Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Ni-MOF@PANI/GO nanocomposite: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrode Material

Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Ni-MOF@PANI/GO nanocomposite: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrode Material | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Ni-MOF@PANI/GO nanocomposite: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrode Material Malika Rani, Beenish Zaheer, Fatima Sajid, Akram Ibrahim, Aqeel Ahmad Shah, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6289773/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials → Version 1 posted 28 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid Metal organic frameworks (BTC MOFs), a class of exceptional porous materials with multifunctional capabilities and capable nanogeometries, have drawn a lot of attention lately from researchers as potential materials for supercapacitor electrodes. This study introduces a novel Ni-MOF/PANI/GO ternary nanocomposite synthesized through a cost-effective chemical oxidative polymerization method. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by modified Hummers’ method. Metal organic framework (MOF) was synthesized by Hydrothermal Method and Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method to study the effect of GO and PANI of electrochemical properties of Ni-MOF. Structural characterization and morphology of developed materials was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy. As a result, the grown structure of ternary nanocomposite having an average crystalline size of 13.767 nm was successfully confirmed by XRD analysis. Different bonds & transmittance peaks are analyzed by FTIR. Also D and G bands are also explained during the Raman Analysis. The optical band gap (E g ) approximately ~ 4.02 eV was confirmed by UV-Vis and PL spectra. Electrochemical characterization was performed using CV, GCD and EIS analysis in 3 M KOH solution. CV revealed that ternary composite showed maximum specific capacitance of 206 Fg − 1 at 1 mVs − 1 in 3 M KOH with charge retention of ca. 81.5% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. The aim of this study is to synthesize a novel Ni-MOF/PANI/GO ternary nanocomposite and evaluate its electrochemical properties for supercapacitor applications. Metal-organic framework (MOF) Graphene oxide (GO) Polyaniline (PANI) In-situ chemical polymerization method Supercapacitors Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. INTRODUCTION The primary obstacles hindering the progress of our society are the inadequacy of energy resources and the detrimental effects of environmental pollution [ 1 ]. In order to confront these challenges, a primary focus of research is directed towards the advancement and progression of sustainable energy storage devices [ 2 ]. To meet growing energy consumption requirements, efficient and renewable energy storage technologies needs to be developed because they can store a lot of energy efficiently and exhibit superior power density and energy compared to rechargeable batteries and capacitors, hybrid supercapacitors have drawn a lot of attention as a result of these difficulties [ 3 , 4 ]. The electrochemical supercapacitor (SC) is an essential component of modern technology.SC is among the prospective energy storage systems [ 5 ]. Due to the electrode-electrolyte charge separation and the Faradaic reaction, graphene oxide (GO) [ 6 ], transition metal oxides/hydroxides [ 7 ], metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [ 8 ], and conductive polymers[ 9 ] are commonly utilized as electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). One of the most frequent materials used in SC electrodes is graphene oxide (GO). It has good electrical qualities and is environmentally friendly. However, the presence of van der Waals force causes the GO to aggregate and reduces the specific surface area of samples [ 10 ]. The aggregation of GO sheets could be avoided by mixing GO with other nanoparticle materials. The nanoparticles within the composites could embed between neighboring layers, preventing stacking and increasing surface area [ 11 ]. This work aims to explore the effects of amorphous nickel-metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) when it is used to be a matrix in composites containing graphene oxide (GO) [ 12 ]. Metal organic frameworks (MOF) materials are gaining the attention of scientists worldwide. MOFs are unique by their large surface area, tunable pore size, and structural properties making them a promising material for various applications including drug delivery, separation, sensing, gas storage, energy storage and catalysis[ 13 ]. They are basically crystalline materials possessing incredibly large porosity (90% free volume) with large internal surface area more than 6000m 2 /g. (MOFs) a novel porous material can be synthesized by coupling metal ions with organic ligands in strong coordinative interactions [ 14 , 15 ]. They can also be designed with surfaces that are extremely porous, allowing for numerous electroactive centers to be exposed to the electrolyte and additional surface areas for pseudocapacitive storage through the use of open pores [ 16 , 17 ]. Additionally, the electrochemically fueled ion exchange activity is facilitated by their porosity [ 18 ]. Numerous metal ions, including Zr-, Fe- Cr-, Ni-, Mn-, Zn-, Cu-, Nd- and Co- have been reported. Lately, they have drawn a lot of attention as active materials to improve the efficiency and energy storage of SCs [ 19 ]. MOFs can be utilized directly as a porous substrate to create active sites for metal ions within a current collector [ 20 ]. The intrinsic low conductivity of MOFs has limited their applicability in SCs because of low charge transfer, which deteriorates the active material electrode during charging and discharging. As a result, the essential stability parameter related to the supercapacitor use has reduced [ 21 ]. One of them entails mixing MOFs with conducting materials [ 22 ] such as graphene oxide (GO), porous carbon (PC), and carbon nanotubes (CNT), and linking the composite to the current collector electrode with a non-conductive polymer binder [ 23 , 24 ]. These binders are going to reduce electrical conductivity and restrict charge penetration. As a result, there will be fewer electroactive centers and more charge transfer resistance [ 25 ]. As a conducting polymer, PANI demonstrates promising properties for one of the potential materials for SC applications [ 26 ]. PANI composites comprising high specific surface areas, active sites, porous structures, and high conductivity were examined by researchers [ 27 ]. PANI has a number of intriguing characteristics particularly high porosity, wide surface area and excellent conductivity. It also has poor cycle stability, limited mechanical strength, and a significant difference between estimated and actual capacitance [ 28 ]. For example, Qiuhui Cheng et al. described the use of a Ni-MOF film electrode used as the positive electrode in SC, providing 45.6 Whkg − 1 of energy density (power density 850.0 Wkg − 1 ) [ 29 ]. According to Chen et al., To develop spherical zinc-doped nickel-based MOF materials that had a high specific capacity of 237.4 mA h g − 1 and 122.3 mA h g − 1 at 1 Ag − 1 and 20 Ag − 1 , respectively, a hydrothermal technique was used [ 30 ]. Two-dimensional Ni-based MOF, which exhibits good electrochemical performance, was initially described by Feng C. et al. [ 31 ]. They thus become appropriate active materials for electrochemical activities such as energy storage and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) [ 32 ]. By using a solvothermal method, Ni-MOF and rGO nanocomposites were synthesized. A possible candidate for methanol oxidation in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) applications was found to the Ni-BTC 4 wt% and rGO composite, which demonstrated a strong current density of 200.22 mAcm − 1 at 0.69 V over 50mVs − 1 [ 33 ]. According to X. Zhang et al. [ 34 ], the synthesized Ni-BTC MOF showed a spherical shape made of ultrathin nanosheets, while the NiCo-BTC (mole ratio of Ni:Co of 2:1) displayed a heterogeneous morphology comprising spherical structures with smooth surfaces. In contrast, the latter showed a greater specific capacity at 1 Ag − 1 (568 vs. 407 C g − 1 ). R. Sahoo et al. report that the best specific capacitance values among bare MOFs along with their precursors were obtained by synthesizing a composite Ni-MOF@GO by mixing graphene oxide with MOF precursors. High specific capacities of 65 Fg − 1 at 10 Ag − 1 and 111.4 Fg − 1 at 2 Ag − 1 were shown by the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC). The device had an amazing 84% cycle life over 7000 cycles, producing 30.7 W h kg − 1 of energy density as well as 388.5 W kg − 1 of power density [ 35 ]. Ni-MOF/polyaniline (PANI) was calcinated at high temperatures to produce a flower-like carbon-nitrogen atomic doped NiO nanocomposite (CN-NiO), which was then coated on a glassy carbon electrode to create a nonenzymic electrochemical sensor [ 36 ]. The Ni-MOF/PANI/NF displays an excellent rate capacity (71.3%) at 50 mA cm-2 and a high areal capacitance (3626.4 mF cm-2 at 2 mAcm-2). Additionally, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device based on Ni-MOF/PANI/NF and activated carbon (AC) can outperform the majority of the reported pristine MOF-based ASC devices with a maximum energy density of 45.6 W h kg-1 (850.0 W kg-1) and excellent cyclic stability (capacitance retention of 81.6% after 10,000 cycles) [ 29 ]. PANI/GO/Cr-MOF ternary nanocomposite was created using an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The ASCs (asymmetric supercapacitors) showed excellent rate performance, with specific capacitances of 243.125 Fg − 1 at 0.5 Ag − 1 , 243 Fg − 1 at 1 Ag − 1 , and 242.5 Fg − 1 at 2 Ag − 1 . They also had exceptional cycling properties, with a high average energy and power density of 21.56 W/kg and 3.6 kWkg-1 [ 37 ]. To be used as a supercapacitor electrode material, Zn-MOF was synthesised and combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and PANI. At 0.1 A/g charge-discharge analysis, a rGO/Zn-MOF@PANI sample with a large surface and large pore sizes yielded the highest specific capacitance of approximately 372 Fg-1 [ 38 ]. The ability to increase capacitance by combining Mn- and Cu- MOFs with polyaniline (PANI), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was employed as the matrix in this study to create electrochemical double-layer SCs. As a result of electrochemical analysis, the rGO/Cu-MOF@PANI composite had the highest specific capacitance of roughly 276 Fg − 1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag − 1 [ 39 ].However, there are few studies on the design of hybrid MOF-based SCs, according to the literature review. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop composite that can be used in SCs [ 40 , 41 ]. In this study, the composites of GO, PANI, and Ni-MOF were synthesized using the in-situ polymerization approach, where PANI was supported on the composite structure of GO and Ni-MOF. In order to assess how well the materials could work as an electrode material for SC, their electrochemical properties were examined. The hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-MOFs with trimesic acid (C9H6O6) and its composite with GO and polyaniline (PANI) are described in this paper. This work developed a hybrid super-capacitive electrode material that combines the high surface area and tunable characteristics of Ni-MOFs with the conductivity of Polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide (GO). 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 2.1 Chemical and Materials Graphite powder: 99.9% pure, Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4): 99.9% pure, Nitric Acid (HNO3): 90% pure, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): 33% pure, Sodium Nitrate (NaNo3): 99% pure, Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4): 98% pure, Nickel nitrate hexa-hydrate [(NiNO3)2⋅6H2O]: 99.9% pure, Trimesic Acid or 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid [H3BTC (C9H6O6)]: 96%, Ammonium per sulfate (APS): [(NH4)2S2O8], Aniline (C6H5NH2), Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), ethanol:99% pure, DI water: 98%, were used to synthesize Ni-MOF@GO/PANI nano-composite. The reagents and chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received, without any further purification. 2.2 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide (GO) Modified Hummers' approach was used to synthesize graphene oxide [ 42 , 43 ]. Hummers' method involved oxidizing graphite to produce graphene oxide. A 1000 mL beaker containing 2 g of graphite powder and 2 g of sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) was continuously stirred over an ice bath (0–5°C) to stir the materials in 50 mL of sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). The solution's temperature was held constant for two hours. To keep the solution's temperature below 15°C, potassium permanganate (6 g) was added gradually and gently. After that, 184 mL of distilled water was slowly added, and the mixture was agitated for 2 hours. The suspension was agitated for two hours at 35°C after the ice bath was removed. This solution was kept at 98°C for 10 to 15 minutes in a reflux system. After 10 minutes, it produced a brown-colored solution and raised the temperature to 30°C. The temperature dropped to 25°C after 10 min and stayed there for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then given a final addition of 40 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which turned the reaction's black color into a bright yellow. The aforementioned solution was mixed with 200 mL of water for an hour. The solution was left at room temperature once the stirring was stopped. The particles in the beaker settled to the bottom after 3–4 hours, and any remaining water is placed into the filtration process. The resulting solution was centrifuged numerous times with 10% HCl and DI water until the pH was neutral and it took on the texture of a gel. For our nanocomposite, graphene oxide (GO) grains were obtained by vacuum-drying the gel-like material at 60°C for more than 24 hours. 2.3 Synthesis of Nickel Metal-organic Framework (Ni-MOF) Using a hydrothermal method [ 44 – 47 ], a new Ni-MOF was synthesized in which the reaction mixture was allowed to self-settle in an autoclave for 24 hours. Firstly, 0.5 gm of Trimesic acid (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) and 0.5 gm of Nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) were precisely measured using a physical electronic balance. The reagents were then dissolved in 60 ml of deionized (DI) water using the magnetic stirring method for 10 to 15 minutes. The resulting solution was then poured into a Teflon lined autoclave and placed in an oven at 160 ᵒC for 12 hours to produce a self-assembled structure. The mixture was then rinsed with Ethanol and DI water and centrifuged five times to get pH 7. The precipitates were transferred to a clean petri dish and dried in an oven at 160ᵒC. Finally, the dry sample was slightly ground to crystal powder with Agate Mortar. 2.4 Synthesis of Polyaniline (PANI) The chemical process of oxidative polymerization was used to synthesize PANI. 100 mL of DI water and 5 mL of aniline (C6H5NH2) monomer were combined to create a monomer solution. The initiator solution was then created by combining ammonium persulfate (APS) powder with 50mL DI water and stirred for 30 minutes. Then, the reactor glass was concurrently filled with the monomer and initiator solutions, and the mixture was stirred for 15 to 20 minutes at room temperature. 3mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added dropwise using a syringe while the mixture was continuously stirred. The pH was checked, and the mixture was left at room temperature overnight. A homogenous mixture was achieved by controlling the solution flow rate. The solution changed from a clear tint to a blackish-green color, signifying the production of PANI. Filter the solution with lots of water until the filtrate appeared colorless. Keep the paste in a vacuum oven at 80°C for 24 hours. 2.5 Synthesis of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI Ternary Composite In-situ polymerization technique is used to synthesize ternary nanocomposite. This technique involves firstly dispersing the 0.05gm of GO and 0.1gm of Ni-MOF precursor into 20 mL DI water followed by 1 h of sonication. For solution #2, 50 mL of DI water and 2.5 mL of aniline monomer were added in a different beaker and stirred for 30 minutes. Add solution #1 dropwise to solution #2 and stir for 10 minutes. In another beaker, 3.0 g of APS was added to 20 mL of DI water and stirred for 30 minutes. This solution was added to the already prepared solution above and mixed well. After 15 min 1.5 mL HCl was added dropwise using syringe until its color become greenish black. Check the pH after 10 minutes. The mixture is then subjected to polymerization and placed to set overnight. Then, the solution was filtered until it becomes colorless. Keep the paste in oven at 60°C for 24 hours to obtain nanoparticles. 2.6 Electrode Fabrication For electrochemical characterization of synthesized materials, slurry was prepared by stirring 8:1:1 mixture of active material, carbon black and PVDF as binder. Slurry was mixed for 8 h b y magnetic stirring and then coated on already weighed 1 x 1 cm 2 Ni foam sample followed by frying at 80°C for 6 h. 3. CHARACTERIZATION Synthesized Ni-MOF and its composite with GO and PANI was characterized by various approaches to study their behavior and results. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the crystal structure of the synthesized materials, including the lattice parameters and crystal size, in the 2θ range of 10–70° using the unique Cu-K alpha radiation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis is used to identify the functional groups. A (PE Lamada-356) UV-vis spectrometer is used to carry out UV-vis scanning spectrophotometry. A photoluminescent spectrometer (FLS1000 by Edinburgh Instruments) was used for the PL analysis. Lastly, electrochemical measurements are carried out in three electrode cell assembly using potentiostat/galvanostat/ZRA Interface 1000-E of Gamry instruments USA. Coated Ni foam sample acted as working electrode, graphite as counter electrode and Hg/HgO as reference electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out in potential range of 0-0.6 V at different scan rates of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mV/s. Galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) was carried out in same potential window at 1, 5 and 10 A/g current density. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out in frequency range of 10 mHz to 100 kHZ at 5 mV potential. Figure 1 . shows the XRD analysis used to identify the crystalline structure and phase purity of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI. The XRD pattern of ternary nanocomposite with peaks at 2θ values of 10°, 18°, 23°, 25°, 28°, 29°, 35° and 42° represent (001), (020), (004), (200), (125), (022) and (512) planes indicating the peaks for GO, PANI and Ni-MOF respectively confirms the ternary nanocomposite formation. The two main peaks are at 2θ value showing 25° and 28°, indicating that [Ni3(H3BTC)2] was successfully synthesized. The presence of Ni is confirmed by the peaks at 2θ showing 35° (022) and 42° (512). The two peaks at 2θ values at 25°and 20° with their positions around (200) and (020) confirms the formation of PANI and GO. The area of crystalline peak is 196.409 (au) 2 and the area of all peaks is 221.962 (au) 2 . The material crystallinity is observed using the formula in presented in Eq. ( 1 ). $$\:\varvec{C}\varvec{r}\varvec{y}\varvec{s}\varvec{t}\varvec{a}\varvec{l}\varvec{l}\varvec{i}\varvec{n}\varvec{i}\varvec{t}\varvec{y}=\frac{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{a}\:\mathbf{o}\mathbf{f}\:\mathbf{C}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{y}\mathbf{s}\mathbf{t}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{n}\mathbf{e}\:\mathbf{p}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{k}\mathbf{s}}{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{a}\:\mathbf{o}\mathbf{f}\:\mathbf{a}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{l}\:\mathbf{p}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{k}\mathbf{s}}\:\times\:100$$ 1 The crystallinity observed is 88%. The advantage of this method is that all the functional groups are obtained resulting in a favorable suppression of graphene onto the synthesized nanocomposite. The crystallite size of GO and Ni-MOF significantly decreases in the nanocomposite by Debye-Scherrer Formula, $$\:\varvec{D}=\frac{\mathbf{K}}{\mathbf{C}\mathbf{o}\mathbf{s}}$$ 2 Where D stands for mean crystallite size, k = 0.94, λ = 1.54Å (X-ray source wavelength), 𝛽 stands for peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) respectively. Thus the average crystallite size obtained by the Scherrer Eq. ( 2 ) is 13.767 nm. Table 1 XRD analysis of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI. Peak Position (2 Theta) Theta FWHM d-spacing Crystalline Size D(nm) Average D(nm) 10.080 5.040 0.540 4.808 14.771 13.767 18.439 9.219 0.674 3.809 11.950 23.332 11.666 0.437 3.467 18.555 25.676 12.838 0.891 3.144 9.146 28.362 14.181 0.652 3.034 12.570 29.419 14.710 0.526 2.560 15.608 3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis: Figure 2 . shows the FT-IR spectra used to find functional groups. In the OH as well as para-aromatic CH structures, the main amino groups' tensile vibration is represented by two stretching peaks in the 4000–400cm-1 range. The presence of a peak related to the tensile strength of the O-H hydroxyl bond is at 3389cm-1. [ 48 ], The other, at 1619 cm-1, is connected with the C = O tensile vibration and indicates that the -COO ligand contains a carboxyl group [ 49 ]. The C-O bond's tensile vibration has produced a peak in the range of 1072 cm-1[ 50 ]. The -COO ligand's role in the C-N bond is confirmed by a strong peak at 1471 cm-1. Pyridine dicarboxylate is eliminated in the process and serves as a bridge ligand to form Ni-MOF, as seen by the lack of peaks in the range between 1600 and 1800 cm-1, which are typical patterns of protonated carboxyl groups [ 51 ]. The pyridine ring creates the absorption bands at 830 − 725 cm-1 caused by the vibrations caused by the C-H groups. Finally, a peak for the O-Ni-O bond was seen around 596 cm-1 [ 52 ]. The corresponding MOF nanostructures are matched with the peaks mentioned [ 53 ]. The production of Ni-MOF@PANI-GO was confirmed by the C = C stretching vibration seen at 1583 cm-1 in the spectra after the reaction [ 54 ]. Additionally, a sharp absorption band at 721 cm-1 is indicative of the structure's Ni-O stretching vibration [ 55 ]. Additionally, the peak seen in the PANI/GO spectra at 1244 cm-1, which is associated with C-N stretching, supports the development of chemical bonds between PANI and GO [ 56 ]. According to the spectrum, the ternary nanocomposite is composed by Ni-MOF/PANI/GO and synthesis procedure involves the reduction of GO and the production of PANI by the chemical oxidation of aniline with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidizing agent[ 57 ]. The presence of PANI, GO, and MOF characteristic peaks in the FTIR spectrum demonstrates the effective synthesis of the ternary nanocomposite. 3.2 RAMAN Analysis Figure 3 . shows the Raman spectroscopy analysis used to study the vibrational modes of the prepared ternary nanocomposite. Multiple bands associated with the vibration modes of carboxylate group and aromatic ring are observed. The weak peaks at 341cm-1, 400cm-1 and 601 cm-1 correspond to the longitudinal mode (LA) and 368 cm-1 leads to the Nickel metal node-oxygen (Ni-O) vibration respectively. The organic ligand linkage of (—C–N) aliphatic corresponds to 558cm-1. (C–O–C) vibration corresponds to weak peak at 936cm-1. (C–O–C) asymmetric bond vibration corresponds to 936cm-1. A relatively small band at 368 cm-1 for NiO indicates the successful formation of Ni–MOF. In case of ternary nanocomposite, Weak bond vibrations of Ni − OH correspond to 487 cm − 1. After chemical etching, the Ni − OH becomes flat with slight shifts in the D band (1347 cm − 1) and G band (1588 cm − 1), whereas the 2D band (2682 cm − 1). These observations indicate the removal of the passive Ni(OH)2 layer and create some defects in the chemically prepared sample. The removal of the passive Ni(OH)2 layer is necessary because Ni(OH)2 has previously been reported to exhibit significant interfacial resistance toward electron transport [ 58 ]. The first-order G and D peaks, both arising from the vibrations of sp2 carbon contains band marks as D and G bands. D-band appears at ≈ 1347cm-1, while G-band appears at ≈ 1588 cm-1. The D peak represents the breathing mode of aromatic rings arising due to the defect in the sample. Weak and broad 2D peaks are another indication of disorder corresponding to 2682cm-1 in the spectrum. A defect activated peak called D + G is also readily visible near the band at ≈ 2916cm-1 as a consequence of C-H bonding. This band has also been interpreted as the combination of the D and G bands. The Raman spectrum of a material can be used to classify it based on the ratio of the intensity of its D and G bands. A value of I D /I G less than one indicates that the material is GO. Furthermore, shifts in the Raman bands and decrease the intensity of them reveal how the graphene sheets interact with the existing compound showing ID/IG = 0.967. These peaks indicate the successful formation of the ternary nanocomposite of Ni-MOF@PANI/GO [ 59 – 61 ]. 3.3 SEM Analysis 3.3 SEM Analysis Figure 4 (a-d) SEM images of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI along with Particle Size Distribution of the Nanocomposite In Fig. 4(a-d), SEM analysis was employed to study the microstructure and detailed morphology of the surface-active materials. The SEM image of PANI displays nano-granular morphology with irregular shaped particles. The formation of PANI with such morphology can be caused by strong interactions between conjugated polymer chains. The SEM image in Fig. 4(a) displays the amorphous crystalline structure of Ni-MOF. As can be seen in Fig. 4c, the amorphous crystal structure is observed. GO is randomly embedded within the composite, with a little amount of PANI coating the GO nanosheets. The observed densified structure demonstrates the appropriate fusion of the composite (Fig. 4b) indicating that GO's potential to cause heterogeneous nucleation is restricted. Figure 4c shows that PANI particles are evenly encapsulated on doped GO and Ni-MOF, reducing agglomeration and ensuring high electrochemical performance. The average diameter of the nanoparticles that are anchored on the surface lies approximately between 0.62912 and 1.94643 um. 3.4 UV-Vis Analysis Figure 5 (a-c) shows the UV spectrum analysis. Although the band gap of ternary nanocomposite is measured via Tauc Plot Method. The modification in the optical band gap and the absorption behavior of composite played an important role in opto-electronic device implementation. The absorption spectrum obtained via UV-vis spectroscopy exhibits maximum absorption at 289.19 nm. The refractive Index of the sample is calculated to be 12.89. The energy band gap value of the ternary nanocomposite measured using the Tauc plot is a direct band gap of 4.02 eV. This indicates the choice of the ternary nanocomposite as a favorable element for far UVB emissive device applications. In order to calculate optical band gap, we use the following formula: ( α h ν ) 2 = A(h ν − E g ) n Where, α is absorption coefficient, A is a constant, h is Planck's constant, ν is the photon frequency, Eg is the optical band gap, n is an exponent which have values of 2 for direct-band semiconductors [ 62 ]. As can be seen from figure, Eg values are about 4.02 eV. The results indicated that GO played a vital role in decreasing the optical band gap, broadening visible light absorption range and improving the utilization ratio of visible light, which is analogous to reported in the literature showing the successful formation of ternary nanocomposite of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI [ 63 ]. 3.5 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy Analysis In order to compute the band gap at a given energy state due to electron-hole recombination [ 64 ], the photoluminescence spectrum is investigated in Fig. 6 (a-c). The optical spectra of GO, Ni-MOF and PANI nanocomposite with varying wavenumbers were studied. Allocation of nanoparticles can be predicted with high accuracy using the expected 3.98 eV optical band gap in the visible range at the 311.14 nm band edge. The transfer behavior of photo-generated electrons and holes in semi-conductor materials is studied using photoluminescence. By altering the band gap, photoluminescence increases quantum confinement. While zero band gap graphite does not have photoluminescence characteristics, a decrease in size causes quantum confinement, which causes the band to open. The efficiency of charge carrier advancement, mobility and retention can all be studied using the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum. Lower emission intensity denotes a decrease in recombination rate. It is well known that excited electron hole pairs are the primary source of PL emission. The semiconductor's electrons can be energized and moved through the ground state (valence band) into the excited state (conduction band) when it receives energy from its surroundings. However, because they become unstable at high energies, electrons will eventually return [ 65 , 66 ]. Figure shows the PL-spectrum of ternary nanocomposite of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI at room temperature in the wavelength range of 200–400 nm with an excitation wavelength of 311.14 nm [ 67 ]. Moreover, the band gap calculated is 3.98 eV using the formula, which is in close approximation to the calculated value of the UV-vis band gap energy i.e. , 3.40 eV. The difference in the band gap calculated using PL and UV-vis spectroscopy may be due to defects, impurities, dopants, and the contribution of the non-radiative energy transfer to the actual energy that is measured by the device \(\:\varvec{E}\varvec{g}=\frac{1240}{\varvec{\lambda\:}\left(\varvec{n}\varvec{m}\right)}\) (eV) The estimated value of GO band gap is in the 3.1–3.6 eV region, and using FWHM, it can be seen that the particle distribution is in nanometer-scale. The PL graph demonstrates that the ternary nanocomposite's absorption peak shifts towards a lower wavelength range and closely approximates the energy gap value determined by UV-vis spectroscopy [ 68 ]. As can be seen in Figure the optical characteristics of nanoparticles are faithfully reproduced in the resulting nanocomposite. 3.6 Electrochemical measurements Figure 7 displays cyclic voltammograms of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI (B5) under different scan rates. The cyclic voltammetry conducted at varying scan rates demonstrated a reverse correlation between specific capacitance and scan rate. Specifically, for B5, the specific capacitance decreased from 206 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 1 mVs-1 to 27 Fg-1 at 100 mVs-1. The relationship between specific capacitance and scan rate is graphically depicted in Figure. Table presents the computed specific capacitance values corresponding to different scan rates. Table 2 Specific capacitance calculated from CV data. Sample Name 1 mVs − 1 (Fg − 1 ) 5 mVs − 1 (Fg − 1 ) 10 mVs − 1 (Fg − 1 ) 50 mVs − 1 (Fg − 1 ) 100 mVs − 1 (Fg − 1 ) Ni-MOF@GO/PANI (B5) 206 75 55 35 27 GCD analysis stands as a crucial technique for assessing the charge and discharge characteristics of supercapacitor electrodes. GCD experiments were conducted on B5 electrodes, utilizing current densities of 10 Ag-1, 5 Ag-1, and 1 Ag-1, with the objective of investigating the impact of current density on specific capacitance. Notably, specific capacitance exhibited an inverse relationship with current density. The GCD profiles of B5 electrode at different current densities are visually depicted in Figure. The computed specific capacitance values are tabulated in Table. All discharge curves exhibited a characteristic hump, affirming the pseudocapacitive behavior of the B5 electrode. B5 electrode showcased the discharge time of 110 s along specific capacitance value of 183 Fg-1 at a current density of 1 Ag-1. Table 3 Specific capacitance calculated from GCD data. Sample Name 1 Ag − 1 (Fg − 1 ) 5 Ag − 1 (Fg − 1 ) 10 Ag − 1 (Fg − 1 ) Ni-MOF@GO/PANI (B5) 183 42 33 The assessment of cyclic stability serves as a pivotal parameter for examining electrode performance after several number of cycles. To delve into cyclic stability and charge retention characteristics, a comprehensive investigation involving 5000 cyclic voltammetry CV cycles at a scan rate of 100 mVs-1 was carried out. The CV profile and charge retention after different number of cycles of B5 are represented in Figure. Remarkably, the CV curves for all electrodes after varying cycle counts exhibited a consistent resemblance, underscoring a commendable cyclic stability. Notably, the shape of the CV curves remained remarkably uniform. Charge retention results revealed that B5 electrode displayed charge retention of 81.5% after 5000 cycles. The Table presents the EIS values, derived through fitting the EEC model. The EIS results indicate that the B5 electrode displayed low values for both Rs (series resistance) and Rct (charge transfer resistance). Particularly, composite exhibited the Rct value of 723.5 Ωcm2, affirming its superior electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the Rs value for the B5 electrode was also low at 798.5E-3 Ωcm2. The observation of Warburg impedance signals the presence of a diffusion-based charge storage mechanism, underscoring an enhanced ion diffusion process that contributes to the high energy storage capacity of the electrodes. Table 4 EIS values of calculated from Nyquist plots. Components in equivalent circuit Ni-MOF@GO/PANI (B5) R s (Ω*cm 2 ) 798.5E-3 R ct (Ω*cm 2 ) 723.5 C dl (F) 22.55E-3 W (Ω*cm 2 ) 454.7E-3 Goodness of Fit 10.68E-3 CONCLUSION XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis and PL analysis confirmed successful synthesis of GO, PANI, MOFs and their composites as all characteristic peaks and functional groups were identified in structural characterization techniques. Electrochemical characterization revealed that Ni-MOG@PANI-GO (B5) sample possessed highest specific capacitance of 206 F/g at 1 mV/s and charge retention of more than 80% even after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. EIS analysis showed that B5 possessed low solution and charge transfer resistance which is an indication of good electrical conductivity and electrode-electrolyte interaction. Electrochemical characterization revealed that Ni-MOG@PANI-GO composites have potential to be used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Also because of its porous design, improved capacitive behavior, and stronger conductive characteristics, the composite performs better. Additionally, our study demonstrates that the Ni-MOF@GO/PANI composite's cryogenic nature guaranteed greater stability, which is maintained over prolonged charge/discharge cycles. Declarations Conflicts of interest There is no conflict of interest among the authors. Author Contribution The research was supervised by Malika Rani. The manuscript was written and results were analyzed by Beenish Zaheer and Fatima Sajid. The Project assistance was given by Akram Ibrahim. The characterizations were assisted by Aqeel Ahmad Shah and Ali Dad Chandio. Acknowledgments This research received support from the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudia Arabia (RGP2/505/45). References A.G. Olabi et al., Supercapacitors as next generation energy storage devices: Properties and applications. Energy. 248 , 123617 (2022) J.M. Baptista et al., State-of-the-art materials for high power and high energy supercapacitors: Performance metrics and obstacles for the transition from lab to industrial scale–A critical approach. Chem. Eng. J. 374 , 1153–1179 (2019) Z. Liang et al., Synergistic effect of Co–Ni hybrid phosphide nanocages for ultrahigh capacity fast energy storage. Adv. Sci. 6 (8), 1802005 (2019) M. Yaseen et al., A review of supercapacitors: materials design, modification, and applications. Energies. 14 (22), 7779 (2021) W. Dong et al., Materials design and preparation for high energy density and high power density electrochemical supercapacitors. Mater. Sci. Engineering: R: Rep. 152 , 100713 (2023) Y. Jia et al., Practical graphene technologies for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (42), 2204272 (2022) N. Parveen, Resent Development of Binder-Free Electrodes of Transition Metal Oxides and Nanohybrids for High Performance Supercapacitors–A Review (The Chemical Record, 2023), p. e202300065 W. Zhao et al., Recent advances in metal-organic framework-based electrode materials for supercapacitors: A review. J. Energy Storage. 62 , 106934 (2023) N.S. Shaikh et al., Novel electrodes for supercapacitor: Conducting polymers, metal oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, MXenes, and their composites with graphene. J. Alloys Compd. 893 , 161998 (2022) S. Tamang et al., A concise review on GO, rGO and metal oxide/rGO composites: Fabrication and their supercapacitor and catalytic applications. J. Alloys Compd., 2023: p. 169588 S. Kamboj, A. Thakur, Applications of Graphene-Based Composites-A Review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023 S.L. Pasarakonda et al., On the role of graphene oxide in bifunctional Ni/MOF/rGO composites in electrochemical nitrate detection and oxygen evolution reaction. New J. Chem. 47 (2), 725–736 (2023) F. Sajid et al., Fabrication and analysis of barium-based metal organic framework characteristic properties. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 36 (28), 2250198 (2022) Y. Yao et al., Hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks: synthetic strategies and applications. Small Struct. 4 (1), 2200187 (2023) Q. Wu et al., Carbon-based derivatives from metal-organic frameworks as cathode hosts for Li–S batteries. J. Energy Chem. 38 , 94–113 (2019) C. Qu et al., Nickel-based pillared MOFs for high-performance supercapacitors: design, synthesis and stability study. Nano Energy. 26 , 66–73 (2016) M.T. Saray, H. Hosseini, Mesoporous MnNiCoO4@ MnO2 core-shell nanowire/nanosheet arrays on flexible carbon cloth for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta. 222 , 505–517 (2016) V. Zeleňák, I. Saldan, Factors affecting hydrogen adsorption in metal–organic frameworks: A short review. Nanomaterials. 11 (7), 1638 (2021) X. Xu et al., Facile fabrication of three-dimensional graphene and metal–organic framework composites and their derivatives for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. 29 (14), 6058–6065 (2017) M. Zahir Iqbal, N. Amjad, M. Waqas Khan, Metal-organic‐framework as novel electrode materials for hybrid battery‐supercapacitor applications. ChemElectroChem. 9 (17), e202200036 (2022) Y. Jiao et al., Layered nickel metal–organic framework for high performance alkaline battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices. J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (34), 13344–13351 (2016) D. Xu et al., A heterostructure of a 2D bimetallic metal–organic framework assembled on an MXene for high-performance supercapacitors. Dalton Trans. 52 (8), 2455–2462 (2023) Q. Wang et al., Flower-shaped multiwalled carbon nanotubes@ nickel-trimesic acid MOF composite as a high-performance cathode material for energy storage. Electrochim. Acta. 281 , 69–77 (2018) M. Hosseinzadeh, S.A. Mozaffari, F. Ebrahimi, Porous 3D-graphene functionalized with MnO2 nanospheres and NiO nanoparticles as highly efficient electrodes for asymmetric capacitive deionization: Evaluation by impedance-derived capacitance spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta. 427 , 140844 (2022) S. Li et al., Hetero-structured NiS2/CoS2 nanospheres embedded on N/S co-doped carbon nanocages with ultra-thin nanosheets for hybrid supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta. 424 , 140604 (2022) S. Wustoni et al., Material Design and Characterization of Conducting Polymer-Based Supercapacitors. Polymer Reviews, 2023: pp. 1–59 S. Shaheen Shah et al., Recent Progress in Polyaniline and its Composites for Supercapacitors (The Chemical Record, 2023), p. e202300105 M.A.A. Shanmuganathan, A. Raghavan, S. Ghosh, Recent progress in polyaniline-based composites as electrode materials for pliable supercapacitors (Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2023) Q. Cheng et al., Ultrathin Ni-MOF nanosheet arrays grown on polyaniline decorated Ni foam as an advanced electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors with high energy density. Dalton Trans. 48 (13), 4119–4123 (2019) Y. Chen et al., Microwave-assisted synthesis of honeycomblike hierarchical spherical Zn-doped Ni-MOF as a high-performance battery-type supercapacitor electrode material. Electrochim. Acta. 278 , 114–123 (2018) C. Feng et al., A porous 2D Ni-MOF material with a high supercapacitive performance. J. Solid State Chem. 265 , 244–247 (2018) M. Jahan, Z. Liu, K.P. Loh, A Graphene oxide and copper-centered metal organic framework composite as a tri‐functional catalyst for HER, OER, and ORR. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 (43), 5363–5372 (2013) L. Yaqoob et al., Development of nickel-BTC-MOF-derived nanocomposites with rGO towards electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol and its product analysis. Catalysts. 9 (10), 856 (2019) X. Zhang et al., Nickel/cobalt bimetallic metal-organic frameworks ultrathin nanosheets with enhanced performance for supercapacitors. J. Alloys Compd. 825 , 154069 (2020) R. Sahoo et al., Highly scalable and pH stable 2D Ni-MOF-based composites for high performance supercapacitor. Compos. Part. B: Eng. 245 , 110174 (2022) S. Jia, Q. Wang, S. Wang, Ni-MOF/PANI-derived CN-doped NiO nanocomposites for high sensitive nonenzymic electrochemical detection. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym Mater. 31 , 865–874 (2021) J.-J. Han et al., Application of Cr-metal organic framework (MOF) modified polyaniline/graphene oxide materials in supercapacitors. Ionics. 28 (5), 2349–2362 (2022) T.-H. Nguyen et al., Electrochemical performance of composites made of rGO with Zn-MOF and PANI as electrodes for supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta. 367 , 137563 (2021) Q.B. Le et al., Electrochemical performance of composite electrodes based on rGO, Mn/Cu metal–organic frameworks, and PANI. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 664 (2022) M. Prajapati et al., Recent advancement in metal-organic frameworks and composites for high-performance supercapatteries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 183 , 113509 (2023) T. Wang, S. Chen, K.J. Chen, Metal-Organic Framework Composites and Their Derivatives as Efficient Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives (The Chemical Record, 2023), p. e202300006 S. Sivasubramanian, S. Vhanbatte, Graphene oxide a promising material–a review. Synthesis. 3 , 4 (2019) R. Shafique et al., Copper chromite/graphene oxide nanocomposite for capacitive energy storage and electrochemical applications. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19 (8), 7517–7526 (2022) L.W. Aguiar et al., Evaluation of the synthetic methods for preparing metal organic frameworks with transition metals. AIMS Mater. Sci., 2018. 5 (3) S. Kaushal et al., First transition series metal–organic frameworks: synthesis, properties and applications. Mater. Adv. 2 (22), 7308–7335 (2021) Z. Maliha et al., Investigation of copper/cobalt MOFs nanocomposite as an electrode material in supercapacitors. Int. J. Energy Res. 46 (12), 17404–17415 (2022) F. Zhang et al., Facile synthesis of MIL-100 (Fe) under HF-free conditions and its application in the acetalization of aldehydes with diols. Chem. Eng. J. 259 , 183–190 (2015) Q. Liu et al., High-performance water oxidation electrocatalysis enabled by a Ni-MOF nanosheet array. Inorg. Chem. Front. 5 (7), 1570–1574 (2018) O.V. Zalomaeva et al., Cyclic carbonates synthesis from epoxides and CO2 over metal–organic framework Cr-MIL-101. J. Catal. 298 , 179–185 (2013) H.Q. Alijani et al., Biosynthesis of spinel nickel ferrite nanowhiskers and their biomedical applications. Sci. Rep. 11 (1), 17431 (2021) A. Mesbah et al., From hydrated Ni3 (OH) 2 (C8H4O4) 2 (H2O) 4 to anhydrous Ni2 (OH) 2 (C8H4O4): impact of structural transformations on magnetic properties. Inorg. Chem. 53 (2), 872–881 (2014) A. Carton et al., Ab initio crystal structure of nickel (II) hydroxy-terephthalate by synchrotron powder diffraction and magnetic study. Solid State Sci. 9 (6), 465–471 (2007) M. Zeraati et al., A new nickel metal organic framework (Ni-MOF) porous nanostructure as a potential novel electrochemical sensor for detecting glucose. J. Porous Mater., 2022: pp. 1–11 J. An et al., Polyaniline-grafted graphene hybrid with amide groups and its use in supercapacitors. J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (37), 19699–19708 (2012) Y. Wu et al., 3D-monoclinic M–BTC MOF (M = Mn, Co, Ni) as highly efficient catalysts for chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates. Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 2018. 58: pp. 296–303 N. Macherla et al., Improved performance of flexible supercapacitor using naphthalene sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline/sulfur‐doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. Int. J. Energy Res. 46 (5), 6529–6542 (2022) Q. Zhou et al., Fabrication and characterisation of magnetic graphene oxide incorporated Fe3O4@polyaniline for the removal of bisphenol A, t-octyl-phenol, and α-naphthol from water. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 11316 (2017) T.P. Mofokeng et al., Defect-engineered nanostructured Ni/MOF-derived carbons for an efficient aqueous battery-type energy storage device. ACS omega. 5 (32), 20461–20472 (2020) T.N. Amirabad et al., Binder-free engineering design of Ni-MOF ultrathin sheet-like grown on PANI@ GO decorated nickel foam as an electrode for in hydrogen evolution reaction and asymmetric supercapacitor (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023) E. Elanthamilan et al., Polyaniline based charcoal/Ni nanocomposite material for high performance supercapacitors. Sustainable Energy Fuels. 2 (4), 811–819 (2018) M. Wang et al., Ni-MOF/Ti3C2Tx derived multidimensional hierarchical Ni/TiO2/C nanocomposites with lightweight and efficient microwave absorption. Ceram. Int. 48 (16), 22681–22690 (2022) Z. Hai et al., Facile synthesis of core–shell structured PANI-Co3O4 nanocomposites with superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. Appl. Surf. Sci. 361 , 57–62 (2016) Y. Bai et al., The first ternary Nd-MOF/GO/Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite exhibiting an excellent photocatalytic performance for dye degradation. Dalton Trans. 49 (31), 10745–10754 (2020) N. Munir et al., Experimental investigation of low dimensional spin system in metal oxides , vol. 1 (JOURNAL OF NANOSCOPE (JN), 2020). 01 Y. Yang et al., Photocatalytic activity of Ag–TiO2-graphene ternary nanocomposites and application in hydrogen evolution by water splitting. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 39 (15), 7664–7671 (2014) W.-K. Jo, N.C.S. Selvam, Enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic performance of ZnO–g-C3N4 coupled with graphene oxide as a novel ternary nanocomposite. J. Hazard. Mater. 299 , 462–470 (2015) M.H. Zare, A. Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Photocatalytic activity of ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 ternary nanocomposite for the degradation of naproxen: characterization and optimization using response surface methodology. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 1–24 (2022) A. Urooj et al., Morphological and optical investigation of 2D material-based ternary nanocomposite: Bi 2 O 3/MgO/GO synthesized by a co-precipitation technique. RSC Adv. 12 (51), 32986–32993 (2022) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6289773","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":434418567,"identity":"23b019f1-d14f-4f62-aba5-f522be2f61d9","order_by":0,"name":"Malika Rani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAyCiQMIAzEmoYGAwIE6LAUzLGeK1QBUythGhhe/2AdYNPwwsjPlnH3724OG8w/Lm7M0HGH5UbMOpRfJcAtvNHgMJM4lzaeYGidsOG+7sOZbA2HPmNk4tBmcY2G7wGEjYMJxhMJMAamHccCPHgJmxDb+Wm3+AWuTPsH+TSJxz2J4oLbeBtpgZnOEB2tJwOJGgFskzQFkZAwljwzM8ZRIJx9KTN5w5lnAQn1/4zjAfu/mmos5w3hn2bZI/aqxtNxxvPvjgRwVuLcC4aEDmNYPJA3jUY4A6UhSPglEwCkbBCAEAIDRZmYb7u6cAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"The Women University Multan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Malika","middleName":"","lastName":"Rani","suffix":""},{"id":434418568,"identity":"d4f6582c-5c6b-4c95-9754-e77b92ea4ca5","order_by":1,"name":"Beenish Zaheer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Women University Multan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Beenish","middleName":"","lastName":"Zaheer","suffix":""},{"id":434418569,"identity":"c0745d5b-f88d-4880-9353-b1d5d8d63d93","order_by":2,"name":"Fatima Sajid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Women University Multan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatima","middleName":"","lastName":"Sajid","suffix":""},{"id":434418570,"identity":"67d1fc38-d394-4d00-a981-d9c875072038","order_by":3,"name":"Akram Ibrahim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Khalid University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akram","middleName":"","lastName":"Ibrahim","suffix":""},{"id":434418571,"identity":"c42626f0-3833-4fa8-848a-48810a28c25c","order_by":4,"name":"Aqeel Ahmad Shah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aqeel","middleName":"Ahmad","lastName":"Shah","suffix":""},{"id":434418572,"identity":"41184e84-cb39-4283-bdea-5cc897c0a1b7","order_by":5,"name":"Ali Dad Chandio","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"Dad","lastName":"Chandio","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-23 18:23:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6289773/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6289773/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-025-03862-w","type":"published","date":"2025-08-12T15:57:19+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79917383,"identity":"c4c2bcde-eb7f-42c1-8569-50d8855c0dc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-04 12:55:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":306859,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) \u003c/strong\u003eXRD spectra of GO, PANI, Ni-MOF, Ni-MOF@GO/PANI \u003cstrong\u003e(b) \u003c/strong\u003eXRD spectrum of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/2fa6307f599cdd1ab6358d14.jpeg"},{"id":79917386,"identity":"4105dd97-fb8f-4b0b-b62e-3f2c71bb12ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-04 12:55:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176443,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of GO, Ni-MOF, PANI and Ni-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/b887807b0c8337fde633d9ff.jpeg"},{"id":79917385,"identity":"93c59a09-01c9-4e3a-8090-39ad5260f91c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-04 12:55:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":167801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRAMAN spectra of GO, Ni-MOF, and Ni-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/ce811546e7f2576ccc33504c.jpeg"},{"id":79917875,"identity":"235b3dbd-bd16-4007-97e0-a7eb85290bec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-04 13:03:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":735998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a-d) \u003c/strong\u003eSEM images of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI along with Particle Size Distribution of the Nanocomposite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/b8ffd049d35cf71e98d03e78.jpg"},{"id":79917389,"identity":"b3d36a6a-abbd-4d8a-90d0-cce321d7baff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-04 12:55:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) \u003c/strong\u003eUV-Vis spectrum of GO \u003cstrong\u003e(b) \u003c/strong\u003eUV-Vis spectrum of Ni-MOF \u003cstrong\u003e(c) \u003c/strong\u003eUV-Vis spectrum of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/6c32ff51e75c65a36aa96f8a.jpeg"},{"id":79917387,"identity":"ca5b368d-6e1a-4b6a-bc93-265f47c8879c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-04 12:55:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) \u003c/strong\u003ePL spectrum of GO \u003cstrong\u003e(b) \u003c/strong\u003ePL spectrum of Ni-MOF \u003cstrong\u003e(c) \u003c/strong\u003ePL spectrum of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/e8eff5cabfc7e5d3eaf16069.jpeg"},{"id":79917393,"identity":"41d7acef-29ff-4dda-bd4f-9a8cb1f35bc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-04 12:55:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":216018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) \u003c/strong\u003eCV at different scan rates, \u003cstrong\u003e(b) \u003c/strong\u003especific capacitance vs. scan rate plot, \u003cstrong\u003e(c) \u003c/strong\u003edischarge curves at different current densities, \u003cstrong\u003e(d) \u003c/strong\u003ecyclic stability and charge retention after 5000 cycles and \u003cstrong\u003e(e) \u003c/strong\u003eNyquist plots.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/c847cf6acedfc7ab12b38514.jpeg"},{"id":89310649,"identity":"9d80680c-e072-4bee-a4e6-e53415ed1d26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 16:09:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2819718,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6289773/v1/06c694cf-a3af-4f9d-95ea-604420dfc665.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Ni-MOF@PANI/GO nanocomposite: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrode Material","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe primary obstacles hindering the progress of our society are the inadequacy of energy resources and the detrimental effects of environmental pollution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In order to confront these challenges, a primary focus of research is directed towards the advancement and progression of sustainable energy storage devices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. To meet growing energy consumption requirements, efficient and renewable energy storage technologies needs to be developed because they can store a lot of energy efficiently and exhibit superior power density and energy compared to rechargeable batteries and capacitors, hybrid supercapacitors have drawn a lot of attention as a result of these difficulties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical supercapacitor (SC) is an essential component of modern technology.SC is among the prospective energy storage systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the electrode-electrolyte charge separation and the Faradaic reaction, graphene oxide (GO) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], transition metal oxides/hydroxides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], and conductive polymers[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] are commonly utilized as electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). One of the most frequent materials used in SC electrodes is graphene oxide (GO). It has good electrical qualities and is environmentally friendly. However, the presence of van der Waals force causes the GO to aggregate and reduces the specific surface area of samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The aggregation of GO sheets could be avoided by mixing GO with other nanoparticle materials. The nanoparticles within the composites could embed between neighboring layers, preventing stacking and increasing surface area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This work aims to explore the effects of amorphous nickel-metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) when it is used to be a matrix in composites containing graphene oxide (GO) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal organic frameworks (MOF) materials are gaining the attention of scientists worldwide. MOFs are unique by their large surface area, tunable pore size, and structural properties making them a promising material for various applications including drug delivery, separation, sensing, gas storage, energy storage and catalysis[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. They are basically crystalline materials possessing incredibly large porosity (90% free volume) with large internal surface area more than 6000m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g. (MOFs) a novel porous material can be synthesized by coupling metal ions with organic ligands in strong coordinative interactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. They can also be designed with surfaces that are extremely porous, allowing for numerous electroactive centers to be exposed to the electrolyte and additional surface areas for pseudocapacitive storage through the use of open pores [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the electrochemically fueled ion exchange activity is facilitated by their porosity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Numerous metal ions, including Zr-, Fe- Cr-, Ni-, Mn-, Zn-, Cu-, Nd- and Co- have been reported. Lately, they have drawn a lot of attention as active materials to improve the efficiency and energy storage of SCs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. MOFs can be utilized directly as a porous substrate to create active sites for metal ions within a current collector [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The intrinsic low conductivity of MOFs has limited their applicability in SCs because of low charge transfer, which deteriorates the active material electrode during charging and discharging. As a result, the essential stability parameter related to the supercapacitor use has reduced [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. One of them entails mixing MOFs with conducting materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] such as graphene oxide (GO), porous carbon (PC), and carbon nanotubes (CNT), and linking the composite to the current collector electrode with a non-conductive polymer binder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. These binders are going to reduce electrical conductivity and restrict charge penetration. As a result, there will be fewer electroactive centers and more charge transfer resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a conducting polymer, PANI demonstrates promising properties for one of the potential materials for SC applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. PANI composites comprising high specific surface areas, active sites, porous structures, and high conductivity were examined by researchers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. PANI has a number of intriguing characteristics particularly high porosity, wide surface area and excellent conductivity. It also has poor cycle stability, limited mechanical strength, and a significant difference between estimated and actual capacitance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor example, Qiuhui Cheng et al. described the use of a Ni-MOF film electrode used as the positive electrode in SC, providing 45.6 Whkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of energy density (power density 850.0 Wkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. According to Chen et al., To develop spherical zinc-doped nickel-based MOF materials that had a high specific capacity of 237.4 mA h g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 122.3 mA h g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 20 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, a hydrothermal technique was used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Two-dimensional Ni-based MOF, which exhibits good electrochemical performance, was initially described by Feng C. et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. They thus become appropriate active materials for electrochemical activities such as energy storage and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. By using a solvothermal method, Ni-MOF and rGO nanocomposites were synthesized. A possible candidate for methanol oxidation in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) applications was found to the Ni-BTC 4 wt% and rGO composite, which demonstrated a strong current density of 200.22 mAcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 0.69 V over 50mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to X. Zhang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], the synthesized Ni-BTC MOF showed a spherical shape made of ultrathin nanosheets, while the NiCo-BTC (mole ratio of Ni:Co of 2:1) displayed a heterogeneous morphology comprising spherical structures with smooth surfaces. In contrast, the latter showed a greater specific capacity at 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (568 vs. 407 C g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). R. Sahoo et al. report that the best specific capacitance values among bare MOFs along with their precursors were obtained by synthesizing a composite Ni-MOF@GO by mixing graphene oxide with MOF precursors. High specific capacities of 65 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 10 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 111.4 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 2 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e were shown by the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC). The device had an amazing 84% cycle life over 7000 cycles, producing 30.7 W h kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of energy density as well as 388.5 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of power density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Ni-MOF/polyaniline (PANI) was calcinated at high temperatures to produce a flower-like carbon-nitrogen atomic doped NiO nanocomposite (CN-NiO), which was then coated on a glassy carbon electrode to create a nonenzymic electrochemical sensor [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The Ni-MOF/PANI/NF displays an excellent rate capacity (71.3%) at 50 mA cm-2 and a high areal capacitance (3626.4 mF cm-2 at 2 mAcm-2). Additionally, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device based on Ni-MOF/PANI/NF and activated carbon (AC) can outperform the majority of the reported pristine MOF-based ASC devices with a maximum energy density of 45.6 W h kg-1 (850.0 W kg-1) and excellent cyclic stability (capacitance retention of 81.6% after 10,000 cycles) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. PANI/GO/Cr-MOF ternary nanocomposite was created using an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The ASCs (asymmetric supercapacitors) showed excellent rate performance, with specific capacitances of 243.125 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 0.5 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 243 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 242.5 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 2 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. They also had exceptional cycling properties, with a high average energy and power density of 21.56 W/kg and 3.6 kWkg-1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. To be used as a supercapacitor electrode material, Zn-MOF was synthesised and combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and PANI. At 0.1 A/g charge-discharge analysis, a rGO/Zn-MOF@PANI sample with a large surface and large pore sizes yielded the highest specific capacitance of approximately 372 Fg-1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The ability to increase capacitance by combining Mn- and Cu- MOFs with polyaniline (PANI), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was employed as the matrix in this study to create electrochemical double-layer SCs. As a result of electrochemical analysis, the rGO/Cu-MOF@PANI composite had the highest specific capacitance of roughly 276 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at a current density of 0.5 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].However, there are few studies on the design of hybrid MOF-based SCs, according to the literature review. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop composite that can be used in SCs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the composites of GO, PANI, and Ni-MOF were synthesized using the in-situ polymerization approach, where PANI was supported on the composite structure of GO and Ni-MOF. In order to assess how well the materials could work as an electrode material for SC, their electrochemical properties were examined. The hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-MOFs with trimesic acid (C9H6O6) and its composite with GO and polyaniline (PANI) are described in this paper. This work developed a hybrid super-capacitive electrode material that combines the high surface area and tunable characteristics of Ni-MOFs with the conductivity of Polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide (GO).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Chemical and Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphite powder: 99.9% pure, Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4): 99.9% pure, Nitric Acid (HNO3): 90% pure, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): 33% pure, Sodium Nitrate (NaNo3): 99% pure, Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4): 98% pure, Nickel nitrate hexa-hydrate [(NiNO3)2\u0026sdot;6H2O]: 99.9% pure, Trimesic Acid or 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid [H3BTC (C9H6O6)]: 96%, Ammonium per sulfate (APS): [(NH4)2S2O8], Aniline (C6H5NH2), Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), ethanol:99% pure, DI water: 98%, were used to synthesize Ni-MOF@GO/PANI nano-composite. The reagents and chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received, without any further purification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide (GO)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified Hummers' approach was used to synthesize graphene oxide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Hummers' method involved oxidizing graphite to produce graphene oxide. A 1000 mL beaker containing 2 g of graphite powder and 2 g of sodium nitrate (NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) was continuously stirred over an ice bath (0\u0026ndash;5\u0026deg;C) to stir the materials in 50 mL of sulphuric acid (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). The solution's temperature was held constant for two hours. To keep the solution's temperature below 15\u0026deg;C, potassium permanganate (6 g) was added gradually and gently. After that, 184 mL of distilled water was slowly added, and the mixture was agitated for 2 hours. The suspension was agitated for two hours at 35\u0026deg;C after the ice bath was removed. This solution was kept at 98\u0026deg;C for 10 to 15 minutes in a reflux system. After 10 minutes, it produced a brown-colored solution and raised the temperature to 30\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe temperature dropped to 25\u0026deg;C after 10 min and stayed there for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then given a final addition of 40 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which turned the reaction's black color into a bright yellow. The aforementioned solution was mixed with 200 mL of water for an hour. The solution was left at room temperature once the stirring was stopped. The particles in the beaker settled to the bottom after 3\u0026ndash;4 hours, and any remaining water is placed into the filtration process. The resulting solution was centrifuged numerous times with 10% HCl and DI water until the pH was neutral and it took on the texture of a gel. For our nanocomposite, graphene oxide (GO) grains were obtained by vacuum-drying the gel-like material at 60\u0026deg;C for more than 24 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Synthesis of Nickel Metal-organic Framework (Ni-MOF)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a hydrothermal method [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR45 CR46\" citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e], a new Ni-MOF was synthesized in which the reaction mixture was allowed to self-settle in an autoclave for 24 hours. Firstly, 0.5 gm of Trimesic acid (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) and 0.5 gm of Nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) were precisely measured using a physical electronic balance. The reagents were then dissolved in 60 ml of deionized (DI) water using the magnetic stirring method for 10 to 15 minutes. The resulting solution was then poured into a Teflon lined autoclave and placed in an oven at 160 ᵒC for 12 hours to produce a self-assembled structure. The mixture was then rinsed with Ethanol and DI water and centrifuged five times to get pH 7. The precipitates were transferred to a clean petri dish and dried in an oven at 160ᵒC. Finally, the dry sample was slightly ground to crystal powder with Agate Mortar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Synthesis of Polyaniline (PANI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical process of oxidative polymerization was used to synthesize PANI. 100 mL of DI water and 5 mL of aniline (C6H5NH2) monomer were combined to create a monomer solution. The initiator solution was then created by combining ammonium persulfate (APS) powder with 50mL DI water and stirred for 30 minutes. Then, the reactor glass was concurrently filled with the monomer and initiator solutions, and the mixture was stirred for 15 to 20 minutes at room temperature. 3mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added dropwise using a syringe while the mixture was continuously stirred. The pH was checked, and the mixture was left at room temperature overnight. A homogenous mixture was achieved by controlling the solution flow rate. The solution changed from a clear tint to a blackish-green color, signifying the production of PANI. Filter the solution with lots of water until the filtrate appeared colorless. Keep the paste in a vacuum oven at 80\u0026deg;C for 24 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Synthesis of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI Ternary Composite\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-situ polymerization technique is used to synthesize ternary nanocomposite. This technique involves firstly dispersing the 0.05gm of GO and 0.1gm of Ni-MOF precursor into 20 mL DI water followed by 1 h of sonication. For solution #2, 50 mL of DI water and 2.5 mL of aniline monomer were added in a different beaker and stirred for 30 minutes. Add solution #1 dropwise to solution #2 and stir for 10 minutes. In another beaker, 3.0 g of APS was added to 20 mL of DI water and stirred for 30 minutes. This solution was added to the already prepared solution above and mixed well. After 15 min 1.5 mL HCl was added dropwise using syringe until its color become greenish black. Check the pH after 10 minutes. The mixture is then subjected to polymerization and placed to set overnight. Then, the solution was filtered until it becomes colorless. Keep the paste in oven at 60\u0026deg;C for 24 hours to obtain nanoparticles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Electrode Fabrication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor electrochemical characterization of synthesized materials, slurry was prepared by stirring 8:1:1 mixture of active material, carbon black and PVDF as binder. Slurry was mixed for 8 h b y magnetic stirring and then coated on already weighed 1 x 1 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Ni foam sample followed by frying at 80\u0026deg;C for 6 h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. CHARACTERIZATION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSynthesized Ni-MOF and its composite with GO and PANI was characterized by various approaches to study their behavior and results. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the crystal structure of the synthesized materials, including the lattice parameters and crystal size, in the 2θ range of 10\u0026ndash;70\u0026deg; using the unique Cu-K alpha radiation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis is used to identify the functional groups. A (PE Lamada-356) UV-vis spectrometer is used to carry out UV-vis scanning spectrophotometry. A photoluminescent spectrometer (FLS1000 by Edinburgh Instruments) was used for the PL analysis. Lastly, electrochemical measurements are carried out in three electrode cell assembly using potentiostat/galvanostat/ZRA Interface 1000-E of Gamry instruments USA. Coated Ni foam sample acted as working electrode, graphite as counter electrode and Hg/HgO as reference electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out in potential range of 0-0.6 V at different scan rates of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mV/s. Galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) was carried out in same potential window at 1, 5 and 10 A/g current density. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out in frequency range of 10 mHz to 100 kHZ at 5 mV potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. shows the XRD analysis used to identify the crystalline structure and phase purity of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI. The XRD pattern of ternary nanocomposite with peaks at 2θ values of 10\u0026deg;, 18\u0026deg;, 23\u0026deg;, 25\u0026deg;, 28\u0026deg;, 29\u0026deg;, 35\u0026deg; and 42\u0026deg; represent (001), (020), (004), (200), (125), (022) and (512) planes indicating the peaks for GO, PANI and Ni-MOF respectively confirms the ternary nanocomposite formation. The two main peaks are at 2θ value showing 25\u0026deg; and 28\u0026deg;, indicating that [Ni3(H3BTC)2] was successfully synthesized. The presence of Ni is confirmed by the peaks at 2θ showing 35\u0026deg; (022) and 42\u0026deg; (512). The two peaks at 2θ values at 25\u0026deg;and 20\u0026deg; with their positions around (200) and (020) confirms the formation of PANI and GO. The area of crystalline peak is 196.409 (au)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and the area of all peaks is 221.962 (au)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The material crystallinity is observed using the formula in presented in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{C}\\varvec{r}\\varvec{y}\\varvec{s}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{l}\\varvec{l}\\varvec{i}\\varvec{n}\\varvec{i}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{y}=\\frac{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{a}\\:\\mathbf{o}\\mathbf{f}\\:\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{y}\\mathbf{s}\\mathbf{t}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{l}\\mathbf{l}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{n}\\mathbf{e}\\:\\mathbf{p}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{k}\\mathbf{s}}{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{r}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{a}\\:\\mathbf{o}\\mathbf{f}\\:\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{l}\\mathbf{l}\\:\\mathbf{p}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{k}\\mathbf{s}}\\:\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crystallinity observed is 88%. The advantage of this method is that all the functional groups are obtained resulting in a favorable suppression of graphene onto the synthesized nanocomposite. The crystallite size of GO and Ni-MOF significantly decreases in the nanocomposite by Debye-Scherrer Formula,\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{D}=\\frac{\\mathbf{K}}{\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{o}\\mathbf{s}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere D stands for mean crystallite size, k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94, λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.54\u0026Aring; (X-ray source wavelength), \u0026#120573; stands for peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) respectively. Thus the average crystallite size obtained by the Scherrer Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) is 13.767 nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXRD analysis of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Position (2 Theta)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFWHM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-spacing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystalline Size D(nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage D(nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.362\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. shows the FT-IR spectra used to find functional groups. In the OH as well as para-aromatic CH structures, the main amino groups' tensile vibration is represented by two stretching peaks in the 4000\u0026ndash;400cm-1 range. The presence of a peak related to the tensile strength of the O-H hydroxyl bond is at 3389cm-1. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e], The other, at 1619 cm-1, is connected with the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O tensile vibration and indicates that the -COO ligand contains a carboxyl group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. The C-O bond's tensile vibration has produced a peak in the range of 1072 cm-1[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. The -COO ligand's role in the C-N bond is confirmed by a strong peak at 1471 cm-1. Pyridine dicarboxylate is eliminated in the process and serves as a bridge ligand to form Ni-MOF, as seen by the lack of peaks in the range between 1600 and 1800 cm-1, which are typical patterns of protonated carboxyl groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pyridine ring creates the absorption bands at 830\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;725 cm-1 caused by the vibrations caused by the C-H groups. Finally, a peak for the O-Ni-O bond was seen around 596 cm-1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. The corresponding MOF nanostructures are matched with the peaks mentioned [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. The production of Ni-MOF@PANI-GO was confirmed by the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching vibration seen at 1583 cm-1 in the spectra after the reaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, a sharp absorption band at 721 cm-1 is indicative of the structure's Ni-O stretching vibration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the peak seen in the PANI/GO spectra at 1244 cm-1, which is associated with C-N stretching, supports the development of chemical bonds between PANI and GO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the spectrum, the ternary nanocomposite is composed by Ni-MOF/PANI/GO and synthesis procedure involves the reduction of GO and the production of PANI by the chemical oxidation of aniline with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidizing agent[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of PANI, GO, and MOF characteristic peaks in the FTIR spectrum demonstrates the effective synthesis of the ternary nanocomposite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 RAMAN Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. shows the Raman spectroscopy analysis used to study the vibrational modes of the prepared ternary nanocomposite. Multiple bands associated with the vibration modes of carboxylate group and aromatic ring are observed. The weak peaks at 341cm-1, 400cm-1 and 601 cm-1 correspond to the longitudinal mode (LA) and 368 cm-1 leads to the Nickel metal node-oxygen (Ni-O) vibration respectively. The organic ligand linkage of (\u0026mdash;C\u0026ndash;N) aliphatic corresponds to 558cm-1. (C\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;C) vibration corresponds to weak peak at 936cm-1. (C\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;C) asymmetric bond vibration corresponds to 936cm-1. A relatively small band at 368 cm-1 for NiO indicates the successful formation of Ni\u0026ndash;MOF.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn case of ternary nanocomposite, Weak bond vibrations of Ni\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;OH correspond to 487 cm\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1. After chemical etching, the Ni\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;OH becomes flat with slight shifts in the D band (1347 cm\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1) and G band (1588 cm\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1), whereas the 2D band (2682 cm\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1). These observations indicate the removal of the passive Ni(OH)2 layer and create some defects in the chemically prepared sample. The removal of the passive Ni(OH)2 layer is necessary because Ni(OH)2 has previously been reported to exhibit significant interfacial resistance toward electron transport [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first-order G and D peaks, both arising from the vibrations of sp2 carbon contains band marks as D and G bands. D-band appears at \u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;1347cm-1, while G-band appears at \u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;1588 cm-1. The D peak represents the breathing mode of aromatic rings arising due to the defect in the sample. Weak and broad 2D peaks are another indication of disorder corresponding to 2682cm-1 in the spectrum. A defect activated peak called D\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;G is also readily visible near the band at \u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;2916cm-1 as a consequence of C-H bonding. This band has also been interpreted as the combination of the D and G bands. The Raman spectrum of a material can be used to classify it based on the ratio of the intensity of its D and G bands. A value of I\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e/I\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e less than one indicates that the material is GO. Furthermore, shifts in the Raman bands and decrease the intensity of them reveal how the graphene sheets interact with the existing compound showing ID/IG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.967. These peaks indicate the successful formation of the ternary nanocomposite of Ni-MOF@PANI/GO [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR60\" citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.3 SEM Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003e3.3 SEM Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;4 (a-d)\u003c/b\u003e SEM images of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI along with Particle Size Distribution of the Nanocomposite\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;4(a-d), SEM analysis was employed to study the microstructure and detailed morphology of the surface-active materials. The SEM image of PANI displays nano-granular morphology with irregular shaped particles. The formation of PANI with such morphology can be caused by strong interactions between conjugated polymer chains. The SEM image in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4(a) displays the amorphous crystalline structure of Ni-MOF. As can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4c, the amorphous crystal structure is observed. GO is randomly embedded within the composite, with a little amount of PANI coating the GO nanosheets. The observed densified structure demonstrates the appropriate fusion of the composite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4b) indicating that GO's potential to cause heterogeneous nucleation is restricted. Figure\u0026nbsp;4c shows that PANI particles are evenly encapsulated on doped GO and Ni-MOF, reducing agglomeration and ensuring high electrochemical performance. The average diameter of the nanoparticles that are anchored on the surface lies approximately between 0.62912 and 1.94643 um.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 UV-Vis Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(a-c) shows the UV spectrum analysis. Although the band gap of ternary nanocomposite is measured \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e Tauc Plot Method. The modification in the optical band gap and the absorption behavior of composite played an important role in opto-electronic device implementation. The absorption spectrum obtained \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e UV-vis spectroscopy exhibits maximum absorption at 289.19 nm. The refractive Index of the sample is calculated to be 12.89. The energy band gap value of the ternary nanocomposite measured using the Tauc plot is a direct band gap of 4.02 eV. This indicates the choice of the ternary nanocomposite as a favorable element for far UVB emissive device applications. In order to calculate optical band gap, we use the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eα\u003cb\u003eh\u003c/b\u003eν\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e = \u003cb\u003eA(h\u003c/b\u003eν \u0026minus; \u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, α is absorption coefficient, A is a constant, h is Planck's constant, ν is the photon frequency, Eg is the optical band gap, n is an exponent which have values of 2 for direct-band semiconductors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e]. As can be seen from figure, Eg values are about 4.02 eV. The results indicated that GO played a vital role in decreasing the optical band gap, broadening visible light absorption range and improving the utilization ratio of visible light, which is analogous to reported in the literature showing the successful formation of ternary nanocomposite of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to compute the band gap at a given energy state due to electron-hole recombination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e], the photoluminescence spectrum is investigated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a-c). The optical spectra of GO, Ni-MOF and PANI nanocomposite with varying wavenumbers were studied. Allocation of nanoparticles can be predicted with high accuracy using the expected 3.98 eV optical band gap in the visible range at the 311.14 nm band edge. The transfer behavior of photo-generated electrons and holes in semi-conductor materials is studied using photoluminescence. By altering the band gap, photoluminescence increases quantum confinement. While zero band gap graphite does not have photoluminescence characteristics, a decrease in size causes quantum confinement, which causes the band to open. The efficiency of charge carrier advancement, mobility and retention can all be studied using the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum. Lower emission intensity denotes a decrease in recombination rate. It is well known that excited electron hole pairs are the primary source of PL emission. The semiconductor's electrons can be energized and moved through the ground state (valence band) into the excited state (conduction band) when it receives energy from its surroundings. However, because they become unstable at high energies, electrons will eventually return [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure shows the PL-spectrum of ternary nanocomposite of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI at room temperature in the wavelength range of 200\u0026ndash;400 nm with an excitation wavelength of 311.14 nm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the band gap calculated is 3.98 eV using the formula, which is in close approximation to the calculated value of the UV-vis band gap energy \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, 3.40 eV. The difference in the band gap calculated using PL and UV-vis spectroscopy may be due to defects, impurities, dopants, and the contribution of the non-radiative energy transfer to the actual energy that is measured by the device\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\varvec{E}\\varvec{g}=\\frac{1240}{\\varvec{\\lambda\\:}\\left(\\varvec{n}\\varvec{m}\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e(eV)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimated value of GO band gap is in the 3.1\u0026ndash;3.6 eV region, and using FWHM, it can be seen that the particle distribution is in nanometer-scale. The PL graph demonstrates that the ternary nanocomposite's absorption peak shifts towards a lower wavelength range and closely approximates the energy gap value determined by UV-vis spectroscopy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]. As can be seen in Figure the optical characteristics of nanoparticles are faithfully reproduced in the resulting nanocomposite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Electrochemical measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e displays cyclic voltammograms of Ni-MOF@GO/PANI (B5) under different scan rates. The cyclic voltammetry conducted at varying scan rates demonstrated a reverse correlation between specific capacitance and scan rate. Specifically, for B5, the specific capacitance decreased from 206 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 1 mVs-1 to 27 Fg-1 at 100 mVs-1. The relationship between specific capacitance and scan rate is graphically depicted in Figure. Table presents the computed specific capacitance values corresponding to different scan rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific capacitance calculated from CV data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(B5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCD analysis stands as a crucial technique for assessing the charge and discharge characteristics of supercapacitor electrodes. GCD experiments were conducted on B5 electrodes, utilizing current densities of 10 Ag-1, 5 Ag-1, and 1 Ag-1, with the objective of investigating the impact of current density on specific capacitance. Notably, specific capacitance exhibited an inverse relationship with current density. The GCD profiles of B5 electrode at different current densities are visually depicted in Figure. The computed specific capacitance values are tabulated in Table. All discharge curves exhibited a characteristic hump, affirming the pseudocapacitive behavior of the B5 electrode. B5 electrode showcased the discharge time of 110 s along specific capacitance value of 183 Fg-1 at a current density of 1 Ag-1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific capacitance calculated from GCD data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNi-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(B5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe assessment of cyclic stability serves as a pivotal parameter for examining electrode performance after several number of cycles. To delve into cyclic stability and charge retention characteristics, a comprehensive investigation involving 5000 cyclic voltammetry CV cycles at a scan rate of 100 mVs-1 was carried out. The CV profile and charge retention after different number of cycles of B5 are represented in Figure. Remarkably, the CV curves for all electrodes after varying cycle counts exhibited a consistent resemblance, underscoring a commendable cyclic stability. Notably, the shape of the CV curves remained remarkably uniform. Charge retention results revealed that B5 electrode displayed charge retention of 81.5% after 5000 cycles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Table presents the EIS values, derived through fitting the EEC model. The EIS results indicate that the B5 electrode displayed low values for both Rs (series resistance) and Rct (charge transfer resistance). Particularly, composite exhibited the Rct value of 723.5 Ωcm2, affirming its superior electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the Rs value for the B5 electrode was also low at 798.5E-3 Ωcm2. The observation of Warburg impedance signals the presence of a diffusion-based charge storage mechanism, underscoring an enhanced ion diffusion process that contributes to the high energy storage capacity of the electrodes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEIS values of calculated from Nyquist plots.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents in equivalent circuit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNi-MOF@GO/PANI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(B5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e (Ω*cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e798.5E-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csub\u003ect\u003c/sub\u003e (Ω*cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e723.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003edl\u003c/sub\u003e (F)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.55E-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW (Ω*cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e454.7E-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness of Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.68E-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":" \u003cp\u003eXRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis and PL analysis confirmed successful synthesis of GO, PANI, MOFs and their composites as all characteristic peaks and functional groups were identified in structural characterization techniques. Electrochemical characterization revealed that Ni-MOG@PANI-GO (B5) sample possessed highest specific capacitance of 206 F/g at 1 mV/s and charge retention of more than 80% even after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. EIS analysis showed that B5 possessed low solution and charge transfer resistance which is an indication of good electrical conductivity and electrode-electrolyte interaction. Electrochemical characterization revealed that Ni-MOG@PANI-GO composites have potential to be used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Also because of its porous design, improved capacitive behavior, and stronger conductive characteristics, the composite performs better. Additionally, our study demonstrates that the Ni-MOF@GO/PANI composite's cryogenic nature guaranteed greater stability, which is maintained over prolonged charge/discharge cycles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is no conflict of interest among the authors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research was supervised by Malika Rani. The manuscript was written and results were analyzed by Beenish Zaheer and Fatima Sajid. The Project assistance was given by Akram Ibrahim. The characterizations were assisted by Aqeel Ahmad Shah and Ali Dad Chandio.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received support from the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudia Arabia (RGP2/505/45).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA.G. Olabi et al., Supercapacitors as next generation energy storage devices: Properties and applications. Energy. \u003cb\u003e248\u003c/b\u003e, 123617 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ.M. Baptista et al., State-of-the-art materials for high power and high energy supercapacitors: Performance metrics and obstacles for the transition from lab to industrial scale\u0026ndash;A critical approach. Chem. Eng. J. \u003cb\u003e374\u003c/b\u003e, 1153\u0026ndash;1179 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZ. Liang et al., Synergistic effect of Co\u0026ndash;Ni hybrid phosphide nanocages for ultrahigh capacity fast energy storage. Adv. Sci. \u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e(8), 1802005 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Yaseen et al., A review of supercapacitors: materials design, modification, and applications. Energies. \u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e(22), 7779 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eW. Dong et al., Materials design and preparation for high energy density and high power density electrochemical supercapacitors. Mater. Sci. Engineering: R: Rep. \u003cb\u003e152\u003c/b\u003e, 100713 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Jia et al., Practical graphene technologies for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. \u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e(42), 2204272 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN. Parveen, \u003cem\u003eResent Development of Binder-Free Electrodes of Transition Metal Oxides and Nanohybrids for High Performance Supercapacitors\u0026ndash;A Review\u003c/em\u003e (The Chemical Record, 2023), p. e202300065\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eW. Zhao et al., Recent advances in metal-organic framework-based electrode materials for supercapacitors: A review. J. Energy Storage. \u003cb\u003e62\u003c/b\u003e, 106934 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN.S. Shaikh et al., Novel electrodes for supercapacitor: Conducting polymers, metal oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, MXenes, and their composites with graphene. J. Alloys Compd. \u003cb\u003e893\u003c/b\u003e, 161998 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Tamang et al., A concise review on GO, rGO and metal oxide/rGO composites: Fabrication and their supercapacitor and catalytic applications. J. Alloys Compd., 2023: p. 169588\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Kamboj, A. Thakur, \u003cem\u003eApplications of Graphene-Based Composites-A Review.\u003c/em\u003e Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS.L. Pasarakonda et al., On the role of graphene oxide in bifunctional Ni/MOF/rGO composites in electrochemical nitrate detection and oxygen evolution reaction. New J. Chem. \u003cb\u003e47\u003c/b\u003e(2), 725\u0026ndash;736 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eF. Sajid et al., Fabrication and analysis of barium-based metal organic framework characteristic properties. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B \u003cb\u003e36\u003c/b\u003e(28), 2250198 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Yao et al., Hierarchically porous metal\u0026ndash;organic frameworks: synthetic strategies and applications. Small Struct. \u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e(1), 2200187 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQ. Wu et al., Carbon-based derivatives from metal-organic frameworks as cathode hosts for Li\u0026ndash;S batteries. J. Energy Chem. \u003cb\u003e38\u003c/b\u003e, 94\u0026ndash;113 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC. Qu et al., Nickel-based pillared MOFs for high-performance supercapacitors: design, synthesis and stability study. Nano Energy. \u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e, 66\u0026ndash;73 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM.T. Saray, H. Hosseini, Mesoporous MnNiCoO4@ MnO2 core-shell nanowire/nanosheet arrays on flexible carbon cloth for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta. \u003cb\u003e222\u003c/b\u003e, 505\u0026ndash;517 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eV. Zeleň\u0026aacute;k, I. Saldan, Factors affecting hydrogen adsorption in metal\u0026ndash;organic frameworks: A short review. Nanomaterials. \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e(7), 1638 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eX. Xu et al., Facile fabrication of three-dimensional graphene and metal\u0026ndash;organic framework composites and their derivatives for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. \u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e(14), 6058\u0026ndash;6065 (2017)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Zahir Iqbal, N. Amjad, M. Waqas Khan, Metal-organic‐framework as novel electrode materials for hybrid battery‐supercapacitor applications. ChemElectroChem. \u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e(17), e202200036 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Jiao et al., Layered nickel metal\u0026ndash;organic framework for high performance alkaline battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices. J. Mater. Chem. A \u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e(34), 13344\u0026ndash;13351 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD. Xu et al., A heterostructure of a 2D bimetallic metal\u0026ndash;organic framework assembled on an MXene for high-performance supercapacitors. Dalton Trans. \u003cb\u003e52\u003c/b\u003e(8), 2455\u0026ndash;2462 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQ. Wang et al., Flower-shaped multiwalled carbon nanotubes@ nickel-trimesic acid MOF composite as a high-performance cathode material for energy storage. Electrochim. Acta. \u003cb\u003e281\u003c/b\u003e, 69\u0026ndash;77 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Hosseinzadeh, S.A. Mozaffari, F. Ebrahimi, Porous 3D-graphene functionalized with MnO2 nanospheres and NiO nanoparticles as highly efficient electrodes for asymmetric capacitive deionization: Evaluation by impedance-derived capacitance spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta. \u003cb\u003e427\u003c/b\u003e, 140844 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Li et al., Hetero-structured NiS2/CoS2 nanospheres embedded on N/S co-doped carbon nanocages with ultra-thin nanosheets for hybrid supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta. \u003cb\u003e424\u003c/b\u003e, 140604 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Wustoni et al., \u003cem\u003eMaterial Design and Characterization of Conducting Polymer-Based Supercapacitors.\u003c/em\u003e Polymer Reviews, 2023: pp. 1\u0026ndash;59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Shaheen Shah et al., \u003cem\u003eRecent Progress in Polyaniline and its Composites for Supercapacitors\u003c/em\u003e (The Chemical Record, 2023), p. e202300105\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM.A.A. Shanmuganathan, A. Raghavan, S. Ghosh, \u003cem\u003eRecent progress in polyaniline-based composites as electrode materials for pliable supercapacitors\u003c/em\u003e (Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQ. Cheng et al., Ultrathin Ni-MOF nanosheet arrays grown on polyaniline decorated Ni foam as an advanced electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors with high energy density. Dalton Trans. \u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e(13), 4119\u0026ndash;4123 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Chen et al., Microwave-assisted synthesis of honeycomblike hierarchical spherical Zn-doped Ni-MOF as a high-performance battery-type supercapacitor electrode material. Electrochim. Acta. \u003cb\u003e278\u003c/b\u003e, 114\u0026ndash;123 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC. Feng et al., A porous 2D Ni-MOF material with a high supercapacitive performance. J. Solid State Chem. \u003cb\u003e265\u003c/b\u003e, 244\u0026ndash;247 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Jahan, Z. Liu, K.P. Loh, A Graphene oxide and copper-centered metal organic framework composite as a tri‐functional catalyst for HER, OER, and ORR. Adv. Funct. Mater. \u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e(43), 5363\u0026ndash;5372 (2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL. Yaqoob et al., Development of nickel-BTC-MOF-derived nanocomposites with rGO towards electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol and its product analysis. Catalysts. \u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e(10), 856 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eX. Zhang et al., Nickel/cobalt bimetallic metal-organic frameworks ultrathin nanosheets with enhanced performance for supercapacitors. J. Alloys Compd. \u003cb\u003e825\u003c/b\u003e, 154069 (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR. Sahoo et al., Highly scalable and pH stable 2D Ni-MOF-based composites for high performance supercapacitor. Compos. Part. B: Eng. \u003cb\u003e245\u003c/b\u003e, 110174 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Jia, Q. Wang, S. Wang, Ni-MOF/PANI-derived CN-doped NiO nanocomposites for high sensitive nonenzymic electrochemical detection. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym Mater. \u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e, 865\u0026ndash;874 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ.-J. Han et al., Application of Cr-metal organic framework (MOF) modified polyaniline/graphene oxide materials in supercapacitors. Ionics. \u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e(5), 2349\u0026ndash;2362 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT.-H. Nguyen et al., Electrochemical performance of composites made of rGO with Zn-MOF and PANI as electrodes for supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta. \u003cb\u003e367\u003c/b\u003e, 137563 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQ.B. Le et al., Electrochemical performance of composite electrodes based on rGO, Mn/Cu metal\u0026ndash;organic frameworks, and PANI. Sci. Rep. \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e(1), 664 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Prajapati et al., Recent advancement in metal-organic frameworks and composites for high-performance supercapatteries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. \u003cb\u003e183\u003c/b\u003e, 113509 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT. Wang, S. Chen, K.J. Chen, \u003cem\u003eMetal-Organic Framework Composites and Their Derivatives as Efficient Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives\u003c/em\u003e (The Chemical Record, 2023), p. e202300006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Sivasubramanian, S. Vhanbatte, Graphene oxide a promising material\u0026ndash;a review. Synthesis. \u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e, 4 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR. Shafique et al., Copper chromite/graphene oxide nanocomposite for capacitive energy storage and electrochemical applications. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. \u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e(8), 7517\u0026ndash;7526 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL.W. Aguiar et al., Evaluation of the synthetic methods for preparing metal organic frameworks with transition metals. AIMS Mater. Sci., 2018. \u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e(3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Kaushal et al., First transition series metal\u0026ndash;organic frameworks: synthesis, properties and applications. Mater. Adv. \u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e(22), 7308\u0026ndash;7335 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZ. Maliha et al., Investigation of copper/cobalt MOFs nanocomposite as an electrode material in supercapacitors. Int. J. Energy Res. \u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e(12), 17404\u0026ndash;17415 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eF. Zhang et al., Facile synthesis of MIL-100 (Fe) under HF-free conditions and its application in the acetalization of aldehydes with diols. Chem. Eng. J. \u003cb\u003e259\u003c/b\u003e, 183\u0026ndash;190 (2015)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQ. Liu et al., High-performance water oxidation electrocatalysis enabled by a Ni-MOF nanosheet array. Inorg. Chem. Front. \u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e(7), 1570\u0026ndash;1574 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eO.V. Zalomaeva et al., Cyclic carbonates synthesis from epoxides and CO2 over metal\u0026ndash;organic framework Cr-MIL-101. J. Catal. \u003cb\u003e298\u003c/b\u003e, 179\u0026ndash;185 (2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eH.Q. Alijani et al., Biosynthesis of spinel nickel ferrite nanowhiskers and their biomedical applications. Sci. Rep. \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e(1), 17431 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. Mesbah et al., From hydrated Ni3 (OH) 2 (C8H4O4) 2 (H2O) 4 to anhydrous Ni2 (OH) 2 (C8H4O4): impact of structural transformations on magnetic properties. Inorg. Chem. \u003cb\u003e53\u003c/b\u003e(2), 872\u0026ndash;881 (2014)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. Carton et al., Ab initio crystal structure of nickel (II) hydroxy-terephthalate by synchrotron powder diffraction and magnetic study. Solid State Sci. \u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e(6), 465\u0026ndash;471 (2007)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Zeraati et al., A new nickel metal organic framework (Ni-MOF) porous nanostructure as a potential novel electrochemical sensor for detecting glucose. J. Porous Mater., 2022: pp. 1\u0026ndash;11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ. An et al., Polyaniline-grafted graphene hybrid with amide groups and its use in supercapacitors. J. Phys. Chem. C \u003cb\u003e116\u003c/b\u003e(37), 19699\u0026ndash;19708 (2012)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Wu et al., \u003cem\u003e3D-monoclinic M\u0026ndash;BTC MOF (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mn, Co, Ni) as highly efficient catalysts for chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 2018. 58: pp. 296\u0026ndash;303\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN. Macherla et al., Improved performance of flexible supercapacitor using naphthalene sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline/sulfur‐doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. Int. J. Energy Res. \u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e(5), 6529\u0026ndash;6542 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQ. Zhou et al., Fabrication and characterisation of magnetic graphene oxide incorporated Fe3O4@polyaniline for the removal of bisphenol A, t-octyl-phenol, and α-naphthol from water. Sci. Rep. \u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e(1), 11316 (2017)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT.P. Mofokeng et al., Defect-engineered nanostructured Ni/MOF-derived carbons for an efficient aqueous battery-type energy storage device. ACS omega. \u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e(32), 20461\u0026ndash;20472 (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT.N. Amirabad et al., \u003cem\u003eBinder-free engineering design of Ni-MOF ultrathin sheet-like grown on PANI@ GO decorated nickel foam as an electrode for in hydrogen evolution reaction and asymmetric supercapacitor\u003c/em\u003e (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eE. Elanthamilan et al., Polyaniline based charcoal/Ni nanocomposite material for high performance supercapacitors. Sustainable Energy Fuels. \u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e(4), 811\u0026ndash;819 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. Wang et al., Ni-MOF/Ti3C2Tx derived multidimensional hierarchical Ni/TiO2/C nanocomposites with lightweight and efficient microwave absorption. Ceram. Int. \u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e(16), 22681\u0026ndash;22690 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZ. Hai et al., Facile synthesis of core\u0026ndash;shell structured PANI-Co3O4 nanocomposites with superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. Appl. Surf. Sci. \u003cb\u003e361\u003c/b\u003e, 57\u0026ndash;62 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Bai et al., The first ternary Nd-MOF/GO/Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite exhibiting an excellent photocatalytic performance for dye degradation. Dalton Trans. \u003cb\u003e49\u003c/b\u003e(31), 10745\u0026ndash;10754 (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN. Munir et al., \u003cem\u003eExperimental investigation of low dimensional spin system in metal oxides\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 1 (JOURNAL OF NANOSCOPE (JN), 2020). 01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Yang et al., Photocatalytic activity of Ag\u0026ndash;TiO2-graphene ternary nanocomposites and application in hydrogen evolution by water splitting. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. \u003cb\u003e39\u003c/b\u003e(15), 7664\u0026ndash;7671 (2014)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eW.-K. Jo, N.C.S. Selvam, Enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic performance of ZnO\u0026ndash;g-C3N4 coupled with graphene oxide as a novel ternary nanocomposite. J. Hazard. Mater. \u003cb\u003e299\u003c/b\u003e, 462\u0026ndash;470 (2015)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM.H. Zare, A. Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Photocatalytic activity of ZrO2/TiO2/Fe3O4 ternary nanocomposite for the degradation of naproxen: characterization and optimization using response surface methodology. Sci. Rep. \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;24 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. Urooj et al., Morphological and optical investigation of 2D material-based ternary nanocomposite: Bi 2 O 3/MgO/GO synthesized by a co-precipitation technique. RSC Adv. \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e(51), 32986\u0026ndash;32993 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-inorganic-and-organometallic-polymers-and-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joip","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/10904)","snPcode":"10904","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10904/3","title":"Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Metal-organic framework (MOF), Graphene oxide (GO), Polyaniline (PANI), In-situ chemical polymerization method, Supercapacitors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6289773/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6289773/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBenzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid Metal organic frameworks (BTC MOFs), a class of exceptional porous materials with multifunctional capabilities and capable nanogeometries, have drawn a lot of attention lately from researchers as potential materials for supercapacitor electrodes. This study introduces a novel Ni-MOF/PANI/GO ternary nanocomposite synthesized through a cost-effective chemical oxidative polymerization method. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by modified Hummers\u0026rsquo; method. Metal organic framework (MOF) was synthesized by Hydrothermal Method and Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method to study the effect of GO and PANI of electrochemical properties of Ni-MOF. Structural characterization and morphology of developed materials was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy. As a result, the grown structure of ternary nanocomposite having an average crystalline size of 13.767 nm was successfully confirmed by XRD analysis. Different bonds \u0026amp; transmittance peaks are analyzed by FTIR. Also D and G bands are also explained during the Raman Analysis. The optical band gap (E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) approximately\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4.02 eV was confirmed by UV-Vis and PL spectra. Electrochemical characterization was performed using CV, GCD and EIS analysis in 3 M KOH solution. CV revealed that ternary composite showed maximum specific capacitance of 206 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 1 mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in 3 M KOH with charge retention of ca. 81.5% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. The aim of this study is to synthesize a novel Ni-MOF/PANI/GO ternary nanocomposite and evaluate its electrochemical properties for supercapacitor applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Ni-MOF@PANI/GO nanocomposite: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrode Material","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-04 12:55:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6289773/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-03-26T16:18:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"265808828358499227615848855785375772347","date":"2025-03-26T14:18:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"149884468478709806057743727283294132251","date":"2025-03-26T10:44:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-26T07:37:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"89992097428970963629383715759763438264","date":"2025-03-26T05:56:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"135960566875751771492389762621115821035","date":"2025-03-26T05:04:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"144644656268683032883124032788935116940","date":"2025-03-26T04:02:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"147358854675884772365071224612151660707","date":"2025-03-26T03:55:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"149332704045600253729144125862193124535","date":"2025-03-26T03:06:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"193487029848186337499782985054225035065","date":"2025-03-26T02:37:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"276649443671445896047004432169306782794","date":"2025-03-26T02:33:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"123320795611285582972014779710823271521","date":"2025-03-26T02:28:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"63412615872575225200161032762091609917","date":"2025-03-26T02:18:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"53160282566965754863246543844971803818","date":"2025-03-26T01:29:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"20858226154459636320979137442645137982","date":"2025-03-26T01:19:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"198730642699404091439604420130819713193","date":"2025-03-26T01:01:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-26T00:49:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"290656841305984604307848230180788170182","date":"2025-03-25T23:43:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"5051356426733953917276066928868776416","date":"2025-03-25T22:52:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"323684209202777363425250800460962815209","date":"2025-03-25T22:19:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T20:50:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"9625803246726520462450643754618595716","date":"2025-03-25T20:04:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33025448829813186066446027648474732427","date":"2025-03-25T18:53:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"269807096073592896082341427103755055441","date":"2025-03-25T18:48:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T18:45:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-24T17:31:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-24T07:47:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials","date":"2025-03-23T18:21:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-inorganic-and-organometallic-polymers-and-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joip","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/10904)","snPcode":"10904","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10904/3","title":"Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e95eaedc-cead-46b6-a958-61929c6cdd7f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-18T16:04:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6289773","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-025-03862-w","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-inorganic-and-organometallic-polymers-and-materials","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials"},"publishedOn":"2025-08-12 15:57:19","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 12th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-04 12:55:20","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10904-025-03862-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-025-03862-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6289773","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6289773","identity":"rs-6289773","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}