The effects of some pesticides used in potato fields on the pre-adult stages of Chelonus oculator F. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The effects of some pesticides used in potato fields on the pre-adult stages of Chelonus oculator F. 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(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Zühal SAÇTI, Cem ÖZKAN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3975795/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract One of the most important pests of potatoes is the Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) worldwide and one of its new parasitoids is Chelonus oculator (F.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). All over the world, chemical control is commonly used in the control of P. operculella . However, the side effects of chemicals on nature and beneficial organisms have become very important nowadays. For this reason, the side effects of selected pesticides, against Potato Tuber Moth, on Chelonus oculator eggs and larvae were tested under laboratory conditions. Three insecticides (Spinetoram, Gamma cyhalothrin, Chlorantraniliprole), one fungicide (Phosphorus Acid), and a biological insecticide ( Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki ) were applied to parasitized first and third-stage larvae and parasitized eggs. Application dose, half dose, and 1/20 dose of these products were used. All preparations used in the experiments had a highly toxic effect in the pre-adult period. Therefore, the sex ratio could not be determined due to the low number of emerged parasitoids. All doses of applied pesticides caused an increase in the development time of parasitoids developing from parasitized eggs and first larvae when compared to the control. It can be concluded that the development time of parasitoids decreased in 3rd instar larvae. We also evaluated the longevity of parasitoids and it was found that the adult life emerging from parasitized first and third instar potato moth larvae decreased. We also observed that the survival of adult parasitoids emerging from parasitized eggs was unstable. In this study, it was determined that pesticides applied to the parasitized host at different stages affected the adult weight of the parasitoid C. oculator. When the sex ratio of the parasitoid was examined, it was not possible to reach a definite conclusion due to the lack of sufficient individual emergence. The side effect results obtained can be evaluated in integrated control programs for the Potato tuber moth and its parasitoid Chelonus oculator . egg-larval parasitoid Phthorimaea operculella pesticides biocontrol development time Introduction Today, within the scope of integrated control, the side effects of chemicals on non-target organisms and the environment are important. In conventional agriculture, approximately 0.015-6.0% of the pesticide used for pests, diseases, and weeds reaches the targeted organism/plant. The remaining 94.0-99.9% of the pesticide is transmitted to non-target organisms (parasitoids, predators, birds, bees, etc.), soil, and water (Ünal and Gürkan 2001 ). Although the use of pesticides has several disadvantages to the environment, it is a fact that the use of pesticides is inevitable in many countries. In such cases, it is necessary to determine the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms. Side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms are considered one of the significant criteria in the licensing of pesticides and the recommendations of pesticides in integrated control programs. The koinobiont, endoparasitoid, solitary egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus oculator (F.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) can parasitize many Lepidopter pests including the Potato tuber moth. C. oculator was first obtained from the Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) culture brought from the cotton cultivation areas of Adana province in Türkiye in 1998 (Özmen et al. 2002 ). C. oculator has several hosts, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808), Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel, 1766), Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Photedes elymi Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke, 1832) (Lepioptera: Phycitidae), Pyrausta sticticalis (Linnaeus, 1761) (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae), Coleophora anatipennella (Hübner, 1796) (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), Zeiraphera isertana (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Özkan and Özmen ( 2001 ) reported C. oculator as the first record for the fauna Türkiye. It is known that the parasitoid lays its eggs in the egg of the host, and it completely consumes the host larva by feeding the first and second larval stages inside the host and the third stage outside the host larva. In the host diversity studies, it was determined that the potato moth is among the natural hosts of the parasitoid. The potato tuber moth ( Phthorimaea operculella ) (PTM) is one of the most important pests of potatoes both in our country and in the world. It also damages other Solanaceae plants and weeds. The main host of the potato tuber moth is the potato and it causes significant losses by feeding on tubers. In several countries, chemical control has been applied for controlling this pest. Pirimiphos methyl, spinetoram, gamma-cyhalothrin, aluminum phosphide, chlorantraniliprole, and flubendiamide have been licensed to be used in warehouses and open areas against the Potato Tuber Moth. Studies have shown that the insecticides used against potato tuber moths on potato plants are not effective on tubers (Rondon 2010 ). For this reason, studies have been carried out on the usability of insecticides on tubers contaminated with potato tuber moth. However, there are very few studies on the side effects of these insecticides against the pest’s natural enemies. Parasitoids and predators are directly affected by the use of chemicals. The use of non-selective pesticides, as well as fungicides and herbicides, increases the damage to insects and decreases many beneficial insects. Studies to reduce the use of chemicals in plant protection studies are increasing. For this purpose, the effects of some pesticides, which are known to be used extensively in potato fields, on the egg and larval stages of C. oculator were investigated in laboratory conditions. Materials and methods Rearing of insect cultures Insect cultures used in the study were grown in climate cabinets and climate rooms (25 ± 1oC, 65 ± 5% RH, and 16:8 h L: D photoperiod). In the cultivation of potato tuber moth, the method of Visser ( 2004 ) and Maharjan and Jung ( 2011 ) was modified. Potato tubers collected from the field during harvest were brought to the laboratory to ensure the emergence of potato tuber moths. Potato tubers and adult moths were placed in plastic growing containers (13.5 x 18 cm), and the container was covered with gauze. Adult moths emerging from contaminated potatoes were collected with the help of an aspirator and taken into empty plastic containers for laying eggs, and the containers were covered with gauze. The filter paper was placed on the net, and glass Petri dishes of the same size were placed on the filter papers. Honey was applied to the edges of the plastic containers for feeding the adults. Then, the filter papers containing the host eggs were taken and the host eggs were used in the experiments. The parasitoid C. oculator population was obtained from the culture grown in the Ankara University Plant Protection Department, Türkiye and reared by the method of Özkan ve Özmen (2001). 0-24h P. operculella eggs were presented to the parasitoid for 24 hours. Parasitized eggs were transferred to plastic containers containing potato tuber. The emerged adult parasitoids were used for the experiments. Side effect studies The application dose, half and 1/20 of the application dose of 5 licensed plant protection products (spinetoram, Gamma cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, Phosphorous Acid, and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki ) were used in the trials. The active ingredients and the doses of the pesticides are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 The active ingredients and the doses of pesticides Active ingredients Active ingredients rate Application doses Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 120 g/l 20 ml/da Spinetoram (Sp) 60 g/l 50 ml/da Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 400 g/l 20 ml/da Phosphorous Acid (PA) 200 g/l 400 ml/100 l Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 16000 IU/mg 200 g/100 l In the studies, 2–3 day-old mated and fed female parasitoids, and 0–24 hour-old host eggs were used. The experiments were replicated three times for all pesticides and all doses. For each replication, 10 host eggs were used. At the end of the trials, the development times, emergence rates, longevity, sex ratio, and adult weight of parasitoids emerging from the host were determined. In determining adult weight, the emerged adult parasitoids were kept in aluminum foil in an oven at 60 ºC for five days after completing their life, and the dry weights of the parasitoids were measured with the help of a precision scale. Pure water was used as a control. Effects of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs Effects of selected pesticides on parasitized eggs were conducted. After the PTM eggs were parasitized one by one, the parasitized eggs were dipped into a container filled with the pesticides prepared at the specified doses and kept for 5 seconds. At the end of this period, the eggs were left to dry. The larvae emerging from the hatched eggs were counted and placed on the potato tubers and their development was followed. Side effects on parasitized larvae The effect of pesticides on parasitized larvae was investigated in two stages (against the first and third larval instars). In the first larval stage; parasitized host larvae were transferred to small plastic containers containing potato tubers sprayed with the pesticides at the indicated doses. As a control, parasitized larvae were placed in unsprayed potato tubers. In the third larval stage experiments; PTM eggs parasitized by C. oculator were checked daily and fed with potatoes until the third instar. The parasitized 3rd stage larvae were dipped in the pesticide container prepared at the indicated doses and kept for 5 seconds. Trials were set up separately for each dose. Dead-alive larvae were counted 24 hours after the application. Alive larvae were taken into containers containing potato tuber and followed until the emergence of parasitoids. Statistical analysis The percentages of parasitoids emerging from eggs and larvae used in the trials are given as percentages. Statistical analysis could not be performed because there were very few emergence or no emergence at some doses. Therefore, raw data were evaluated in the results. Results Effects of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs The hatching rates of parasitoids are shown in Table 2 . The emergence rate was found to be the highest at 1/20 dose except for Ch. At 1/20 dose, the highest emergence rate was found in Bt with 46.67%, followed by PA with 40.63%. Emergence rates of insecticides were below 30%. Table 2 Effect of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs on parasitoid emergence rate Active ingredient Dosage Emergence rate (%) Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 29,03 1/2 11,77 Application dose 13,88 Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 16,12 1/2 12,50 Application dose 12,12 Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 - 1/2 2,70 Application dose 3,03 Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 40,63 1/2 - Application dose 2,78 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 46,67 1/2 - Application dose - Control Water 67,44 Table 3 contains the development time, longevity, and adult weight data. It can be said that the development time of both female and male parasitoids is prolonged when compared to the control. It was concluded that the development time of female individuals was longer than that of male individuals. It was observed that no female individuals emerged from the half and application doses of PA and Bt preparations. When the adult life was analyzed, the longest adult life of male and female individuals was found at dose 1/20 of Bt ., 50,00%±1,86 days and 39,45%±5,05 days, respectively. No calculation could be made as no individuals emerged from the half and application doses of PA and Bt preparations. Adult weights of both male and female parasitoids decreased compared to the control for all doses considered. Table 3 The effects of pesticides applied to parasitized eggs on parasitoid development time, longevity, and adult weight Active ingredient Dosage Gender Development time (days) Longevity (days) Adult weight (mg) Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 ♂ 22,2 ± 1,20 30,0 ± 2,32 0,9 ± 0,10 ♀ 26,0 ± 1,70 31,0 ± 3,24 0,8 ± 0,07 1/2 ♂ 29,0 ± 0,58 36,0 ± 3,47 1,0 ± 0,10 ♀ 29,0 ± 0,00 28,0 ± 0,00 0,7 ± 0,00 Application dose ♂ 27,0 ± 1,73 28,0 ± 2,79 0,8 ± 0,05 ♀ 30,0 ± 0,00 35,0 ± 0,00 0,9 ± 0,00 Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 ♂ 28,33 ± 0,33 37,0 ± 4,05 1,53 ± 0,32 ♀ 28,50 ± 0,50 28,5 ± 3,51 0,9 ± 0,10 1/2 ♂ 27,0 ± 1,00 45,33 ± 0,88 1,1 ± 0,27 ♀ 22,0 ± 0,00 52,0 ± 0,00 1,7 ± 0,00 Application dose ♂ 30,0 ± 0,00 28,0 ± 5,02 0,95 ± 0,05 ♀ 32,0 ± 0,00 35,0 ± 6,02 0,65 ± 0,05 Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ 36,0 ± 0,00 4,00 ± 0,00 1,20 ± 0,00 Application dose ♂ 25,0 ± 0,00 44,0 ± 0,00 0,70 ± 0,00 ♀ - - - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 ♂ 31,00 ± 1,68 38,50 ± 2,25 1,00 ± 0 ♀ 30,27 ± 1,29 37,64 ± 4,84 0,99 ± 0,65 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ 33.0 ± 0.00 6.0 ± 0.00 1.1 ± 0.00 ♀ - - - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 ♂ 23,67 ± 2,15 50,00 ± 1,86 0,87 ± 0,24 ♀ 27,73 ± 1,65 39,45 ± 5,05 1,30 ± 0,70 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Control Water ♂ 25,79 ± 5,92 30,95 ± 3,90 1,4 ± 0,68 ♀ 27,10 ± 0,74 36,00 ± 3,93 1,5 ± 0,86 The sex ratios of parasitoids hatching from insecticide and fungicide-treated parasitized potato moth eggs are shown in Table 4 . The sex ratios of parasitoids hatching from potato moth eggs treated with Gc and Sp were in parallel with the control for all doses applied and the results were in favor of males. For the hosts treated with PA and Bt , it is seen that the sex ratio has improved in favor of females. In the half and application doses of the Ch, the sex ratio could not be evaluated since only one individual emerged. Table 4 Effect of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs on parasitoid sex ratio Active ingredient Dosage Sex ratio (♂/♀) ♂ ♀ ♂/♀ Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 5 4 1,25:1 1/2 3 1 3:1 Application dose 4 1 4:1 Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 3 2 1,5:1 1/2 3 1 3:1 Application dose 2 2 1:1 Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 - - - 1/2 - 1 - Application dose 1 - - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 2 11 0,2:1 1/2 - - - Application dose 1 - - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 3 11 0,3:1 1/2 - - - Application dose - - - Control Water 19 10 1,9:1,0 Side effects on parasitized first instar larvae The emergence rate could not be calculated on half and application dose of Gc, PA, and all doses of Sp and Ch. At 1/20 dose of Gc, PA, and Bt , a decrease was detected compared to the control, and the emergence rates were found to be 10%, 3.33%, and 16.67%, respectively. Among the half-dose treatments, the emergence rate was recorded as 6.67% only in the half-dose of Bt (Table 5 ). Table 5 The effect of pesticides applied to parasitized first instar larvae on parasitoid emergence rate Active ingredient Dosage Emergence rate (%) Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 10 1/2 - Application dose - Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 - 1/2 - Application dose - Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 - 1/2 - Application dose - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 3,33 1/2 - Application dose - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 16,67 1/2 6,67 Application dose - Control Water 56,67 Table 6 contains the development time, longevity, and adult weight data of paraasitoids emerged from 1st instar larva. It is seen that the development time of both female and male parasitoids developing from the treated 1st stage larvae increased compared to the control. The longest development time was observed in both sexes at 1/20 dose of Bt (41 days for male individuals and 38.33 days for female individuals). However, unlike other pesticides, emergence also occurred at a half dose of Bt. At this dose, the development time of male and female individuals was found to be 34 and 37 days, respectively. The longevity of male individuals decreased compared to the control. Adult lives were 19.6 days at 1/20 dose of gamma cyhalothrin, 14 days at 1/20 dose of phosphorous acid and Bt , and 21 days at half dose of Bt. In the female individuals, individuals emerged only at 1/20 and half doses of Bt, and the adult longevity was found to be 12.33 days and 46 days, respectively. It is observed that the adult weight of male parasitoids developed in the treated larvae increased at 1/20 dose of gamma cyhalothrin and decreased at 1/20 dose of phosphorous acid and Bt also at half dose of Bt compared to the control. For female parasitoids, adult weight was found at 1/20 and half doses of Bt as 0.7 mg and 1.3 mg, respectively. Table 6 Parasitoid development time, longevity, the adult weight of pesticides applied to parasitized first instar larvae Active ingredient Dosage Gender Development time (days) Longevity (days) Adult weight (mg) Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 ♂ 34.66 ± 0.33 19.6 ± 14.28 1.3 ± 0.24 ♀ - - - 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 ♂ - - - ♀ 37.00 ± 0.00 14.00 ± 0.00 0.9 ± 0.00 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 ♂ 41,00 ± 0.00 14,00 ± 0.00 0,7 ± 0.00 ♀ 38,33 ± 2.97 12,33 ± 2.97 0,7 ± 0.00 1/2 ♂ 34,00 ± 0.00 21,00 ± 0.00 0,5 ± 0.00 ♀ 37,00 ± 0.00 46,00 ± 0.00 1,3 ± 0.00 Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Control Water ♂ 26.54 ± 0.69 31.69 ± 1.25 1.00 ± 0.04 ♀ 27.50 ± 0.29 29.75 ± 2.29 1.00 ± 0.06 The sex ratios of adults emerging from parasitized 1st instar potato tuber moth larvae treated with insecticide and fungicide are given in Table 7 . Since the parasitoids developed in the treated larvae were few, it was impossible to reach a definite conclusion about the sex ratios. Table 7 The effect of pesticides applied to parasitized first instar larvae on parasitoid sex ratio Active ingredient Dosage Sex ratio (♂/♀) ♂ ♀ ♂/♀ Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 3 0 3:0 1/2 - - - Application dose - - - Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 - - - 1/2 - - - Application dose - - - Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 - - - 1/2 - - - Application dose - - - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 0 1 0:1 1/2 - - - Application dose - - - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 2 3 0,7:1 1/2 1 1 1:1 Application dose - - - Control Water 13 4 3,25:1,0 Effect of pesticides applied to parasitized third instar larvae on parasitoids Statistical analysis could not be performed because there was not enough parasitoid emergence in selected pesticides applied to 3rd-stage parasitized P. operculella larvae. No parasitism was detected in all three doses of Sp. Similarly, no parasitism was observed in the application doses of Gc and Ch. In general, when the emergence rates were examined; it was observed that the emergence rate was lower than the control in all doses where parasitoid emergence occurred. When the pesticides were analyzed within groups, it was seen that the parasitoid emergence from the 1/20 doses was higher than the other doses (Table 8 ). Table 8 Effect of pesticides applied to parasitized third instar larvae on parasitoid emergence rate Active ingredient Dosage Emergence rate (%) Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 6,67 1/2 6,67 Application dose - Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 - 1/2 - Application dose - Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 3,33 1/2 3,33 Application dose - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 13,33 1/2 3,33 Application dose 3,33 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 10 1/2 3,33 Application dose 3,33 Control Water 70 Table 9 shows the development time, longevity, and adult weight data of parasitoids emerging from 3rd instar parasitized larvae. It was observed that the development time of both male and female individuals decreased compared to the control. It was found that the emergence of female adults was less than that of the males. When the survival of male individuals is examined, it is seen that the adult life decreased compared to the control except for the half dose of Bt and the application dose of PA. In the mentioned doses, the adult life was found to be 30 days and 37 days, respectively. In females, the same result was observed at all doses except for the application dose of Bt . There was a significant increase in the longevity of the female emerging from the Bt treatment dose and this period was found to be 51 days. The data found for longevity are in parallel with the results found for adult weight. Although the adult weights increased at doses with a higher adult survival time compared to the control, these rates were found to be 1.8 mg at half dose of Bt in males and 1.4 mg at half dose of Bt in females. Table 9 Development time, longevity, the adult weight of parasitized third instar larvae Active ingredient Dosage Gender Development time (days) Longevity (days) Adult weight (mg) Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 ♂ 17.00 ± 0.00 6.00 ± 0.00 0.6 ± 0.00 ♀ 17.00 ± 0.00 6.00 ± 0.00 0.9 ± 0.00 1/2 ♂ 24.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 0.6 ± 0.00 ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - 1/2 ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 ♂ 21.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.00 0,5.00 ± 0.00 ♀ - - - 1/2 ♂ 17.00 ± 0.00 7.00 ± 0.00 0,8.00 ± 0.00 ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ - - - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 ♂ 18.00 ± 0.00 6.00 ± 0.00 0.8 ± 0.00 ♀ 22.67 ± 2.36 4.00 ± 0.00 0.8 ± 0.19 1/2 ♂ 28.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 0.5 ± 0.00 ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ 18.00 ± 0.00 37.00 ± 0.00 0.6 ± 0.00 ♀ - - - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 ♂ 17.00 ± 0.00 6.00 ± 0.00 0,75 ± 0.00 ♀ 25.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 0,6 ± 0.00 1/2 ♂ 18.00 ± 0.00 30.00 ± 0.00 1,8 ± 0.00 ♀ - - - Application dose ♂ - - - ♀ 20.00 ± 0.00 51.00 ± 0.00 1.4 ± 0.00 Control Water ♂ 28.00 ± 0.78 24.13 ± 3.99 0.95 ± 0.05 ♀ 28.33 ± 0.76 38.83 ± 5.40 1.1 ± 0.14 Since the applied pesticides caused a high toxic effect on the host larvae, there was no parasitoid emergence necessary to determine the sex ratio (Table 10 ). Table 10 The effect of pesticides applied to parasitized third instar larvae on parasitoid sex ratio Active ingredient Dosage Sex ratio (♂/♀) ♂ ♀ ♂/♀ Gamma cyhalothrin (Gc) 1/20 1 1 1:1 1/2 1 0 1:0 Application dose - - - Spinetoram (Sp) 1/20 - - - 1/2 - - - Application dose - - - Chlorantraniliprole (Ch) 1/20 1 0 1:0 1/2 1 0 1:0 Application dose - - - Phosphorous Acid (PA) 1/20 1 3 0,3:1 1/2 1 0 1:0 Application dose 1 0 1:0 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) 1/20 2 1 2:1 1/2 1 0 1:0 Application dose 0 1 0:1 Control Water 15 6 2,5:1,0 Discussion All doses of pesticides applied to parasitized eggs, first and third instar larvae caused a decrease in the emergence rates compared to the control. Since all the preparations (gamma cyhalothrin, spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole, Phosphorous Acid, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki ) used in the experiments had a highly toxic effect in the pre-adult periods, there was no or very little parasitoid development resulting in the statistical analysis could not be performed. A similar result was found in the study of Yassin-Ali ( 2013 ). The study reported that the emergence rates were very low due to the high toxic effect of pesticides applied to H. armigera larvae parasitized by C. oculator . Consoli et al. ( 1998 ) determined the side effects of some pesticides against T. pretiosum . Cartap and Phenthoate, used by the immersion method on parasitized hosts (egg-larva, prepupa-pupa, and pupa), caused 100% death in all three periods and reported that these preparations were in the very harmful class. Similarly, Kaya and Kılınçer ( 2011 ) revealed in their study that the application dose, half of the application dose and 1/20 of the application dose of thiodicarb and indoxacarb applied against C. oculator prevented the development of parasitoids in parasitized second-stage and fourth-stage host larvae. Tunca ( 2010 ) found that there was no parasitoid growth at a high lethal dose (LC50) of Spruzit® Neu applied to parasitized hosts. It was reported that the development time, emergence rate, longevity, and adult weight of the parasitoids were adversely affected in other applications of other herbal insecticides applied. Xu et al. ( 2004 ) investigated the side effects of azadirachtin, Bt, spinosad, indoxacarb, and gamma cyhalothrin on pupae and adults of the parasitoid Diadegma insulare of Plutella xylostella under laboratory conditions. They revealed that 10% of parasitized pupa could be adults in gamma cyhalothrin application while adult emergence was between 76–90% in other chemicals. All doses of all applied preparations caused an increase in the development time of parasitoids that emerged from parasitized eggs and first larvae compared to the control. It can be concluded that the development time of the parasitoids in the third-stage larvae decreased. When the effects of the applications on the adult life of C. oculator were examined, it was determined that the life of adult parasitoids emerging from parasitized first and third-stage potato moth larvae decreased. It was also observed that the parasitoids' longevity emerging from parasitized eggs was variable. There are studies indicating that Bt reduces the longevity of adult parasitoids. For Bt to be effective, the parasitoid must take the pathogen into its body. Since adult life is reduced, male individuals mate less than they will mate during their lifetime, and female individuals lay fewer eggs than the number of eggs they will lay during their lifetime. In the present study, it was observed that Bt applied to parasitized eggs prolonged the adult life, while the survival of adults emerging from larval stages decreased. This result is thought to be because Bt is transmitted through feeding and the egg stage is more protected and the larval stage is more sensitive and fed. This study determined that the pesticides applied to the parasitized host at different stages affected the adult weight of the parasitoid C. oculator . One of the most important factors determining adult weight in parasitoids is nutrition from the host (Harvey et al. 2000 , Harvey and Strand 2002 ). It is thought that the reason for the formation of smaller individuals compared to the control is that the pre-adult stages of the parasitoids are not sufficiently fed from the host. When the sex ratio of the parasitoid was examined, it was not possible to reach a definite conclusion about the male: female ratio because there was not enough parasitoid emergence in the applications. It was determined that females were more common in individuals emerging from Bt and phosphorous acid treatments, while the sex ratio was in favor of males in the experiments where gamma cyhalothrin and spinetoram were applied. In the control group, sex ratios resulted in favor of males in pre-adult parasitized periods. As a result of the study, it is thought that the pesticides applied adversely affect the sex ratio in the parasitoid population and therefore may cause a problem in the continuity of the parasitoid population. Pesticides affect the pre-adult stages of egg parasitoids less than adults since they are inside the host egg (Suh et al. 2000 ). In our experiment, it is thought that the number of individuals hatching from parasitized eggs is higher than those from parasitized first and third instar larvae because the parasitoids are sheltered in the host egg. As a result, it was concluded that insecticides frequently used against potato beetle and potato tuber moth in potato fields and fungicide phosphorous acid used against mildew have a highly toxic effect in the pre-adult stages of parasitoid C. oculator . For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the application times of the pesticides to be used and to apply pesticides by considering the presence of parasitoids to protect the beneficial fauna. Declarations Acknowledgments We would like to thank our colleagues at Plant Protection Central Research Institute for supporting the laboratory work of the Project. Author contribution statement ZS and CÖ conceived and designed the research. ZS conducted experiments. ZS analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Funding This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Türkiye, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (Project Number: TAGEM/BSAD/E/18/A2/P5/1374) and carried out as part of a doctoral project. Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests Conflict of interest The authors have no competing interests to declare relevant to this article's content. Ethical approval No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work was conducted with an unregulated invertebrate species. Consent to publish All authors read and approved the manuscript. References Consoli FL, Parra JRP, Hassan SA (1998) Side effects of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.,Trichogrammatidae), a natural enemy of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae). J Appl Entomol 122; 43-47. Harvey JA, Kadash K, Strand MR (2000) Differences in larval feeding behavior correlate with altered development strategies in two parasitic wasps: implications for the size-Witness hypothesis. Oikos 88; 621–629. Harvey JA, Strand MR (2002). The developmental strategies of endoparasitoid wasps vary with host feeding ecology. Ecology 83; 2439–2451. Kaya C, Kılınçer N (2011) Effect of Clethodim, Quizalafop-P-ethyl and Mancozeb on Egg-Larval Parasitoid Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) IV. Plant Protection Congress of Turkey, Kahramanmaraş 437. p. Maharjan, R. and Jung, C. 2011. Rearing Methods of Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Korean Journal of Soil Zoology, 15(1-2); 53-57. Özkan C, Özmen D (2001) A new record for Turkish fauna Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its two new hosts. Turkish Journal of Entomology 25(4); 263-265. Özmen D, Dabbağoğlu S, Özkan C, Kılınçer N (2002) Rearing an egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two new hosts. V. Turkish National Congress of Biological Control Erzurum, Türkiye. 99-108 p. Rondon SI (2010) The Potato Tuberworm: A Literature Review of Its Biology, Ecology and Control. Am J Pot Res 87; 149-166. Suh CPC, Suh DB, Duyn JW (2000) Effect of Insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) preimaginal development and adult survival. Journal of Economic Entomology 93(3), 577-583. Tunca H. (2010) Effects of Some Botanical Extract and Insecticides on Development and Oviposition Behaviour of Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), Venturia canescens Grav. (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) Ph.D. Thesis. Ankara University Department of Plant Protection, Ankara, Türkiye. 110 p. Ünal G, Gürkan MO (2001) İnsektisitler: Kimyasal Yapıları, Toksikolojileri ve Ekotoksikolojileri. I. Baskı, Ethemoğlu Ofset Matbaacılık 97-98 Ankara. Visser D. 2004. The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), in South Africa: potential control measures in non-refrigerated store environments. Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Zoology & Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria. Xu Y, Liu T, Leibee GL, Jones WA (2004) Effects of Selected Insecticides on Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a Parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume 14 Issue 7; 713-723 Yassin-Ali MM (2013) The Studies on Some Biological Relations of an Egg-Larval Parasitoid Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ph.D. Thesis. Ankara University Department of Plant Protection, Ankara, Türkiye. 118 p. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3975795","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274904550,"identity":"308492d3-239a-4a62-9c7e-fb80846d4a91","order_by":0,"name":"Zühal SAÇTI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCeYGECXDwMB8AMSVIUILI1gLDwMDWwKIy0OKFh4DKIMAkJ/d2Pi4ouIOD7/0mc+vbtRY8DCwHz66AZ8WxjkHmw3PnHnGI9mXu8065xjQYTxpaTfwaWGWSGyTbGw7zGNwhnebcQ4bUIsEjxleLWwSie0/G/8d5rE/w/PMOOcfEVp4gLYwNjYAbeHhYX6c20aEFgmJxGbJhmOHeSTOsJkx5/ZJ8LAR8ov8jOSDHxtqDsvx9zA//pzzrU6On/3wMbxaUP0FJolVDgLMH0hRPQpGwSgYBSMHAABVwkKxCihOcQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Plant Protection Central Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zühal","middleName":"","lastName":"SAÇTI","suffix":""},{"id":274904551,"identity":"371739ee-cd23-4684-b6d2-7a93a737cd93","order_by":1,"name":"Cem ÖZKAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cem","middleName":"","lastName":"ÖZKAN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-21 14:00:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3975795/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3975795/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52007100,"identity":"fc532892-eeb3-42fe-a302-6e94284133f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 09:31:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":677530,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3975795/v1/2d729068-f08a-4992-b64d-9186b4ea841e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The effects of some pesticides used in potato fields on the pre-adult stages of Chelonus oculator F. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eToday, within the scope of integrated control, the side effects of chemicals on non-target organisms and the environment are important. In conventional agriculture, approximately 0.015-6.0% of the pesticide used for pests, diseases, and weeds reaches the targeted organism/plant. The remaining 94.0-99.9% of the pesticide is transmitted to non-target organisms (parasitoids, predators, birds, bees, etc.), soil, and water (\u0026Uuml;nal and G\u0026uuml;rkan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Although the use of pesticides has several disadvantages to the environment, it is a fact that the use of pesticides is inevitable in many countries. In such cases, it is necessary to determine the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms. Side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms are considered one of the significant criteria in the licensing of pesticides and the recommendations of pesticides in integrated control programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe koinobiont, endoparasitoid, solitary egg-larval parasitoid \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e (F.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) can parasitize many Lepidopter pests including the Potato tuber moth. \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e was first obtained from the \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera littoralis\u003c/em\u003e Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) culture brought from the cotton cultivation areas of Adana province in T\u0026uuml;rkiye in 1998 (\u0026Ouml;zmen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e has several hosts, \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera exigua\u003c/em\u003e (H\u0026uuml;bner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), \u003cem\u003eAgrotis segetum\u003c/em\u003e (Denis \u0026amp; Schifferm\u0026uuml;ller, 1775), \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (H\u0026uuml;bner, 1808), \u003cem\u003eHeliothis viriplaca\u003c/em\u003e (Hufnagel, 1766), \u003cem\u003eHeliothis peltigera\u003c/em\u003e (Denis \u0026amp; Schifferm\u0026uuml;ller, 1775), \u003cem\u003ePhotedes elymi\u003c/em\u003e Treitschke, 1825 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), \u003cem\u003eEtiella zinckenella\u003c/em\u003e (Treitschke, 1832) (Lepioptera: Phycitidae), \u003cem\u003ePyrausta sticticalis\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus, 1761) (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae), \u003cem\u003eColeophora anatipennella\u003c/em\u003e (H\u0026uuml;bner, 1796) (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), \u003cem\u003eZeiraphera isertana\u003c/em\u003e (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). \u0026Ouml;zkan and \u0026Ouml;zmen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) reported \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e as the first record for the fauna T\u0026uuml;rkiye. It is known that the parasitoid lays its eggs in the egg of the host, and it completely consumes the host larva by feeding the first and second larval stages inside the host and the third stage outside the host larva. In the host diversity studies, it was determined that the potato moth is among the natural hosts of the parasitoid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potato tuber moth (\u003cem\u003ePhthorimaea operculella\u003c/em\u003e) (PTM) is one of the most important pests of potatoes both in our country and in the world. It also damages other Solanaceae plants and weeds. The main host of the potato tuber moth is the potato and it causes significant losses by feeding on tubers. In several countries, chemical control has been applied for controlling this pest. Pirimiphos methyl, spinetoram, gamma-cyhalothrin, aluminum phosphide, chlorantraniliprole, and flubendiamide have been licensed to be used in warehouses and open areas against the Potato Tuber Moth. Studies have shown that the insecticides used against potato tuber moths on potato plants are not effective on tubers (Rondon \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). For this reason, studies have been carried out on the usability of insecticides on tubers contaminated with potato tuber moth. However, there are very few studies on the side effects of these insecticides against the pest\u0026rsquo;s natural enemies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasitoids and predators are directly affected by the use of chemicals. The use of non-selective pesticides, as well as fungicides and herbicides, increases the damage to insects and decreases many beneficial insects. Studies to reduce the use of chemicals in plant protection studies are increasing. For this purpose, the effects of some pesticides, which are known to be used extensively in potato fields, on the egg and larval stages of \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e were investigated in laboratory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRearing of insect cultures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsect cultures used in the study were grown in climate cabinets and climate rooms (25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1oC, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH, and 16:8 h L: D photoperiod). In the cultivation of potato tuber moth, the method of Visser (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and Maharjan and Jung (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) was modified. Potato tubers collected from the field during harvest were brought to the laboratory to ensure the emergence of potato tuber moths. Potato tubers and adult moths were placed in plastic growing containers (13.5 x 18 cm), and the container was covered with gauze. Adult moths emerging from contaminated potatoes were collected with the help of an aspirator and taken into empty plastic containers for laying eggs, and the containers were covered with gauze. The filter paper was placed on the net, and glass Petri dishes of the same size were placed on the filter papers. Honey was applied to the edges of the plastic containers for feeding the adults. Then, the filter papers containing the host eggs were taken and the host eggs were used in the experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parasitoid \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e population was obtained from the culture grown in the Ankara University Plant Protection Department, T\u0026uuml;rkiye and reared by the method of \u0026Ouml;zkan ve \u0026Ouml;zmen (2001). 0-24h \u003cem\u003eP. operculella\u003c/em\u003e eggs were presented to the parasitoid for 24 hours. Parasitized eggs were transferred to plastic containers containing potato tuber. The emerged adult parasitoids were used for the experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSide effect studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application dose, half and 1/20 of the application dose of 5 licensed plant protection products (spinetoram, Gamma cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, Phosphorous Acid, and \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekurstaki\u003c/em\u003e) were used in the trials. The active ingredients and the doses of the pesticides are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe active ingredients and the doses of pesticides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredients rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication doses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 g/l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 ml/da\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 g/l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ml/da\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400 g/l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 ml/da\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 g/l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400 ml/100 l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekurstaki\u003c/em\u003e (Bt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16000 IU/mg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 g/100 l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the studies, 2\u0026ndash;3 day-old mated and fed female parasitoids, and 0\u0026ndash;24 hour-old host eggs were used. The experiments were replicated three times for all pesticides and all doses. For each replication, 10 host eggs were used. At the end of the trials, the development times, emergence rates, longevity, sex ratio, and adult weight of parasitoids emerging from the host were determined. In determining adult weight, the emerged adult parasitoids were kept in aluminum foil in an oven at 60 \u0026ordm;C for five days after completing their life, and the dry weights of the parasitoids were measured with the help of a precision scale. Pure water was used as a control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of selected pesticides on parasitized eggs were conducted. After the PTM eggs were parasitized one by one, the parasitized eggs were dipped into a container filled with the pesticides prepared at the specified doses and kept for 5 seconds. At the end of this period, the eggs were left to dry. The larvae emerging from the hatched eggs were counted and placed on the potato tubers and their development was followed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSide effects on parasitized larvae\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of pesticides on parasitized larvae was investigated in two stages (against the first and third larval instars). In the first larval stage; parasitized host larvae were transferred to small plastic containers containing potato tubers sprayed with the pesticides at the indicated doses. As a control, parasitized larvae were placed in unsprayed potato tubers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the third larval stage experiments; PTM eggs parasitized by \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e were checked daily and fed with potatoes until the third instar. The parasitized 3rd stage larvae were dipped in the pesticide container prepared at the indicated doses and kept for 5 seconds. Trials were set up separately for each dose. Dead-alive larvae were counted 24 hours after the application. Alive larvae were taken into containers containing potato tuber and followed until the emergence of parasitoids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percentages of parasitoids emerging from eggs and larvae used in the trials are given as percentages. Statistical analysis could not be performed because there were very few emergence or no emergence at some doses. Therefore, raw data were evaluated in the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hatching rates of parasitoids are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The emergence rate was found to be the highest at 1/20 dose except for Ch. At 1/20 dose, the highest emergence rate was found in \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e with 46.67%, followed by PA with 40.63%. Emergence rates of insecticides were below 30%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs on parasitoid emergence rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003evar.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ekurstaki (Bt)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e contains the development time, longevity, and adult weight data. It can be said that the development time of both female and male parasitoids is prolonged when compared to the control. It was concluded that the development time of female individuals was longer than that of male individuals. It was observed that no female individuals emerged from the half and application doses of PA and \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e preparations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the adult life was analyzed, the longest adult life of male and female individuals was found at dose 1/20 of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e., 50,00%\u0026plusmn;1,86 days and 39,45%\u0026plusmn;5,05 days, respectively. No calculation could be made as no individuals emerged from the half and application doses of PA and \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e preparations. Adult weights of both male and female parasitoids decreased compared to the control for all doses considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of pesticides applied to parasitized eggs on parasitoid development time, longevity, and adult weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment time (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongevity (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult weight (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekurstaki\u003c/em\u003e (Bt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sex ratios of parasitoids hatching from insecticide and fungicide-treated parasitized potato moth eggs are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The sex ratios of parasitoids hatching from potato moth eggs treated with Gc and Sp were in parallel with the control for all doses applied and the results were in favor of males. For the hosts treated with PA and \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e, it is seen that the sex ratio has improved in favor of females. In the half and application doses of the Ch, the sex ratio could not be evaluated since only one individual emerged.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of pesticides applied to parasitized host eggs on parasitoid sex ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex ratio (♂/♀)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♂\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♀\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♂/♀\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,5:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003evar.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ekurstaki\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Bt)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,9:1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSide effects on parasitized first instar larvae\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe emergence rate could not be calculated on half and application dose of Gc, PA, and all doses of Sp and Ch. At 1/20 dose of Gc, PA, and \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e, a decrease was detected compared to the control, and the emergence rates were found to be 10%, 3.33%, and 16.67%, respectively. Among the half-dose treatments, the emergence rate was recorded as 6.67% only in the half-dose of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of pesticides applied to parasitized first instar larvae on parasitoid emergence rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003evar.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ekurstaki\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Bt)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e contains the development time, longevity, and adult weight data of paraasitoids emerged from 1st instar larva. It is seen that the development time of both female and male parasitoids developing from the treated 1st stage larvae increased compared to the control. The longest development time was observed in both sexes at 1/20 dose of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e (41 days for male individuals and 38.33 days for female individuals). However, unlike other pesticides, emergence also occurred at a half dose of \u003cem\u003eBt.\u003c/em\u003e At this dose, the development time of male and female individuals was found to be 34 and 37 days, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe longevity of male individuals decreased compared to the control. Adult lives were 19.6 days at 1/20 dose of gamma cyhalothrin, 14 days at 1/20 dose of phosphorous acid and \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e, and 21 days at half dose of Bt. In the female individuals, individuals emerged only at 1/20 and half doses of Bt, and the adult longevity was found to be 12.33 days and 46 days, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is observed that the adult weight of male parasitoids developed in the treated larvae increased at 1/20 dose of gamma cyhalothrin and decreased at 1/20 dose of phosphorous acid and \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e also at half dose of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e compared to the control. For female parasitoids, adult weight was found at 1/20 and half doses of Bt as 0.7 mg and 1.3 mg, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasitoid development time, longevity, the adult weight of pesticides applied to parasitized first instar larvae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment time (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongevity (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult weight (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekurstaki\u003c/em\u003e (Bt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sex ratios of adults emerging from parasitized 1st instar potato tuber moth larvae treated with insecticide and fungicide are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Since the parasitoids developed in the treated larvae were few, it was impossible to reach a definite conclusion about the sex ratios.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of pesticides applied to parasitized first instar larvae on parasitoid sex ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex ratio (♂/♀)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♂\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♀\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♂/♀\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003evar.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ekurstaki\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Bt)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,7:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,25:1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffect of pesticides applied to parasitized third instar larvae on parasitoids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis could not be performed because there was not enough parasitoid emergence in selected pesticides applied to 3rd-stage parasitized \u003cem\u003eP. operculella\u003c/em\u003e larvae.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo parasitism was detected in all three doses of Sp. Similarly, no parasitism was observed in the application doses of Gc and Ch. In general, when the emergence rates were examined; it was observed that the emergence rate was lower than the control in all doses where parasitoid emergence occurred. When the pesticides were analyzed within groups, it was seen that the parasitoid emergence from the 1/20 doses was higher than the other doses (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of pesticides applied to parasitized third instar larvae on parasitoid emergence rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003evar.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ekurstaki\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Bt)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows the development time, longevity, and adult weight data of parasitoids emerging from 3rd instar parasitized larvae. It was observed that the development time of both male and female individuals decreased compared to the control. It was found that the emergence of female adults was less than that of the males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the survival of male individuals is examined, it is seen that the adult life decreased compared to the control except for the half dose of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e and the application dose of PA. In the mentioned doses, the adult life was found to be 30 days and 37 days, respectively. In females, the same result was observed at all doses except for the application dose of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e. There was a significant increase in the longevity of the female emerging from the \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e treatment dose and this period was found to be 51 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data found for longevity are in parallel with the results found for adult weight. Although the adult weights increased at doses with a higher adult survival time compared to the control, these rates were found to be 1.8 mg at half dose of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e in males and 1.4 mg at half dose of \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e in females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment time, longevity, the adult weight of parasitized third instar larvae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment time (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongevity (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult weight (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,8.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekurstaki\u003c/em\u003e (Bt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e♂\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e♀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince the applied pesticides caused a high toxic effect on the host larvae, there was no parasitoid emergence necessary to determine the sex ratio (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of pesticides applied to parasitized third instar larvae on parasitoid sex ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex ratio (♂/♀)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♂\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♀\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e♂/♀\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGamma cyhalothrin (Gc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpinetoram (Sp)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorantraniliprole (Ch)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhosphorous Acid (PA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003evar.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ekurstaki\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Bt)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,5:1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll doses of pesticides applied to parasitized eggs, first and third instar larvae caused a decrease in the emergence rates compared to the control. Since all the preparations (gamma cyhalothrin, spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole, Phosphorous Acid, \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekurstaki\u003c/em\u003e) used in the experiments had a highly toxic effect in the pre-adult periods, there was no or very little parasitoid development resulting in the statistical analysis could not be performed. A similar result was found in the study of Yassin-Ali (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The study reported that the emergence rates were very low due to the high toxic effect of pesticides applied to \u003cem\u003eH. armigera\u003c/em\u003e larvae parasitized by \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e. Consoli et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) determined the side effects of some pesticides against \u003cem\u003eT. pretiosum\u003c/em\u003e. Cartap and Phenthoate, used by the immersion method on parasitized hosts (egg-larva, prepupa-pupa, and pupa), caused 100% death in all three periods and reported that these preparations were in the very harmful class. Similarly, Kaya and Kılın\u0026ccedil;er (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) revealed in their study that the application dose, half of the application dose and 1/20 of the application dose of thiodicarb and indoxacarb applied against \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e prevented the development of parasitoids in parasitized second-stage and fourth-stage host larvae. Tunca (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) found that there was no parasitoid growth at a high lethal dose (LC50) of Spruzit\u0026reg; Neu applied to parasitized hosts. It was reported that the development time, emergence rate, longevity, and adult weight of the parasitoids were adversely affected in other applications of other herbal insecticides applied. Xu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the side effects of azadirachtin, Bt, spinosad, indoxacarb, and gamma cyhalothrin on pupae and adults of the parasitoid \u003cem\u003eDiadegma insulare\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory conditions. They revealed that 10% of parasitized pupa could be adults in gamma cyhalothrin application while adult emergence was between 76\u0026ndash;90% in other chemicals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll doses of all applied preparations caused an increase in the development time of parasitoids that emerged from parasitized eggs and first larvae compared to the control. It can be concluded that the development time of the parasitoids in the third-stage larvae decreased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the effects of the applications on the adult life of \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e were examined, it was determined that the life of adult parasitoids emerging from parasitized first and third-stage potato moth larvae decreased. It was also observed that the parasitoids' longevity emerging from parasitized eggs was variable. There are studies indicating that \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e reduces the longevity of adult parasitoids. For Bt to be effective, the parasitoid must take the pathogen into its body. Since adult life is reduced, male individuals mate less than they will mate during their lifetime, and female individuals lay fewer eggs than the number of eggs they will lay during their lifetime. In the present study, it was observed that \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e applied to parasitized eggs prolonged the adult life, while the survival of adults emerging from larval stages decreased. This result is thought to be because \u003cem\u003eBt\u003c/em\u003e is transmitted through feeding and the egg stage is more protected and the larval stage is more sensitive and fed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study determined that the pesticides applied to the parasitized host at different stages affected the adult weight of the parasitoid \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e. One of the most important factors determining adult weight in parasitoids is nutrition from the host (Harvey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e, Harvey and Strand \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). It is thought that the reason for the formation of smaller individuals compared to the control is that the pre-adult stages of the parasitoids are not sufficiently fed from the host.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the sex ratio of the parasitoid was examined, it was not possible to reach a definite conclusion about the male: female ratio because there was not enough parasitoid emergence in the applications. It was determined that females were more common in individuals emerging from Bt and phosphorous acid treatments, while the sex ratio was in favor of males in the experiments where gamma cyhalothrin and spinetoram were applied. In the control group, sex ratios resulted in favor of males in pre-adult parasitized periods. As a result of the study, it is thought that the pesticides applied adversely affect the sex ratio in the parasitoid population and therefore may cause a problem in the continuity of the parasitoid population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticides affect the pre-adult stages of egg parasitoids less than adults since they are inside the host egg (Suh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In our experiment, it is thought that the number of individuals hatching from parasitized eggs is higher than those from parasitized first and third instar larvae because the parasitoids are sheltered in the host egg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, it was concluded that insecticides frequently used against potato beetle and potato tuber moth in potato fields and fungicide phosphorous acid used against mildew have a highly toxic effect in the pre-adult stages of parasitoid \u003cem\u003eC. oculator\u003c/em\u003e. For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the application times of the pesticides to be used and to apply pesticides by considering the presence of parasitoids to protect the beneficial fauna.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe would like to thank our colleagues at Plant Protection Central Research Institute for supporting the laboratory work of the Project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eZS and C\u0026Ouml; conceived and designed the research. ZS conducted experiments. ZS analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, T\u0026uuml;rkiye, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (Project Number: TAGEM/BSAD/E/18/A2/P5/1374) and carried out as part of a doctoral project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors have no competing interests to declare relevant to this article\u0026apos;s content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work was conducted with an unregulated invertebrate species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsoli FL, Parra JRP, Hassan SA (1998) Side effects of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid \u003cem\u003eTrichogramma pretiosum\u003c/em\u003e Riley (Hym.,Trichogrammatidae), a natural enemy of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae). J Appl Entomol 122; 43-47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarvey JA, Kadash K, Strand MR (2000) Differences in larval feeding behavior correlate with altered development strategies in two parasitic wasps: implications for the size-Witness hypothesis. Oikos 88; 621\u0026ndash;629. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarvey JA, Strand MR (2002). The developmental strategies of endoparasitoid wasps vary with host feeding ecology. Ecology 83; 2439\u0026ndash;2451. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaya C, Kılın\u0026ccedil;er N (2011) Effect of Clethodim, Quizalafop-P-ethyl and Mancozeb on Egg-Larval Parasitoid \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) IV. Plant Protection Congress of Turkey, Kahramanmaraş 437. p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaharjan, R. and Jung, C. 2011. Rearing Methods of Potato Tuber Moth, \u003cem\u003ePhthorimaea operculella\u003c/em\u003e (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Korean Journal of Soil Zoology, 15(1-2); 53-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zkan C, \u0026Ouml;zmen D (2001) A new record for Turkish fauna \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its two new hosts. Turkish Journal of Entomology 25(4); 263-265.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zmen D, Dabbağoğlu S, \u0026Ouml;zkan C, Kılın\u0026ccedil;er N (2002) Rearing an egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two new hosts. V. Turkish National Congress of Biological Control Erzurum, T\u0026uuml;rkiye. 99-108 p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRondon SI (2010) The Potato Tuberworm: A Literature Review of Its Biology, Ecology and Control. Am J Pot Res 87; 149-166.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuh CPC, Suh DB, Duyn JW (2000) Effect of Insecticides on \u003cem\u003eTrichogramma exiguum \u003c/em\u003e(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) preimaginal development and adult survival. Journal of Economic Entomology 93(3), 577-583.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTunca H. (2010) Effects of Some Botanical Extract and Insecticides on Development and Oviposition Behaviour of \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), \u003cem\u003eBracon hebetor\u003c/em\u003e Say (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), \u003cem\u003eVenturia canescens\u003c/em\u003e Grav. (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) Ph.D. Thesis. Ankara University Department of Plant Protection, Ankara, T\u0026uuml;rkiye. 110 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Uuml;nal G, G\u0026uuml;rkan MO (2001) İnsektisitler: Kimyasal Yapıları, Toksikolojileri ve Ekotoksikolojileri. I. Baskı, Ethemoğlu Ofset Matbaacılık 97-98 Ankara.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVisser D. 2004. The potato tuber moth, \u003cem\u003ePhthorimaea operculella\u003c/em\u003e (Zeller), in South Africa: potential control measures in non-refrigerated store environments. Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Zoology \u0026amp; Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu Y, Liu T, Leibee GL, Jones WA (2004) Effects of Selected Insecticides on \u003cem\u003eDiadegma insulare\u003c/em\u003e (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a Parasitoid of \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume 14 Issue 7; 713-723\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYassin-Ali MM (2013) The Studies on Some Biological Relations of an Egg-Larval Parasitoid \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e H\u0026uuml;bner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ph.D. Thesis. Ankara University Department of Plant Protection, Ankara, T\u0026uuml;rkiye. 118 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"egg-larval parasitoid, Phthorimaea operculella, pesticides, biocontrol, development time","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3975795/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3975795/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most important pests of potatoes is the Potato Tuber Moth \u003cem\u003ePhthorimaea operculella\u003c/em\u003e (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) worldwide and one of its new parasitoids is \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e (F.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). All over the world, chemical control is commonly used in the control of \u003cem\u003eP. operculella\u003c/em\u003e. However, the side effects of chemicals on nature and beneficial organisms have become very important nowadays. For this reason, the side effects of selected pesticides, against Potato Tuber Moth, on \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e eggs and larvae were tested under laboratory conditions. Three insecticides (Spinetoram, Gamma cyhalothrin, Chlorantraniliprole), one fungicide (Phosphorus Acid), and a biological insecticide (\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekurstaki\u003c/em\u003e) were applied to parasitized first and third-stage larvae and parasitized eggs. Application dose, half dose, and 1/20 dose of these products were used. All preparations used in the experiments had a highly toxic effect in the pre-adult period. Therefore, the sex ratio could not be determined due to the low number of emerged parasitoids. All doses of applied pesticides caused an increase in the development time of parasitoids developing from parasitized eggs and first larvae when compared to the control. It can be concluded that the development time of parasitoids decreased in 3rd instar larvae. We also evaluated the longevity of parasitoids and it was found that the adult life emerging from parasitized first and third instar potato moth larvae decreased. We also observed that the survival of adult parasitoids emerging from parasitized eggs was unstable. In this study, it was determined that pesticides applied to the parasitized host at different stages affected the adult weight of the parasitoid C. oculator. When the sex ratio of the parasitoid was examined, it was not possible to reach a definite conclusion due to the lack of sufficient individual emergence. The side effect results obtained can be evaluated in integrated control programs for the Potato tuber moth and its parasitoid \u003cem\u003eChelonus oculator\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effects of some pesticides used in potato fields on the pre-adult stages of Chelonus oculator F. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-29 21:34:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3975795/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"10ac0f88-779b-4c17-ab10-ec1f0fcb5c0a","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-05T09:23:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-29 21:34:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3975795","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3975795","identity":"rs-3975795","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}