Influence of Raman effect on gain and noise characteristics of cascaded phase sensitive optical parametric amplifier

Influence of Raman effect on gain and noise characteristics of cascaded phase sensitive optical parametric amplifier | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of Raman effect on gain and noise characteristics of cascaded phase sensitive optical parametric amplifier Zhe Yuan, Jiachen Liu, Zhaolu Wang, Wenqi Xu, Changchang Zhang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6912528/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Applied Physics B → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Phase sensitive optical parametric amplification (PS-OPA) can realize noiseless amplification in theory. However, Raman effect will affect the four-wave mixing (FWM) process and induce excess noise for fiber-based PS-OPA systems with wide bandwidth. To achieve a more precise description of the gain evolution within the PS-OPA and its associated noise characteristics, we established a more comprehensive theoretical model to analyze the joint impact of the Raman effect and the FWM effect. It is found that the competition between Raman effect and FWM effect can change the evolution trend of power and relative phase, thus affect gain and noise figure (NF) features of the PS-OPA. For signal waves with different frequency shift from the pump, obvious asymmetry for both gain and NF spectra is induced by Raman scattering. This model can be applied to investigate frequency non-degenerate PS-OPA with third-order nonlinear media such as highly nonlinear optical fibers (HNLF) and silicon waveguides. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Applied Physics B → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 31 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 21 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6912528","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":502055188,"identity":"dbebde8d-247a-4c82-acd4-58dbe21ba31f","order_by":0,"name":"Zhe Yuan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhe","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuan","suffix":""},{"id":502055189,"identity":"cec2337b-8eba-4e4f-b219-acc3151d4fd9","order_by":1,"name":"Jiachen Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an Institute of 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However, Raman effect will affect the four-wave mixing (FWM) process and induce excess noise for fiber-based PS-OPA systems with wide bandwidth. To achieve a more precise description of the gain evolution within the PS-OPA and its associated noise characteristics, we established a more comprehensive theoretical model to analyze the joint impact of the Raman effect and the FWM effect. It is found that the competition between Raman effect and FWM effect can change the evolution trend of power and relative phase, thus affect gain and noise figure (NF) features of the PS-OPA. For signal waves with different frequency shift from the pump, obvious asymmetry for both gain and NF spectra is induced by Raman scattering. 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