Risk perceptions, attitude and practice towards environmental health issues among students in a selected disaster affected area of Bangladesh: A call for environmental campaigns

Risk perceptions, attitude and practice towards environmental health issues among students in a selected disaster affected area of Bangladesh: A call for environmental campaigns | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Risk perceptions, attitude and practice towards environmental health issues among students in a selected disaster affected area of Bangladesh: A call for environmental campaigns Habib Mohammad Ali, Safayet Jamil, Jie Tang, Feng Wu, Petra Missomelius, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9187736/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Understanding environmental health issues is crucial in disaster-affected areas due to their significant impact on individuals' health and well-being. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the risk perception, attitude and practices towards environmental health issues among college and university students in Sirajganj, Bangladesh, an area affected by disasters. Methods Data was collected through a face-to-face survey with 743 participants (university and college students), selected using a convenience sampling method. Frequency analysis, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were employed for data analysis. Results Risk perception of environmental health issues among participants was high. But the attitude ( M = 3.83) and practice ( M = 3.52) level of participants were low. Logistic regression analysis found that females and people living in urban areas had 0.32 and 0.30 times less perceived risk factors for environmental health issues, respectively. The practice levels among females and urban residents were respectively 2.70 and 1.73 times higher (AOR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.82–4.02, p < 0.001 and AOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.16–2.56, p = 0.007). Students of commerce faculty had 8.66 times higher attitude (AOR = 8.66, 95% CI: 5.56–13.58, p < 0.001) than other faculty’s students. Conclusion Considering the findings, the study emphasised the need of including environment health issue awareness in all curricular teachings. This could be achieved through the inclusion of such topics in textbooks and by organising environmental communication campaigns, such as workshops, seminars, and creative media initiatives, in colleges and universities to actively engage audiences in adopting practices to safeguard their health from environment-related health issues. Local NGOs and governments may play a crucial role in providing the necessary resources to implement improved environmental health practices. Environmental health risk perception Bangladesh environmental communication campaigns environmental health education Introduction Any circumstance, element, or occurrence in the environment that could adversely affect human health is referred to as an environmental health issue. These issues range from pollution, contamination, natural catastrophes, climate change, and insufficient access to clean water, food, and air. Environmental health issues are critical concerns with profound implications for individuals and communities, particularly in disaster-affected regions (Aiera et al., 2021; Khatri et al., 2019 ). Bangladesh, with its susceptibility to various environmental challenges such as cyclones, floods, and other natural disasters, exemplifies the urgency of understanding the risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices of its populace (Chowdhury et al., 2022 ; The World Bank, 2021 ; Begum et al., 2021 ; Nayna et al., 2021). Students, as the future leaders and decision-makers, play a pivotal role in shaping policies and implementing strategies to address environmental health issues. Their awareness and attitudes toward the consequences of climate change and other environmental issues are crucial for fostering a sustainable future, not only for Bangladesh but also for other vulnerable regions worldwide. By understanding the perspectives of students on these pressing matters, we can pave the way for informed education, advocacy, and action, thereby empowering them to drive positive change and contribute to global environmental sustainability efforts. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aims to explore risk perceptions, attitude, and practice within the realm of environmental health issues. The primary focus is to shed light on the first-hand experiences of students residing in disaster-affected regions of Bangladesh. Through this exploration, the study aims to provide insights into the interplay of risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices, and how they shape responses to environmental challenges in these areas. Theoretical background Bangladesh has a long-standing struggle with environmental challenges, largely due to its geographical location and susceptibility to climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted the vulnerability of Bangladesh to rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and other climate-related challenges (Ditlevsen & Ditlevsen, 2023 ; Sarkar et al., 2022 ). The consequences of these environmental stressors extend beyond immediate physical impacts, affecting the mental and emotional well-being of the affected populations. University and college students represent a particularly important group to understand in relation to these environmental stressors. In the aftermath of disasters, students often find themselves at the forefront of environmental health concerns, navigating a complex terrain of risks and uncertainties. Therefore, examining this demographic is crucial for understanding the comprehensive impact of environmental challenges and devising targeted interventions to enhance their resilience and well-being. This study draws upon the Climate Change Risk Perception Model (CCRPM), Health Belief Model (HBM), and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to investigate how students in disaster-affected areas perceive environmental health risks, develop attitudes toward mitigative actions, and translate these attitudes into actual practices (Najafi et al., 2017 a; Najafi et al., 2017 b; Rogers et al., 2021 ). Understanding students’ perception of the risks associated with post-disaster environmental conditions is pivotal for devising effective interventions. Risk perception serves as a crucial prerequisite for attitudes and behavioral change (Gilbert & Lachlan, 2023; Huang et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2020; Maartensson & Loi, 2022; van Valkengoed et al., 2022). It refers to individuals’ subjective judgment and evaluation of risks under limited or uncertain contexts (Slovic & Peters, 2006). According to the Health Belief Model, an individual's perception of the severity and susceptibility to a health threat, combined with their evolution of the advantages and obstacles related to adopting a specific health behavior, significantly influence the likelihood of engaging in that behavior (Rosenstock et al., 1988 ). Van der Linden (2015) proposed the Climate Change Risk Perception Model (CCRPM), which includes three dimensions: cognitive factors (i.e., knowledge about climate change), experiential processing (i.e., affective evaluations and personal experience) and socio-cultural influences (including social norms and broad value orientations) (van der Linden, 2015). Within the cognitive factors, studies have demonstrated varying perspectives regarding the relationship between educational level and risk perception (Savage, 1993). For example, one study indicated that highly educated respondents perceived their risks to be lower than expected based on their actual incident experience (Sund et al., 2017). Moreover, students from different academic disciplines might exhibit different levels of risk perception. Additionally, experiential processing plays an important role in influencing risk perception. Drawing from the construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), individuals residing near risk-prone areas tend to have higher levels of risk perception compared to those living farther from disaster-prone regions. Furthermore, a substantial body of research has indicated that gender significantly influences risk perception. Specifically, women often perceive environmental risks as more severe and personally threatening compared to men. Building upon these insights, the current study aims to investigate the relationship between demographic variables and the risk perception among students in Bangladesh. Although risk perception often serves as the primary driving for behavioral changes, there are instances where perceiving risk doesn’t translate into actual behavior (S. Chen et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021). These contradictory findings prompt researchers to explore additional factors that may elucidate individuals’ coping strategies. The Theory of Planned Behavior provides a valuable framework by highlighting the critical role of attitudes in understanding how individuals manage risks (Ajzen et al., 2011). Aligned with this approach, the present study attempts to explore the attitudes of students towards environmental concerns in Bangladesh, aiming to discern the potential influence of various demographic variables on environmental attitudes. Contributions of the current study Despite the extensive literature on environmental health concerns, there remains a noticeable scarcity of research that delves into the distinctive experiences of students within disaster-prone regions, particularly in the context of Bangladesh. Proactively mitigating environmental health risks necessitate an understanding of these risks among students, including their attitudes and practices. This study aims to bridge this gap evaluating the risk perception, attitude and practice towards environmental health issues among college and university students, offering insightful perspectives into their responses and coping mechanisms. The findings of this research have the potential to shape targeted interventions, educational initiatives, and policy frameworks designed to enhance the resilience of students residing in disaster-prone regions. By understanding the complexities inherent in risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices, this study significantly contributes to the broader conversation surrounding environmental health and disaster resilience. The insights gleaned from this study offer actionable strategies not only applicable within Bangladesh but also serve as valuable lessons for other regions confronting similar challenges. Materials and methods Study design, settings and questionnaire: A cross-sectional study was conducted for data collection among college and university students in a selected riverine island area in Sirajganj of Bangladesh. A questionnaire was developed, which contained four sections. The first section included the demographic status of the participants. This was followed by a section on risk-perception-related questions. The third section included attitude-related questions, and the fourth section included practice-related questions. The questionnaire was initially written in English (Jamil et al., 2023), and then was translated into Bangla by a bilingual expert with environmental health knowledge, to allow for better understanding by all participants. A validation process for the translated questionnaire used both forward and backward translation (Hossain et al., 2023). All questions were adopted from previously published research articles (Haq and Ahmed, 2020; Sarkar, 2011; Kabir et al., 2016; Tehrani et al., 2021). Participants, sampling and data collection: This study included college students and university students. All of the participants were recruited following a convenience sampling technique (Kabir et al., 2022). Specifically, we collected a total of 760 responses. After removing the incomplete responses, we had 743 responses. Among them, 234 responses were from college students and 509 responses were from university students. The data collection period was June 21, 2023, to August 30, 2023. Data collection was conducted using a face-to-face approach (Jamil et al., 2023). Independent variables: In this study, we included demographic variables which were treated as independent variables. The demographic variables included sex (male, female), age (17-19 years, 20-22 years and 23-25 years), area of residence (rural, urban), study level (college, university), and faculty (science, arts and commerce). Dependent variables (Risk perception, attitude and practice): In this study, dependent variables were risk perception, attitude, and practice. There were five risk perception related questions. The answer of the participants was recorded as “Yes=1” and “No=0”. Risk perception was divided into two level including high and low. Score 4-5 was considered as high level and 0-3 was considered as low level. Attitude contained five questions with five categories including “strongly agree”, “agree”, “neutral”, “disagree” and “strongly disagree”. The answer of the participants was recorded as “Strongly agree and agree=1” and “Neutral, disagree and strongly disagree=0”. Attitude was divided into two level including high and low. Scoring system was similar to risk perception. And practice contained seven questions with five category including “never”, “rarely”, “sometimes”, “often” and “always”. The answer of the participants was recorded as “Never and rarely=1” and “Sometimes, often and always=0”. Score 5-7 was considered as high level and score 0-4 was considered as low level. Data analysis: After completing data collection, all data were transferred from Microsoft excel 13 to SPSS version 25.0. Frequency analysis was done of all demographic variables. Chi-square test was conducted to examine the association of risk perception, attitude and practice with demographic data. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the potential factors associated with risk perception, attitude and practice. All type of analysis was conducted by using SPSS version 25.0. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Ethical consideration: The college and university students, who were 17-25 years aged and understood the objectives of the study, were asked to participate in the survey. The study started with a brief overview of the study's context, methodology, significance, declaration of anonymity, and privacy measures. Furthermore, it was clearly stated to all possible respondents that their participation in the survey was entirely voluntary and that no kind of remuneration or monetary transaction would be provided. The survey adhered to all the protocols, rules, and ethical considerations outlined in the World Medical Declaration of Helsinki (2018). In addition, before responding to the survey, each participant provided informed consent, and the obtained data sheet was securely stored in a private and confidential manner by the first author of the manuscript. The ethical committee of Khwaja Yunus Ali University approved this study and provided the ethical clearance with a reference number (Ref No: KYAU/DEAN/SBS/2023/003). Results Table 1 Demographic status of participants (N = 743) Variables Level N % Sex Male 483 65.0 Female 260 35.0 Age 17–19 years 234 31.5 20–22 years 133 17.9 23–25 years 376 50.6 Living Area Rural 488 65.7 Urban 255 34.3 Study Level College 234 31.5 University 509 68.5 Faculty Science 628 84.5 Commerce 115 15.5 Table 1 shows the demographic status of participants. The majority of participants were male (65.0%). Approximately 51% of the participants were 23–25 years old and 31.5% of the participants were 17–19 years old. The majority of participants (65.7%) were from a rural area, and 68.5% of the participants’ study level was university. Most of the participants (84.5%) were from science faculty and 15.5% of the participants were from commerce faculty. Table 2 Risk perception toward environmental health issues Variables Level N % Chemical Contamination No 57 7.7 Yes 686 92.3 Mosquitoes Breeding No 230 31.0 Yes 513 69.0 River Pollution No 0 0.0 Yes 743 100.0 Waste Disposal No 177 23.8 Yes 566 76.2 Waste Water Discharge No 227 30.6 Yes 516 69.4 Table 2 represents that the risk perception of participants toward environmental health issues. Among all participants, total of 92.3%, 69.0%, 100.0%, 76.2% and 69.4% knew that chemical contamination, mosquitoes breeding, river pollution, waste disposal and waste water discharge are risk factors of environmental health issues, respectively. Table 3 Attitude toward environmental health issues Variables Level N % Pollution has a negative impact on human health Strongly Disagree 67 9.0 Disagree 0 0.0 Neutral 0 0.0 Agree 316 42.5 Strongly Agree 360 48.5 We must change our values and attitudes to help in solving environmental problems Strongly Disagree 0 0.0 Disagree 0 0.0 Neutral 0 0.0 Agree 483 65.0 Strongly Agree 260 35.0 People have to be informed to be aware of the effect of their behaviors on the environment Strongly Disagree 0 0.0 Disagree 0 0.0 Neutral 55 7.4 Agree 554 74.6 Strongly Agree 134 18.0 There is no systematic procedures in the communities Strongly Disagree 0 0.0 Disagree 55 7.4 Neutral 117 15.7 Agree 382 51.4 Strongly Agree 189 25.4 Environmental education cannot help in solving environmental problems Strongly Disagree 133 17.9 Disagree 190 25.6 Neutral 112 15.1 Agree 186 25.0 Strongly Agree 122 16.4 Table 3 represents the attitude level toward environmental health issues. A total of 48.5% and 42.5% of the participants strongly agreed or agree that pollution has a negative impact on human health. Thirty-five percent and 65% of the participants respectively, reported that they strongly agree and agree that we must change our values and attitudes to help in solving environmental problems. Only 18% of the participants strongly agreed that people have to be informed to be aware of the effect of their behaviors on the environment. Approximately 75% the participants either strongly agreed or agreed that there are no systematic procedures in the communities. Only 16.4% of the participants strongly agreed that environmental education cannot help in solving environmental problems. Table 4 Practice toward environmental health issues Variables Level N % I turn off tap while brushing my teeth. Never 0 0.0 Rarely 60 8.1 Sometimes 0 0.0 Often 174 23.4 Always 509 68.5 I turn off lights when they are not being used to save electricity. Never 0 0.0 Rarely 0 0.0 Sometimes 181 24.4 Often 182 24.5 Always 380 51.1 I try to learn what I can do to help solve environmental issues. Never 124 16.7 Rarely 60 8.1 Sometimes 182 24.5 Often 121 16.3 Always 256 34.5 I read or watch environmental-related articles/ books/news. Never 121 16.3 Rarely 307 41.3 Sometimes 127 17.1 Often 66 8.9 Always 122 16.4 I talk to others about environmental issues. Never 124 16.7 Rarely 297 40.0 Sometimes 200 26.9 Often 0 0.0 Always 122 16.4 I participate in environmental activities organized by clubs/ organizations. Never 249 33.5 Rarely 58 7.8 Sometimes 314 42.3 Often 0 0.0 Always 122 16.4 I plant trees and vegetables or do gardening. Never 0 0.0 Rarely 0 0.0 Sometimes 488 65.7 Often 66 8.9 Always 189 25.4 Table 4 shows that the practice level on environmental health issues. Sixty-nine percent of the participants always turned off tap while brushing their teeth, while 8.1% of the participants rarely turned off tap while brushing their teeth. 51.1% of the participants always turned off light when they are not being used to save electricity. 34.5% of the participants always tried to learn what they can do to help solve environmental issues. On the other hand, 16.7% of the participants never try that. Only 16.4% of the participants always read or watched environmental-related articles/ books/news, and 41.3% and 16.3% of the participants respectively rarely and never read or watched environmental-related articles/books/news. A total of 16.7% of the participants never talked to others about environmental health issues. 16.4% of the participants always participated in environmental activities organized by clubs/ organizations. On the other hand, 33.5% of the participants never participated in environmental activities organized by clubs/ organizations. Only 25.4% of the participants always planted trees and vegetables or did gardening. Table 5 Score of risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues Mean Risk perception score Attitude score Practice score 4.07 3.83 3.52 Standard Deviation 1.08 0.37 0.86 [Risk perception: high= (4–5) and low= (0–3)] [Attitude: high= (4–5) and low= (0–3)] [Practice: high= (5–7) and low= (0–4)] Table 5 shows the score of risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues. The average risk perception score was 4.07. The average attitude score was 3.83 and practice score was 3.52. In this study, risk perception on environmental health issue was high but attitude and practice level were low. Table 6 Bivariate association of demographic status with risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues Demographic variables Level Risk perception Attitude Practice High Low Total p -value High Low Total p -value Low High Total p -value N(%) = 454 (61.1) N(%) = 289 (38.9) N(%) = 743 N(%) = 619 (83.3) N(%) = 124 (16.7) N(%) = 743 N(%) = 621 (83.6) N(%) = 122 (16.4) N(%) = 743 Sex Male 253 (55.7) 230 (79.6) 483 (65.0) < 0.001 359 (58.0) 124 (100.0) 483 (65.0) < 0.001 428 (68.9) 55 (45.1) 483 (65.0) < 0.001 Female 201 (44.3) 59 (20.4) 260 (35.0) 260 (42.0) 0 (0.0) 260 (35.0) 193 (31.1) 67 (54.9) 260 (35.0) Age 17–19 0 (0.0) 234 (81.0) 234 (31.5) < 0.001 176 (28.4) 58 (46.8) 234 (31.5) < 0.001 234 (37.7) 0 (0.0) 234 (31.5) < 0.001 20–22 133 (29.3) 0 (0.0) 133 (17.9) 133 (21.5) 0 (0.0) 133 (17.9) 133 (21.4) 0 (0.0) 133 (17.9) 23–25 321 (70.7) 55 (19.0) 376 (50.6) 310 (50.1) 66 (53.2) 376 (50.6) 254 (40.9) 122 (100.0) 376 (50.6) Living Area Rural 254 (55.9) 234 (81.0) 488 (65.7) < 0.001 364 (58.8) 124 (100.0) 488 (65.7) < 0.001 421 (67.8) 67 (54.9) 488 (65.7) 0.008 Urban 200 (44.1) 55 (19.0) 255 (34.3) 255 (41.2) 0 (0.0) 255 (34.3) 200 (32.2) 55 (45.1) 255 (34.3) Study Level College 0 (0.0) 234 (81.0) 234 (31.5) < 0.001 176 (28.4) 58 (46.8) 234 (31.5) < 0.001 234 (37.7) 0 (0.0) 234 (31.5) < 0.001 University 454 (100.0) 55 (19.0) 509 (68.5) 443 (71.6) 66 (53.2) 509 (68.5) 387 (62.3) 122 (100.0) 509 (68.5) Faculty Science 454 (100.0) 174 (60.2) 628 (84.5) < 0.001 562 (90.8) 66 (53.2) 628 (84.5) < 0.001 506 (81.5) 122 (100.0) 628 (84.5) < 0.001 Arts 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Commerce 0 (0.0) 115 (39.8) 115 (15.5) 57 (9.2) 58 (46.8) 115 (15.5) 115 (18.5) 0 (0.0) 115 (15.5) Table 6 represents the association of demographic status with risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues. Sex (< 0.001), age (< 0.001), living area (< 0.001), study level (< 0.001) and faculty (< 0.001) were significantly associated with risk perception. Sex (< 0.001), age (< 0.001), living area (< 0.001), study level (< 0.001) and faculty (< 0.001) were significantly associated with attitude. Sex (< 0.001), age (< 0.001), living area (0.008), study level (< 0.001) and faculty (< 0.001) were significantly associated with practice. Risk perception was higher among males than females (55.7% vs. 44.3%). 23–25-years old participants were more likely to perceive risk factors for environmental health issues than 20–22-year-old participants (70.7% vs. 29.3%). Risk perception was higher among rural participants than urban participants (55.9% vs. 44.1%). Males' attitude was higher than females (58.0% vs. 42.0%). 23–25-year-old (50.1%) participants' attitude was higher than others. Rural participants' attitudes were higher than those of urban participants (58.8% vs. 41.2%). University students were more likely to have a high attitude than college students (71.6% vs. 28.4%). Males were more likely to practice higher than females (68.9% vs. 31.1%). 23–25-year-old (40.9%) participants' practice level was higher than others. The practice level was higher among rural participants than urban participants (67.8% vs. 32.2%), and so were the university students (62.3% vs. 37.7%). Students from the science faculty (81.5%) were more likely to practice higher than others. Table 7 Logistic regression analysis for finding potential associated factors of risk perception, attitude, and practice Variables Level Risk perception Variables Level Attitude Variables Level Practice AOR (95% CI, p -value) AOR (95% CI, p -value) AOR (95% CI, p -value) Sex Male - Sex Male - Sex Male * - Female 0.32 (0.23–0.45, p < 0.001 ) Female 0.00 (0.00-11.66, p = 0.978) Female 2.70 (1.82–4.02, p < 0.001 ) Age 17–19 - Living Area Rural - Living Area Rural * - 20–22 0.00 (0.00–0.00, p = 0.983) Urban 0.00 (0.00-14.54, p = 0.978) Urban 1.73 (1.16–2.56, p = 0.007 ) 23–25 0.00 (0.00–0.00, p = 0.985) Faculty Science - Faculty Science - Living Area Rural - Arts - Arts - Urban 0.30 (0.21–0.42, p < 0.001 ) Commerce 8.66 (5.56–13.58, p < 0.001 ) Commerce 0.00 (0.00–0.00, p = 0.978) Table 7 represents the logistic regression models of factors related to risk perception, attitude, and practice towards environmental health issues. Females were 0.32 times less perceived as risk factors for environmental health issues (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23–0.45, p < 0.001) than males. Urban participants were 0.30 times less perceived as risk factors for environmental health issues (AOR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.21–0.42, p < 0.001) than rural participants. The participants from commerce faculty had an 8.66 times higher attitude (AOR = 8.66, 95% CI: 5.56–13.58, p < 0.001) than the participants from science faculty. Female participants' practice level was 2.70 times higher (AOR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.82–4.02, p < 0.001) than male. Urban areas' participants' practice level was 1.73 times higher (AOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.16–2.56, p = 0.007) than rural areas' participants. Discussion This study provides valuable insights into the nuanced interplay of individual perceptions and behaviors in response to environmental challenges, shedding light on the specific needs and concerns of students in disaster-prone regions. These findings serve as a foundation for targeted interventions, educational programs, and policy initiatives aimed at fostering resilience and promoting sustainable practices among student populations. By addressing these critical gaps in understanding, this study contributes to the broader discourse on environmental health and disaster management, offering actionable strategies for building adaptive capacities and enhancing community resilience in similar contexts worldwide. We found the differences of risk perception between males and females. This result was consistent with previous research. For instance, a study conducted by Zhang C. et al (2013) to investigate college students' perceptions of environmental health risks. The results found that males had higher risk perceptions compared to females. This suggests that males may be more aware of potential environmental health hazards. In terms of age, our study found that 23-25-year-old participants had higher risk perceptions compared to 20-22-year-old participants. This finding aligns with the study by Knoll et al, which explored age-related differences in risk perceptions among young adults (Knoll et al., 2017 ). They found that older individuals generally had higher risk perceptions, indicating a possible developmental aspect to risk perception. Regarding the influence of living area, our study revealed that rural participants had higher risk perceptions compared to urban participants. This finding is consistent with the research conducted by Greteman et al, which examined risk perceptions among individuals living in rural and urban areas (Greteman et al., 2022 ). They found that individuals in rural areas were more likely to perceive environmental health risks due to their closer proximity to nature and agricultural activities. In terms of attitudes, our study found that males had higher attitudes towards environmental health issues compared to females. This finding is supported by the study by Hein et al, which explored gender differences in environmental attitudes among university students (Hein et al., 2015 ). They reported that males exhibited more positive attitudes towards environmental issues, potentially due to socialization processes and personal values. Additionally, our study found that university students had higher attitudes compared to college students. This finding is in line with a study that investigated the influence of educational level on environmental attitudes (Miller et al., 2022 ) which found that higher levels of education were associated with more positive attitudes towards the environment, suggesting that academic exposure plays a role in shaping attitudes. Regarding practices, our study found that males and rural participants had higher practice levels compared to females and urban participants, respectively. This finding is consistent with the research by Bashir et al. ( 2022 ), which examined gender and geographic differences in environmental practices among college students. They found that males and individuals from rural areas were more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, possibly due to cultural and contextual factors. This study provided valuable insights into the risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices towards environmental health issues among students in a disaster-affected area in Bangladesh. The findings aligned with previous research, highlighting the importance of demographic factors such as gender, age, living area, and educational level in predicting these factors. Further research in diverse contexts will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the topic and aid in the development of targeted interventions to promote environmental health awareness and sustainable practices. Knowledge from this study will benefit health institutions to formulate environmental health related campaign by choosing the right messages and target groups in the disaster-prone areas in Bangladesh and similar areas. Efforts to enhance students' understanding of environmental challenges can encompass various educational initiatives, including curriculum enhancements, interactive workshops, and community engagement programs. These initiatives aim not only to inform but also to empower students to become active participants in mitigating the impact of environmental disasters. Moreover, fostering a sense of responsibility and environmental stewardship among students can inspire innovative solutions and resilient strategies. Encouraging dialogue, collaboration, and interdisciplinary approaches within educational institutions can further amplify their engagement and commitment to addressing environmental health concerns. As we prioritize the integration of environmental education into the academic sphere, we foster a generation equipped with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to tackle the multifaceted challenges posed by environmental hazards. This proactive approach not only safeguards the well-being of communities but also cultivates a culture of environmental consciousness that resonates across generations. Conclusion This study revealed that while the risk perception was high among college and university students but attitude and practice level of environmental health issues were low. To address this situation, college and university authority should consider incorporating environmental health topics into the syllabus. Interactive learning materials, such as mobile apps, games, or online platforms, should be developed to make learning about environmental health enjoyable and accessible. Additionally, incentive-based programs or rewards could be implemented among students and community members to encourage active participation and engagement. Free seminars and workshops related to environmental health awareness should also be conducted on college and university campus. By implementing these measures, institutions can effectively promote environmental health literacy and foster a culture of sustainable practices among students and the wider community. Declarations Declaration of conflicting interest: There has no conflict of interest. Funding statement: It was a self-funded study. Ethical approval and informed consent statement: This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajganj 6751, Bangladesh. Reference number was KYAU/DEAN/SBS/2023/003. And all participants of this study provided informed consent. Data availability statement: Data will be available based on reasonable request. Author’s contribution: HMA and SJ conceptualized this study. HMA, SJ, FW, and PM supervised this study. HMA, SJ, JT, FW, PM, NC, and MEHM conducted this whole study including literature review, data collection, questionnaire, validation, visualization. MH conducted data analysis. HMA, SJ, NC, and JT written the first draft. All authors revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript. Consent to participate: Informed consent was taken from all individual respondents included in the study. Consent to publish: The authors ensure that the respondents provided informed consent for the publication of the results and other required data. 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Journal of Environmental Management , 298 , 113504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113504 Chowdhury, M. A., Hasan, M. K., & Islam, S. L. U. (2022). Climate change adaptation in Bangladesh: Current practices, challenges and the way forward. The Journal of Climate Change and Health , 6 , 100108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100108 Ditlevsen, P., & Ditlevsen, S. (2023). Warning of a forthcoming collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nature Communications , 14 (1), 4254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w Greteman, B. B., Garcia‐Auguste, C. J., Gryzlak, B. M., Kahl, A. R., Lutgendorf, S. K., Chrischilles, E. A., & Charlton, M. E. (2022). Rural and urban differences in perceptions, behaviors, and health care disruptions during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The Journal of Rural Health , 38 (4), 932–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12667 Haq, S. M. A., & Ahmed, K. J. (2020). Perceptions about climate change among university students in Bangladesh. Natural Hazards , 103 (3), 3683–3713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04151-0 Hein, S., Tan, M., Aljughaiman, A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2015). Gender differences and school influences with respect to three indicators of general intelligence: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Educational Psychology , 107 (2), 486–501. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037519 Hossain, Md. J., Jabin, N., Ahmmed, F., Sultana, A., Abdur Rahman, S. M., & Islam, Md. R. (2023). Irrational use of antibiotics and factors associated with antibiotic resistance: Findings from a cross‐sectional study in Bangladesh. Health Science Reports , 6 (8), e1465. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1465 Jamil, S., Bari, Q. I., Akhter, A., Hasan, M., Mukul, M. E. H., Rashid, P. T., & Hossain, M. J. (2023). Self-medication practice and its potential determinants among riverine-island’s people in sirajganj, bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal , 26 (1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v26i1.64222 Kabir, H., Hasan, M. K., Tutul, A. H., Islam, M. S., Jamil, S., Das, B. C., Islam, M. F., Jannat, H., Ara, R., Akter, O., Biswas, L., Miah, M. E., & Mitra, D. K. (2022). Prevalence and determinants of antibiotic self-administration among adult antibiotic users: a cross-sectional study. Patient Preference and Adherence , Volume 16 , 2409–2421. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S372501 Kabir, M. I., Rahman, M. B., Smith, W., Lusha, M. A. F., & Milton, A. H. (2016). Climate change and health in Bangladesh: A baseline cross-sectional survey. Global Health Action , 9 (1), 29609. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.29609 Khatri, J., Fitzgerald, G., & Poudyal Chhetri, M. B. (2019). Health risks in disaster responders: a conceptual framework. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , 34 (02), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19000141 Knoll, L. J., Leung, J. T., Foulkes, L., & Blakemore, S. (2017). Age‐related differences in social influence on risk perception depend on the direction of influence. Journal of Adolescence , 60 (1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.002 Miller, L. B., Rice, R. E., Gustafson, A., & Goldberg, M. H. (2022). Relationships among environmental attitudes, environmental efficacy, and pro-environmental behaviors across and within 11 countries. Environment and Behavior , 54 (7–8), 1063–1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165221131002 Najafi, M., Ardalan, A., Akbarisari, A., Noorbala, A. A., & Elmi, H. (2017). The theory of planned behavior and disaster preparedness. PLoS currents , 9 . Najafi, M., Ardalan, A., Akbarisari, A., Noorbala, A. A., & Elmi, H. (2017). Salient public beliefs underlying disaster preparedness behaviors: a theory-based qualitative study. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , 32 (2), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X16001448 Nayna Schwerdtle, P., Baernighausen, K., Karim, S., Raihan, T. S., Selim, S., Baernighausen, T., & Danquah, I. (2021). A risk exchange: health and mobility in the context of climate and environmental change in bangladesh—a qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 18 (5), 2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052629 Rogers, C. J., Forster, M., Bahr, K., & Benjamin, S. M. (2021). A cross-sectional study using health behavior theory to predict rapid compliance with campus emergency notifications among college students. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , 15 (2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.153 Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Education Quarterly , 15 (2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500203 Sarkar, M. (2011). Secondary students’ environmental attitudes: the case of environmental education in Bangladesh. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences , 1 . Sarkar SK, Morshed MM, Chakraborty T, Singh RK, Sinha VSP, & Joshi PK. (2022). Facing up to sea rise. Science of the Total Environment , 10 (1):532–52. The World Bank. (2021). Climate change in Bangladesh: Impact on infectious diseases and mental health. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/10/07/climate-change-in-bangladesh-impact-on-infectious-diseases-and-mental-health Tehrani, S. S., Larijani, B., Parsapour, A., Rashidpouraie, R., & Madani, M. (2021). Evaluating physicians' knowledge, attitude and practice of their ethical responsibilities towards the environmental problem and air pollution. Journal of Air Pollution and Health , 6 (2), 149-160. Zhang, C., & Fan, J. (2013). A study of the perception of health risks among college students in china. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 10 (6), 2133–2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062133 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 02 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 28 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 21 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9187736","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":620373843,"identity":"b1b5552a-5322-4336-9dc5-967b3f57aea1","order_by":0,"name":"Habib Mohammad Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYehsMMDBY8YN4HIGZjJ06LBFgL4wyQFmYitADVSIA5zGCNhLSYs589eLigRkKGgb3HTNrm1zZ5PmYGxg8fc3BrsezJSzg84xjQYTxnzKRz+24btjEzMEvO3IbHYQdyDA7zsAG1SORuk87tuc0I1MLGzItPy/k3QC3/gFrk326Ttuy5bU9Yyw2gLbxtIFt4t0kz/LidSISWdwmHZ/ZJ8LDx5H+27G24ndzGzNiM3y/ncw9/LvhmY8/Pfizxxo8/t23ntzcf/PARjxY4YAMRjG1gsoEI9XDwhxTFo2AUjIJRMFIAAJXbSiewpHjaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Green University of Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Habib","middleName":"Mohammad","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":620373847,"identity":"f502645e-41f7-4eb4-a769-61e3da8b39f4","order_by":1,"name":"Safayet Jamil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Daffodil International University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Safayet","middleName":"","lastName":"Jamil","suffix":""},{"id":620373851,"identity":"eb044101-b99f-4967-a73e-15b886eefb2c","order_by":2,"name":"Jie Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":620373856,"identity":"9998fe24-8c78-4227-9846-3736621e1391","order_by":3,"name":"Feng Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Feng","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":620373863,"identity":"9faaca25-bc03-48c3-834a-330664c90253","order_by":4,"name":"Petra Missomelius","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Innsbruck","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petra","middleName":"","lastName":"Missomelius","suffix":""},{"id":620373867,"identity":"f743a2ff-e70f-4968-b9e1-0ea67165c450","order_by":5,"name":"Neeru Chaudhury","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neeru","middleName":"","lastName":"Chaudhury","suffix":""},{"id":620373870,"identity":"bdd3e514-c373-4435-bb62-f1b399e8dc96","order_by":6,"name":"Mahdi Hasan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dhaka College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahdi","middleName":"","lastName":"Hasan","suffix":""},{"id":620373872,"identity":"3bd27072-8768-4dbd-887c-7b7d688c86d3","order_by":7,"name":"Md. Emdadul Hasan Mukul","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rajshahi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Emdadul Hasan","lastName":"Mukul","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-21 19:23:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9187736/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9187736/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107481776,"identity":"28fc2028-b7bb-4f94-9654-672fd4c04619","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:19:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":715332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9187736/v1/fe5193da-02a8-4c47-be58-5339cf27d944.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Risk perceptions, attitude and practice towards environmental health issues among students in a selected disaster affected area of Bangladesh: A call for environmental campaigns","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAny circumstance, element, or occurrence in the environment that could adversely affect human health is referred to as an environmental health issue. These issues range from pollution, contamination, natural catastrophes, climate change, and insufficient access to clean water, food, and air. Environmental health issues are critical concerns with profound implications for individuals and communities, particularly in disaster-affected regions (Aiera et al., 2021; Khatri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Bangladesh, with its susceptibility to various environmental challenges such as cyclones, floods, and other natural disasters, exemplifies the urgency of understanding the risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices of its populace (Chowdhury et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; The World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Begum et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nayna et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudents, as the future leaders and decision-makers, play a pivotal role in shaping policies and implementing strategies to address environmental health issues. Their awareness and attitudes toward the consequences of climate change and other environmental issues are crucial for fostering a sustainable future, not only for Bangladesh but also for other vulnerable regions worldwide. By understanding the perspectives of students on these pressing matters, we can pave the way for informed education, advocacy, and action, thereby empowering them to drive positive change and contribute to global environmental sustainability efforts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this cross-sectional study aims to explore risk perceptions, attitude, and practice within the realm of environmental health issues. The primary focus is to shed light on the first-hand experiences of students residing in disaster-affected regions of Bangladesh. Through this exploration, the study aims to provide insights into the interplay of risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices, and how they shape responses to environmental challenges in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Theoretical background","content":"\u003cp\u003eBangladesh has a long-standing struggle with environmental challenges, largely due to its geographical location and susceptibility to climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted the vulnerability of Bangladesh to rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and other climate-related challenges (Ditlevsen \u0026amp; Ditlevsen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sarkar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The consequences of these environmental stressors extend beyond immediate physical impacts, affecting the mental and emotional well-being of the affected populations. University and college students represent a particularly important group to understand in relation to these environmental stressors. In the aftermath of disasters, students often find themselves at the forefront of environmental health concerns, navigating a complex terrain of risks and uncertainties. Therefore, examining this demographic is crucial for understanding the comprehensive impact of environmental challenges and devising targeted interventions to enhance their resilience and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study draws upon the Climate Change Risk Perception Model (CCRPM), Health Belief Model (HBM), and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to investigate how students in disaster-affected areas perceive environmental health risks, develop attitudes toward mitigative actions, and translate these attitudes into actual practices (Najafi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003ea; Najafi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003eb; Rogers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding students\u0026rsquo; perception of the risks associated with post-disaster environmental conditions is pivotal for devising effective interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk perception serves as a crucial prerequisite for attitudes and behavioral change (Gilbert \u0026amp; Lachlan, 2023; Huang et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2020; Maartensson \u0026amp; Loi, 2022; van Valkengoed et al., 2022). It refers to individuals\u0026rsquo; subjective judgment and evaluation of risks under limited or uncertain contexts (Slovic \u0026amp; Peters, 2006). According to the Health Belief Model, an individual's perception of the severity and susceptibility to a health threat, combined with their evolution of the advantages and obstacles related to adopting a specific health behavior, significantly influence the likelihood of engaging in that behavior (Rosenstock et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVan der Linden (2015) proposed the Climate Change Risk Perception Model (CCRPM), which includes three dimensions: cognitive factors (i.e., knowledge about climate change), experiential processing (i.e., affective evaluations and personal experience) and socio-cultural influences (including social norms and broad value orientations) (van der Linden, 2015). Within the cognitive factors, studies have demonstrated varying perspectives regarding the relationship between educational level and risk perception (Savage, 1993). For example, one study indicated that highly educated respondents perceived their risks to be lower than expected based on their actual incident experience (Sund et al., 2017). Moreover, students from different academic disciplines might exhibit different levels of risk perception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, experiential processing plays an important role in influencing risk perception. Drawing from the construal level theory (Trope \u0026amp; Liberman, 2010), individuals residing near risk-prone areas tend to have higher levels of risk perception compared to those living farther from disaster-prone regions. Furthermore, a substantial body of research has indicated that gender significantly influences risk perception. Specifically, women often perceive environmental risks as more severe and personally threatening compared to men. Building upon these insights, the current study aims to investigate the relationship between demographic variables and the risk perception among students in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough risk perception often serves as the primary driving for behavioral changes, there are instances where perceiving risk doesn\u0026rsquo;t translate into actual behavior (S. Chen et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021). These contradictory findings prompt researchers to explore additional factors that may elucidate individuals\u0026rsquo; coping strategies. The Theory of Planned Behavior provides a valuable framework by highlighting the critical role of attitudes in understanding how individuals manage risks (Ajzen et al., 2011). Aligned with this approach, the present study attempts to explore the attitudes of students towards environmental concerns in Bangladesh, aiming to discern the potential influence of various demographic variables on environmental attitudes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eContributions of the current study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the extensive literature on environmental health concerns, there remains a noticeable scarcity of research that delves into the distinctive experiences of students within disaster-prone regions, particularly in the context of Bangladesh. Proactively mitigating environmental health risks necessitate an understanding of these risks among students, including their attitudes and practices. This study aims to bridge this gap evaluating the risk perception, attitude and practice towards environmental health issues among college and university students, offering insightful perspectives into their responses and coping mechanisms. The findings of this research have the potential to shape targeted interventions, educational initiatives, and policy frameworks designed to enhance the resilience of students residing in disaster-prone regions. By understanding the complexities inherent in risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices, this study significantly contributes to the broader conversation surrounding environmental health and disaster resilience. The insights gleaned from this study offer actionable strategies not only applicable within Bangladesh but also serve as valuable lessons for other regions confronting similar challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy design, settings and questionnaire:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e A cross-sectional study was conducted for data collection among college and university students in a selected riverine island area in Sirajganj of Bangladesh. A questionnaire was developed, which contained four sections. The first section included the demographic status of the participants. This was followed by a section on risk-perception-related questions. The third section included attitude-related questions, and the fourth section included practice-related questions. The questionnaire was initially written in English (Jamil et al., 2023), and then was translated into Bangla by a bilingual expert with environmental health knowledge, to allow for better understanding by all participants. A validation process for the translated questionnaire used both forward and backward translation (Hossain et al., 2023). All questions were adopted from previously published research articles (Haq and Ahmed, 2020; Sarkar, 2011; Kabir et al., 2016; Tehrani et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eParticipants, sampling and data collection:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis study included college students and university students. All of the participants were recruited following a convenience sampling technique (Kabir et al., 2022). Specifically, we collected a total of 760 responses. After removing the incomplete responses, we had 743 responses. Among them, 234 responses were from college students and 509 responses were from university students. The data collection period was June 21, 2023, to August 30, 2023. Data collection was conducted using a face-to-face approach (Jamil et al., 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variables:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In this study, we included demographic variables which were treated as independent variables. The demographic variables included sex (male, female), age (17-19 years, 20-22 years and 23-25 years), area of residence (rural, urban), study level (college, university), and faculty (science, arts and commerce).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDependent variables (Risk perception, attitude and practice):\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e In this study, dependent variables were risk perception, attitude, and practice. There were five risk perception related questions. The answer of the participants was recorded as \u0026ldquo;Yes=1\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;No=0\u0026rdquo;. Risk perception was divided into two level including high and low. Score 4-5 was considered as high level and 0-3 was considered as low level. Attitude contained five questions with five categories including \u0026ldquo;strongly agree\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;agree\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;neutral\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;disagree\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;strongly disagree\u0026rdquo;. The answer of the participants was recorded as \u0026ldquo;Strongly agree and agree=1\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Neutral, disagree and strongly disagree=0\u0026rdquo;. Attitude was divided into two level including high and low. Scoring system was similar to risk perception. And practice contained seven questions with five category including \u0026ldquo;never\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;rarely\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;sometimes\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;often\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;always\u0026rdquo;. The answer of the participants was recorded as \u0026ldquo;Never and rarely=1\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Sometimes, often and always=0\u0026rdquo;. Score 5-7 was considered as high level and score 0-4 was considered as low level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData analysis:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e After completing data collection, all data were transferred from Microsoft excel 13 to SPSS version 25.0. Frequency analysis was done of all demographic variables. Chi-square test was conducted to examine the association of risk perception, attitude and practice with demographic data. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the potential factors associated with risk perception, attitude and practice. All type of analysis was conducted by using SPSS version 25.0. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical consideration:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The college and university students, who were 17-25 years aged and understood the objectives of the study, were asked to participate in the survey. The study started with a brief overview of the study\u0026apos;s context, methodology, significance, declaration of anonymity, and privacy measures. Furthermore, it was clearly stated to all possible respondents that their participation in the survey was entirely voluntary and that no kind of remuneration or monetary transaction would be provided. \u0026nbsp; The survey adhered to all the protocols, rules, and ethical considerations outlined in the World Medical Declaration of Helsinki (2018). \u0026nbsp; In addition, before responding to the survey, each participant provided informed consent, and the obtained data sheet was securely stored in a private and confidential manner by the first author of the manuscript. The ethical committee of Khwaja Yunus Ali University approved this study and provided the ethical clearance with a reference number (Ref No: KYAU/DEAN/SBS/2023/003).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic status of participants (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;743)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;22 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;25 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaculty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommerce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the demographic status of participants. The majority of participants were male (65.0%). Approximately 51% of the participants were 23\u0026ndash;25 years old and 31.5% of the participants were 17\u0026ndash;19 years old. The majority of participants (65.7%) were from a rural area, and 68.5% of the participants\u0026rsquo; study level was university. Most of the participants (84.5%) were from science faculty and 15.5% of the participants were from commerce faculty.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk perception toward environmental health issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Contamination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMosquitoes Breeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e513\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiver Pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste Disposal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste Water Discharge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e represents that the risk perception of participants toward environmental health issues. Among all participants, total of 92.3%, 69.0%, 100.0%, 76.2% and 69.4% knew that chemical contamination, mosquitoes breeding, river pollution, waste disposal and waste water discharge are risk factors of environmental health issues, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude toward environmental health issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePollution has a negative impact on human health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe must change our values and attitudes to help in solving environmental problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople have to be informed to be aware of the effect of their behaviors on the environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is no systematic procedures in the communities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental education cannot help in solving environmental problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e represents the attitude level toward environmental health issues. A total of 48.5% and 42.5% of the participants strongly agreed or agree that pollution has a negative impact on human health. Thirty-five percent and 65% of the participants respectively, reported that they strongly agree and agree that we must change our values and attitudes to help in solving environmental problems. Only 18% of the participants strongly agreed that people have to be informed to be aware of the effect of their behaviors on the environment. Approximately 75% the participants either strongly agreed or agreed that there are no systematic procedures in the communities. Only 16.4% of the participants strongly agreed that environmental education cannot help in solving environmental problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice toward environmental health issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI turn off tap while brushing my teeth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI turn off lights when they are not being used to save electricity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI try to learn what I can do to help solve environmental issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI read or watch environmental-related articles/ books/news.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI talk to others about environmental issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI participate in environmental activities organized by clubs/ organizations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI plant trees and vegetables or do gardening.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows that the practice level on environmental health issues. Sixty-nine percent of the participants always turned off tap while brushing their teeth, while 8.1% of the participants rarely turned off tap while brushing their teeth. 51.1% of the participants always turned off light when they are not being used to save electricity. 34.5% of the participants always tried to learn what they can do to help solve environmental issues. On the other hand, 16.7% of the participants never try that. Only 16.4% of the participants always read or watched environmental-related articles/ books/news, and 41.3% and 16.3% of the participants respectively rarely and never read or watched environmental-related articles/books/news. A total of 16.7% of the participants never talked to others about environmental health issues. 16.4% of the participants always participated in environmental activities organized by clubs/ organizations. On the other hand, 33.5% of the participants never participated in environmental activities organized by clubs/ organizations. Only 25.4% of the participants always planted trees and vegetables or did gardening.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore of risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk perception score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e[Risk perception: high= (4\u0026ndash;5) and low= (0\u0026ndash;3)]\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e[Attitude: high= (4\u0026ndash;5) and low= (0\u0026ndash;3)]\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e[Practice: high= (5\u0026ndash;7) and low= (0\u0026ndash;4)]\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the score of risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues. The average risk perception score was 4.07. The average attitude score was 3.83 and practice score was 3.52. In this study, risk perception on environmental health issue was high but attitude and practice level were low.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate association of demographic status with risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;454 (61.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;289 (38.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;619 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;124 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;621 (83.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;122 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253 (55.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230 (79.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483 (65.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359 (58.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483 (65.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e428 (68.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (45.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483 (65.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (44.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260 (42.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (54.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (81.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (29.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321 (70.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310 (50.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254 (40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254 (55.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (81.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e488 (65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364 (58.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e488 (65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e421 (67.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (54.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e488 (65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (44.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255 (34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255 (34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (45.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255 (34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (81.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e454 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509 (68.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e443 (71.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509 (68.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387 (62.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509 (68.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaculty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e454 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174 (60.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e628 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562 (90.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e628 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e506 (81.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e628 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommerce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (39.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e represents the association of demographic status with risk perception, attitude and practice toward environmental health issues. Sex (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), age (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), living area (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), study level (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and faculty (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were significantly associated with risk perception. Sex (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), age (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), living area (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), study level (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and faculty (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were significantly associated with attitude. Sex (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), age (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), living area (0.008), study level (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and faculty (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were significantly associated with practice. Risk perception was higher among males than females (55.7% vs. 44.3%). 23\u0026ndash;25-years old participants were more likely to perceive risk factors for environmental health issues than 20\u0026ndash;22-year-old participants (70.7% vs. 29.3%). Risk perception was higher among rural participants than urban participants (55.9% vs. 44.1%). Males' attitude was higher than females (58.0% vs. 42.0%). 23\u0026ndash;25-year-old (50.1%) participants' attitude was higher than others. Rural participants' attitudes were higher than those of urban participants (58.8% vs. 41.2%). University students were more likely to have a high attitude than college students (71.6% vs. 28.4%). Males were more likely to practice higher than females (68.9% vs. 31.1%). 23\u0026ndash;25-year-old (40.9%) participants' practice level was higher than others. The practice level was higher among rural participants than urban participants (67.8% vs. 32.2%), and so were the university students (62.3% vs. 37.7%). Students from the science faculty (81.5%) were more likely to practice higher than others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression analysis for finding potential associated factors of risk perception, attitude, and practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32 (0.23\u0026ndash;0.45, \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00-11.66, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.978)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70 (1.82\u0026ndash;4.02, \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00\u0026ndash;0.00, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.983)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00-14.54, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.978)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73 (1.16\u0026ndash;2.56, \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00\u0026ndash;0.00, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.985)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaculty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaculty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30 (0.21\u0026ndash;0.42, \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommerce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.66 (5.56\u0026ndash;13.58, \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommerce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00\u0026ndash;0.00, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.978)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e represents the logistic regression models of factors related to risk perception, attitude, and practice towards environmental health issues. Females were 0.32 times less perceived as risk factors for environmental health issues (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23\u0026ndash;0.45, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than males. Urban participants were 0.30 times less perceived as risk factors for environmental health issues (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30, 95% CI: 0.21\u0026ndash;0.42, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than rural participants. The participants from commerce faculty had an 8.66 times higher attitude (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.66, 95% CI: 5.56\u0026ndash;13.58, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than the participants from science faculty. Female participants' practice level was 2.70 times higher (AOR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.82\u0026ndash;4.02, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than male. Urban areas' participants' practice level was 1.73 times higher (AOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.16\u0026ndash;2.56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007) than rural areas' participants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides valuable insights into the nuanced interplay of individual perceptions and behaviors in response to environmental challenges, shedding light on the specific needs and concerns of students in disaster-prone regions. These findings serve as a foundation for targeted interventions, educational programs, and policy initiatives aimed at fostering resilience and promoting sustainable practices among student populations. By addressing these critical gaps in understanding, this study contributes to the broader discourse on environmental health and disaster management, offering actionable strategies for building adaptive capacities and enhancing community resilience in similar contexts worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found the differences of risk perception between males and females. This result was consistent with previous research. For instance, a study conducted by Zhang C. et al (2013) to investigate college students' perceptions of environmental health risks. The results found that males had higher risk perceptions compared to females. This suggests that males may be more aware of potential environmental health hazards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of age, our study found that 23-25-year-old participants had higher risk perceptions compared to 20-22-year-old participants. This finding aligns with the study by Knoll et al, which explored age-related differences in risk perceptions among young adults (Knoll et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). They found that older individuals generally had higher risk perceptions, indicating a possible developmental aspect to risk perception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the influence of living area, our study revealed that rural participants had higher risk perceptions compared to urban participants. This finding is consistent with the research conducted by Greteman et al, which examined risk perceptions among individuals living in rural and urban areas (Greteman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). They found that individuals in rural areas were more likely to perceive environmental health risks due to their closer proximity to nature and agricultural activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of attitudes, our study found that males had higher attitudes towards environmental health issues compared to females. This finding is supported by the study by Hein et al, which explored gender differences in environmental attitudes among university students (Hein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). They reported that males exhibited more positive attitudes towards environmental issues, potentially due to socialization processes and personal values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, our study found that university students had higher attitudes compared to college students. This finding is in line with a study that investigated the influence of educational level on environmental attitudes (Miller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) which found that higher levels of education were associated with more positive attitudes towards the environment, suggesting that academic exposure plays a role in shaping attitudes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding practices, our study found that males and rural participants had higher practice levels compared to females and urban participants, respectively. This finding is consistent with the research by Bashir et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), which examined gender and geographic differences in environmental practices among college students. They found that males and individuals from rural areas were more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, possibly due to cultural and contextual factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study provided valuable insights into the risk perceptions, attitudes, and practices towards environmental health issues among students in a disaster-affected area in Bangladesh. The findings aligned with previous research, highlighting the importance of demographic factors such as gender, age, living area, and educational level in predicting these factors. Further research in diverse contexts will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the topic and aid in the development of targeted interventions to promote environmental health awareness and sustainable practices. Knowledge from this study will benefit health institutions to formulate environmental health related campaign by choosing the right messages and target groups in the disaster-prone areas in Bangladesh and similar areas. Efforts to enhance students' understanding of environmental challenges can encompass various educational initiatives, including curriculum enhancements, interactive workshops, and community engagement programs. These initiatives aim not only to inform but also to empower students to become active participants in mitigating the impact of environmental disasters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, fostering a sense of responsibility and environmental stewardship among students can inspire innovative solutions and resilient strategies. Encouraging dialogue, collaboration, and interdisciplinary approaches within educational institutions can further amplify their engagement and commitment to addressing environmental health concerns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs we prioritize the integration of environmental education into the academic sphere, we foster a generation equipped with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to tackle the multifaceted challenges posed by environmental hazards. This proactive approach not only safeguards the well-being of communities but also cultivates a culture of environmental consciousness that resonates across generations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that while the risk perception was high among college and university students but attitude and practice level of environmental health issues were low. To address this situation, college and university authority should consider incorporating environmental health topics into the syllabus. Interactive learning materials, such as mobile apps, games, or online platforms, should be developed to make learning about environmental health enjoyable and accessible. Additionally, incentive-based programs or rewards could be implemented among students and community members to encourage active participation and engagement. Free seminars and workshops related to environmental health awareness should also be conducted on college and university campus. By implementing these measures, institutions can effectively promote environmental health literacy and foster a culture of sustainable practices among students and the wider community.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of conflicting interest:\u003c/strong\u003e There has no conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a self-funded study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and informed consent statement:\u003c/strong\u003e This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajganj 6751, Bangladesh. Reference number was KYAU/DEAN/SBS/2023/003. And all participants of this study provided informed consent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Data will be available based on reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution:\u003c/strong\u003e HMA and SJ conceptualized this study. HMA, SJ, FW, and PM supervised this study. HMA, SJ, JT, FW, PM, NC, and MEHM conducted this whole study including literature review, data collection, questionnaire, validation, visualization. MH conducted data analysis. HMA, SJ, NC, and JT written the first draft. All authors revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e Informed consent was taken from all individual respondents included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors ensure that the respondents provided informed consent for the publication of the results and other required data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAjzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. \u003cem\u003ePsychology \u0026amp; Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1113\u0026ndash;1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAreia, N. P., Tavares, A. O., \u0026amp; Mendes, J. M. (2021). 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A study of the perception of health risks among college students in china. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(6), 2133\u0026ndash;2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062133\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-global-society","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Global Society](https://www.springer.com/journal/44282)","snPcode":"44282","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44282/3","title":"Discover Global Society","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Environmental health, risk perception, Bangladesh, environmental communication campaigns, environmental health education","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9187736/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9187736/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding environmental health issues is crucial in disaster-affected areas due to their significant impact on individuals' health and well-being. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the risk perception, attitude and practices towards environmental health issues among college and university students in Sirajganj, Bangladesh, an area affected by disasters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was collected through a face-to-face survey with 743 participants (university and college students), selected using a convenience sampling method. Frequency analysis, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were employed for data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk perception of environmental health issues among participants was high. But the attitude (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.83) and practice (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.52) level of participants were low. Logistic regression analysis found that females and people living in urban areas had 0.32 and 0.30 times less perceived risk factors for environmental health issues, respectively. The practice levels among females and urban residents were respectively 2.70 and 1.73 times higher (AOR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.82\u0026ndash;4.02, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 and AOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.16\u0026ndash;2.56, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007). Students of commerce faculty had 8.66 times higher attitude (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.66, 95% CI: 5.56\u0026ndash;13.58, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than other faculty\u0026rsquo;s students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the findings, the study emphasised the need of including environment health issue awareness in all curricular teachings. This could be achieved through the inclusion of such topics in textbooks and by organising environmental communication campaigns, such as workshops, seminars, and creative media initiatives, in colleges and universities to actively engage audiences in adopting practices to safeguard their health from environment-related health issues. Local NGOs and governments may play a crucial role in providing the necessary resources to implement improved environmental health practices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Risk perceptions, attitude and practice towards environmental health issues among students in a selected disaster affected area of Bangladesh: A call for environmental campaigns","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-17 19:14:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9187736/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"106252129463146507954419398299944845943","date":"2026-05-03T03:13:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T03:01:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T16:32:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"151706520797468796252739301138856071246","date":"2026-04-27T16:08:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247655805615849668435791184049908476605","date":"2026-04-24T15:35:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"134333108936657319041121308508016485419","date":"2026-04-20T17:24:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T13:44:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-28T11:19:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-28T11:18:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Global Society","date":"2026-03-21T19:07:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-global-society","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Global Society](https://www.springer.com/journal/44282)","snPcode":"44282","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44282/3","title":"Discover Global Society","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8402aa44-fde8-48d1-8630-ec932c894dd6","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 17th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"106252129463146507954419398299944845943","date":"2026-05-03T03:13:10+00:00","index":64,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T03:01:05+00:00","index":62,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-17T19:14:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-17 19:14:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9187736","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9187736","identity":"rs-9187736","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}