The Effects of the Supplementation of Organic Chrome and Sodium Bicarbonate in Lamb Rations on the Fatty Acid Profile of Meat, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Mineral Profile

The Effects of the Supplementation of Organic Chrome and Sodium Bicarbonate in Lamb Rations on the Fatty Acid Profile of Meat, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Mineral Profile | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Effects of the Supplementation of Organic Chrome and Sodium Bicarbonate in Lamb Rations on the Fatty Acid Profile of Meat, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Mineral Profile Erkil Onur GUNUC, Mustafa SALMAN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8076531/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate added to lamb rations on the fatty acid profile of meat, blood biochemical parameters, and mineral profile. A total of 28 Bafra male lambs were allocated to one control and three experimental groups (7 animals per group). The experimental period lasted for 78 days. The treatment groups included a control group (C; basal diet without chromium picolinate or sodium bicarbonate), treatment group 1 (CrPic; basal diet with 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate), treatment group 2 (Bic; basal diet with 1.5% sodium bicarbonate), and treatment group 3 (CrPic + Bic; basal diet with both 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate and 1.5% sodium bicarbonate). In the Longissimus dorsi (MLD) muscle, the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA) were palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0), while oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Serum samples collected at the beginning and end of the study showed significant differences in albumin, total cholesterol, and total protein levels among groups ( p 0.05). At the end of the experiment, serum Na, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Fe levels differed significantly among treatments ( p 0.05). No significant differences were observed in fatty acid profiles among treatments. Cr exhibited moderate (r = 0.45898, p = 0.0140) and weak (r = 0.37683, p = 0.0481) positive correlations with Mg and Mn, respectively. chromium picolinate mineral fatty acids serum sodium bicarbonate 1. Introduction Global demand for lamb meat increases annually [ 1 ]. According to Rodríguez-Gaxiola et al. [2], to satisfy this demand, it is necessary to improve the productive performance of lambs through the use of dietary additives. Ruminant researchers and nutritionists have increased their interest in the search for new feed additives that improve growth performance and carcass quality in lambs [3]. Chromium (Cr) is an essential microelement that plays an important role in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins [4]. However, the Cr requirement in lambs has not yet been established [5]. Likewise, it has been reported that the Cr content in most of the ingredients used in ruminant feed is low [6]. Although the metallic (Cr⁰), trivalent (Cr³⁺), and hexavalent (Cr⁶⁺) forms of Cr are the most common, the most stable and safe form is Cr³⁺ [7]. Cr can be added to livestock diets in inorganic form or as organic complexes; however, the bioavailability of organic chromium (OCr) is more than ten times greater than in inorganic compounds [4]. In lambs, to date, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of OCr on growth performance [8, 9], carcass traits [10, 11], meat composition [2, 11], and serum metabolites [3, 12]. However, the effects obtained in these studies are inconsistent, which limits the ability to obtain scientifically sound conclusions. Jin and Zhou et al. [3] reported positive effects of dietary supplementation with moderate and high doses (between 0.668 and 1.573 mg/kg DM) of OCr on growth performance, carcass traits, and serum metabolites of lambs. In sheep and cattle in feedlots, dietary levels of 0.2–1.2 mg Cr/kg DM have been assessed, and a dose equal to or greater than 0.35 mg Cr/kg DM had an effect mainly on blood glucose level but its effect on the content of fatty acids has been little evaluated [13–16]. However, supplementation of organic Cr (Cr-yeast) in growing steers has minimal effects on the rate of blood glucose elimination and the half-life of blood glucose [17]. In addition, there is little information on the effect of concentrations of chromium picolinate supplements on fatty acids content, meat quality, or metabolism of the microminerals Fe, Cu, and Zn in lambs fed high-energy diets. Sodium bicarbonate is one of the important buffer supplements in ruminant production. Feedlot lambs are usually fed high-grain diets to reach the desired market weight (approximately 25–30 kg) within 5–7 weeks after weaning [18]. However, this feeding program, based on diets almost devoid of forage, is usually associated with digestive disorders such as ruminal acidosis [19]. Some alternatives used to prevent this problem are the inclusion in the diet of buffers, such as sodium bicarbonate [20]. The inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in the diet has been shown to lead to changes in the biochemical profile of the blood. Studies carried out with steers have indicated increases in bicarbonate, base excess, and pCO₂ when animals were supplemented with different amounts of sodium bicarbonate [21, 22]. Ahn et al. [23] and Boles et al. [24] have shown that sodium bicarbonate intake before slaughter has an influence on pork meat characteristics. On the other hand, lamb meat characteristics seem to be only slightly influenced by sodium bicarbonate intake [25]. One of the primary factors contributing to insufficient productivity in the livestock sector in our country and its suboptimal economic contribution is feeding errors, particularly the reliance on carbohydrate-heavy diets. Feeding animals with disproportionate amounts of carbohydrate-rich diets disrupts the microbial balance within the rumen. The rapid and excessive intake of carbohydrate-based feeds by weaned lambs or growing ruminants undergoing fattening, aimed at achieving fast live weight gain and meeting energy requirements, leads to various metabolic disorders. In this context, the goal of this project is to prevent ruminal acidosis in lambs fed a diet consisting of 85% concentrate feed and 15% roughage by incorporating sodium bicarbonate as a buffering agent into the concentrate feed. Additionally, chromium absorption increases in concentrate-heavy diets, particularly those rich in starch. However, sodium bicarbonate, used to counteract ruminal acidosis in lambs subjected to intensive feeding regimens, decreases the chromium concentration in the blood and tissues. Since inorganic chromium is poorly utilized by ruminants, chromium picolinate will be added to the lamb rations. Moreover, the interaction of chromium with iron and zinc, which share the same absorption sites, will also be investigated. This study, conducted on Bafra breed lambs, aims to determine the effects of sodium bicarbonate and organic chromium supplementation on the fatty acid profile of muscle, certain blood parameters, and mineral profile. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Animals and Feed Materials This experiment utilized 28 weaned male Bafra breed lambs aged 10–12 weeks. To ensure homogeneity among the groups, animals were selected based on health status, date of birth, live weight, and type of birth. All lambs underwent health examinations, received internal and external antiparasitic treatments, and were vaccinated against enterotoxemia prior to the experiment. Each lamb was identified using an electronic ear tag. The basal diet consisted of 85% concentrate feed and 15% roughage, formulated to be isonitrogenous (16% crude protein) and isocaloric (2700 kcal/kg ME). The concentrate composition was determined according to available ingredients from a local feed mill. The control group received only the basal diet, whereas the treatment groups were supplemented as follows: CrPic group : 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate, Bic group : 1.5% sodium bicarbonate, CrPic + Bic group : 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate + 1.5% sodium bicarbonate. The ingredient composition of the concentrate feeds is presented in Table 1, while their proximate analysis and mineral content are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. 2.2. Experimental Site and Housing The trial was conducted between August and November 2019 at a private semi-open lamb fattening facility in Bafra (Samsun, Türkiye). Each lamb was individually housed in a wooden pen (1 m², excluding the feeder and water trough) equipped with a 54 × 25 cm feeder and a drinking trough. Sawdust bedding was provided, cleaned, and replaced regularly. 2.3. Experimental Design and Feeding Management Lambs were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 7 per group) with similar average body weights. The total experimental period lasted 78 days, including a 15-day adaptation period followed by a 63-day feeding trial. During adaptation, all lambs received the control diet to determine individual daily feed intake. Thereafter, all groups were fed ad libitum with an additional 10% of their established daily intake. Alfalfa hay was used as roughage, and fresh water was available ad libitum . Chromium picolinate was added daily on top of the concentrate at the specified dose levels. Feed was offered twice daily at 07:30 AM and 05:30 PM. 2.4. Determination of Nutrient Composition of Feeds Feed analyses were carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University (Samsun, Türkiye). Dry matter (DM) was determined by oven-drying at 105°C to constant weight. Crude protein (N × 6.25) was measured by the Kjeldahl method, and ash was quantified by incineration at 550°C for 4 h. Crude fat was analyzed via Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether according to AOAC (1995). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were determined using an Ankom 200/220 Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology Corp., USA) following Van Soest et al. (1991). Metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated using the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE, 1991) formula. 2.5. Determination of Live Weight Animals were weighed at the beginning and on days 14, 28, 42, 56, and 63 of the trial using a cage-type scale (± 50 g precision, 300 kg capacity) after 12 h fasting. Body weight gains were calculated based on the differences between successive measurements. Final live weight was used for carcass trait assessment. 2.6. Determination of Fatty Acid Profile in Meat Samples of M. longissimus dorsi (between the 12th and 13th ribs) were collected post-slaughter (approximately 40–50 g per sample), vacuum-packed, and stored at − 18°C until analysis. Fatty acid determination : Five grams of homogenized tissue were mixed with 25 mL of 5% SDS solution and homogenized (Ultra-Turrax IKA Werk T 25, 3 min). A 10 mL mixture of hexane/isopropanol (3:2) and 10 mL saturated NaCl were added. After vortexing (2 min) and centrifugation (5000 rpm, 5 min, 24°C), the upper phase was collected. Extraction was repeated three times, and anhydrous Na₂SO₄ was added to remove residual moisture. The filtrate (10 mL) was combined with 0.5 mL methanolic KOH, vortexed for 1 min, and left in the dark for 2 h. The upper phase was transferred into GC vials for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. 2.7. Blood Sampling and Biochemical Analyses Blood was collected from the jugular vein on days 0 and 63, approximately 2 h after morning feeding, into 10 mL vacuum tubes. Samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min (NF400, Nüve, Türkiye), and serum aliquots were analyzed immediately. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and albumin were determined spectrophotometrically (A25 Random Access Analyzer, Biosystems, Spain) using commercial kits: glucose (21503), cholesterol (21505), triglycerides (21528), total protein (21513), and albumin (21547). 2.8. Mineral Analyses Mineral concentrations (Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, K, Ca, P, Mg) were determined in feed, feces, and serum samples. Digestion was performed using a microwave system (Milestone Ethos Up) and ultrapure reagents (HNO₃ 65%, HCl 30%, H₂O₂ 35%). Elemental concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS, Agilent 7800 series, Agilent Technologies, Japan). Prior to analysis, all glassware was acid-washed in 5–10% HNO₃ overnight and rinsed with deionized water. Calibration was performed with multi-element standards (0–500 ppb) and tuning solution (1 µg/L Ce, Co, Li, Mg, Tl, Y). Data were processed using Mass Hunter 4.4 Workstation Software (Agilent Technologies). 2.9. Statistical Analyses Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE). Differences among groups in growth performance, digestibility, fatty acid composition, mineral content, slaughter traits, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃–N), and pH were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Blood biochemical parameters were analyzed using a two-way mixed ANOVA with Group and Time as fixed effects and their interaction (Group × Time). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess relationships among mineral elements. Significance was declared at p < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1. Fatty Acid Profile in Longissimus dorsi Muscle In the Longissimus dorsi (MLD) muscle, palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) were identified as the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA), while oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). No statistically significant differences ( p > 0.05) were observed among the control and treatment groups in the overall fatty acid profiles (Table 4). 3.2. Blood Biochemical Parameters At the beginning of the trial, the mean serum albumin concentrations were 25.14, 26.57, 24.29, and 26.71 g/L for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups, respectively. At the end of the study, these values increased to 31.57, 33.86, 34.00, and 35.71 g/L. Albumin concentrations differed significantly with respect to both group and time, as well as their interaction (Group × Time; p < 0.05). Similarly, serum albumin, total cholesterol, and total protein levels showed significant differences among the groups ( p 0.05). 3.3. Mineral Profile and Correlations Among Minerals Serum chromium (Cr) concentrations were 6.53, 8.14, 7.55, and 6.99 mg/dL for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups, respectively, with the CrPic group showing the highest level ( p < 0.05). Serum sodium (Na) concentrations were 173.66, 172.63, 191.50, and 185.85 mg/dL for the respective groups, with the Bic group exhibiting the highest Na level ( p < 0.05). Significant differences were also observed among the groups for manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and chromium (Cr) concentrations ( p 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a weak negative relationship between P and Cu ( p = 0.0394), and a weak positive correlation between P and Cr ( p = 0.0792). Magnesium (Mg) was positively correlated with Fe (weak; p = 0.0461) and Cr (moderate; p = 0.0140). Iron (Fe) showed a weak negative correlation with Zn ( p = 0.0384), while Cr exhibited a weak positive correlation with Mn ( p = 0.0481). A moderate negative correlation was also detected between Zn and Mn ( p = 0.0047). These findings indicate the complex interrelationships among trace minerals, emphasizing their importance in maintaining mineral homeostasis, metabolic balance, and overall health status in lambs. 4. Discussion In the groups, the values for total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) in the longissimus dorsi (MLD) muscle were determined to be 46.81, 48.74, 48.07, and 46.29 for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups, respectively. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] reported lower ∑SFA values in their study, ranging from 40.22 to 44.40. The ∑MUFA values found by the same researchers were similar to those of the current study, while their ∑PUFA values were lower. In pigs, the total amount of MUFA in the loin increased only with the interaction of chromium yeast (0.2 mg Cr/kg DM) and the glycemic index of the diet [27]. In their study, Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] noted that chromium yeast supplementation linearly reduced the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the intramuscular fat of lamb, which is related to the nutritional quality of lamb meat for human health, while it linearly increased the contents of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. They also indicated that chromium yeast supplementation decreased plasma triglyceride levels and improved the UFA:SFA ratio in MLD intramuscular fat. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] investigated the effects of varying levels of chromium yeast supplementation on the fatty acid profile in MLD muscle. The current study aligns with their findings that there was no effect on lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), pentadecanoic (C15:0), margaric (C17:0), and oleic (C18:1 n-9) acids. Rodríguez-Gaxiola et al. [2] found that the supplementation of chromium yeast (0.3 mg Cr/kg DM) in Rambouillet fattening sheep did not significantly affect the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Nejad et al. [28] concluded that the supplementation of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) (0.4 mg/kg DM) in Holstein steers improved beef quality by increasing PUFA and gamma-linolenic acid levels, which is consistent with the studies of Lien et al. [29] and Moreno-Camarena et al. [10]. Chromium picolinate (0.2 mg Cr/kg DM) added to pig diets increases lipid tissue lipogenesis and the activities of enzymes such as fatty acid synthase, ATP-citrate lyase, NADP-malic dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase [29]. In ruminants, the levels of lipids (phosphoglycerides, glycosylglycerides, waxes, pigments, and cutin) in diets generally range from 30–40 g/kg dry matter in roughages and predominantly 20–70 g/kg dry matter in cereal grains. The lipids in plants are primarily found as mono- and digalactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerols, while most lipids in cereal grains are in the form of triacylglycerols. Both lipid classes are high in C18:0 saturated fatty acids; in galactolipids, linolenic acid predominates, while linoleic acid is dominant in cereal lipids [30]. In the rumen, all lipid classes are rapidly hydrolyzed by bacterial lipases, resulting in the release of free long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), a significant portion of which are unsaturated. The LCFA intake in sheep fed with roughages is low (approximately 12–16 g/day). These fatty acids undergo extensive biohydrogenation, producing a series of cis and trans positional isomers of octadecenoic acid. The ruminal biohydrogenation levels of linolenic and linoleic acids are reported to be 85–100% and 70–95%, respectively [31]. The initial step in the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in the rumen involves the isomerization to rumenic acid and its main isomer, cis-9, trans-11 -octadecenoic acid. CLA is a mixture of geometric and positional isomers of conjugated linoleic acid localized at positions 2–17 of the carbon chain [32]. Most CLA is hydrogenated to stearic acid, but small amounts escape hydrogenation and reach the small intestine. CLA is incorporated into adipose tissue and milk fat along with other fatty acids absorbed from the intestinal system. CLA possesses certain biological properties, including inhibition of carcinogenesis, reduction of carcass fat accumulation, and production of milk fat [33]. In ruminant animals, the degree of escape of UFA from hydrogenation seems to depend on microbial growth conditions, which influence lipolysis and biohydrogenation rates [34]. Feeding high-grain diets reduces ruminal biohydrogenation and increases the unsaturation of carcass fat [35], which may be attributed to the reduced lipolysis effect resulting from lower ruminal pH [36]. Palmquist and Schanbacher [37] reported that feeding high-corn diets to lactating cows increased the ruminal formation of trans -C18:1 by enriching this fatty acid isomer in milk fat. LeDoux et al. [38] showed that increasing the proportion of roughage in the diets of dairy goats reduced trans -C18:1 FA content in milk fat, while vaccenic acid remained as the main component, representing 28–45% of total trans -C18:1 FA. The formation of trans FA in milk and meat is partly a result of microbial activity in the rumen. The ruminal flora metabolizes PUFA, such as linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids, into trans -C18:1 fatty acids during the formation process leading to stearic acid (C18:0). Linoleic acid is biohydrogenated to stearic acid through the formation of conjugated linoleic acid and trans -C18:1. Linolenic acids, which are not direct precursors of conjugated linoleic acid, have also increased the yield of ruminal vaccenic acid ( trans -11 C18:1) through another pathway involving the production of conjugated C18:3 fatty acids [39]. LeDoux et al. [38] suggested that reducing dietary fiber content and increasing the amount of grain can lead to a slow decrease in C18:1 to C18:0 in the final step of fatty acid biohydrogenation, thereby increasing trans -C18:1 accumulation. Additionally, high levels of grain in the diet result in low rumen pH, which may be a factor that inhibits the final stages of PUFA biohydrogenation [40]. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] found that chromium yeast increased the UFA:SFA ratio. The effects of chromium supplementation on the FA content in intramuscular and subcutaneous fat of carcasses are a controversial subject. Very few studies have reported on the reduction of SFA and the increase of UFA due to chromium supplementation (at levels below 0.4 mg Cr/kg DM) in pigs [41, 42], cattle [28], or lambs [2]. As the level of chromium yeast in the diet increased, the atherogenic index (AI) in the intramuscular fat of the longissimus dorsi quadratically decreased ( p = 0.05); the AI reflects the relationship between total SFA and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). With the exception of C18:0, the main classes of SFA, which include C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0, are considered proatherogenic (supporting the adhesion of lipids to cells in circulation and the immune system). UFA are regarded as anti-atherogenic, as they inhibit plaque accumulation and decrease the levels of phospholipids, cholesterol, and esterified fatty acids. Therefore, the consumption of food or products with a lower AI can reduce total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in human plasma; reported AI values in lamb meat range from 0.49 to 1.32 [43]. In the present study, the observed AI values ranged from 0.72 to 0.78, indicating a range suitable for healthy meat consumption. In animals, the last body part to complete its development during the growth period is the loin area [44]. Therefore, it is important to determine the fatness and adipose tissue in the loin area in studies. In the present study, the area of the MLD was determined to be 1352.57 mm² for the control group, 1325.14 mm² for the CrPic group, 1384.00 mm² for the Bic group, and 1349.43 mm² for the CrPic + Bic group. No statistical differences were found among the control and treatment groups ( p = 0.9589). Estrada-Angulo et al. [9] reported that chromium. 4.1. Blood Biochemical Parameters Chromium’s primary function in living organisms is attributed to its role in the structure of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF). As an essential trace mineral, chromium is considered a complementary component of GTF, which is necessary for insulin’s binding to cell surfaces. GTF enhances all aspects of insulin activity, including the uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by cells. Consequently, chromium may modify carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis by potentiating insulin effects [60]. At the end of the study (day 63), serum glucose levels for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups were determined to be 89.43, 89.86, 82.29, and 94.64 mg/dL, respectively. No statistical differences were observed among the groups regarding serum glucose levels. However, when comparing serum glucose samples taken on days 0 and 63, significant differences among the groups were noted ( p = 0.0002). Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] reported that chromium yeast supplementation did not affect blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations on days 14 and 35, but increased chromium levels on day 49 led to decreased glucose and triglyceride levels. A similar effect was not observed in the present study. Chromium may enhance glucose tolerance by increasing liver triglyceride transport capacity and insulin sensitivity [46], and it may support triglyceride catabolism by enhancing lipoprotein lipase activity in plasma through its effect on adipose tissue and protein synthesis [47]. In the current study, the average blood glucose levels on day 63 ranged from 82.29 to 94.64 mg/dL, and blood triglyceride levels were detected between 14.29 and 18.62 mg/dL. While the average serum glucose levels were consistent with the findings of Moreno-Camarena et al. [10], the average serum triglyceride levels were found to be lower. Kitchalong et al. [48] noted a 17% reduction in plasma cholesterol levels in lambs fed Cr-Pic (0.25 mg Cr/kg DM). Supplementation of chromium yeast (0.3 mg Cr/kg DM) in sheep reduced serum triglyceride concentrations [49]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that chromium is necessary for lipid metabolism; for example, rabbits and rats fed chromium-deficient diets exhibited increases in total cholesterol and lipid concentrations at the aortic level [50]. McNamara and Valdez [51] investigated the effects of chromium propionate on lipogenesis and lipolysis in the adipose tissue of Holstein cows from 21 days pre-partum to 35 days post-partum, stating that chromium increased fat synthesis in adipose tissue and reduced net release. Conversely, Evans and Bowman [52] showed an increase in the absorption of amino acids and glucose in skeletal muscles of rats fed chromium picolinate. This change in nutrient absorption has been associated with alterations in insulin parameters thought to be chromium-dependent. These observations may explain the reported increase in skeletal muscle percentage and the effect on glucose tolerance. The potential for improved amino acid uptake by muscle cells is beneficial for total protein accumulation. Research findings [53] have shown that the supplementation of chromium propionate in the diet of six-month-old buffalo calves decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations. Haldar et al. [54] demonstrated that chromium supplementation reduced blood cholesterol levels in young goats. Uyanik [55] examined the effects of adding 200 ppb or 400 ppb of inorganic chromium to lamb rations on certain biochemical parameters. The lack of any differences in serum glucose values on days 0, 20, and 40 is consistent with the current study. However, the same researcher observed a significant ( p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels on day 55 in the group that received only 200 ppb of chromium. Ward et al. [56] found no effect of chromium picolinate on plasma glucose in pigs, while Mooney and Cromwell [57] similarly found no effects from chromium picolinate and CrCl₃ in pigs. Studies conducted on lambs indicated no differences in plasma glucose levels with the use of chromium picolinate [58, 48] and chelated chromium [59], which is consistent with the present study. At the conclusion of the study, serum total cholesterol levels were determined to be 40.86, 56.43, 47.71, and 57.43 mg/dL for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups, respectively. The highest values were obtained in the CrPic + Bic group compared to the other groups. Additionally, the total cholesterol levels across all groups at the beginning of the study were found to be higher than at the conclusion ( p < 0.0001). Uyanik [55] indicated that the use of different levels of inorganic chromium (200 ppb and 400 ppb) had no significant effect on total cholesterol levels in serum samples taken from lambs on days 0, 20, 40, and 55, which is consistent with the results of the current study. On day 63, serum albumin levels in the current study were recorded as 31.57, 33.86, 34.00, and 35.71 g/L for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups, respectively. The CrPic + Bic group exhibited higher serum albumin levels compared to the other groups ( p = 0.0002). Similarly, both time (days 0 and 63) and group × time interactions were found to be statistically significant. 4.2. Serum Mineral Levels and Interactions In the current study, the average serum iron (Fe) levels in the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups were determined to be 294.76, 299.95, 325.30, and 363.73 µg/dL, respectively. While no statistical differences were observed among the control, CrPic, and Bic groups, the CrPic + Bic group showed a statistically significant increase in serum Fe levels ( p = 0.0892). The enhancing effect of the Bic group on Fe levels was further amplified in the CrPic + Bic group. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] reported that increased levels of Cr-yeast in the diet resulted in reduced Fe levels in the liver and bone. In contrast, the present study found no effect of CrPic supplementation on serum Fe levels. Transferrin, the Fe transport protein, is responsible for maintaining serum Cr³⁺ levels and the insulin-sensitive transport of chromium into tissues; it is the primary physiological transporter of both chromium and iron [60]. The mode of action of chromium in enhancing insulin sensitivity may also be explained by its effect on increasing membrane fluidity and the rate of insulin internalization [52]. Moderate increases in plasma membrane fluidity have also been shown to enhance glucose transport. Additionally, it has been suggested that basal glucose transport may not be fully active in adipocytes and can be enhanced by increasing membrane fluidity [52]. The serum Fe concentrations in both control and experimental groups ranged from 295 to 363 µg/dL. Chromium has antioxidant properties and can reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, allowing for greater absorption and retention of iron [62, 63]. When Cr-yeast levels increased in the diet, Fe and copper (Cu) levels in liver tissue decreased quadratically. Conversely, the concentration of Cr in the liver increased linearly as the Cr-yeast levels in the diet increased ( p < 0.05). Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] stated that Cr-yeast did not affect Zn concentrations in the liver. When Cr-yeast levels increased, Fe levels in bone tissue decreased linearly. Cr-yeast supplementation quadratically increased Cr concentrations in bone, while it did not affect Zn levels. Regarding serum Cu levels, although no statistical difference was found, the lowest levels were observed in the group supplemented with chromium picolinate. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] noted that Cr-yeast supplementation reduced Cu concentrations in the liver. However, this reduction was higher than the reference levels (25–100 mg/kg) [64]. Stahlhut et al. [65] examined the interaction between Cr and Cu, finding that while Cr supplementation did not affect liver or plasma Cu concentrations in cows, it resulted in higher plasma Cu concentrations in calves. In the present study, a very weak negative correlation between Cr and Cu was found. Interactions among Cr, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) have been reported [66]. They found that Cr supplementation was associated with increased concentrations of Ca and Mg by day 7 of the experiment. In contrast, the current study identified a very weak negative correlation between Cr and Ca, and a weak positive correlation with phosphorus (P). In this study, average serum Zn levels were determined to be 143.23, 117.06, 59.67, and 44.99 µg/dL for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic + Bic groups, respectively. The use of chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate in the diet had a reducing effect on serum Zn levels, with the lowest values observed in the CrPic + Bic group. A weak correlation was found between chromium and manganese (Mn) in the CrPic group, which was statistically significant ( p = 0.0481). Additionally, very weak negative correlations were noted between Cr and Cu, as well as Cr and Zn. Pechova et al. [67] studied an 8-month-old calf diet supplemented with chromium-enriched yeast. During the first phase of the feeding period (up to day 136), calves were given 5 mg Cr per day, and during the second phase (days 137–220), they received 8 mg per day. At the end of the study, statistical differences in plasma potassium (K), calcium (Ca), P, and Zn concentrations among the groups were similar to our findings; however, differences in Cu and Mg concentrations contrasted with the results of our study. Many researchers have indicated that Cr-yeast supplementation does not affect Zn concentrations in the liver and bone [66–68, 10]. However, under hot climate conditions, Alhidary et al. [63] reported that the plasma concentration of chromium interacts negatively with Cu, Zn, and Mn in camels supplemented with Cr-yeast (0.5 mg Cr/kg dry matter). While the findings in this study showed similarities in Zn and Cu, differences were observed concerning Mn. A significant ( p = 0.0481) but weak positive relationship was detected between Mn and Cr. Moreover, Pechova et al. [67] reported that Zn concentrations remained constant throughout the experimental period, indicating no effects of chromium supplementation. In contrast, the present study showed a very weak negative relationship between Cr and Zn 5. Conclusions This study evaluated the effects of chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation in lamb diets on the fatty acid profile of muscle, blood biochemical parameters, and mineral profiles. The fatty acid composition of muscle tissue was not altered by supplementation; among saturated fatty acids (SFA), palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) showed the highest average values, while oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Significant differences were observed in serum albumin, total cholesterol, and total protein during the study period ( p 0.05). Serum sodium (Na), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) differed among groups ( p < 0.05), while calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and copper (Cu) did not. Correlation analyses revealed notable relationships among minerals, including moderate positive correlation between Cr and Mg ( p = 0.0140) and moderate negative correlation between Zn and Mn ( p = 0.0047), underscoring complex interactions in mineral metabolism. Overall, chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation improved mineral profiles without adversely affecting muscle fatty acid composition or overall digestibility, suggesting potential benefits for lamb growth performance and health. Future work should elucidate mechanistic pathways underlying mineral interactions and assess long-term effects on productivity, reproduction, and immunity across species and production systems, while also considering environmental impacts and optimization of supplementation levels and formulations. Declarations Ethics approval The study was approved by the Ondokuz Mayis University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (protocol number: [insert if available]). All procedures complied with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals. Consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding This study was funded by [insert funding source if any; otherwise, none]. Authors’ contributions EOG: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft. MS: supervision, writing—review & editing. Acknowledgments [Insert acknowledgments, e.g., laboratory staff, farm personnel, or funding bodies.] References Mazinani M, Rude B (2020) Population, world production and quality of sheep and goat products. Am J Anim Vet Sci 15:291–299. doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2020.291.299 Rodríguez-Gaxiola MA, Domínguez-Vara IA, Barajas-Cruz R, et al. (2020) Effect of enriched-chromium yeast on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profile in finishing Rambouillet lambs. 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Anim Sci 79(2):241–253. doi:10.1017/S135772980009013X Tables Table 3.1 Composition of the Basic Ration (Concentrate Feed) for the Groups (g/kg) Feed Ingredients Control CrPic Bic CrPic + Bic Corn 320,29 320,29 385,26 385,26 Wheat Bran 201,24 201,24 172,95 172,95 Sunflower Meal 142,47 142,47 120 120 DDGS 120 120 100,79 100,79 Wheat 75 75 70 70 Barley 60 60 60 60 Molasses 50 50 50 50 Limestone Powder 20 20 20 20 Sodium Bicarbonate 15 15 Salt 10 10 5 5 Vitamin-Mineral Premix* 1 1 1 1 Chromium Picolinate, mg/day - 0,25 - 0,25 Each kilogram of the premix contains 50,000 mg of Manganese, 50,000 mg of Iron, 50,000 mg of Zinc, 10,000 mg of Copper, 150 mg of Cobalt, 150 mg of Selenium, 800 mg of Iodine, 8,000,000 IU of Vitamin A, 2,000,000 IU of Vitamin D3, and 20,000 mg of Vitamin E. Table 3.2 Nutritional Composition of the Concentrate Feed and Alfalfa Hay Used in the Experiment (% DM) Feed Ingredients Concentrate Feed Alfalfa Hay Control* Bic** Dry Matter 95,20 95,90 91,01 Ash 6,84 6,35 8,44 Organic Matter 93,16 89,55 91,56 Crude Protein 15,39 15,04 14,88 Crude Fat 2,15 1,97 1,81 Crude Fiber 6,01 5,65 39,96 Nitrogen-Free Extract 69,61 66,89 34,91 Neutral Detergent Fiber 27,93 24,45 65,77 Acid Detergent Fiber 11,06 9,95 55,4 ME, kcal/kg DM 2783 2828 1763 Used in the CrPic group.* Used in the Bic + CrPic group.* Table 3.3 Mineral Composition of the Basic Ration (Concentrate Feed) and Alfalfa Hay for Each Group Mineral Substances Control* Bic** Alfalfa Hay Na, % 0,31 0,53 0,14 Mg, % 0,25 0,30 0,28 P, % 0,65 0,61 0,29 K ,% 0,95 0,82 2,27 Ca,% 0,92 0,90 1,44 Cr, mg/kg 1,19 1,77 1,29 Mn, mg/kg 52,09 47,13 26,62 Fe, mg/kg 133,23 121,37 156,01 Cu, mg/kg 10,77 9,76 6,01 Zn, mg/kg 56,85 52,38 23,57 *Used within the CrPic group. **Used within the Bic + CrPic group. Table 4.8 Average Fatty Acid Composition (%) in MLD Muscle Across Groups Control CrPic Bic CrPic + Bic P SFA* Capric Acid (C10:0) 0.22 ± 0.014 0.25 ± 0.026 0.23 ± 0.012 0.26 ± 0.018 0.3139 Lauric Acid (C12:0) 0.17 ± 0.008 0.18 ± 0.030 0.21 ± 0.021 0.19 ± 0.018 0.5537 Tridecanoic Acid (C13:0) 0.19 ± 0.081 0.12 ± 0.041 0.08 ± 0.037 0.06 ± 0.004 0.3356 Myristic Acid (C14:0) 2.54 ± 0.449 3.13 ± 0.252 3.40 ± 0.228 3.20 ± 0.140 0.2126 Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0) 0.47 ± 0.032 0.49 ± 0.076 0.46 ± 0.021 0.53 ± 0.065 0.7597 Palmitic Acid (C16:0) 25.38 ± 0.757 26.19 ± 0.839 26.53 ± 0.577 25.86 ± 0.441 0.6615 Heptadecanoic Acid (C17:0) 1.52 ± 0.168 1.46 ± 0.217 1.29 ± 0.075 1.53 ± 0.127 0.6721 Stearic Acid (C18:0) 16.14 ± 1.384 16.83 ± 1.045 15.78 ± 0.884 14.55 ± 0.815 0.4973 Arachidic Acid (C20:0) 0.18 ± 0.094 0.07 ± 0.019 0.06 ± 0.012 0.06 ± 0.006 0.2869 MUFA** Myristoleic Acid (C14:1) 0.07 ± 0.017 0.05 ± 0.009 0.08 ± 0.015 0.07 ± 0.006 0.3671 Palmitoleic Acid (C16:1) 2.07 ± 0.227 2.09 ± 0.116 2.16 ± 0.166 2.29 ± 0.110 0.7899 Heptadecanoic Acid (C17:1) 0.92 ± 0.075 0.84 ± 0.085 0.80 ± 0.056 0.99 ± 0.048 0.2156 Oleic Acid (C18:1n9) 46.66 ± 0.896 44.75 ± 1.653 45.60 ± 0.987 46.63 ± 0.881 0.6099 Nervonic Acid (C24:1n9) 0.04 ± 0.014 0.04 ± 0.011 0.02 ± 0.012 0.05 ± 0.008 0.7589 PUFA*** Linoleic Acid (C18:2n6) 2.95 ± 0.211 2.81 ± 0.234 2.61 ± 0.144 3.11 ± 0.183 0.3343 Linolenic Acid (C18:3n3) 0.39 ± 0.051 0.56 ± 0.088 0.54 ± 0.085 0.45 ± 0.065 0.3420 Eicosadienoic Acid (C20:2n6) 0.06 ± 0.022 0.03 ± 0.009 0.03 ± 0.005 0.03 ± 0.003 0.2278 Eicosatrienoic Acid (C20:3n3) 0.06 ± 0.011 0.04 ± 0.010 0.04 ± 0.012 0.04 ± 0.012 0.7285 *: Saturated Fatty Acid; **: Monounsaturated Fatty Acid; ***: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Table 4.9 Concentrations (%) and Ratios of Fatty Acids in MLD Muscle Across Groups Control CrPic Bic CrPic + Bic P ∑SFA 46.811 ± 1.001 48.74 ± 1.667 48.07 ± 1.141 46.29 ± 0.781 0.4610 ∑MUFA 49.719 ± 1.160 47.79 ± 1.749 48.69 ± 1.071 50.04 ± 0.880 0.5828 ∑PUFA 3.46 ± 0.235 3.46 ± 0.262 3.22 ± 0.213 3.65 ± 0.210 0.6389 ∑UFA 53.188 ± 1.001 51.25 ± 1.667 51.92 ± 1.142 53.70 ± 0.781 0.4610 ∑PUFA/∑SFA 0.07 ± 0.004 0.07 ± 0.005 0.06 ± 0.005 0.07 ± 0.004 0.4293 ∑UFA/∑SFA 1.14 ± 0.046 1.066 ± 0.074 1.087 ± 0.049 1.16 ± 0.035 0.5477 ∑MUFA/∑SFA 1.06 ± 0.047 0.99 ± 0.074 1.02 ± 0.046 1.08 ± 0.036 0.6153 ∑n6 2.94 ± 0.210 2.81 ± 0.234 2.61 ± 0.144 3.11 ± 0.183 0.3343 ∑n3 0.45 ± 0.057 0.61 ± 0.084 0.59 ± 0.092 0.50 ± 0.063 0.4327 ∑n6/∑n3 6.80 ± 0.546 5.02 ± 0.661 4.87 ± 0.506 6.81 ± 0.891 0.0760 ∑n3/∑n6 0.15 ± 0.017 0.22 ± 0.036 0.22 ± 0.029 0.16 ± 0.022 0.1568 Table 4.10 Indices, Totals, and Ratios of Fatty Acids in MLD Muscle Across Groups Control CrPic Bic CrPic + Bic P Nutritive value index 2.49 ± 0.107 2.37 ± 0.117 2.32 ± 0.073 2.37 ± 0.054 0.6122 Atherogenic index 0.67 ± 0.036 0.76 ± 0.052 0.78 ± 0.035 0.72 ± 0.018 0.2040 Thrombogenic index 1.58 ± 0.059 1.71 ± 0.116 1.66 ± 0.082 1.54 ± 0.045 0.4900 Hypocholesterolemic (h) 49.97 ± 0.756 48.13 ± 1.57 48.76 ± 1.046 50.20 ± 0.812 0.5041 Hypercholesterolemic (H) 27.92 ± 0.779 29.33 ± 1.036 29.93 ± 0.730 29.07 ± 0.470 0.3431 Neutrals 16.35 ± 1.384 17.08 ± 1.049 16.01 ± 0.894 14.82 ± 0.823 0.5110 Δ 9 desaturase 16 7.43 ± 0.609 7.45 ± 0.459 7.50 ± 0.488 8.10 ± 0.268 0.7176 Δ 9 desaturase 18 74.38 ± 1.908 72.58 ± 1.790 74.30 ± 1.345 76.20 ± 1.326 0.4856 Elongase 69.58 ± 0.979 68.50 ± 0.985 68.14 ± 0.765 68.49 ± 0.529 0.6478 Δ9 desaturase 16 = 100[(C16:1cis-9)/(C16:1cis-9 + C16:0)]; Δ9 desaturase 18 = 100[(C18:1cis-9)/(C18:1cis-9 + C18:0)]; Elongase = 100[(C18:0 + C18:1cis9)/(C16:0 + C16:1cis9 + C18:0 + C18:1cis9)]; Aterojenik indeks=[C12:0 + 4(C14:0) + C16:0] / ΣUFA. Trombojenik indeks = [(C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0)/[(0.5 × ΣMUFA)+(0.5 × Σω6+(3 × Σω3)+(Σω3/Σω6)]. h = (C18:1cis9 + C18:2ω6 + C18:3ω3 + C20:4ω6); H = (C14:0 + C16:0); Neutrals = C10:0 + C18:0. Tablo 4.11. Gruplarda Farklı Zamanlarda Alınan Örneklerdeki Ortalama Serum Albümin (g/L), Kolesterol (mg/dL), Glikoz (mg/dL), Total Protein (g/L) ve Trigliserit (mg/dL) Düzeyleri Tablo 4.11. Gruplarda Farklı Zamanlarda Alınan Örneklerdeki Ortalama Serum Albümin (g/L), Kolesterol (mg/dL), Glikoz (mg/dL), Total Protein (g/L) ve Trigliserit (mg/dL) Düzeyleri Parameters Day Control CrPic NaHCO 3 CrPic+ NaHCO 3 P Value G Z GxZ Albumin 0 25.14±0.261ab 26.57±0.369a 24.29±0.747b 26.71±0.421a 0.0002 <.0001 0.0408 63 31.57±0.751b 33.86±0.705ab 34.00±0.655ab 35.71±0.808a Cholesterol 0 73.57±4.567 74.57±1.837 68.00±4.186 76.14±4.189 0.0324 <.0001 0.2247 63 40.86±5.064b 56.43±3.301ab 47.71±4.263ab 57.43±3.484a Glucose 0 75.14±1.101 76.71±2.168 75.29±1.700 75.71±1.742 0.4012 0.0002 0.5207 63 84.43±3.561 89.86±4.464 82.29±2.440 94.64±9.611 Total protein 0 67.63±1.162b 70.04±0.962ab 71.24±2.552ab 81.06±4.873a <.0001 <.0001 0.7811 63 59.86±1.262b 63.14±0.595b 64.71±2.201ab 70.29±1.286a Triglycerides 0 22.14±2.304 21.14±2.064 19.14±1.100 24.00±4.214 0.3952 0.0106 0.8180 63 14.29±3.213 18.48±1.970 14.52±3.128 18.62±2.636 a, b, c: For each variable, different letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences; G: group, Z: day. Table 4.12 Serum Levels of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cr Across Groups Control CrPic Bic CrPic + Bic P Ca, mg/dL 9.35 ± 0.623 10.02 ± 0.777 9.88 ± 0.739 10.98 ± 1.232 0.6243 P, mg/dL 5.92 ± 0.355 7.48 ± 0.343 7.13 ± 0.421 6.25 ± 0.882 0.1797 Mg, mg/dL 3.18 ± 0.167 3.43 ± 0.074 3.41 ± 0.103 3.42 ± 0.191 0.5626 K, mEq/L 6.13 ± 0.227 6.21 ± 0.126 5.75 ± 0.125 6.03 ± 0.257 0.3780 Na, mEq/L 173.66 ± 4.217b 172.63 ± 9.109b 191.50 ± 1.353a 185.85 ± 1.575ab 0.0386 Fe, µg/dL 294.76 ± 17.485b 299.95 ± 18.528b 325.30 ± 18.345ab 363.73 ± 25.343a 0.0892 Cu, µg/dL 101.41 ± 4.440 96.41 ± 4.030 100.70 ± 3.668 99.27 ± 4.708 0.8437 Zn, µg/dL 143.23 ± 9.707a 117.06 ± 6.530b 59.67 ± 3.84c 44.99 ± 2.470c < .0001 Mn, µg/dL 0.39 ± 0.032c 1.30 ± 0.077a 0.99 ± 0.066b 1.30 ± 0.083a < .0001 Cr, µg/dL 6.53 ± 0.183b 8.14 ± 0.321a 7.55 ± 0.483ab 6.99 ± 0.401b 0.0267 a, b, c: For each variable, different letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences Table 4.13 Pearson Correlation Coefficients Among Mineral Elements P Mg K Na Fe Cu Zn Mn Cr Ca -0.29945 -0.13105 -0.03101 0.12564 -0.28570 0.01319 -0.16752 0.32315 -0.17743 0.1216 0.5062 0.8755 0.5241 0.1405 0.9469 0.3942 0.0935 0.3664 P 0.14038 0.16208 -0.02877 0.16408 -0.39139 -0.05162 0.21187 0.33728 0.4762 0.4099 0.8845 0.4041 0.0394 0.7942 0.2791 0.0792 Mg 0.07239 0.06244 0.38005 0.21492 -0.27545 0.23226 0.45898 0.7143 0.7523 0.0461 0.2721 0.1560 0.2343 0.0140 K -0.27121 0.07549 -0.09779 0.13364 -0.07391 -0.14627 0.1627 0.7026 0.6206 0.4978 0.7086 0.4577 Na 0.23575 0.14456 -0.35565 0.22037 0.06356 0.2272 0.4630 0.0633 0.2598 0.7480 Fe 0.11555 -0.39329 0.22702 0.00925 0.5582 0.0384 0.2453 0.9628 Cu 0.04917 -0.01008 -0.11299 0.8038 0.9594 0.5670 Zn -0.51824 -0.09620 0.0047 0.6263 Mn 0.37683 0.0481 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal demand for lamb meat increases annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. According to Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Gaxiola et al. [2], to satisfy this demand, it is necessary to improve the productive performance of lambs through the use of dietary additives. Ruminant researchers and nutritionists have increased their interest in the search for new feed additives that improve growth performance and carcass quality in lambs [3].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChromium (Cr) is an essential microelement that plays an important role in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins [4]. However, the Cr requirement in lambs has not yet been established [5]. Likewise, it has been reported that the Cr content in most of the ingredients used in ruminant feed is low [6]. Although the metallic (Cr⁰), trivalent (Cr\u0026sup3;⁺), and hexavalent (Cr⁶⁺) forms of Cr are the most common, the most stable and safe form is Cr\u0026sup3;⁺ [7]. Cr can be added to livestock diets in inorganic form or as organic complexes; however, the bioavailability of organic chromium (OCr) is more than ten times greater than in inorganic compounds [4].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn lambs, to date, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of OCr on growth performance [8, 9], carcass traits [10, 11], meat composition [2, 11], and serum metabolites [3, 12]. However, the effects obtained in these studies are inconsistent, which limits the ability to obtain scientifically sound conclusions. Jin and Zhou et al. [3] reported positive effects of dietary supplementation with moderate and high doses (between 0.668 and 1.573 mg/kg DM) of OCr on growth performance, carcass traits, and serum metabolites of lambs. In sheep and cattle in feedlots, dietary levels of 0.2\u0026ndash;1.2 mg Cr/kg DM have been assessed, and a dose equal to or greater than 0.35 mg Cr/kg DM had an effect mainly on blood glucose level but its effect on the content of fatty acids has been little evaluated [13\u0026ndash;16]. However, supplementation of organic Cr (Cr-yeast) in growing steers has minimal effects on the rate of blood glucose elimination and the half-life of blood glucose [17]. In addition, there is little information on the effect of concentrations of chromium picolinate supplements on fatty acids content, meat quality, or metabolism of the microminerals Fe, Cu, and Zn in lambs fed high-energy diets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium bicarbonate is one of the important buffer supplements in ruminant production. Feedlot lambs are usually fed high-grain diets to reach the desired market weight (approximately 25\u0026ndash;30 kg) within 5\u0026ndash;7 weeks after weaning [18]. However, this feeding program, based on diets almost devoid of forage, is usually associated with digestive disorders such as ruminal acidosis [19]. Some alternatives used to prevent this problem are the inclusion in the diet of buffers, such as sodium bicarbonate [20]. The inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in the diet has been shown to lead to changes in the biochemical profile of the blood. Studies carried out with steers have indicated increases in bicarbonate, base excess, and pCO₂ when animals were supplemented with different amounts of sodium bicarbonate [21, 22]. Ahn et al. [23] and Boles et al. [24] have shown that sodium bicarbonate intake before slaughter has an influence on pork meat characteristics. On the other hand, lamb meat characteristics seem to be only slightly influenced by sodium bicarbonate intake [25].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the primary factors contributing to insufficient productivity in the livestock sector in our country and its suboptimal economic contribution is feeding errors, particularly the reliance on carbohydrate-heavy diets. Feeding animals with disproportionate amounts of carbohydrate-rich diets disrupts the microbial balance within the rumen. The rapid and excessive intake of carbohydrate-based feeds by weaned lambs or growing ruminants undergoing fattening, aimed at achieving fast live weight gain and meeting energy requirements, leads to various metabolic disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this context, the goal of this project is to prevent ruminal acidosis in lambs fed a diet consisting of 85% concentrate feed and 15% roughage by incorporating sodium bicarbonate as a buffering agent into the concentrate feed. Additionally, chromium absorption increases in concentrate-heavy diets, particularly those rich in starch. However, sodium bicarbonate, used to counteract ruminal acidosis in lambs subjected to intensive feeding regimens, decreases the chromium concentration in the blood and tissues. Since inorganic chromium is poorly utilized by ruminants, chromium picolinate will be added to the lamb rations. Moreover, the interaction of chromium with iron and zinc, which share the same absorption sites, will also be investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study, conducted on Bafra breed lambs, aims to determine the effects of sodium bicarbonate and organic chromium supplementation on the fatty acid profile of muscle, certain blood parameters, and mineral profile.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Animals and Feed Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis experiment utilized 28 weaned male Bafra breed lambs aged 10\u0026ndash;12 weeks. To ensure homogeneity among the groups, animals were selected based on health status, date of birth, live weight, and type of birth. All lambs underwent health examinations, received internal and external antiparasitic treatments, and were vaccinated against enterotoxemia prior to the experiment. Each lamb was identified using an electronic ear tag.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe basal diet consisted of 85% concentrate feed and 15% roughage, formulated to be isonitrogenous (16% crude protein) and isocaloric (2700 kcal/kg ME). The concentrate composition was determined according to available ingredients from a local feed mill. The control group received only the basal diet, whereas the treatment groups were supplemented as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCrPic group\u003c/b\u003e: 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBic group\u003c/b\u003e: 1.5% sodium bicarbonate,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic group\u003c/b\u003e: 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5% sodium bicarbonate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ingredient composition of the concentrate feeds is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;1, while their proximate analysis and mineral content are shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;2 and 3, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Experimental Site and Housing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe trial was conducted between August and November 2019 at a private semi-open lamb fattening facility in Bafra (Samsun, T\u0026uuml;rkiye). Each lamb was individually housed in a wooden pen (1 m\u0026sup2;, excluding the feeder and water trough) equipped with a 54 \u0026times; 25 cm feeder and a drinking trough. Sawdust bedding was provided, cleaned, and replaced regularly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Experimental Design and Feeding Management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLambs were randomly allocated into four groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7 per group) with similar average body weights. The total experimental period lasted 78 days, including a 15-day adaptation period followed by a 63-day feeding trial. During adaptation, all lambs received the control diet to determine individual daily feed intake. Thereafter, all groups were fed \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e with an additional 10% of their established daily intake. Alfalfa hay was used as roughage, and fresh water was available \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e. Chromium picolinate was added daily on top of the concentrate at the specified dose levels. Feed was offered twice daily at 07:30 AM and 05:30 PM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Determination of Nutrient Composition of Feeds\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeed analyses were carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University (Samsun, T\u0026uuml;rkiye).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry matter (DM) was determined by oven-drying at 105\u0026deg;C to constant weight. Crude protein (N \u0026times; 6.25) was measured by the Kjeldahl method, and ash was quantified by incineration at 550\u0026deg;C for 4 h. Crude fat was analyzed via Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether according to AOAC (1995). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were determined using an Ankom 200/220 Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology Corp., USA) following Van Soest et al. (1991). Metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated using the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE, 1991) formula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5. Determination of Live Weight\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimals were weighed at the beginning and on days 14, 28, 42, 56, and 63 of the trial using a cage-type scale (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50 g precision, 300 kg capacity) after 12 h fasting. Body weight gains were calculated based on the differences between successive measurements. Final live weight was used for carcass trait assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.6. Determination of Fatty Acid Profile in Meat\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples of \u003cem\u003eM. longissimus dorsi\u003c/em\u003e (between the 12th and 13th ribs) were collected post-slaughter (approximately 40\u0026ndash;50 g per sample), vacuum-packed, and stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;18\u0026deg;C until analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFatty acid determination\u003c/b\u003e: Five grams of homogenized tissue were mixed with 25 mL of 5% SDS solution and homogenized (Ultra-Turrax IKA Werk T 25, 3 min). A 10 mL mixture of hexane/isopropanol (3:2) and 10 mL saturated NaCl were added. After vortexing (2 min) and centrifugation (5000 rpm, 5 min, 24\u0026deg;C), the upper phase was collected. Extraction was repeated three times, and anhydrous Na₂SO₄ was added to remove residual moisture. The filtrate (10 mL) was combined with 0.5 mL methanolic KOH, vortexed for 1 min, and left in the dark for 2 h. The upper phase was transferred into GC vials for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.7. Blood Sampling and Biochemical Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood was collected from the jugular vein on days 0 and 63, approximately 2 h after morning feeding, into 10 mL vacuum tubes. Samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min (NF400, N\u0026uuml;ve, T\u0026uuml;rkiye), and serum aliquots were analyzed immediately.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and albumin were determined spectrophotometrically (A25 Random Access Analyzer, Biosystems, Spain) using commercial kits: glucose (21503), cholesterol (21505), triglycerides (21528), total protein (21513), and albumin (21547).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.8. Mineral Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMineral concentrations (Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, K, Ca, P, Mg) were determined in feed, feces, and serum samples. Digestion was performed using a microwave system (Milestone Ethos Up) and ultrapure reagents (HNO₃ 65%, HCl 30%, H₂O₂ 35%). Elemental concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma\u0026ndash;mass spectrometry (ICP\u0026ndash;MS, Agilent 7800 series, Agilent Technologies, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrior to analysis, all glassware was acid-washed in 5\u0026ndash;10% HNO₃ overnight and rinsed with deionized water. Calibration was performed with multi-element standards (0\u0026ndash;500 ppb) and tuning solution (1 \u0026micro;g/L Ce, Co, Li, Mg, Tl, Y). Data were processed using Mass Hunter 4.4 Workstation Software (Agilent Technologies).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.9. Statistical Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Differences among groups in growth performance, digestibility, fatty acid composition, mineral content, slaughter traits, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃\u0026ndash;N), and pH were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s post hoc test.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood biochemical parameters were analyzed using a two-way mixed ANOVA with Group and Time as fixed effects and their interaction (Group \u0026times; Time). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess relationships among mineral elements. Significance was declared at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Fatty Acid Profile in \u003cem\u003eLongissimus dorsi\u003c/em\u003e Muscle\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the \u003cem\u003eLongissimus dorsi\u003c/em\u003e (MLD) muscle, palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) were identified as the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA), while oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). No statistically significant differences (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were observed among the control and treatment groups in the overall fatty acid profiles (Table\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Blood Biochemical Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the trial, the mean serum albumin concentrations were 25.14, 26.57, 24.29, and 26.71 g/L for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups, respectively. At the end of the study, these values increased to 31.57, 33.86, 34.00, and 35.71 g/L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlbumin concentrations differed significantly with respect to both group and time, as well as their interaction (Group \u0026times; Time; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similarly, serum albumin, total cholesterol, and total protein levels showed significant differences among the groups (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary treatments (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Mineral Profile and Correlations Among Minerals\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerum chromium (Cr) concentrations were 6.53, 8.14, 7.55, and 6.99 mg/dL for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups, respectively, with the CrPic group showing the highest level (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerum sodium (Na) concentrations were 173.66, 172.63, 191.50, and 185.85 mg/dL for the respective groups, with the Bic group exhibiting the highest Na level (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Significant differences were also observed among the groups for manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and chromium (Cr) concentrations (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConversely, no significant differences were found for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), or copper (Cu) concentrations (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis revealed a weak negative relationship between P and Cu (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0394), and a weak positive correlation between P and Cr (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0792). Magnesium (Mg) was positively correlated with Fe (weak; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0461) and Cr (moderate; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0140). Iron (Fe) showed a weak negative correlation with Zn (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0384), while Cr exhibited a weak positive correlation with Mn (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0481). A moderate negative correlation was also detected between Zn and Mn (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0047).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings indicate the complex interrelationships among trace minerals, emphasizing their importance in maintaining mineral homeostasis, metabolic balance, and overall health status in lambs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the groups, the values for total saturated fatty acids (\u0026sum;SFA) in the \u003cem\u003elongissimus dorsi\u003c/em\u003e (MLD) muscle were determined to be 46.81, 48.74, 48.07, and 46.29 for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups, respectively. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] reported lower \u0026sum;SFA values in their study, ranging from 40.22 to 44.40. The \u0026sum;MUFA values found by the same researchers were similar to those of the current study, while their \u0026sum;PUFA values were lower. In pigs, the total amount of MUFA in the loin increased only with the interaction of chromium yeast (0.2 mg Cr/kg DM) and the glycemic index of the diet [27]. In their study, Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] noted that chromium yeast supplementation linearly reduced the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the intramuscular fat of lamb, which is related to the nutritional quality of lamb meat for human health, while it linearly increased the contents of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. They also indicated that chromium yeast supplementation decreased plasma triglyceride levels and improved the UFA:SFA ratio in MLD intramuscular fat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreno-Camarena et al. [10] investigated the effects of varying levels of chromium yeast supplementation on the fatty acid profile in MLD muscle. The current study aligns with their findings that there was no effect on lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), pentadecanoic (C15:0), margaric (C17:0), and oleic (C18:1 n-9) acids. Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Gaxiola et al. [2] found that the supplementation of chromium yeast (0.3 mg Cr/kg DM) in Rambouillet fattening sheep did not significantly affect the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat in the \u003cem\u003elongissimus dorsi\u003c/em\u003e muscle. Nejad et al. [28] concluded that the supplementation of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) (0.4 mg/kg DM) in Holstein steers improved beef quality by increasing PUFA and gamma-linolenic acid levels, which is consistent with the studies of Lien et al. [29] and Moreno-Camarena et al. [10]. Chromium picolinate (0.2 mg Cr/kg DM) added to pig diets increases lipid tissue lipogenesis and the activities of enzymes such as fatty acid synthase, ATP-citrate lyase, NADP-malic dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase [29].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn ruminants, the levels of lipids (phosphoglycerides, glycosylglycerides, waxes, pigments, and cutin) in diets generally range from 30\u0026ndash;40 g/kg dry matter in roughages and predominantly 20\u0026ndash;70 g/kg dry matter in cereal grains. The lipids in plants are primarily found as mono- and digalactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerols, while most lipids in cereal grains are in the form of triacylglycerols. Both lipid classes are high in C18:0 saturated fatty acids; in galactolipids, linolenic acid predominates, while linoleic acid is dominant in cereal lipids [30]. In the rumen, all lipid classes are rapidly hydrolyzed by bacterial lipases, resulting in the release of free long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), a significant portion of which are unsaturated. The LCFA intake in sheep fed with roughages is low (approximately 12\u0026ndash;16 g/day). These fatty acids undergo extensive biohydrogenation, producing a series of \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e positional isomers of octadecenoic acid. The ruminal biohydrogenation levels of linolenic and linoleic acids are reported to be 85\u0026ndash;100% and 70\u0026ndash;95%, respectively [31].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial step in the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in the rumen involves the isomerization to rumenic acid and its main isomer, \u003cem\u003ecis-9, trans-11\u003c/em\u003e-octadecenoic acid. CLA is a mixture of geometric and positional isomers of conjugated linoleic acid localized at positions 2\u0026ndash;17 of the carbon chain [32]. Most CLA is hydrogenated to stearic acid, but small amounts escape hydrogenation and reach the small intestine. CLA is incorporated into adipose tissue and milk fat along with other fatty acids absorbed from the intestinal system. CLA possesses certain biological properties, including inhibition of carcinogenesis, reduction of carcass fat accumulation, and production of milk fat [33].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn ruminant animals, the degree of escape of UFA from hydrogenation seems to depend on microbial growth conditions, which influence lipolysis and biohydrogenation rates [34]. Feeding high-grain diets reduces ruminal biohydrogenation and increases the unsaturation of carcass fat [35], which may be attributed to the reduced lipolysis effect resulting from lower ruminal pH [36]. Palmquist and Schanbacher [37] reported that feeding high-corn diets to lactating cows increased the ruminal formation of \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-C18:1 by enriching this fatty acid isomer in milk fat. LeDoux et al. [38] showed that increasing the proportion of roughage in the diets of dairy goats reduced \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-C18:1 FA content in milk fat, while vaccenic acid remained as the main component, representing 28\u0026ndash;45% of total \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-C18:1 FA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe formation of \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e FA in milk and meat is partly a result of microbial activity in the rumen. The ruminal flora metabolizes PUFA, such as linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids, into \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-C18:1 fatty acids during the formation process leading to stearic acid (C18:0). Linoleic acid is biohydrogenated to stearic acid through the formation of conjugated linoleic acid and \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-C18:1. Linolenic acids, which are not direct precursors of conjugated linoleic acid, have also increased the yield of ruminal vaccenic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-11 C18:1) through another pathway involving the production of conjugated C18:3 fatty acids [39].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeDoux et al. [38] suggested that reducing dietary fiber content and increasing the amount of grain can lead to a slow decrease in C18:1 to C18:0 in the final step of fatty acid biohydrogenation, thereby increasing \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-C18:1 accumulation. Additionally, high levels of grain in the diet result in low rumen pH, which may be a factor that inhibits the final stages of PUFA biohydrogenation [40].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreno-Camarena et al. [10] found that chromium yeast increased the UFA:SFA ratio. The effects of chromium supplementation on the FA content in intramuscular and subcutaneous fat of carcasses are a controversial subject. Very few studies have reported on the reduction of SFA and the increase of UFA due to chromium supplementation (at levels below 0.4 mg Cr/kg DM) in pigs [41, 42], cattle [28], or lambs [2]. As the level of chromium yeast in the diet increased, the atherogenic index (AI) in the intramuscular fat of the \u003cem\u003elongissimus dorsi\u003c/em\u003e quadratically decreased (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05); the AI reflects the relationship between total SFA and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). With the exception of C18:0, the main classes of SFA, which include C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0, are considered proatherogenic (supporting the adhesion of lipids to cells in circulation and the immune system). UFA are regarded as anti-atherogenic, as they inhibit plaque accumulation and decrease the levels of phospholipids, cholesterol, and esterified fatty acids. Therefore, the consumption of food or products with a lower AI can reduce total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in human plasma; reported AI values in lamb meat range from 0.49 to 1.32 [43]. In the present study, the observed AI values ranged from 0.72 to 0.78, indicating a range suitable for healthy meat consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn animals, the last body part to complete its development during the growth period is the loin area [44]. Therefore, it is important to determine the fatness and adipose tissue in the loin area in studies. In the present study, the area of the MLD was determined to be 1352.57 mm\u0026sup2; for the control group, 1325.14 mm\u0026sup2; for the CrPic group, 1384.00 mm\u0026sup2; for the Bic group, and 1349.43 mm\u0026sup2; for the CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic group. No statistical differences were found among the control and treatment groups (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9589). Estrada-Angulo et al. [9] reported that chromium.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Blood Biochemical Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eChromium\u0026rsquo;s primary function in living organisms is attributed to its role in the structure of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF). As an essential trace mineral, chromium is considered a complementary component of GTF, which is necessary for insulin\u0026rsquo;s binding to cell surfaces. GTF enhances all aspects of insulin activity, including the uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by cells. Consequently, chromium may modify carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis by potentiating insulin effects [60].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the study (day 63), serum glucose levels for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups were determined to be 89.43, 89.86, 82.29, and 94.64 mg/dL, respectively. No statistical differences were observed among the groups regarding serum glucose levels. However, when comparing serum glucose samples taken on days 0 and 63, significant differences among the groups were noted (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002). Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] reported that chromium yeast supplementation did not affect blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations on days 14 and 35, but increased chromium levels on day 49 led to decreased glucose and triglyceride levels. A similar effect was not observed in the present study. Chromium may enhance glucose tolerance by increasing liver triglyceride transport capacity and insulin sensitivity [46], and it may support triglyceride catabolism by enhancing lipoprotein lipase activity in plasma through its effect on adipose tissue and protein synthesis [47]. In the current study, the average blood glucose levels on day 63 ranged from 82.29 to 94.64 mg/dL, and blood triglyceride levels were detected between 14.29 and 18.62 mg/dL. While the average serum glucose levels were consistent with the findings of Moreno-Camarena et al. [10], the average serum triglyceride levels were found to be lower.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKitchalong et al. [48] noted a 17% reduction in plasma cholesterol levels in lambs fed Cr-Pic (0.25 mg Cr/kg DM). Supplementation of chromium yeast (0.3 mg Cr/kg DM) in sheep reduced serum triglyceride concentrations [49].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumerous studies have demonstrated that chromium is necessary for lipid metabolism; for example, rabbits and rats fed chromium-deficient diets exhibited increases in total cholesterol and lipid concentrations at the aortic level [50]. McNamara and Valdez [51] investigated the effects of chromium propionate on lipogenesis and lipolysis in the adipose tissue of Holstein cows from 21 days pre-partum to 35 days post-partum, stating that chromium increased fat synthesis in adipose tissue and reduced net release.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConversely, Evans and Bowman [52] showed an increase in the absorption of amino acids and glucose in skeletal muscles of rats fed chromium picolinate. This change in nutrient absorption has been associated with alterations in insulin parameters thought to be chromium-dependent. These observations may explain the reported increase in skeletal muscle percentage and the effect on glucose tolerance. The potential for improved amino acid uptake by muscle cells is beneficial for total protein accumulation. Research findings [53] have shown that the supplementation of chromium propionate in the diet of six-month-old buffalo calves decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations. Haldar et al. [54] demonstrated that chromium supplementation reduced blood cholesterol levels in young goats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUyanik [55] examined the effects of adding 200 ppb or 400 ppb of inorganic chromium to lamb rations on certain biochemical parameters. The lack of any differences in serum glucose values on days 0, 20, and 40 is consistent with the current study. However, the same researcher observed a significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels on day 55 in the group that received only 200 ppb of chromium. Ward et al. [56] found no effect of chromium picolinate on plasma glucose in pigs, while Mooney and Cromwell [57] similarly found no effects from chromium picolinate and CrCl₃ in pigs. Studies conducted on lambs indicated no differences in plasma glucose levels with the use of chromium picolinate [58, 48] and chelated chromium [59], which is consistent with the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the conclusion of the study, serum total cholesterol levels were determined to be 40.86, 56.43, 47.71, and 57.43 mg/dL for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups, respectively. The highest values were obtained in the CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic group compared to the other groups. Additionally, the total cholesterol levels across all groups at the beginning of the study were found to be higher than at the conclusion (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). Uyanik [55] indicated that the use of different levels of inorganic chromium (200 ppb and 400 ppb) had no significant effect on total cholesterol levels in serum samples taken from lambs on days 0, 20, 40, and 55, which is consistent with the results of the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn day 63, serum albumin levels in the current study were recorded as 31.57, 33.86, 34.00, and 35.71 g/L for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups, respectively. The CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic group exhibited higher serum albumin levels compared to the other groups (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002). Similarly, both time (days 0 and 63) and group \u0026times; time interactions were found to be statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Serum Mineral Levels and Interactions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the average serum iron (Fe) levels in the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups were determined to be 294.76, 299.95, 325.30, and 363.73 \u0026micro;g/dL, respectively. While no statistical differences were observed among the control, CrPic, and Bic groups, the CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic group showed a statistically significant increase in serum Fe levels (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0892). The enhancing effect of the Bic group on Fe levels was further amplified in the CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic group. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] reported that increased levels of Cr-yeast in the diet resulted in reduced Fe levels in the liver and bone. In contrast, the present study found no effect of CrPic supplementation on serum Fe levels. Transferrin, the Fe transport protein, is responsible for maintaining serum Cr\u0026sup3;⁺ levels and the insulin-sensitive transport of chromium into tissues; it is the primary physiological transporter of both chromium and iron [60]. The mode of action of chromium in enhancing insulin sensitivity may also be explained by its effect on increasing membrane fluidity and the rate of insulin internalization [52]. Moderate increases in plasma membrane fluidity have also been shown to enhance glucose transport. Additionally, it has been suggested that basal glucose transport may not be fully active in adipocytes and can be enhanced by increasing membrane fluidity [52].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe serum Fe concentrations in both control and experimental groups ranged from 295 to 363 \u0026micro;g/dL. Chromium has antioxidant properties and can reduce Fe\u0026sup3;⁺ to Fe\u0026sup2;⁺, allowing for greater absorption and retention of iron [62, 63]. When Cr-yeast levels increased in the diet, Fe and copper (Cu) levels in liver tissue decreased quadratically. Conversely, the concentration of Cr in the liver increased linearly as the Cr-yeast levels in the diet increased (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] stated that Cr-yeast did not affect Zn concentrations in the liver. When Cr-yeast levels increased, Fe levels in bone tissue decreased linearly. Cr-yeast supplementation quadratically increased Cr concentrations in bone, while it did not affect Zn levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding serum Cu levels, although no statistical difference was found, the lowest levels were observed in the group supplemented with chromium picolinate. Moreno-Camarena et al. [10] noted that Cr-yeast supplementation reduced Cu concentrations in the liver. However, this reduction was higher than the reference levels (25\u0026ndash;100 mg/kg) [64]. Stahlhut et al. [65] examined the interaction between Cr and Cu, finding that while Cr supplementation did not affect liver or plasma Cu concentrations in cows, it resulted in higher plasma Cu concentrations in calves. In the present study, a very weak negative correlation between Cr and Cu was found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInteractions among Cr, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) have been reported [66]. They found that Cr supplementation was associated with increased concentrations of Ca and Mg by day 7 of the experiment. In contrast, the current study identified a very weak negative correlation between Cr and Ca, and a weak positive correlation with phosphorus (P).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, average serum Zn levels were determined to be 143.23, 117.06, 59.67, and 44.99 \u0026micro;g/dL for the control, CrPic, Bic, and CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic groups, respectively. The use of chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate in the diet had a reducing effect on serum Zn levels, with the lowest values observed in the CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic group. A weak correlation was found between chromium and manganese (Mn) in the CrPic group, which was statistically significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0481). Additionally, very weak negative correlations were noted between Cr and Cu, as well as Cr and Zn. Pechova et al. [67] studied an 8-month-old calf diet supplemented with chromium-enriched yeast. During the first phase of the feeding period (up to day 136), calves were given 5 mg Cr per day, and during the second phase (days 137\u0026ndash;220), they received 8 mg per day. At the end of the study, statistical differences in plasma potassium (K), calcium (Ca), P, and Zn concentrations among the groups were similar to our findings; however, differences in Cu and Mg concentrations contrasted with the results of our study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany researchers have indicated that Cr-yeast supplementation does not affect Zn concentrations in the liver and bone [66\u0026ndash;68, 10]. However, under hot climate conditions, Alhidary et al. [63] reported that the plasma concentration of chromium interacts negatively with Cu, Zn, and Mn in camels supplemented with Cr-yeast (0.5 mg Cr/kg dry matter). While the findings in this study showed similarities in Zn and Cu, differences were observed concerning Mn. A significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0481) but weak positive relationship was detected between Mn and Cr. Moreover, Pechova et al. [67] reported that Zn concentrations remained constant throughout the experimental period, indicating no effects of chromium supplementation. In contrast, the present study showed a very weak negative relationship between Cr and Zn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the effects of chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation in lamb diets on the fatty acid profile of muscle, blood biochemical parameters, and mineral profiles. The fatty acid composition of muscle tissue was not altered by supplementation; among saturated fatty acids (SFA), palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) showed the highest average values, while oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Significant differences were observed in serum albumin, total cholesterol, and total protein during the study period (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), whereas serum glucose and triglyceride levels remained unchanged (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Serum sodium (Na), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) differed among groups (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and copper (Cu) did not.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analyses revealed notable relationships among minerals, including moderate positive correlation between Cr and Mg (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0140) and moderate negative correlation between Zn and Mn (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0047), underscoring complex interactions in mineral metabolism. Overall, chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation improved mineral profiles without adversely affecting muscle fatty acid composition or overall digestibility, suggesting potential benefits for lamb growth performance and health. Future work should elucidate mechanistic pathways underlying mineral interactions and assess long-term effects on productivity, reproduction, and immunity across species and production systems, while also considering environmental impacts and optimization of supplementation levels and formulations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ondokuz Mayis University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (protocol number: [insert if available]). All procedures complied with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by [insert funding source if any; otherwise, none].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEOG: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing\u0026mdash;original draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMS: supervision, writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert acknowledgments, e.g., laboratory staff, farm personnel, or funding bodies.]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMazinani M, Rude B (2020) Population, world production and quality of sheep and goat products. \u003cem\u003eAm J Anim Vet Sci\u003c/em\u003e 15:291\u0026ndash;299. \u003cstrong\u003edoi:10.3844/ajavsp.2020.291.299\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez-Gaxiola MA, Dom\u0026iacute;nguez-Vara IA, Barajas-Cruz R, et al. 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(1993) Chromium picolinate supplementation in lamb rations: effects on performance, nitrogen balance, endocrine and metabolic parameters. \u003cem\u003eJ Anim Sci\u003c/em\u003e 71(Suppl 1):291 (abstract). doi: \u0026mdash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSano H, Mowat DN, Ball RO, Trout DR (1997) Effect of supplemental chromium on whole-body kinetics of glucose, lactate, and propionate in rams fed a high grain diet. \u003cem\u003eComp Biochem Physiol B\u003c/em\u003e 118(1):117\u0026ndash;121. \u003cstrong\u003edoi:10.1016/S0305-0491(96)00264-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVincent JB (2000) The biochemistry of chromium. \u003cem\u003eJ Nutr\u003c/em\u003e 130(4):715\u0026ndash;718. \u003cstrong\u003edoi:10.1093/jn/130.4.715\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWood JD, MacFie H (1980) The significance of breed in the prediction of lamb carcass composition from fat thickness measurements. \u003cem\u003eAnim Sci\u003c/em\u003e 31(3):315\u0026ndash;329. \u003cstrong\u003edoi:10.1017/S0003356100024573\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar M, Kaur H, Mani V, et al. 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Essentiality of chromium in humans. \u003cem\u003eSci Total Environ\u003c/em\u003e 86(1\u0026ndash;2):75\u0026ndash;81. \u003cstrong\u003edoi:10.1016/0048-9697(89)90189-9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang X, Mowat DN (1992) Supplemental chromium for stressed and growing feeder calves. \u003cem\u003eJ Anim Sci\u003c/em\u003e 70(2):559\u0026ndash;565. \u003cstrong\u003edoi:10.2527/1992.702559x\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmatya JL, Haldar S, Ghosh TK (2004) Effects of chromium supplementation from inorganic and organic sources on nutrient utilization, mineral metabolism and meat quality in broiler chickens under heat stress. \u003cem\u003eAnim Sci\u003c/em\u003e 79(2):241\u0026ndash;253. \u003cstrong\u003edoi:10.1017/S135772980009013X\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eComposition of the Basic Ration (Concentrate Feed) for the Groups (g/kg)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFeed Ingredients\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCorn\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e320,29\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e320,29\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e385,26\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e385,26\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWheat Bran\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e201,24\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e201,24\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e172,95\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e172,95\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSunflower Meal\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e142,47\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e142,47\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e120\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e120\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDDGS\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e120\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e120\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100,79\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100,79\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWheat\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e75\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e75\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBarley\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMolasses\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLimestone Powder\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSodium Bicarbonate\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSalt\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVitamin-Mineral Premix*\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eChromium Picolinate, mg/day\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,25\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,25\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eEach kilogram of the premix contains 50,000 mg of Manganese, 50,000 mg of Iron, 50,000 mg of Zinc, 10,000 mg of Copper, 150 mg of Cobalt, 150 mg of Selenium, 800 mg of Iodine, 8,000,000 IU of Vitamin A, 2,000,000 IU of Vitamin D3, and 20,000 mg of Vitamin E.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNutritional Composition of the Concentrate Feed and Alfalfa Hay Used in the Experiment (% DM)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFeed Ingredients\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eConcentrate Feed\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlfalfa Hay\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl*\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBic**\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDry Matter\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95,20\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95,90\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e91,01\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAsh\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,84\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,35\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8,44\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOrganic Matter\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e93,16\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e89,55\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e91,56\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrude Protein\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15,39\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15,04\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14,88\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrude Fat\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2,15\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,97\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,81\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrude Fiber\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,01\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5,65\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39,96\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNitrogen-Free Extract\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69,61\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66,89\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34,91\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNeutral Detergent Fiber\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27,93\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24,45\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e65,77\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAcid Detergent Fiber\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11,06\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,95\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e55,4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eME, kcal/kg DM\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2783\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2828\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1763\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eUsed in the CrPic group.* Used in the Bic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CrPic group.*\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMineral Composition of the Basic Ration (Concentrate Feed) and Alfalfa Hay for Each Group\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMineral Substances\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl*\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBic**\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlfalfa Hay\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNa, %\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,31\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,53\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,14\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMg, %\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,25\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,30\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,28\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP, %\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,65\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,61\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,29\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eK ,%\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,95\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,82\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2,27\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCa,%\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,92\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0,90\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,44\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCr, mg/kg\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,19\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,77\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,29\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMn, mg/kg\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52,09\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47,13\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26,62\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFe, mg/kg\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e133,23\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e121,37\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e156,01\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCu, mg/kg\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10,77\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,76\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,01\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eZn, mg/kg\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56,85\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52,38\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23,57\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e*Used within the CrPic group. **Used within the Bic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CrPic group.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAverage Fatty Acid Composition (%) in MLD Muscle Across Groups\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSFA*\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCapric Acid (C10:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3139\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLauric Acid (C12:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.030\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5537\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTridecanoic Acid (C13:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.081\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.037\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3356\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMyristic Acid (C14:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.449\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.252\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.228\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.140\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2126\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePentadecanoic Acid (C15:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.032\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.076\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.065\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7597\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePalmitic Acid (C16:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.757\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.839\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.577\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.441\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6615\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptadecanoic Acid (C17:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.168\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.217\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.127\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6721\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eStearic Acid (C18:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.384\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.045\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.884\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.815\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4973\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eArachidic Acid (C20:0)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.094\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2869\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMUFA**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMyristoleic Acid (C14:1)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3671\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePalmitoleic Acid (C16:1)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.227\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.116\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.166\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.110\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7899\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptadecanoic Acid (C17:1)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.056\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.048\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2156\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOleic Acid (C18:1n9)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.896\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.653\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.987\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.881\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6099\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNervonic Acid (C24:1n9)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7589\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePUFA***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLinoleic Acid (C18:2n6)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.211\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.234\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.144\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.183\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3343\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLinolenic Acid (C18:3n3)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.088\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.065\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3420\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEicosadienoic Acid (C20:2n6)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.022\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2278\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEicosatrienoic Acid (C20:3n3)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7285\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*: Saturated Fatty Acid; **: Monounsaturated Fatty Acid; ***: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eConcentrations (%) and Ratios of Fatty Acids in MLD Muscle Across Groups\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;SFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46.811\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.001\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.667\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.141\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.781\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4610\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;MUFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.719\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.160\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.749\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.071\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.880\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5828\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;PUFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.235\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.262\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.213\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.210\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6389\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;UFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53.188\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.001\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.667\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.142\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.781\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4610\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;PUFA/\u0026sum;SFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4293\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;UFA/\u0026sum;SFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.046\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.066\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.074\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.087\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.049\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.035\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5477\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;MUFA/\u0026sum;SFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.047\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.074\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.046\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6153\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;n6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.210\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.234\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.144\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.183\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3343\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;n3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.057\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.084\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.092\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.063\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4327\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;n6/\u0026sum;n3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.546\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.661\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.506\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.891\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0760\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026sum;n3/\u0026sum;n6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.022\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.1568\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIndices, Totals, and Ratios of Fatty Acids in MLD Muscle Across Groups\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNutritive value index\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.107\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.117\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.073\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.054\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6122\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAtherogenic index\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.052\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.035\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2040\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eThrombogenic index\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.059\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.116\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.082\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.045\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4900\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHypocholesterolemic (h)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.756\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.046\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.812\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5041\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHypercholesterolemic (H)\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.779\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.036\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.730\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.470\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3431\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNeutrals\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.384\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.049\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.894\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.823\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5110\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eΔ\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e desaturase 16\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.609\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.459\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.488\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.268\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7176\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eΔ\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e desaturase 18\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.908\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e72.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.790\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.345\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e76.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.326\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4856\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eElongase\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.979\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.985\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.765\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.529\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6478\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eΔ9 desaturase 16\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100[(C16:1cis-9)/(C16:1cis-9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0)]; Δ9 desaturase 18\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100[(C18:1cis-9)/(C18:1cis-9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:0)];\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eElongase\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100[(C18:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:1cis9)/(C16:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:1cis9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:1cis9)]; Aterojenik indeks=[C12:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4(C14:0)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0] / ΣUFA.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eTrombojenik indeks = [(C14:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:0)/[(0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;ΣMUFA)+(0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;Σω6+(3\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;Σω3)+(Σω3/Σω6)]. h = (C18:1cis9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:2ω6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:3ω3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C20:4ω6);\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eH = (C14:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0); Neutrals\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C10:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:0.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eTablo 4.11. Gruplarda Farklı Zamanlarda Alınan \u0026Ouml;rneklerdeki Ortalama Serum Alb\u0026uuml;min (g/L), Kolesterol (mg/dL), Glikoz (mg/dL), Total Protein (g/L) ve Trigliserit (mg/dL) D\u0026uuml;zeyleri\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eTablo 4.11. Gruplarda Farklı Zamanlarda Alınan \u0026Ouml;rneklerdeki Ortalama Serum Alb\u0026uuml;min (g/L), Kolesterol (mg/dL), Glikoz (mg/dL), Total Protein (g/L) ve Trigliserit (mg/dL) D\u0026uuml;zeyleri\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"899\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDay\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrPic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrPic+ NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGxZ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlbumin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.14\u0026plusmn;0.261ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.57\u0026plusmn;0.369a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.29\u0026plusmn;0.747b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.71\u0026plusmn;0.421a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.57\u0026plusmn;0.751b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.86\u0026plusmn;0.705ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.00\u0026plusmn;0.655ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.71\u0026plusmn;0.808a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.57\u0026plusmn;4.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.57\u0026plusmn;1.837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.00\u0026plusmn;4.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.14\u0026plusmn;4.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.86\u0026plusmn;5.064b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.43\u0026plusmn;3.301ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.71\u0026plusmn;4.263ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.43\u0026plusmn;3.484a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlucose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.14\u0026plusmn;1.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.71\u0026plusmn;2.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.29\u0026plusmn;1.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.71\u0026plusmn;1.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.43\u0026plusmn;3.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.86\u0026plusmn;4.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.29\u0026plusmn;2.440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.64\u0026plusmn;9.611\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.63\u0026plusmn;1.162b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.04\u0026plusmn;0.962ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.24\u0026plusmn;2.552ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.06\u0026plusmn;4.873a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.86\u0026plusmn;1.262b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.14\u0026plusmn;0.595b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.71\u0026plusmn;2.201ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.29\u0026plusmn;1.286a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriglycerides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.14\u0026plusmn;2.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.14\u0026plusmn;2.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.14\u0026plusmn;1.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.00\u0026plusmn;4.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3952\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.29\u0026plusmn;3.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.48\u0026plusmn;1.970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.52\u0026plusmn;3.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.62\u0026plusmn;2.636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea, b, c: For each variable, different letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences; G: group, Z: day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.12\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSerum Levels of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cr Across Groups\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCa, mg/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.623\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.777\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.739\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.232\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6243\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP, mg/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.355\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.343\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.421\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.882\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.1797\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMg, mg/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.167\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.074\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.103\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.191\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5626\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eK, mEq/L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.227\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.126\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.125\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.257\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3780\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNa, mEq/L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e173.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.217b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e172.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.109b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e191.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.353a\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e185.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.575ab\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0386\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFe, \u0026micro;g/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e294.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.485b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e299.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.528b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e325.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.345ab\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e363.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.343a\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0892\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCu, \u0026micro;g/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e101.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.440\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e96.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.030\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.668\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e99.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.708\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8437\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eZn, \u0026micro;g/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e143.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.707a\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e117.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.530b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.84c\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.470c\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMn, \u0026micro;g/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.032c\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.077a\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.066b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.083a\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCr, \u0026micro;g/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.183b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.321a\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.483ab\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.401b\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0267\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ea, b, c: For each variable, different letters in the same row indicate statistically significant differences\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.13\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePearson Correlation Coefficients Among Mineral Elements\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMg\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eK\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNa\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFe\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCu\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eZn\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMn\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCr\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.29945\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.13105\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.03101\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.12564\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.28570\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01319\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.16752\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.32315\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.17743\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.1216\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5062\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8755\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5241\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.1405\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.9469\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3942\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0935\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.3664\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.14038\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16208\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.02877\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16408\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.39139\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.05162\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.21187\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.33728\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4762\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4099\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8845\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4041\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.0394\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7942\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2791\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0792\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMg\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07239\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06244\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.38005\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.21492\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.27545\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.23226\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.45898\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7143\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7523\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.0461\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2721\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.1560\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.2343\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.0140\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eK\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.27121\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07549\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.09779\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.13364\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.07391\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.14627\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.1627\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7026\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6206\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4978\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7086\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4577\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.23575\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.14456\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.35565\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.22037\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06356\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cdiv 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.0481\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"chromium picolinate, mineral, fatty acids, serum, sodium bicarbonate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8076531/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8076531/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of chromium picolinate and sodium bicarbonate added to lamb rations on the fatty acid profile of meat, blood biochemical parameters, and mineral profile. A total of 28 Bafra male lambs were allocated to one control and three experimental groups (7 animals per group). The experimental period lasted for 78 days. The treatment groups included a control group (C; basal diet without chromium picolinate or sodium bicarbonate), treatment group 1 (CrPic; basal diet with 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate), treatment group 2 (Bic; basal diet with 1.5% sodium bicarbonate), and treatment group 3 (CrPic\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bic; basal diet with both 0.25 mg/day chromium picolinate and 1.5% sodium bicarbonate).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the \u003cem\u003eLongissimus dorsi\u003c/em\u003e (MLD) muscle, the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA) were palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0), while oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Serum samples collected at the beginning and end of the study showed significant differences in albumin, total cholesterol, and total protein levels among groups (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while no differences were found for serum glucose or triglyceride concentrations (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). At the end of the experiment, serum Na, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Fe levels differed significantly among treatments (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), whereas Ca, P, Mg, K, and Cu showed no differences (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). No significant differences were observed in fatty acid profiles among treatments. Cr exhibited moderate (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.45898, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0140) and weak (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.37683, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0481) positive correlations with Mg and Mn, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Effects of the Supplementation of Organic Chrome and Sodium Bicarbonate in Lamb Rations on the Fatty Acid Profile of Meat, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Mineral Profile","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-12 05:02:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8076531/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c95bfdec-2483-41c4-8aa3-b01fc790f716","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-12T14:23:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-12 05:02:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8076531","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8076531","identity":"rs-8076531","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}