse effects or death. After 24hours, the remaining four(4) groups were given 2000 mg/Kg, 3000 mg/Kg, 4000 mg/Kg and 5000mg/Kg of the plant extract respectively and observations were noted as previously described. The LD50 of chrysophyllum albidum seed extract was found to be ≤ 5000mg/kg body weight according to Damilola., (13). The LD50 used was 750mg/kg body weight which showed relative significance in the study. Experimental animals Forty (40) male healthy Wistar rats weighing between 90g-150g were purchased from Laboratory Animal Department of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology and were used for this experiment. The experimental animals were acclimatized in the Anatomy Department, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso for two weeks at room temperature with a 12hr light and dark cycle. They were fed with standard pellets gotten from the animal house and distilled water ad libitum . Experimental Design The animals (40 Wistar rats) were separated into four (4) groups with ten (10) research animals per group; Group 1 : which serves as control group (normoglycemic), received with 2 mls/kg bw distilled water only, Group 2 : which was Hyperglycemic group, received 2 mls/kg bw of distilled water only, Group 3 : which was Hyperglycemic group, received 750 mg/Kg of the aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledon. Group 4 : which was normoglycemic group received 750 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledon. Hyperglycemia was induced in overnight-fasted randomly selected rats by a single intraperitoneal administration of Streptozotocin (STZ) at 50mg/Kg body weight, which was dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1M, pH 4.5) just prior to injection (14). The experimental animals were administered 5% dextrose (Each 100 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, contains dextrose, hydrous 5 g in water for injection. The caloric value is 170 kcal/L. The osmolarity is 252 mOsmol/L (calc.), which is slightly hypotonic. The solution pH is 4.3 (3.2 to 6.5).) water after administration of STZ to stabilize them and prevent hypoglycemia (15). Hyperglycemia was allowed to develop for 72hours (16). Animals with fasting blood glucose ≥ 200mg/dl were considered hyperglycemic (17) and were included in this study. Administration was by oral method using oral cannula. The extract was weighed using digital electronic laboratory weighing scale, while the distiled water was measured using 2ml/5ml syringes. The measured dose of the extract was dissolved in 2ml of distiled water and administered /kg bw to the animals. These animals were treated daily at around 9–10 hours for 3weeks. Blood glucose and Body weight measurement Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was monitored in overnight fasted experimental animals (the feed is being removed from their cage after they must have been fed in the evening), at 9–10 hour using samples collected from the tail tip, by means of a glucometer (ACCU-CHEK Active) and compatible blood glucose test strips. The Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was monitored weekly from the acclimatization period, before induction of hyperglycemia, and for the four weeks of treatment (18). The body weights of the animals were measured weekly from the acclimatization period till the end of the four weeks of treatment using a weighing scale. Organ’s preparations The animals were sacrificed on the 29th day of induction and administration. They were fasted overnight after the last dose of aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledon, the fasting blood glucose was checked and the animals were sacrificed using the cervical dislocation method. The abdominal incisions were made and the pancreas and kidney specimens were harvested, and weighed across all groups. The pancreas and kidney specimens were fixed using Bouin’s fluid and 10% formolsaline respectively, and subjected into hematoxylin and eosin (H & E), Gomori and Masson trichrome stains. Tissue Processing The harvested pancreas and kidney specimens were fixed using Bouin’s fluid and 10% formolsaline respectively, to arrest autolysis. The tissues were removed and rinsed in tap water before being run through ascending grades of alcohol for dehydration. The tissues were taken through two (2) changes of xylene followed by tissue infiltration by a suitable histological wax. The tissues were transferred into two (2) changes of bath containing molten paraffin wax in a chamber of automated embedding machine for 1–2 hours each. The embedding was performed in special container called cassette which help to give shape to the wax containing the tissue when it is set. The tissue blocks were removed and air dried until the wax became solidified followed by sectioned with a microtome machine. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) routine staining, Gomori and Masson trichome special staining to demonstrate the histoarchitecture of the tissue samples. Digital micrographs of the pancreas and kidney were obtained to show the histological and morphological changes that occurred in the treated rats as compared to the control groups. The photomicrographs were carried out with the aid of a Olympus light microscope x400, at the Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State. Statistical analysis All data were expressed as Mean ± SEM. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM and the difference between mean values was analyzed using one – way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Result Blood glucose level analysis of the Wistar rats following the treatment with aqueous extract Chrysophyllum albidum seed. As shown in Fig. 1 below, the mean fasting blood glucose level of group 1 and 4 increased slightly throughout the weeks of administration. Group 2 shows tremendous increment in blood glucose throughout the weeks and also mean fasting blood glucose was highly increased in group 3 on first week of administration and reduced in the subsequent weeks. Average body weight of the Wistar rats following the treatment with aqueous extract Chrysophyllum albidum seed. As represented in Fig. 2 below, Group 1 which serves as control group shows an increase in the body weight of the animals every week. i.e. from 1st week to the 6th week which is the last week. Group 2 also shows an increase in the body weight of the animals at the 2nd and 3rd week but indicated a decrease in the animal body weight at the 4th to 6th week. However, the p-value shows a significant effect at week 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th week when compared with the standard significant value. Group 3 indicated an increase in the body weight each week all through the week. Nevertheless, the p-value shows no significant all through the weeks. Group 4 also indicated an increase in the body weight of the animals each week and shows no significant in p-value all through the weeks. Discussion Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that resulted from an imbalance in insulin production or function. In addition to high blood sugar levels, diabetes is linked to both micro and macro blood vessel complications, which are the primary factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes. The present synthetic anti-diabetic medications, however, have a number of negative effects, are relatively costly, and have a limited potency. Their use is restricted due to unfavourable clinical circumstances and elevated rates of subsequent failure. Hence, it is essential to seek out more efficient antidiabetic medicines with less adverse effects. This research aimed to investigate the protective impact of an aqueous extract derived from Chrysophylum albidum seeds on the histopathology of the pancreas in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. We observed an increased blood sugar level, followed by a decreased body weight in diabatic SZT-induced groups. The current study aligns with the research conducted by Haghani et al. (19), Furman et al. (20) and Akinlade et al. (21) which investigated the impact of STZ on the body weights, as well as the relative weights of their kidney, pancreas and liver. The study's observations and findings showed that streptozotocin effectively induced severe hyperglycemia in the experimental animal. The decreased weight loss may be associated with both dehydration and the breakdown of lipids and proteins often seen in diabetes patients (22). The weight of the rat increased by oral administration of aqueous of Chrysophylum albidum . This influence is attributed to its capacity to decrease hyperglycaemia. The STZ-treated rats' pancreas was examined histopathologically, revealing shrinking islets and β-cell disorganization. It demonstrates that a deficiency in the number of properly functioning pancreatic β-cells leads to elevated blood sugar levels. This corroborates with the findings of Balamash, et al . (23) and Oh et al . (24). Previous studies have also identified streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia as a valuable experimental model for the investigation of diabetes mellitus (20, 21). It may be inferred that degenerative alterations in β-cells and α-cells result in a decrease in the secretion of insulin. In the same vein both Heamatoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Masson Trichrome (MT) staining revealed that the diabetic group treated with Chrysophylum albidum showed an improvement in the histopathological/histoarchitectural changes of the pancreas follow by decrease blood sugar level. Also, inflammation of the tissue, thickening of the DT and Shrunken of glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule was not seen in the kidney but fairly normal appearance of the glomerulus in the bowman’s capsule. This corroborates with the findings of Idaguko et al . (25) and Akanji et al . (26). Chrysophylum albidum's antioxidant activity may be linked to this action, which partially reverses the damage to the β- and α-cells by neutralizing free radicals and enhancing the antioxidant state. Prior research has shown the beneficial effects of plant extracts and antioxidants on the pancreas treated with STZ. Ajayi et al. (27) discovered that when fruit extracts derived from Chrysophylum albidum were given orally to rats with STZ-induced diabetes, there was a partial regeneration of the injured endocrine pancreas. The seeds of Chrysophylum albidum contain a range of compounds that are known to have antioxidative effects (28). There is a suggestion that active compounds derived from plants may exert their effects via many pathways, including boosting the production of insulin, promoting the repair and growth of β-cells, strengthening the effectiveness of insulin, and raising the oxidative capacity. Conclusion Conclusion: The study concluded that Chrysophylum albidum seed has anti-diabetic properties with significant reduction in blood glucose level in the hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Further studies of the mechanism involved and screening of bioactive components of the extracts are recommended. Declarations Ethics approval The animals used were in accordance with the rules and guidance of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria Data Availability Request The data generated during the study will be provided on a reasonable request from corresponding author. Declaration of interests Statement We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. Funding Statement There was no particular grant for this research from any funding body in the public, private, or any otherwise domains. References Singh, S., Patel, P. S., & Archana, A. (2023). Heterogeneity in Kidney Histology and Its Clinical Indicators in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 12 (5), 1778. Lovic, D., Piperidou, A., Zografou, I., Grassos, H., Pittaras, A., & Manolis, A. (2020). The growing epidemic of diabetes mellitus. Current vascular pharmacology , 18 (2), 104-109. Bae, J. H., Han, K. D., Ko, S. H., Yang, Y. S., Choi, J. H., Choi, K. M., ... & Won, K. C. (2022). Diabetes fact sheet in Korea 2021. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal , 46 (3), 417-426. Ergashev, U. Y., Zokhirov, A. 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Histological analysis of five organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The Korea Journal of Herbology , 28 (6), 39-45. Idaguko, C. A., Oremosu, A. A., Duru, F. I. O., & Awopetu, P. I. (2018). Protective Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaeae G. Don) on Histological Changes in the Pancreas of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats. J Anat Sci , 9 (1), 2. Akanji, O. C., Gabriel, B. O., Oshomoh, E. O., & Asuelimen, O. S. (2023). Antidiabetic property of Chrysophyllum albidum extract in Streptozotozin-induced diabetic rats. Ajayi, A. M., Adedapo, A. D., Badaki, V. B., Oyagbemi, A. A., & Adedapo, A. A. (2021). Chrysophyllum albidum fruit ethanol extract ameliorates hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress, NF-κB and PPAR-γ. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy , 141 , 111879. Oyetayo, F. L., Akomolafe, S. F., Jegede, F. O., Elekofehinti, O. O., Akinjiyan, M. O., & Odeniyi, I. A. (2021). Effect of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp powder on antioxidant and proinflammatory genes in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders , 20 , 1663-1674. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4006774","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276333799,"identity":"73610868-f82d-4368-aa67-6e16c11cdd9d","order_by":0,"name":"Oluwafemi Samuel OLANIYI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluwafemi","middleName":"Samuel","lastName":"OLANIYI","suffix":""},{"id":276333800,"identity":"2702469e-1e41-44ed-bcf2-bc4a74a5102e","order_by":1,"name":"Oluwagbenga Oluwasemilore JOSEPH","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluwagbenga","middleName":"Oluwasemilore","lastName":"JOSEPH","suffix":""},{"id":276333801,"identity":"73145416-19dd-4a47-b0c9-e9483e901899","order_by":2,"name":"Olalekan Wasiu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olalekan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wasiu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-02 15:35:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006774/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006774/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52127329,"identity":"40a6f0ed-9c20-4087-8ff7-864dfd17ec89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 07:04:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":307872,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe graphical representation of blood glucose level of the rats across different groups at various time intervals. (‘*’means statistically significant difference). Group 1: Normal control. Group 2: Diabetic control group. Group 3: Diabetic + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon Group 4: Normal + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003eseed cotyledon. (‘*’means statistically significant difference).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006774/v1/f96168f89332712f9264f88b.png"},{"id":52127327,"identity":"3b114eac-84d3-4648-8d32-fa7211c379bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 07:04:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":404590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eshows the graphical representation of the Wistar rats’ average body weight following the treatment with aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed. Group 1: Normal control. Group 2: Diabetic control group. Group 3: Diabetic + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon Group 4: Normal + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon. (‘*’means statistically significant difference).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006774/v1/5f5b94154edb46d688a662c2.png"},{"id":52127328,"identity":"be631491-67ee-4710-9ee0-d282f9700428","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 07:04:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":649996,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon aqeous extract on paccreatic architecture induced by streptozotocin- induced rats. \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Normal control showing normal appearance of the pancreatic islet (IL), with centrally placed β-cells (b), and peripherally placed α-cells (a), (A) as well as normal acinis. \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Diabetic control showing inflammation (i) of the acini (A), disorganization of the pancreatic architecture, fibrotic and degenerative changes (dg) of Islet of Langerhans (IL) cells. H\u0026amp;E X400. \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 3\u003c/strong\u003e: Diabetic + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon showing improvement in the pancreatic tissue, which is characterized by centrally placed β-cells (b), and peripherally placed α-cells (a) in the Islet of Langerhans (IL) with mild degranulation (dg), with some degrees of disorganization in the acinis (A). \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 4:\u003c/strong\u003e Normal + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon. Showing normal histology of the pancreatic tissue including pancreatic islet (IL) cells, Acini (A).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006774/v1/05082f8394556e5c5505a244.png"},{"id":52127332,"identity":"7451ddf1-2e70-46c0-ac68-c601fb1e3cb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 07:04:20","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":557069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pancreatic photomicrograph section showing the effect of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003eseed cotyledon extract on streptozotocin- induced rats. \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Normal control pancreas showing normal appearance of the pancreatic islet (IL) and acinis (A), which show typical delineation, staining, and intensity. (Modified Gomori X400). \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Diabetic control pancreas showing degeneration (dg) of the acini (A), disorganization of the pancreatic architecture, fibrotic (f) changes of Islet of Langerhans (IL) cells, as well as alteration of the delineation, staining, and intensity. (Modified Gomori X400). \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 3:\u003c/strong\u003eDiabetic + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon pancreas showing improvement in the pancreatic tissue, with fairly normal appearance of the acinis (A), and degranulation(d) of the cells of the Islet of Langerhans (IL). (Modified Gomori X400). \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 4:\u003c/strong\u003e Normal + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon pancreas showing fairly normal histology of the pancreatic tissue including pancreatic Acini (A), and islet (IL). (Modified Gomori X400).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006774/v1/6fbc92448f89c378d60e6ec6.png"},{"id":52127330,"identity":"4b786da4-4689-44c7-9509-5e9f021acf8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 07:04:20","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":614993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kidney histological analysis\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003esection showing the effect of\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003eseed cotyledon extract on streptozotocin- induced rats. Group 1: Normal control kidney showing typical delineation, staining, and intensity, normal appearance of the Glomerulus (G) in the Bowman’s capsule (BC), proximal tubules (PT), the Distal tubule (DT), and normal Bowman’s space (arrow) containing podocytes. \u003cstrong\u003e(MT X400)\u003c/strong\u003e. Group 2: Diabetic control kidney showing alteration of the delineation, staining, and intensity. \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 3:\u003c/strong\u003e Diabetic + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon kidney showing improvement in the renal tissue appearance, including the Glomerulus (G) in the Bowman’s capsule (BC), the Distal tubule (DT), proximal tubules (PT), and Bowman’s space (arrow). \u003cstrong\u003eGroup 4:\u003c/strong\u003e Normal + \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllumalbidum\u003c/em\u003eseed cotyledon pancreas showing fairly normal histologic appearance of the Glomerulus (G) in the Bowman’s capsule (BC), Distal tubule (DT), fairly normal proximal tubules (PT)), and Bowman’s space (arrow).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006774/v1/1a43f50b4a7466ec60d2e1a7.png"},{"id":60957664,"identity":"4fdf37ab-d783-4d18-8ae9-166be5748928","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-24 03:44:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2730831,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006774/v1/f25acb0b-5bdf-4cbe-a414-ec2b59d853a6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of the Effect of Chrysophylum albidum seed aqueous extract on Pancreas and Kidney of Hyperglycemic Wistar rats","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that resulted from an imbalance in insulin production or function. Insufficient production of insulin results in a long-term condition of elevated blood sugar levels, leading to disruptions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (1). DM, the most prevalent endocrine medical conditions, is projected to affect over 200\u0026nbsp;million individuals globally, with an anticipated increase to 300\u0026nbsp;million by 2025 (2,3). As the condition advances, it causes damage to tissues or blood vessels, resulting in serious problems associated with diabetes, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular issues, and ulceration. In addition to high blood sugar levels, diabetes is linked to both small and large blood vessel problems, which are the primary factors contributing diabetes mortality. Therefore, a broad spectrum of diverse disorders is included in the term diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe secondary aim is to mitigate the occurrence of chronic problems associated with diabetes and enhance lifespan by mitigating numerous risk factors (4). Patients with type 1 DM are treated primarily with insulin replacement therapy, while individuals with type 2 DM are treated and managed mostly with diet and lifestyle changes (5). Insulin plays a crucial role in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus when blood glucose levels cannot be effectively regulated with dietary changes, weight reduction, physical activity, and oral medications. Oral hypoglycemic medications are beneficial for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral hypoglycemic medicines include sulfonylureas, biguanides, alpha glucosidase inhibiting agents, meglitinide derivatives, and thiazolidinediones (6). The primary goal of these medications is to rectify the fundamental metabolic dysfunction, such as insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion. The present synthetic anti-diabetic medications, however, have a number of negative effects, are relatively costly, and have a limited potency (7,8). Their use is restricted due to unfavourable clinical circumstances and elevated rates of subsequent failure. Due to this, it became necessary to look for safer, more affordable, and more effective diabetic therapies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditionally, medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities may provide valuable information for the development of safer and more potent oral hypoglycemic medications (9). Roughly 350 traditional plants have been documented for their use in the management of diabetic mellitus. However, only a limited number of these remedies have received scientific and medical scrutiny to assess their efficacy (8). Therefore, the study's main emphasis is on how \u003cem\u003eChrysophylum albidum's\u003c/em\u003e are used to manage diabetes. Chrysophyllum albidum is a medicinal plant classified within the Sapotaceae family, which has around 800 species and constitutes almost 50% of the Ericales order. Prior research has shown the hypoglycemic properties of Chrysophylum Albidum. The phytochemicals studied in Chrysophyllum albidum include flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrates, protein and resins (10). Chrysophyllum albidum has antioxidant benefits via the process of free radical scavaging, reducing lipid peroxidation, and elevating the levels of endogenous blood antioxidant enzymes (11). Researchers have shown that Chrysophyllum albidum seeds contain valuable compounds with physiological and therapeutic properties, including alkaloids, glycoside cardiac, flavonoids, anthraquinones and terpenoids. Vitamin D, which is also believed to be associated with breast cancer (12). However, there is a lack of evidence in literature on the hyperglycemic impact of Chrysophyllum albidum seed. Therefore, the study investigated the effects of aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed on the pancreas and kidney of hyperglycemic Wistar rats.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreparation of the Plant Extracts\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon was collected from Ita-Alasa area, Ogbomoso North LGA, Ogbomoso, and authenticated by a taxonomist in person of Prof. Ogunkunle at the Department of Pure and Applied Biology of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. With record ID Number LH0 867, The \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledons were air-dried at room temperature for four (4) weeks and pulverized before extraction. Dried powdered \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledons weighing 500g was successfully macerated in distiled water for 48hours. After this, the extract was filtered with clean muslin. The filtrate was concentrated in a rotary evaporator and then dried in a laboratory oven at 40\u0026ordm;C to obtain the powder extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLD\u003c/b\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLD50 was determined at Department of Pharmacology of LAUTECH, Osogbo, Osun State. A total of seventy (70) Wistar rats of both sexes were used in the determination of the acute toxicity of the extract of Chrysophyllum abidum seed. The rats were randomly divided into seven groups of ten(10) each and the first (1st) group was given 10mg/Kg, the second (2nd) group 100mg/Kg, and the third(3rd) group 1000mg/Kg of the plant extract respectively via the oral route. They were observed for signs of toxicity, adverse effects or death. After 24hours, the remaining four(4) groups were given 2000 mg/Kg, 3000 mg/Kg, 4000 mg/Kg and 5000mg/Kg of the plant extract respectively and observations were noted as previously described. The LD50 of chrysophyllum albidum seed extract was found to be \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5000mg/kg body weight according to Damilola., (13). The LD50 used was 750mg/kg body weight which showed relative significance in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental animals\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForty (40) male healthy Wistar rats weighing between 90g-150g were purchased from Laboratory Animal Department of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology and were used for this experiment. The experimental animals were acclimatized in the Anatomy Department, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso for two weeks at room temperature with a 12hr light and dark cycle. They were fed with standard pellets gotten from the animal house and distilled water \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe animals (40 Wistar rats) were separated into four (4) groups with ten (10) research animals per group; \u003cb\u003eGroup 1\u003c/b\u003e: which serves as control group (normoglycemic), received with 2 mls/kg bw distilled water only, \u003cb\u003eGroup 2\u003c/b\u003e: which was Hyperglycemic group, received 2 mls/kg bw of distilled water only, \u003cb\u003eGroup 3\u003c/b\u003e: which was Hyperglycemic group, received 750 mg/Kg of the aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon. \u003cb\u003eGroup 4\u003c/b\u003e: which was normoglycemic group received 750 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon. Hyperglycemia was induced in overnight-fasted randomly selected rats by a single intraperitoneal administration of Streptozotocin (STZ) at 50mg/Kg body weight, which was dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1M, pH 4.5) just prior to injection (14). The experimental animals were administered 5% dextrose (Each 100 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, contains dextrose, hydrous 5 g in water for injection. The caloric value is 170 kcal/L. The osmolarity is 252 mOsmol/L (calc.), which is slightly hypotonic. The solution pH is 4.3 (3.2 to 6.5).) water after administration of STZ to stabilize them and prevent hypoglycemia (15). Hyperglycemia was allowed to develop for 72hours (16). Animals with fasting blood glucose\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;200mg/dl were considered hyperglycemic (17) and were included in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdministration was by oral method using oral cannula. The extract was weighed using digital electronic laboratory weighing scale, while the distiled water was measured using 2ml/5ml syringes. The measured dose of the extract was dissolved in 2ml of distiled water and administered /kg bw to the animals. These animals were treated daily at around 9\u0026ndash;10 hours for 3weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBlood glucose and Body weight measurement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFasting blood glucose (FBG) was monitored in overnight fasted experimental animals (the feed is being removed from their cage after they must have been fed in the evening), at 9\u0026ndash;10 hour using samples collected from the tail tip, by means of a glucometer (ACCU-CHEK Active) and compatible blood glucose test strips. The Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was monitored weekly from the acclimatization period, before induction of hyperglycemia, and for the four weeks of treatment (18). The body weights of the animals were measured weekly from the acclimatization period till the end of the four weeks of treatment using a weighing scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOrgan’s preparations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe animals were sacrificed on the 29th day of induction and administration. They were fasted overnight after the last dose of aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed cotyledon, the fasting blood glucose was checked and the animals were sacrificed using the cervical dislocation method. The abdominal incisions were made and the pancreas and kidney specimens were harvested, and weighed across all groups. The pancreas and kidney specimens were fixed using Bouin\u0026rsquo;s fluid and 10% formolsaline respectively, and subjected into hematoxylin and eosin (H \u0026amp; E), Gomori and Masson trichrome stains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTissue Processing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe harvested pancreas and kidney specimens were fixed using Bouin\u0026rsquo;s fluid and 10% formolsaline respectively, to arrest autolysis. The tissues were removed and rinsed in tap water before being run through ascending grades of alcohol for dehydration. The tissues were taken through two (2) changes of xylene followed by tissue infiltration by a suitable histological wax. The tissues were transferred into two (2) changes of bath containing molten paraffin wax in a chamber of automated embedding machine for 1\u0026ndash;2 hours each. The embedding was performed in special container called cassette which help to give shape to the wax containing the tissue when it is set. The tissue blocks were removed and air dried until the wax became solidified followed by sectioned with a microtome machine. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H \u0026amp; E) routine staining, Gomori and Masson trichome special staining to demonstrate the histoarchitecture of the tissue samples. Digital micrographs of the pancreas and kidney were obtained to show the histological and morphological changes that occurred in the treated rats as compared to the control groups. The photomicrographs were carried out with the aid of a Olympus light microscope x400, at the Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data were expressed as Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM. Results were expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM and the difference between mean values was analyzed using one \u0026ndash; way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Values of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood glucose level analysis of the Wistar rats following the treatment with aqueous extract\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eseed.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below, the mean fasting blood glucose level of group 1 and 4 increased slightly throughout the weeks of administration. Group 2 shows tremendous increment in blood glucose throughout the weeks and also mean fasting blood glucose was highly increased in group 3 on first week of administration and reduced in the subsequent weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage body weight of the Wistar rats following the treatment with aqueous extract\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eseed.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs represented in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e below, Group 1 which serves as control group shows an increase in the body weight of the animals every week. i.e. from 1st week to the 6th week which is the last week. Group 2 also shows an increase in the body weight of the animals at the 2nd and 3rd week but indicated a decrease in the animal body weight at the 4th to 6th week. However, the p-value shows a significant effect at week 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th week when compared with the standard significant value. Group 3 indicated an increase in the body weight each week all through the week. Nevertheless, the p-value shows no significant all through the weeks. Group 4 also indicated an increase in the body weight of the animals each week and shows no significant in p-value all through the weeks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that resulted from an imbalance in insulin production or function. In addition to high blood sugar levels, diabetes is linked to both micro and macro blood vessel complications, which are the primary factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes. The present synthetic anti-diabetic medications, however, have a number of negative effects, are relatively costly, and have a limited potency. Their use is restricted due to unfavourable clinical circumstances and elevated rates of subsequent failure. Hence, it is essential to seek out more efficient antidiabetic medicines with less adverse effects. This research aimed to investigate the protective impact of an aqueous extract derived from Chrysophylum albidum seeds on the histopathology of the pancreas in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe observed an increased blood sugar level, followed by a decreased body weight in diabatic SZT-induced groups. The current study aligns with the research conducted by Haghani et al. (19), Furman et al. (20) and Akinlade et al. (21) which investigated the impact of STZ on the body weights, as well as the relative weights of their kidney, pancreas and liver. The study's observations and findings showed that streptozotocin effectively induced severe hyperglycemia in the experimental animal. The decreased weight loss may be associated with both dehydration and the breakdown of lipids and proteins often seen in diabetes patients (22). The weight of the rat increased by oral administration of aqueous of \u003cem\u003eChrysophylum albidum\u003c/em\u003e. This influence is attributed to its capacity to decrease hyperglycaemia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe STZ-treated rats' pancreas was examined histopathologically, revealing shrinking islets and β-cell disorganization. It demonstrates that a deficiency in the number of properly functioning pancreatic β-cells leads to elevated blood sugar levels. This corroborates with the findings of Balamash, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (23) and Oh \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (24). Previous studies have also identified streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia as a valuable experimental model for the investigation of diabetes mellitus (20, 21). It may be inferred that degenerative alterations in β-cells and α-cells result in a decrease in the secretion of insulin. In the same vein both Heamatoxylin and Eosin (H\u0026amp;E) and Masson Trichrome (MT) staining revealed that the diabetic group treated with \u003cem\u003eChrysophylum albidum\u003c/em\u003e showed an improvement in the histopathological/histoarchitectural changes of the pancreas follow by decrease blood sugar level. Also, inflammation of the tissue, thickening of the DT and Shrunken of glomerulus in the Bowman\u0026rsquo;s capsule was not seen in the kidney but fairly normal appearance of the glomerulus in the bowman\u0026rsquo;s capsule. This corroborates with the findings of Idaguko \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (25) and Akanji \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (26). Chrysophylum albidum's antioxidant activity may be linked to this action, which partially reverses the damage to the β- and α-cells by neutralizing free radicals and enhancing the antioxidant state. Prior research has shown the beneficial effects of plant extracts and antioxidants on the pancreas treated with STZ. Ajayi et al. (27) discovered that when fruit extracts derived from Chrysophylum albidum were given orally to rats with STZ-induced diabetes, there was a partial regeneration of the injured endocrine pancreas. The seeds of Chrysophylum albidum contain a range of compounds that are known to have antioxidative effects (28). There is a suggestion that active compounds derived from plants may exert their effects via many pathways, including boosting the production of insulin, promoting the repair and growth of β-cells, strengthening the effectiveness of insulin, and raising the oxidative capacity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eConclusion: The study concluded that Chrysophylum \u003cem\u003ealbidum\u003c/em\u003e seed has anti-diabetic properties with significant reduction in blood glucose level in the hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Further studies of the mechanism involved and screening of bioactive components of the extracts are recommended.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe animals used were in accordance with the rules and guidance of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Request\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data generated during the study will be provided on a reasonable request from corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interests Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no particular grant for this research from any funding body in the public, private, or any otherwise domains.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh, S., Patel, P. 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(Annonaceae) Leaf Aqueous Extract on Pancreatic B-Cells of Streptozotocin-Treated Diabetic Rats. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Biomedical Research\u003c/em\u003e, 9, 173-187.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaghani, F., Arabnezhad, M. R., Mohammadi, S., \u0026amp; Ghaffarian-Bahraman, A. (2022). Aloe vera and streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. \u003cem\u003eRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e(2), 174-187.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFurman, B. L. (2021). Streptozotocin‐induced diabetic models in mice and rats. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Protocols\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(4), e78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkinlade, O. M., Owoyele, B. V., \u0026amp; Soladoye, A. O. (2021). Streptozotocin-induced type 1 and 2 diabetes in rodents: A model for studying diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Health Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(2), 719-727.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou, Q. Q., Xiao, H. T., Yang, F., Wang, Y. D., Li, P., \u0026amp; Zheng, Z. G. (2023). Advancing targeted protein degradation for metabolic diseases therapy. \u003cem\u003ePharmacological Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e188\u003c/em\u003e, 106627.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalamash, K. S., Alkreathy, H. M., Al Gahdali, E. H., Khoja, S. O., \u0026amp; Ahmad, A. (2018). Comparative biochemical and histopathological studies on the efficacy of metformin and virgin olive oil against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of diabetes research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2018\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOh, T. W., Kang, S. Y., \u0026amp; Park, Y. K. (2013). Histological analysis of five organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. \u003cem\u003eThe Korea Journal of Herbology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c/em\u003e(6), 39-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIdaguko, C. A., Oremosu, A. A., Duru, F. I. O., \u0026amp; Awopetu, P. I. (2018). Protective Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaeae G. Don) on Histological Changes in the Pancreas of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats. \u003cem\u003eJ Anat Sci\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(1), 2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkanji, O. C., Gabriel, B. O., Oshomoh, E. O., \u0026amp; Asuelimen, O. S. (2023). Antidiabetic property of Chrysophyllum albidum extract in Streptozotozin-induced diabetic rats.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAjayi, A. M., Adedapo, A. D., Badaki, V. B., Oyagbemi, A. A., \u0026amp; Adedapo, A. A. (2021). Chrysophyllum albidum fruit ethanol extract ameliorates hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress, NF-\u0026kappa;B and PPAR-\u0026gamma;. \u003cem\u003eBiomedicine \u0026amp; Pharmacotherapy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e141\u003c/em\u003e, 111879.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOyetayo, F. L., Akomolafe, S. F., Jegede, F. O., Elekofehinti, O. O., Akinjiyan, M. O., \u0026amp; Odeniyi, I. A. (2021). Effect of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp powder on antioxidant and proinflammatory genes in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Diabetes \u0026amp; Metabolic Disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e, 1663-1674.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Diabetes Mellitus, Chrysophyllum albidum, Hyperglycemic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006774/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006774/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that resulted from an imbalance in insulin production or function. Nonetheless, research has proved traditionally that medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities may provide valuable information for the development of safer and more potent oral hypoglycemic medications. The study therefore investigated the effects of aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed on the pancreas and kidney of hyperglycemic Wistar rats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForty male Wistar rats weighing between 90g-150g were divided into four groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10). Group 1 (control) received 2 ml of distilled water; Group 2 and 3 (diabetic) injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) after 12hrs fasting period. Group 3 (diabetic treated) treated with 750 mg/kg aqueos extract of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum albidum seed\u003c/em\u003e, Group 4 (normoglycemic) treated with 750 mg/Kg of the extract. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H \u0026amp; E) routine staining, Gomori and Masson trichome special staining to demonstrate the histoarchitecture of the tissue samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed a significance reduction (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the body weight of the animals in group 2 compare to control group and diabetic treated. The FBS of the animals in group 2 increased significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compare with control and was significantly reduced (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in group 3 (diabetic-treated) compare with control and group 4 (extract group). Histologically, studies of the pancreas in Group 1 and 4 showed normal morphology compare with Group 2 (diabetic) which revealed inflammation of the acini, disorganization of the pancreatic architecture, fibrotic and degenerative changes of Islet of Langerhans cells, while Group 3 reveals improvement in the pancreatic tissue histo-architecture, similarly, renal tissue in group 2 shows distort and degenerated cells while improved histological architecture of renal tissue in group 3 (diabetic treated) was indicated. The relative pancreatic weights were significantly reduced in group 2 (diabetic) compare with control and group 3 (diabetic treated).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study concluded that \u003cem\u003eChrysophylum albidum\u003c/em\u003e seed has anti-diabetic properties with significant reduction in blood glucose level in the hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Further studies of the mechanism involved and screening of bioactive components of the extracts are recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of the Effect of Chrysophylum albidum seed aqueous extract on Pancreas and Kidney of Hyperglycemic Wistar rats","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-07 07:04:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006774/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7c6408f8-05c8-4d3b-b752-18b824c4b9d6","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-24T03:36:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-07 07:04:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4006774","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4006774","identity":"rs-4006774","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}