Practice of Early Childhood Development and Associated Factors Among Caregivers of Children’s at Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Practice of Early Childhood Development and Associated Factors Among Caregivers of Children’s at Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Practice of Early Childhood Development and Associated Factors Among Caregivers of Children’s at Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Fikre woldeselassie, Selamawit Abera, Chala Getaneh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8068775/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Enabling young children to achieve their full developmental potential is a human right and an essential requisite for sustainable development to achieve cognitive, physical, language, motor, social and emotional development. Literature indicated early child stimulation and responsive care are critical practices required for better early child development (ECD) score. Since ECD is new program for Ethiopia, there is no study on the ECD practice of caregivers and associated factors among women in Bole sub city. So, this study intended to address evidence gap by generating evidence on practice of ECD and associated factors. Objective To assess the practice of early childhood development practice and associated factors among caregivers of children at Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Method Cross sectional study design applied with systematic sampling procedures. Study participants were caregivers of children who visited the five health centers in bole sub city. The calculated sample sizes would be 427 caregivers. Data collected by using structured interviewer administer questionnaires by trained five female health professionals. Data will be coded and entered to Epi-data version 3.1 software and then exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential analysis carried out. Multicollineality checked and managed accordingly. P-value < 0.05 used as cut of point to determined association. Result Among the total child care giver 76% (315) had good practice of ECD. Female care givers (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.1, 7.9), have two children (AOR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.7, 12.3), have four children (AOR = 21.3, 95% CI: 13, 29.1) and mother’s educational status ≥ secondary school and above (AOR = 23.3, 95% CI: 11.1, 25) were positvely associated with good ECD practice. Whereas family size ≥ 4.6 (AOR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.7), no father engagement in child care (AOR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.5) and no decision-making autonomy of mother (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.7) were negatively associated with good ECD practice. Conclusion Three-fourth of care givers had good ECD practice. Working on women empowerment, maternal/family coaching, women education and male engagement can bring change in early child development by ensuring early stimulation and responsive care. Early child development Caregivers ECD practice Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Background Early childhood development (ECD) refers to the cognitive, physical, language, motor, social and emotional development between 0–8 years of age. Enabling young children to achieve their full developmental potential is a human right and an essential requisite for sustainable development ( 1 ). The early childhood development index is a multidimensional measure, encompassing several aspects of a child’s development including the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive ( 2 ). Infants and toddlers rely greatly on caregivers to engage with the environment around them and to manage their interactions. It is widely accepted that, in order to bring maximal developmental benefit, child-adult interactions must be continually sustained and become increasingly complex over time ( 3 ). ECD practice positively correlated with maternal engagement whereas is negatively correlated with the engagement of other members in the family, as well as with an excessive exposure to media. Some parents use other adult members and media as substitutes for their lower engagement in a child’s development. Children whose caregivers have functional disabilities were less likely to achieve developmental targets. Around 20 per cent of children, between 2 and 5 years of age, spend two or more hours per day with electronics, however, is associated with a lower ECD score and less likelihood of reaching the social and emotional development target ( 2 ). Despite the challenges Ethiopia plans to establish an ECD center of excellence in Addis Ababa with the aim of advancing ECD best practices and policies at federal and regional levels, capacity building, influence policy directions, and use collaborate and inclusive approaches to forge strong links for sustaining ECD subsectors with in Ethiopia and Across the African continent ( 4 ). Addis Ababa city administration underway ECD program with high level political commitment and now parental coacher training and hiring has started and play stations have establishment started in health facilities and other institutions. Since ECD is on its infancy (new program) in Ethiopia, it is not researched well. So, it attracts researchers to work up on it. Methodology Study area and period The study will be conducted in Addis Ababa Bole Sub city administration which has 11 sub cities structure. Geographically, Bole sub city bounded by other sub cities and Oromia region. It share boundary with Yeka sub city in the north, Akaki Kality sub city and Sheger city in the south, Lemi kura sub city in the east and Kirkos sub city in the west. The estimated population size of Bole Sub City by the year 2023/24 have to be 230, 599. There are five public health centers (HC) in Bole sub city and their catchment population estimated to be 38,780, 54,401, 55,231, 29,399, and 52,788 for 17/20 HC, Dilfire HC, Gerji HC, bulbula HC and 17 HC respectively. There are 7 private general hospitals, 12 medical centers, 84 specialty centers, 58 medium clinics, 18 primary clinics and 5 government health centers within Bole Sub City. There are 05 health centers which provide ECD services. About 11,484 children had visit ECD play stations in the HCs in 2015 Ethiopian Fiscal Year The study will conduct from September 1st /2023 to September 10 /2023. Population Source population Source populations of the study were care givers of children in Bole sub city. Study population Study populations of the study were care givers of children in Bole sub city who visit ECD centers with their child/children. Sampling Unit Sampling unity of the study was individual who visited ECD centers in health centers found in Bole sub city. Inclusion Criteria Caregivers of the children who visited ECD center during the study period Exclusion criteria Incidental caregiver( for that day only) Non-permanent caregiver (who have no information about) Study Design Cross sectional study design was applied to achieve the research objectives Sample size determination Sample size of the study was calculated by using single population proportion formula. Prevalence of ECD practice considered to be 50% since no study was available on the same area and setting. And 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error considered for sample size calculation. Where n- Calculated sample size Zα/2 - z-score for 95% confidence level P- Prevalence of dependent variable (knowledge, Attitude and practice) d- Margin of error tolerated By assuming non response rate (NRR) of 10% sample size became 427. So, the final sample sizes were 427 caregivers from the ECD center visitors in the five health centers. Sampling procedure Single stage systematic sampling method was used to reach targeted study population. Client flow assumed to be similar in all health facilities so sample sizes were distributed to five health centers in Bole Sub city and each health center got about 85 samples. Then after sampling interval (K) was calculated to determine the interval for client interview. To get sampling interval, 10 days client number visited the HC prior to data collection for ECD dividing by sample allocated to each health center (85). K told us the interval of client who comes to the ECD center in health centers. The same procedure applied for all health centers but K was different for different health centers since their client flow were different depending on the context. The first participants selected by lottery method from the counting numbers. For example, if K = 3, the first interview participant selected using lottery method from the three counting numbers ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Then every K th interval client interviewed. The same procedure applied from the beginning to end for each health center until reached to calculated sample for each health center. Data collection tool and procedure Data Collection Tool Structured interviewer -administered data collection tool develop based on reviewed literatures. The tool is prepared thematically with good work flow. The questionnaires have three parts which were socio-demographic characteristics, and Knowledge attitude towards ECD and practice of ECD ( 14 ). First, English version prepared and then translate to Amharic version then back to English to minimize meaning gaps. Proper articulation of wording and sentence organization to avoid challenges of misunderstanding and social desirability issues. Data collection procedure Study participants were selected by systematic sampling method. Data collector reached to health centers early in the morning to apply systematic sampling. By using calculated sampling interval (K) the first participant selected by lottery method (eg if K = 5, select one client from the first five clients visiting ECD centers), then every Kth interval interviewed till reached targeted sample. Data were collected by five health professionals after getting training on the research procedure and nature of questionnaires. Data collectors (DCs) followed the research protocol and procedure while collecting the data. Data were collected by using structured interviewer administered questionnaires. DCs explained and get informed verbal consent. After getting consent data collection conducted. Principal instigator (PI) supervised and managed overall data collection activities and procedure. Variables Dependent variable Early Child Development Practice Independent variable Socio-demographic variables Age of care giver Age of the mother Sex of care giver Care givers relation with child House hold (HH) headed by Child live with Family size Total number of children in the HH Age of the child Sex of the child Disability of the child Marital status of the mother Educational status of the mother Educational status of father Occupation of mother Occupation of father Fathers’ engagement in child care Decision making autonomy of the mother Engagement of other family members in child care Knowledge Attitude Operational Definition Practice Measured by multiple practice specific items. By taking the mean value as cut of point, those who scored above the mean considered as good practice and those who scored below the mean considered as low ECD practice ( 10 ). Knowledge Measured by multiple knowledge specific items. By taking the mean value as cut of point, those who scored above the mean considered as knowledgeable and those who scored below the mean considered as not knowledgeable ( 10 ). Attitude Measured by multiple attitude specific items. By taking the mean value as cut of point, those who scored above the mean considered as having positive attitude and those who scored below the mean considered as having negative attitude ( 10 ). Data quality management Data quality is among the critical activities of researcher though out research work (proposal development, field work /data collection/ and analysis phases). Before field work, among the important activities conducted proper articulation of the topic, problem statement, objectives, and tools were the initial one. And appropriate sample size calculation, appropriate epidemiological design selection, proper operationalization of variables, pretesting the tool on 5% (21) of sample among care givers in health centers in Lemikura subcity and training provision for data collector were the next activity to generate quality data. While conducting field work, conducting supervision and checking completeness of filled checklist were the important data quality improvement strategies applied. After field work, data entry template developed using Epidata version 3.1 software and coding of variables done accordingly. So to ensure data quality proper coding of variables, carful data entry and data cleaning carried out. Then after appropriate statistical analysis method and model applied. Data Analysis Next to completion of field work, variable coding was the immediate task followed by data entry to Epi-data version 3.1 template and then data cleaning. Then after, analysis conducted using SPSS version 25 for analysis. The first thing during analysis was conducting descriptive analysis followed by bivariable analysis. Those variables which had below 0.25 p-values in bivariable analysis entered to multivariable logistic regression (MLR) model. Those variables which had an association with dependent variables by MLR with P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant association. Association presented in terms of COR, AOR, 95% CI and P-value. Finally results presented in terms of figures, texts and graphs. Results Social and demographic characteristics The response rate of the study was 97% (415).The mean age of caregivers was 34.24 ± 0.24 years. From the total care givers 17.6% (73) were male and 82.4%( 342) were female. From the total households (HH) 77.6% (322) were headed by father whereas the rest 22.4% (93) headed by mother. Off total children 71.1% (295) lived with mother and fathers whereas, 22.9% (95) and 6% (25) mother only and other family s respectively. Family size of the HHs ranged from 2 to 7 with mean value of 4.2. Number of children with in the house hold ranged from 1 to 4 and mean value of 2.2. Age of children extended from 2 to 6 years and their mean age was 3.6 years. About 54% (224) children were female and the rest 46% (191) were male. And 98.1% (407) were free from any disability and 1.9% ( 8 ) had disability. About 70.4% (292) fathers engaged in child care and development activities but 29.6% (123) were not engaged. Similarly, 58.6% (243) reported that other family members engaged in child care and development activities and the remaining 41.4% (172) reported other family members did not engaged. Among mothers of children 64.6% (268) had autonomy to decide on child care and development affairs but 35.4% (147)(Table 1 ). Table 1 Some sociodemographic characteristic of study participants Bole sub city Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023 Variables Frequency percent Sex of care givers Male 73 17.6% Female 342 82.4% Household headed by Father 322 77.6% Mother 93 22.4% Child live with Mother and father 295 71.1% Mother only 95 22.9% Others 25 6% Sex of Children Male 191 46% Female 224 54% Children disability status Yes 8 1.9% No 407 98.1% Father engagement in child care and development Yes 292 70.4% No 123 29.6% Other family members engagement in child care and development Yes 243 58.6% No 172 41.4% Mothers decision making autonomy yes 268 64.6% No 147 35.4% Regarding to marital status of mothers, 11.8% (49) joined motherhood without marriage (single) and 88.2% (366) joined motherhood after marriage. From all mothers, 11.8% (49) were Illitrate and 23.9% (99) can read and write. And 64.3% (267) had formal educational background, from which 73.8% (197) was secondary school and above (47.5% of the total). Among fathers 13.4% (49) were Illitrate and read and write had equal rate. Among total fathers 73.2% (268) had formal education from primary to college. Out of mothers 81.9% (340) worked either in government office or NGO and 68.5% (251) of fathers worked either in government office or NGO. Off the total 25.4% (93) fathers and 6% (25) mothers were worked in their private business(Table 2 ). Table 2 Some sociodemographic characteristics Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023 Variables Frequency Percent (%) Mother marital status Single 49 11.8% Married 223 53.7% Separated 48 11.6% Divorced 95 22.9% Moother’s educational status Illiterate 49 11.8% Can read and write 99 23.9% Primary education 74 17.8% Secondary education 120 28.9% College and above 73 17.6% Father’s educational status Illiterate 43 11.8% Can read and write 43 11.8% Primary education 66 18.1% Secondary education 44 12.0% College and above 170 46.3% Mother’s occupation Government employee 229 55.2% NGO employee 111 26.7% private own work 25 6.0% Not able to work 50 12.0% Father’s Occupation government employee 151 41.2% NGO employee 100 27.3% Private own work 93 25.4% Not able to work 22 6.0% Knowledge of Early Child Development Among the total study respondents 28.2% (117) knew that colostrum is important for the health of children but not the larger segment, 71.8% (298). And 94% (390) mentioned no sleep or no cry as sign of childhood illness and 6% (25) mentioned born with deformity as sign of childhood illness. Among the whole respondents 94.2% (391) knew that balanced diet is important for healthier development whereas 5.8% (24) did not know. Similarly 94.2% (391) of respondents knew the importance of hygiene and sanitation but 5.8% (24) did not know its importance. Off the total care givers only 11.8% (49) reportedly had knowledge about regular vaccination but not the larger care givers, 88.2% (366). On the same way, 17.8% of care givers reported that they had knowledge about the importance of vitamin A supplementation but 82.2% (341) did know about it (Table 3 ). Table 3 some selected knowledge measuring items of care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023 Items Frequency Percent (%) I have no knowledge about child care Yes 119 28.7% No 296 71.3% Play holds an important role in child learning and development Yes 49 11.8% No 366 88.2% Reading/writing is important for child Yes 293 70.6% No 122 29.4% Colostrum is important for healthier child development Yes 117 28.2% No 298 71.8% Sign of child hood illness No sleep/cry 390 94% Deformity 25 6% Balanced diet is important for healthier child development Yes 391 94.2% No 24 5.8% Hygiene and sanitation is important for healthier child development Yes 391 94.2% No 24 5.8% Regular vaccination is necessary for healthier child development Yes 49 11.8% No 366 88.2% Vitamin A supplementation is necessary for healthier child development Yes 74 17.8% No 341 82.2% Among the total care givers 46.3% (192) knew, child can learn skills from games whereas 53.7% (223) did not know the importance of game for learning skills. Similarly 11.8% (49) care givers knew the importance of telling story/singing for child learning and development but not the counter proportion of care givers. From the total study respondets 16.6% (69) knew brain develops faster during first few months of pregnancy and then between 2 to 3 years whereas 83.4% (346) did not know this. And 17.8% (74) care givers reported that 80% of brain development completed by 3 years of age but 82.8% (341) did not know when it could complete. Among total care givers participated in the study 16.6% (69) knew that simple talking, playing, story-telling with the child in first 3 years can make the child more intelligent but 83.4% (346) didn’t consider it as important thing for brain development. About 11.8% (49) care givers knew children receiving early stimulation for learning and responsive care have chances of higher paid jobs in adulthood compared to others and 88.2% (366) did not know the benefit of early stimulation and responsive care. Sixteen percent (67) of care givers knew Safe house hold, sanitation, and good nutrition is essential for proper learning and development whereas 83.4% (348) did not had knowledge on its importance(Table 4 ). Table 4 Selected knowledge measuring items of care givers Bole Sub city Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023 Items Frequency Percent (%) The child can learn skills through games Yes 192 46.3% No 223 53.7% Telling stories/singing to your child is important for their learning and development Yes 49 11.8% No 366 88.2% Brain develops fastest during first few months of pregnancy and then between2−3 years Yes 69 16.6% No 346 83.4% 80% of the human brain is developed by 3 years of age Yes 74 17.8% No 341 82.2% Simple talking, playing, story-telling with the child in first 3 years can make the child more intelligent Yes 69 16.6% No 346 83.4% Children receiving early stimulation for learning and responsive care have chances of higher paid jobs in adulthood compared to others Yes 49 11.8% No 366 88.2% Safe house hold, sanitation, good nutrition is essential for proper learning and development Yes 67 16.1% No 348 83.4% The mean knowledge score of the study respondents was 12.8. Among the total respondents, 71.3% (296) with 95% CI (67%, 76%) were knowledgeable about early child development (ECD) activities; they scored ≥ 12.8 from the 16 knowledge measuring items whereas 28.7% (119) were not knowledgeable about ECD, scored below 12.8(Fig. 2 ). Attitude towards to Early Child Development From the whole respondents 94.2% (391) perceived that talking and telling story for children had benefit for the health, mental and emotional development. In the same way, 82.2% (341) of participants also perceived that responding with due attention for children questions and protecting them from harms had positive effect on health, mental and emotional development. But, 82.2% (341) of respondents perceived that spending time with children and lovely hug did not have positive contribution for health, mental and emotional development where as 17.8% perceived the counter idea. In general, 82.2% (341) (95%CI: 78, 86) of the respondents have positive attitude to ECD activities but not the rest 18.8%(Fig. 3 ). Practice of Early Child Development Among the total respondents 71.3% (296) fed colostrum right after birth but 28.7% (119) did not feed. About 64.1% (266) practice exclusive breast feeding for the first six months and 35.9% (149) did not practice which implies 35.9% (149) start complementary feeding before six months for the youngest child in the house hold. About 76.1% (316) knew the weight of their child but not the rest 23.9% (99).And 70.1% (291) compared weight of their child with standard weight and 76.6% (318) reported that the weight of their child was comparable to their age. Care givers responded to childhood illness included take to doctor, give home remedies, take to faith healer, take to community health worker, and wait for auto relief with proportion of 5.8% (24), 88.2% (366), 88.2% (366), 40.5% (168) and 34.5%(143) respectively. Among the total care givers about 88.2% (366) reported that they took their child to vaccinate inorder to protect their child from childhood illness but 11.8% (49) care givers didn’t took their child to health facility for vaccination. Similarly, about 34% (141) of care givers restrict their children from taking any food, they feed selected foods while the children became ill but 66% (274) gave any regular food to their children while they were ill (Table 5 ). Table 5 ECD practice among care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Items Frequency Percent (%) Responsive feeding Mother fed colostrum to child right after birth Yes 296 71.3% No 119 28.7% Exclusive breast feeding to youngest child for first six months Yes 266 64.1% No 149 35.9% Complementary feeding to child during first six months Yes 149 35.9% No 266 64.1% Monitoring child’s growth Know the weight of child Yes 316 76.1% No 99 23.9% Plotted the weight of child for the last 3 months Yes 291 70.1% No 124 29.9% Child growing according to age Yes 318 76.6% No 97 23.4% Responsiveness to signs of illness in child Take to doctor Yes 391 94.2% No 24 5.8% Give home remedies Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Take to faith healer Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Take to community health worker Yes 168 40.5% No 247 59.5% Nothing/wait for symptoms to reduce by itself Yes 143 34.5% No 272 66.5% Protection of child from illnesses Take your child to give vaccines/ injections at health centers Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Restrict giving any food to the child during illness Yes 141 34% No 274 66% Care givers reported that 94.2% (391), 88.2% (366) and 76.1% (316) of mothers kisses, hugs and cuddles their children respectively. About 88.2% (366) care givers encourages their children to mimic sounds but not 11.8% (49) of caregivers. About 77.3% (321) care givers listen to the child when he/she make sounds/ talks, 70.1% (291) care givers sing to make the child sleep, 70.1% (291) had reading/ learning materials for the child at home. Out of the total care givers 88.2% (341), 88.2% (341), 76.1% (316) and 52% (216) kept watch on the child, told the child to take care, did not let them to go out and did not let them to play inside respectively and counter proportion of care givers did the opposite. About 41.7% (173) tie their hands and legs to keep them from doing harmful things but 58.3% (242) did not tie their child. And 76.1% (316) of care givers remove /change the furniture plugs and other household items that could harm their children (Table 6 ). Table 6 ECD practice among care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023 Items Frequency Percent (%) Affection and responsive stimulation Mother kisses the child Yes 391 94.2% No 24 5.8% Mother hugs the child Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Mother cuddles with the child Yes 316 76.1% No 99 23.9% Encourage the child to mimic sounds Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Listen to the child when he/she make sounds/ talks Yes 321 77.3% No 94 22.7% Sing lullabies to make the child sleep Yes 291 70.1% No 124 29.9% Have any reading/ learning materials for the child at home Yes 291 70.1% No 124 29.9% Protecting children against injuries Keep watch on them Yes 341 82.2% No 74 17.8% Tell them to take care (e.g. not jump from heights) Yes 341 82.2% No 74 17.8% Don’t let them go out Yes 316 76.1% No 99 23.9% Don’t let them play inside Yes 216 52% No 199 48% Tie their hands and legs to keep them from doing harmful things Yes 173 41.7% No 242 58.3% Remove/change the furniture, plugs etc. that can harm the child Yes 316 76.1% No 99 23.9% Leaving the child unsupervised Routinely leave the child alone at home any time during the day Yes 123 29.6% No 292 70.4% Leave the child in another home for more than an hour Yes 241 58.1% No 174 41.9% Leave the child with another child (< 10yrs) Yes 196 47.2% No 219 52.8% Child goes to care center in caregiver’s absence Yes 243 58.6% No 172 41.4% Among fathers 82.2% (341) were kiss and hugs their child and 70.1% (291) fathers were cuddles with their child but complementary proportion were not practice kissing, hugging and cuddling of their children. About 70.6% (293) of care givers took the child on lap. Regarding to responsive health and nutrition, 94.2% (391) reported that they took their children to doctor when necessary but not 5.8% (24) care givers and 88.2% (366) vaccinated their children whereas 11.8% didn’t vaccinate their children. About 94.2% (391) care givers reported they feed supplementary solid food (Table 7 ). Table 7 ECD practice among care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023 Items Frequency Percent (%) Love and affection Father kisses the child Yes 341 82.2% No 74 17.8% Father hugs the child Yes 341 82.2% No 74 17.8% Father cuddles with the child Yes 291 70.1% No 124 29.9% Taking child on lap Yes 293 70.6% No 122 29.4% Responsive health and nutrition Taking child to doctor Yes 391 94.2% No 24 5.8% Immunization Yes 366 88.2% No 74 11.8% Feeding supplementary solid food Yes 391 94.2% No 24 5.8% Early stimulation Playing and walking with the child Yes 391 94.2% No 24 5.8% Behaving well with the child Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Encouraging child to do good/new things Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Explaining difference between right and wrong things Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Helping child learn Yes 366 88.2% No 49 11.8% Teaching how to read Yes 341 82.2% No 74 17.8% General caregiving Putting to sleep Yes 316 76.1% No 99 23.9% Brushing teeth/ washing face and hands/bathing/changing clothes Yes 341 82.2% No 74 17.8% Massaging with oil Yes 341 82.2% No 74 17.8% From the total care givers 94.1% (391) were play and walk with their children but 5.8% (24) did not play and walk with. And 88.2% (366) care givers reported that they behaved well while they are with children but 11.8% (49) did not act well behavior. Similarly, 88.2% (366) Care givers encourage their children to do good or new things and the rest 11.8% not yet encourage their children to do good or new things. Moreover, 88.2% (366) study respondents were explaining the difference between right and wrong things but the rest 11.8% (49) did not tell the difference between right and wrong things. And also 88.2% (366) study respondents were helping their children to learn new things but the remaining 118% (49) did not do anything to help their children learning. About 82.2% (341) study respondents’ taught their children of how to read but 17.8% (74) did not support on how to read (Table 7 ). General caring of care givers was good. About 76.1% (316) help to sleep (putting to sleep) but 23.9% (99) did not help to sleep. Brushing teeth or washing face and hands/ or bathing or changing clothes were practiced by 82.2% (341) care givers but 17.8% (74) care givers did not do brushing teeth or washing face and hands/ or bathing or changing clothes. Eighty two percent of the care givers massaged their children with oil but 17.8% (74) did not massage their children with oil ( Table 7 ). On average 76%±0.021 (315) (95%CI: 72%, 80%) study respondents had good ECD practice but 23.9% (99) were not followed ECD recommendations (had poor ECD practice). Among study respondents more than 70% were good in growth monitoring, offering affection and stimulation, responsive health and nutritional, early child stimulation and in general ECD implementation. More than 50% care givers had scored relatively higher poor practice on responsive feeding, identification of childhood illness, child disease prevention, protecting child from harm and love and care among others(Fig. 4 ). Factors associated with Early Child Development Practice Conducting bivariable logistic regression analysis 9 (Sex of care giver, family size, number of children, sex of children, mother’s educational status, father’s educational status, Father engagement in child care, other family member engagement in child care, and mother decision making autonomy) candidate variables selected based on the candidacy criteria (p-value < 0.25). Then multivariable logistic regression run and 6 variables (Sex of care giver, family size, number of children, mother’s educational status, father engagement in child care, and mother decision making autonomy) became associated with good ECD practice (Table 8 ). Table 8 Association of factors with ECD practice among care givers in Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023 Independent variables ECD practice COR AOR (95% CI) Good Poor Sex Male 48(66.7%) 24(33.3%) 1 1 Female 267(78.1%) 75(21.9%) 1.87 4.3(2.1,7.9)** Family size < 4.6 215(81.4%) 49(18.6%) 1 1 ≥ 4.6 100(66.7%) 50(33.3%) 0.46 0.09(0.0, 0.7)** Number of children One 98(80.3%) 24(19.7%) 1 1 Two 119(82.6%) 25(17.4%) 1.17 5.2(1.7,12.3)* Three 73(74.5%) 25(25.5%) 0.72 0.2(0.01, 1.6) Four 25(50.0%) 25(50.0%) 0.25 21.3(13, 29.1)** Sex of child Male 117(61.3%) 74(38.9%) 1 1 Female 198(88.8%) 25(11.2%) 5.01 42.9 Mother’s educational status Illitrate 24(49.0%) 25(51.0%) 1 1 read & write 25(51.0%) 24(49.0%) 1.09 0.01(0.0, 1.2) Primary 49(66.2%) 25(33.8%) 2.04 4.8(0.95, 7.2) ≥Secondary 167(87.0%) 25(13.0%) 6.95 23.3(11, 25)** Father’s education Illitrate 24(49.0%) 25(51.0%) 1 1 read & write 25(51.0%) 24(49.0%) 1.09 1.9(0.75, 11.3) Primary 50(66.7%) 25(33.3%) 2.08 4.5(0.3, 5.5) ≥Secondary 216(89.6%) 25(10.4%) 9.00 5.8(0.89,6.2) Father engage in child care Yes 241(82.8%) 50(17.2%) 1 1 No 74(60.2%) 49(39.8%) 0.31 0.04(0.0, 0.5)* Mother had decision autonomy Yes 242(90.6%) 25(9.4%) 1 1 No 73(49.7%) 74(50.3%) 0.1 0.1(0.03, 0.7)** Other family engage in child care Yes 193(79.4%) 50(20.6%) 1 1 No 122(71.3%) 49(28.7%) 0.65 3.6(0.7, 2.1) NB: *represents significance level of association. Single * stands for p value > 0.01 and < 0.05 whereas double ** stands for p value ≤ 0.01 (strong association) Discussion Evidence indicated that proper ECD practice has paramount benefit for the betterment of ECD score, children’s motor, language, cognitive and socio-emotional development. And it also help to early identify symptoms of childhood illness and seeking care ( 15 ).This study revealed, on average 76% (95%CI: 72%, 80%) study respondents had good ECD practice for their child. Even good ECD practice had paramount benefit for child development, this study showed about quarter (23.9%) care givers did not adhere/followed/good ECD practice. Study conducted in India indicated more than 80% of caregivers had appropriate practices ECD practices especially on nutrition and health including colostrum breastfeeding growth monitoring immunization and health-seeking for the child ( 10 ). Discrepancy in ECD practice between might be related to setting, population and temporal variation between the two studies ( 17 ). Finding of this study indicated female caregivers (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.1, 7.9) had 4.3 times higher than male care givers in conducting good ECD practice. Previous study indicated that maternal psychosocial child stimulation was positively and significantly associated with ECD especially in rural and poorest wealth quintile families. Children who received more psychosocial stimulation from their mother were more likely to be on track with ECD, as measured by the ECDI, in comparison with children who received less of such care ( 7 ). On the other hand finding of this study revealed children who are from family of five or more (≥) received less ECD care. Care givers from family size ≥ 4.6 (AOR = 0.1) 90% less to practice ECD than their counter (family size < 4.6). Research evidence showed family social resources like social, demographic cultural, economic and family status directly or indirectly ( 17 ). So, family size probably related to socio-demographic status of the community which would have influence on ECD practice. Care givers of the child from the family which have two children (AOR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.7, 12.3) or four children (AOR = 21.2, 95% CI: 13, 29.1) had had better ECD practice than those who have one child. Having two children and four children, care givers were 5.2 time and 21.2 times more to Exercise good ECD practice than those who had one child. This might be related to child care experience, economic stability and other socio-demographic factors. Similarly, children of women who were secondary school and above (AOR = 23.3, 95%CI: 11.1, 25) were 23.3 times higher to get good ECD care from their parents than those who had Illitrate mothers. Educational status might have influence on economic status, social affairs and other family matters. Study in Bangladish showed Children raised by mothers with secondary or higher education were more on track in their development. Moreover, Children from affluent families had higher odds on track than those from the poorest families. Families with books had higher developmentally on track than their counterparts ( 18 ). Another study in Nepal showed educational status, wealth index quintile, health insurance, stunting, associated with the Child Development Index ( 19 ). It is obvious, the more educated the more employed, economically well and praise decision making power. Finding of this study expressed mother having decision making autonomy resulted in 10 times (AOR + 0.1, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.7) higher to exercise good ECD or Lacking decision making autonomy resulted in 90% lower chance to exercise good ECD. Paternal psychosocial child stimulation was not significantly associated with ECD. Controlling for a child’s individual, parental, and family characteristics, children living in urban areas, on average, get less cognitive development care from their fathers compared to their peers in rural area ( 2 ).On the contrary, finding of this study evidenced fathers engagement in child care had positive influence for good ECD practice. Having no father engagement (AOR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.5) in child care resulted in 96% lower to exercise good ECD by care givers which implied engagement of father in child care foster good ECD practice by 25times than their counter. Evidence showed the father’s engagement is positively associated ECD score, the higher the father’s or the mother’s engagement resulted in the higher in the child’s cognitive development activities. Other household member’s engagement is negatively associated with the mother’s engagement, which indicates that the mother’s lower engagement is being compensated for by the other household members’ engagement ( 2 ).This might be correlated to different concepts. Male engagement/ father’s engagement in child care told a lot about. Engaging father in child care means more than care. It is about economic issue, it is bout decision making, it is about general concern about the family. Conclusion In Bole sub city about three-fourth of child care givers exercised recommended level of ECD practice but a quarter of child care givers practiced ECD far below the recommendation. Similarly, three-fourth of child care givers were knowledgeable and also had positive attitude towards ECD. Being female care givers, having two or four children and mothers education ≥ secondary school had statistically significant positive association with good ECD practice. Whereas Mother with no decision making autonomy, father didn’t engage in child care and family size greater than national average had statistically significant negative association with good ECD practice. Recommendation Early child development (ECD) practice among care givers was relatively good but about quarter of care givers had not good ECD practice. So ensuring sustainability of good ECD practice and brining the poor practice to good should be the task of stakeholders working on ECD and related area. Health sector and Women, children and Social Affairs (WCSA) Health sector (health facilities and offices) Women children and social affairs office should work integratedly on women empowerment activities and decision making skills improvement, particularly support women to access and utilize contraceptives for birth spacing to have smaller family size. And since most of care givers are commonly females coaching women about responsive care especially during pregnancy and subsequently during post natal period. Antenatal and post natal coaching might benefit women who have her first child, which have no experience of child care before. So, Family health team, and ECD-parental coaching should take the lion share of such activities. Education bureau, WCSA and Development partners Education bureau, Women children and social affairs office and other development partners invest synergetic to supporting/encouraging women to complete at least their secondary school before marriage. Education is a cross cutting high impact public health intervention which can encourage father’s engagement in child care and also help to improve decision making autonomy within the family. Research institutions (researcher) Finding of this study showed knowledge and attitude were not associated with ECD practice contrary to previous research finding. So, research institutions or individual researchers need to research on the association of knowledge and attitude with ECD practice. Generally, strengthen parental coaching, women empowerment, strengthen women educational attendance and performance and improve male engagement in child care and other social issues. Strength and limitation Strength Area of the research were not well researched (new area of study) Limitation Study population might be population group who have high health literacy (health seeking behaviours) so the finding might not represent community (low literacy group might not visit health facility) level prevalence of ECD practices. Abbreviations ECD…………………………………………….. Early Child Development ECE……………………………………………... Early Child Education LMICs……………………………………………. Low and Middle-Income Countries MICs……………………………………………… Middle Income Countries MOH……………………………………………… Ministry of health PI…………………………………………………. Principal Investigator SSA………………………………………………. Sub Saharan Africa WHO……………………………………………... World health Organization Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate ; the ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional Review Board of Addis Ababa Medical College department of public health.The purpose, risk and benefit of participating in the study explained to the study participants clearly. Randomness of participant selection and voluntary participation ensured. Confidentiality ensured by not mentioning the name of organization, and individuals’ identifications on the tool. Permission asked for their participation and verbal informed consent obtained from the participants before interview installed. Consent for publication ; Not applicable. Availability of data and materials; The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request Competing interests; The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest Funding ; Not applicable. Author contributions; F.W; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft S.A; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing and original draft C.G,Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing, review & editing Acknowledgements ; The authors would like to express their gratitude to respective health facility, data collectors, supervisors and study participants for their diligence and dedication in the collecting and inputting high quality data used in the study. References WHO. Improving early childhood development: WHO guideline. [Online] 2020. UNICEF. Early childhood development and education in Georgia. [Online] 2020. OECD. Literature review on early childhood education and care for children under the. [Online] 2020. MOH. Mapping of Early Childhood Develop ment (ECD) Actors and Programs at national level in Ethiopia. [Online] July 2022. McCoy DC, Peet ED, Ezzati M, Danaei G, Black MM, et al. Early Childhood Developmental Status in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: National, Regional, and Global Prevalence Estimates Using Predictive Modelling.:. [Online] July 2017. Bortoli, Maritsa Carla de. Factors associated with early childhood development in municipsalities of Ceara , Brazil. [Online] 2021. Urke, Helga Bjørnøy. The Influence of Maternal and Household Resources an d parental psychological child stimulation on early child development . [Online] 2018. Servan-Mori, Edson. Predictors of maternal knowledge on early childhood development in highly marginalized communities in Mexico. [Online] 2022. Unicef. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in early childhood development and care. [Online] 2018. Gaikwad, Leena. Caregiver knowledge, attitude and practices about early child development inlenangan India. [Online] 2020. K, Sampurna. Factors Associated with Early Child Development in Nepal. [Online] 2019. Meintje, . CAREGIVERS’ KNOWLEDGE REGARDING EARLY CHID development in South Africa. [Online] 2014. Melhuish, Edward. The impact of EARLY childhood education and care on the improved well being. [Online] 2014. al, Dana C et. Measuring ECD: Consideration and evidence regaring the care giver reported early development instrument . [Online] 2022. F, Dana C and Günther. CREDI: care giver reported early development index. [Online] April 14th, 2017. Mulugeta, Tsegai. Early child care and education attainment in Ethiopia: current status and challenges. [Online] April 2015. Arjumand Siddiqi, Lori G. Irwin and Clyde Hertzman. Total Environmental assessment model for ECD: evidence report. [Online] 2007. al, Mohammad Nayeem Hasan et. ECD status and associated factors in Bangladish: comparision of two consecutive national representative surveys. [Online] 2023. Factors asscoaite with ECD in Nepal: Further analysis of multiple indicator clustor survey. [Online] 2019. Haileslassie Tesfay, Girum Sebsibe & Tewodros Tesfaye. Practice of ECD mile stone assessment and its determinants among health professionals working at public hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: Cross sectional study. [Online] 2022. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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17:18:37","extension":"html","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":142853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8068775/v1/808af2cae050e1c3860db4ec.html"},{"id":95670288,"identity":"1665e40e-1466-48d6-a91e-90e663bc3633","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 17:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSampling procedure of the study, Bole sub city Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8068775/v1/8fbfbe6600b93d2f55547282.png"},{"id":95670289,"identity":"edcd625d-4e5f-4dd9-ac9e-997b8b24bd7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 17:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge grading of Study respondents Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8068775/v1/06b5fece0d68c29626494aa6.png"},{"id":95670287,"identity":"80764297-b130-44c1-a537-93f5b2857b76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 17:18:36","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAttitude category of study participants Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8068775/v1/117c67fed83b8d714ad98e54.png"},{"id":95798411,"identity":"4a3503f0-965f-4b69-8970-495c593fb566","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:16:44","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":73809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSubclass and overall ECD practice among care givers in Bole sub city Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8068775/v1/ab94b42a2c38b86edc3f9c3e.png"},{"id":95804650,"identity":"9ae58b51-210c-42e3-b26d-4e5489353c67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:38:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2120771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8068775/v1/1b695915-d0c1-4e03-a845-ab19e302bcc5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePractice of Early Childhood Development and Associated Factors Among Caregivers of Children’s at Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003ch3\u003eBackground\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarly childhood development (ECD) refers to the cognitive, physical, language, motor, social and emotional development between 0\u0026ndash;8 years of age. Enabling young children to achieve their full developmental potential is a human right and an essential requisite for sustainable development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The early childhood development index is a multidimensional measure, encompassing several aspects of a child\u0026rsquo;s development including the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Infants and toddlers rely greatly on caregivers to engage with the environment around them and to manage their interactions. It is widely accepted that, in order to bring maximal developmental benefit, child-adult interactions must be continually sustained and become increasingly complex over time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eECD practice positively correlated with maternal engagement whereas is negatively correlated with the engagement of other members in the family, as well as with an excessive exposure to media. Some parents use other adult members and media as substitutes for their lower engagement in a child\u0026rsquo;s development. Children whose caregivers have functional disabilities were less likely to achieve developmental targets. Around 20 per cent of children, between 2 and 5 years of age, spend two or more hours per day with electronics, however, is associated with a lower ECD score and less likelihood of reaching the social and emotional development target (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the challenges Ethiopia plans to establish an ECD center of excellence in Addis Ababa with the aim of advancing ECD best practices and policies at federal and regional levels, capacity building, influence policy directions, and use collaborate and inclusive approaches to forge strong links for sustaining ECD subsectors with in Ethiopia and Across the African continent (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Addis Ababa city administration underway ECD program with high level political commitment and now parental coacher training and hiring has started and play stations have establishment started in health facilities and other institutions. Since ECD is on its infancy (new program) in Ethiopia, it is not researched well. So, it attracts researchers to work up on it.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and period\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study will be conducted in Addis Ababa Bole Sub city administration which has 11 sub cities structure. Geographically, Bole sub city bounded by other sub cities and Oromia region. It share boundary with Yeka sub city in the north, Akaki Kality sub city and Sheger city in the south, Lemi kura sub city in the east and Kirkos sub city in the west. The estimated population size of Bole Sub City by the year 2023/24 have to be 230, 599. There are five public health centers (HC) in Bole sub city and their catchment population estimated to be 38,780, 54,401, 55,231, 29,399, and 52,788 for 17/20 HC, Dilfire HC, Gerji HC, bulbula HC and 17 HC respectively. There are 7 private general hospitals, 12 medical centers, 84 specialty centers, 58 medium clinics, 18 primary clinics and 5 government health centers within Bole Sub City. There are 05 health centers which provide ECD services. About 11,484 children had visit ECD play stations in the HCs in 2015 Ethiopian Fiscal Year The study will conduct from September 1st /2023 to September 10 /2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePopulation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSource population\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource populations of the study were care givers of children in Bole sub city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy populations of the study were care givers of children in Bole sub city who visit ECD centers with their child/children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling Unit\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSampling unity of the study was individual who visited ECD centers in health centers found in Bole sub city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaregivers of the children who visited ECD center during the study period\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncidental caregiver( for that day only)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-permanent caregiver (who have no information about)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCross sectional study design was applied to achieve the research objectives\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSample size determination\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample size of the study was calculated by using single population proportion formula. Prevalence of ECD practice considered to be 50% since no study was available on the same area and setting. And 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error considered for sample size calculation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"214\" height=\"216\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en- Calculated sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026alpha;/2 - z-score for 95% confidence level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP- Prevalence of dependent variable (knowledge, Attitude and practice)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed- Margin of error tolerated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBy assuming non response rate (NRR) of 10% sample size became 427. So, the final sample sizes were 427 caregivers from the ECD center visitors in the five health centers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSampling procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle stage systematic sampling method was used to reach targeted study population. Client flow assumed to be similar in all health facilities so sample sizes were distributed to five health centers in Bole Sub city and each health center got about 85 samples. Then after sampling interval (K) was calculated to determine the interval for client interview. To get sampling interval, 10 days client number visited the HC prior to data collection for ECD dividing by sample allocated to each health center (85). K told us the interval of client who comes to the ECD center in health centers. The same procedure applied for all health centers but K was different for different health centers since their client flow were different depending on the context. The first participants selected by lottery method from the counting numbers. For example, if K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, the first interview participant selected using lottery method from the three counting numbers (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Then every K\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e interval client interviewed. The same procedure applied from the beginning to end for each health center until reached to calculated sample for each health center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData collection tool and procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData Collection Tool\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStructured interviewer -administered data collection tool develop based on reviewed literatures. The tool is prepared thematically with good work flow. The questionnaires have three parts which were socio-demographic characteristics, and Knowledge attitude towards ECD and practice of ECD (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). First, English version prepared and then translate to Amharic version then back to English to minimize meaning gaps. Proper articulation of wording and sentence organization to avoid challenges of misunderstanding and social desirability issues.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData collection procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy participants were selected by systematic sampling method. Data collector reached to health centers early in the morning to apply systematic sampling. By using calculated sampling interval (K) the first participant selected by lottery method (eg if K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5, select one client from the first five clients visiting ECD centers), then every Kth interval interviewed till reached targeted sample. Data were collected by five health professionals after getting training on the research procedure and nature of questionnaires. Data collectors (DCs) followed the research protocol and procedure while collecting the data. Data were collected by using structured interviewer administered questionnaires. DCs explained and get informed verbal consent. After getting consent data collection conducted. Principal instigator (PI) supervised and managed overall data collection activities and procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eVariables\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly Child Development Practice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of care giver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of the mother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of care giver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCare givers relation with child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse hold (HH) headed by\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild live with\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of children in the HH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisability of the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status of the mother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status of the mother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status of father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation of mother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation of father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFathers\u0026rsquo; engagement in child care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecision making autonomy of the mother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngagement of other family members in child care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eOperational Definition\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured by multiple practice specific items. By taking the mean value as cut of point, those who scored above the mean considered as good practice and those who scored below the mean considered as low ECD practice (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured by multiple knowledge specific items. By taking the mean value as cut of point, those who scored above the mean considered as knowledgeable and those who scored below the mean considered as not knowledgeable (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured by multiple attitude specific items. By taking the mean value as cut of point, those who scored above the mean considered as having positive attitude and those who scored below the mean considered as having negative attitude (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData quality management\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData quality is among the critical activities of researcher though out research work (proposal development, field work /data collection/ and analysis phases). Before field work, among the important activities conducted proper articulation of the topic, problem statement, objectives, and tools were the initial one. And appropriate sample size calculation, appropriate epidemiological design selection, proper operationalization of variables, pretesting the tool on 5% (21) of sample among care givers in health centers in Lemikura subcity and training provision for data collector were the next activity to generate quality data. While conducting field work, conducting supervision and checking completeness of filled checklist were the important data quality improvement strategies applied. After field work, data entry template developed using Epidata version 3.1 software and coding of variables done accordingly. So to ensure data quality proper coding of variables, carful data entry and data cleaning carried out. Then after appropriate statistical analysis method and model applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNext to completion of field work, variable coding was the immediate task followed by data entry to Epi-data version 3.1 template and then data cleaning. Then after, analysis conducted using SPSS version 25 for analysis. The first thing during analysis was conducting descriptive analysis followed by bivariable analysis. Those variables which had below 0.25 p-values in bivariable analysis entered to multivariable logistic regression (MLR) model. Those variables which had an association with dependent variables by MLR with P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered as statistically significant association. Association presented in terms of COR, AOR, 95% CI and P-value. Finally results presented in terms of figures, texts and graphs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSocial and demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe response rate of the study was 97% (415).The mean age of caregivers was 34.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24 years. From the total care givers 17.6% (73) were male and 82.4%( 342) were female. From the total households (HH) 77.6% (322) were headed by father whereas the rest 22.4% (93) headed by mother. Off total children 71.1% (295) lived with mother and fathers whereas, 22.9% (95) and 6% (25) mother only and other family s respectively. Family size of the HHs ranged from 2 to 7 with mean value of 4.2. Number of children with in the house hold ranged from 1 to 4 and mean value of 2.2. Age of children extended from 2 to 6 years and their mean age was 3.6 years. About 54% (224) children were female and the rest 46% (191) were male. And 98.1% (407) were free from any disability and 1.9% (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) had disability. About 70.4% (292) fathers engaged in child care and development activities but 29.6% (123) were not engaged. Similarly, 58.6% (243) reported that other family members engaged in child care and development activities and the remaining 41.4% (172) reported other family members did not engaged. Among mothers of children 64.6% (268) had autonomy to decide on child care and development affairs but 35.4% (147)(Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSome sociodemographic characteristic of study participants Bole sub city Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of care givers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold headed by\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild live with\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother and father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother only\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of Children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren disability status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather engagement in child care and development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther family members engagement in child care and development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMothers decision making autonomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegarding to marital status of mothers, 11.8% (49) joined motherhood without marriage (single) and 88.2% (366) joined motherhood after marriage. From all mothers, 11.8% (49) were Illitrate and 23.9% (99) can read and write. And 64.3% (267) had formal educational background, from which 73.8% (197) was secondary school and above (47.5% of the total). Among fathers 13.4% (49) were Illitrate and read and write had equal rate. Among total fathers 73.2% (268) had formal education from primary to college. Out of mothers 81.9% (340) worked either in government office or NGO and 68.5% (251) of fathers worked either in government office or NGO. Off the total 25.4% (93) fathers and 6% (25) mothers were worked in their private business(Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSome sociodemographic characteristics Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother marital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoother\u0026rsquo;s educational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan read and write\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s educational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan read and write\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNGO employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprivate own work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot able to work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s Occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNGO employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate own work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot able to work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge of Early Child Development\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong the total study respondents 28.2% (117) knew that colostrum is important for the health of children but not the larger segment, 71.8% (298). And 94% (390) mentioned no sleep or no cry as sign of childhood illness and 6% (25) mentioned born with deformity as sign of childhood illness. Among the whole respondents 94.2% (391) knew that balanced diet is important for healthier development whereas 5.8% (24) did not know. Similarly 94.2% (391) of respondents knew the importance of hygiene and sanitation but 5.8% (24) did not know its importance. Off the total care givers only 11.8% (49) reportedly had knowledge about regular vaccination but not the larger care givers, 88.2% (366). On the same way, 17.8% of care givers reported that they had knowledge about the importance of vitamin A supplementation but 82.2% (341) did know about it (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esome selected knowledge measuring items of care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI have no knowledge about child care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlay holds an important role in child learning and development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReading/writing is important for child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColostrum is important for healthier child development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSign of child hood illness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo sleep/cry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeformity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalanced diet is important for healthier child development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHygiene and sanitation is important for healthier child development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular vaccination is necessary for healthier child development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin A supplementation is necessary for healthier child development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong the total care givers 46.3% (192) knew, child can learn skills from games whereas 53.7% (223) did not know the importance of game for learning skills. Similarly 11.8% (49) care givers knew the importance of telling story/singing for child learning and development but not the counter proportion of care givers. From the total study respondets 16.6% (69) knew brain develops faster during first few months of pregnancy and then between 2 to 3 years whereas 83.4% (346) did not know this. And 17.8% (74) care givers reported that 80% of brain development completed by 3 years of age but 82.8% (341) did not know when it could complete. Among total care givers participated in the study 16.6% (69) knew that simple talking, playing, story-telling with the child in first 3 years can make the child more intelligent but 83.4% (346) didn\u0026rsquo;t consider it as important thing for brain development. About 11.8% (49) care givers knew children receiving early stimulation for learning and responsive care have chances of higher paid jobs in adulthood compared to others and 88.2% (366) did not know the benefit of early stimulation and responsive care. Sixteen percent (67) of care givers knew Safe house hold, sanitation, and good nutrition is essential for proper learning and development whereas 83.4% (348) did not had knowledge on its importance(Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelected knowledge measuring items of care givers Bole Sub city Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe child can learn skills through games\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTelling stories/singing to your child is important for their learning and development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrain develops fastest during first few months of pregnancy and then between2\u0026minus;3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80% of the human brain is developed by 3 years of age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple talking, playing, story-telling with the child in first 3 years can make the child more intelligent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren receiving early stimulation for learning and responsive care have chances of higher paid jobs in adulthood compared to others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafe house hold, sanitation, good nutrition is essential for proper learning and development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mean knowledge score of the study respondents was 12.8. Among the total respondents, 71.3% (296) with 95% CI (67%, 76%) were knowledgeable about early child development (ECD) activities; they scored\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;12.8 from the 16 knowledge measuring items whereas 28.7% (119) were not knowledgeable about ECD, scored below 12.8(Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAttitude towards to Early Child Development\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom the whole respondents 94.2% (391) perceived that talking and telling story for children had benefit for the health, mental and emotional development. In the same way, 82.2% (341) of participants also perceived that responding with due attention for children questions and protecting them from harms had positive effect on health, mental and emotional development. But, 82.2% (341) of respondents perceived that spending time with children and lovely hug did not have positive contribution for health, mental and emotional development where as 17.8% perceived the counter idea. In general, 82.2% (341) (95%CI: 78, 86) of the respondents have positive attitude to ECD activities but not the rest 18.8%(Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePractice of Early Child Development\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong the total respondents 71.3% (296) fed colostrum right after birth but 28.7% (119) did not feed. About 64.1% (266) practice exclusive breast feeding for the first six months and 35.9% (149) did not practice which implies 35.9% (149) start complementary feeding before six months for the youngest child in the house hold. About 76.1% (316) knew the weight of their child but not the rest 23.9% (99).And 70.1% (291) compared weight of their child with standard weight and 76.6% (318) reported that the weight of their child was comparable to their age. Care givers responded to childhood illness included take to doctor, give home remedies, take to faith healer, take to community health worker, and wait for auto relief with proportion of 5.8% (24), 88.2% (366), 88.2% (366), 40.5% (168) and 34.5%(143) respectively. Among the total care givers about 88.2% (366) reported that they took their child to vaccinate inorder to protect their child from childhood illness but 11.8% (49) care givers didn\u0026rsquo;t took their child to health facility for vaccination. Similarly, about 34% (141) of care givers restrict their children from taking any food, they feed selected foods while the children became ill but 66% (274) gave any regular food to their children while they were ill (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e ).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECD practice among care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponsive feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother fed colostrum to child right after birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusive breast feeding to youngest child for first six months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplementary feeding to child during first six months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonitoring child\u0026rsquo;s growth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnow the weight of child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlotted the weight of child for the last 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild growing according to age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponsiveness to signs of illness in child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTake to doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGive home remedies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTake to faith healer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTake to community health worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNothing/wait for symptoms to reduce by itself\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtection of child from illnesses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTake your child to give vaccines/ injections at health centers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRestrict giving any food to the child during illness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCare givers reported that 94.2% (391), 88.2% (366) and 76.1% (316) of mothers kisses, hugs and cuddles their children respectively. About 88.2% (366) care givers encourages their children to mimic sounds but not 11.8% (49) of caregivers. About 77.3% (321) care givers listen to the child when he/she make sounds/ talks, 70.1% (291) care givers sing to make the child sleep, 70.1% (291) had reading/ learning materials for the child at home. Out of the total care givers 88.2% (341), 88.2% (341), 76.1% (316) and 52% (216) kept watch on the child, told the child to take care, did not let them to go out and did not let them to play inside respectively and counter proportion of care givers did the opposite. About 41.7% (173) tie their hands and legs to keep them from doing harmful things but 58.3% (242) did not tie their child. And 76.1% (316) of care givers remove /change the furniture plugs and other household items that could harm their children (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECD practice among care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffection and responsive stimulation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother kisses the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother hugs the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother cuddles with the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEncourage the child to mimic sounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eListen to the child when he/she make sounds/ talks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSing lullabies to make the child sleep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave any reading/ learning materials for the child at home\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtecting children against injuries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeep watch on them\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTell them to take care (e.g. not jump from heights)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t let them go out\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t let them play inside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTie their hands and legs to keep them from doing harmful things\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemove/change the furniture, plugs etc. that can harm the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaving the child unsupervised\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoutinely leave the child alone at home any time during the day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeave the child in another home for more than an hour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeave the child with another child (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10yrs)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild goes to care center in caregiver\u0026rsquo;s absence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong fathers 82.2% (341) were kiss and hugs their child and 70.1% (291) fathers were cuddles with their child but complementary proportion were not practice kissing, hugging and cuddling of their children. About 70.6% (293) of care givers took the child on lap. Regarding to responsive health and nutrition, 94.2% (391) reported that they took their children to doctor when necessary but not 5.8% (24) care givers and 88.2% (366) vaccinated their children whereas 11.8% didn\u0026rsquo;t vaccinate their children. About 94.2% (391) care givers reported they feed supplementary solid food (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECD practice among care givers Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLove and affection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather kisses the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather hugs the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather cuddles with the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaking child on lap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponsive health and nutrition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaking child to doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmunization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeding supplementary solid food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEarly stimulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlaying and walking with the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBehaving well with the child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEncouraging child to do good/new things\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExplaining difference between right and wrong things\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHelping child learn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeaching how to read\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral caregiving\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePutting to sleep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrushing teeth/ washing face and hands/bathing/changing clothes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMassaging with oil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom the total care givers 94.1% (391) were play and walk with their children but 5.8% (24) did not play and walk with. And 88.2% (366) care givers reported that they behaved well while they are with children but 11.8% (49) did not act well behavior. Similarly, 88.2% (366) Care givers encourage their children to do good or new things and the rest 11.8% not yet encourage their children to do good or new things. Moreover, 88.2% (366) study respondents were explaining the difference between right and wrong things but the rest 11.8% (49) did not tell the difference between right and wrong things. And also 88.2% (366) study respondents were helping their children to learn new things but the remaining 118% (49) did not do anything to help their children learning. About 82.2% (341) study respondents\u0026rsquo; taught their children of how to read but 17.8% (74) did not support on how to read (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral caring of care givers was good. About 76.1% (316) help to sleep (putting to sleep) but 23.9% (99) did not help to sleep. Brushing teeth or washing face and hands/ or bathing or changing clothes were practiced by 82.2% (341) care givers but 17.8% (74) care givers did not do brushing teeth or washing face and hands/ or bathing or changing clothes. Eighty two percent of the care givers massaged their children with oil but 17.8% (74) did not massage their children with oil ( Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e ).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn average 76%\u0026plusmn;0.021 (315) (95%CI: 72%, 80%) study respondents had good ECD practice but 23.9% (99) were not followed ECD recommendations (had poor ECD practice). Among study respondents more than 70% were good in growth monitoring, offering affection and stimulation, responsive health and nutritional, early child stimulation and in general ECD implementation. More than 50% care givers had scored relatively higher poor practice on responsive feeding, identification of childhood illness, child disease prevention, protecting child from harm and love and care among others(Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with Early Child Development Practice\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConducting bivariable logistic regression analysis 9 (Sex of care giver, family size, number of children, sex of children, mother\u0026rsquo;s educational status, father\u0026rsquo;s educational status, Father engagement in child care, other family member engagement in child care, and mother decision making autonomy) candidate variables selected based on the candidacy criteria (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25). Then multivariable logistic regression run and 6 variables (Sex of care giver, family size, number of children, mother\u0026rsquo;s educational status, father engagement in child care, and mother decision making autonomy) became associated with good ECD practice (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociation of factors with ECD practice among care givers in Bole Sub City Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECD practice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267(78.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75(21.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3(2.1,7.9)**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215(81.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(18.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09(0.0, 0.7)**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98(80.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(19.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119(82.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(17.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2(1.7,12.3)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73(74.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(25.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2(0.01, 1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3(13, 29.1)**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex of child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117(61.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74(38.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198(88.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(11.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s educational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIllitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(51.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eread \u0026amp; write\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(51.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01(0.0, 1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(66.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(33.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8(0.95, 7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167(87.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(13.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3(11, 25)**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIllitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(51.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eread \u0026amp; write\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(51.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9(0.75, 11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5(0.3, 5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216(89.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(10.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8(0.89,6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather engage in child care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241(82.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74(60.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(39.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04(0.0, 0.5)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother had decision autonomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242(90.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73(49.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74(50.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1(0.03, 0.7)**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther family engage in child care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193(79.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(20.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(71.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(28.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6(0.7, 2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNB: *represents significance level of association. Single * stands for p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 whereas double ** stands for p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 (strong association)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEvidence indicated that proper ECD practice has paramount benefit for the betterment of ECD score, children\u0026rsquo;s motor, language, cognitive and socio-emotional development. And it also help to early identify symptoms of childhood illness and seeking care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).This study revealed, on average 76% (95%CI: 72%, 80%) study respondents had good ECD practice for their child. Even good ECD practice had paramount benefit for child development, this study showed about quarter (23.9%) care givers did not adhere/followed/good ECD practice. Study conducted in India indicated more than 80% of caregivers had appropriate practices ECD practices especially on nutrition and health including colostrum breastfeeding growth monitoring immunization and health-seeking for the child (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Discrepancy in ECD practice between might be related to setting, population and temporal variation between the two studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinding of this study indicated female caregivers (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.3, 95% CI: 2.1, 7.9) had 4.3 times higher than male care givers in conducting good ECD practice. Previous study indicated that maternal psychosocial child stimulation was positively and significantly associated with ECD especially in rural and poorest wealth quintile families. Children who received more psychosocial stimulation from their mother were more likely to be on track with ECD, as measured by the ECDI, in comparison with children who received less of such care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand finding of this study revealed children who are from family of five or more (\u0026ge;) received less ECD care. Care givers from family size\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4.6 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1) 90% less to practice ECD than their counter (family size\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4.6). Research evidence showed family social resources like social, demographic cultural, economic and family status directly or indirectly (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). So, family size probably related to socio-demographic status of the community which would have influence on ECD practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Care givers of the child from the family which have two children (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.2, 95% CI: 1.7, 12.3) or four children (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.2, 95% CI: 13, 29.1) had had better ECD practice than those who have one child. Having two children and four children, care givers were 5.2 time and 21.2 times more to Exercise good ECD practice than those who had one child. This might be related to child care experience, economic stability and other socio-demographic factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, children of women who were secondary school and above (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.3, 95%CI: 11.1, 25) were 23.3 times higher to get good ECD care from their parents than those who had Illitrate mothers. Educational status might have influence on economic status, social affairs and other family matters. Study in Bangladish showed Children raised by mothers with secondary or higher education were more on track in their development. Moreover, Children from affluent families had higher odds on track than those from the poorest families. Families with books had higher developmentally on track than their counterparts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother study in Nepal showed educational status, wealth index quintile, health insurance, stunting, associated with the Child Development Index (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). It is obvious, the more educated the more employed, economically well and praise decision making power. Finding of this study expressed mother having decision making autonomy resulted in 10 times (AOR\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.7) higher to exercise good ECD or Lacking decision making autonomy resulted in 90% lower chance to exercise good ECD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaternal psychosocial child stimulation was not significantly associated with ECD. Controlling for a child\u0026rsquo;s individual, parental, and family characteristics, children living in urban areas, on average, get less cognitive development care from their fathers compared to their peers in rural area (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).On the contrary, finding of this study evidenced fathers engagement in child care had positive influence for good ECD practice. Having no father engagement (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.5) in child care resulted in 96% lower to exercise good ECD by care givers which implied engagement of father in child care foster good ECD practice by 25times than their counter. Evidence showed the father\u0026rsquo;s engagement is positively associated ECD score, the higher the father\u0026rsquo;s or the mother\u0026rsquo;s engagement resulted in the higher in the child\u0026rsquo;s cognitive development activities. Other household member\u0026rsquo;s engagement is negatively associated with the mother\u0026rsquo;s engagement, which indicates that the mother\u0026rsquo;s lower engagement is being compensated for by the other household members\u0026rsquo; engagement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).This might be correlated to different concepts. Male engagement/ father\u0026rsquo;s engagement in child care told a lot about. Engaging father in child care means more than care. It is about economic issue, it is bout decision making, it is about general concern about the family.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Bole sub city about three-fourth of child care givers exercised recommended level of ECD practice but a quarter of child care givers practiced ECD far below the recommendation. Similarly, three-fourth of child care givers were knowledgeable and also had positive attitude towards ECD. Being female care givers, having two or four children and mothers education\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;secondary school had statistically significant positive association with good ECD practice. Whereas Mother with no decision making autonomy, father didn\u0026rsquo;t engage in child care and family size greater than national average had statistically significant negative association with good ECD practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRecommendation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly child development (ECD) practice among care givers was relatively good but about quarter of care givers had not good ECD practice. So ensuring sustainability of good ECD practice and brining the poor practice to good should be the task of stakeholders working on ECD and related area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHealth sector and Women, children and Social Affairs (WCSA)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth sector (health facilities and offices) Women children and social affairs office should work integratedly on women empowerment activities and decision making skills improvement, particularly support women to access and utilize contraceptives for birth spacing to have smaller family size. And since most of care givers are commonly females coaching women about responsive care especially during pregnancy and subsequently during post natal period. Antenatal and post natal coaching might benefit women who have her first child, which have no experience of child care before. So, Family health team, and ECD-parental coaching should take the lion share of such activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEducation bureau, WCSA and Development partners\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation bureau, Women children and social affairs office and other development partners invest synergetic to supporting/encouraging women to complete at least their secondary school before marriage. Education is a cross cutting high impact public health intervention which can encourage father\u0026rsquo;s engagement in child care and also help to improve decision making autonomy within the family.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch institutions (researcher)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinding of this study showed knowledge and attitude were not associated with ECD practice contrary to previous research finding. So, research institutions or individual researchers need to research on the association of knowledge and attitude with ECD practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenerally, strengthen parental coaching, women empowerment, strengthen women educational attendance and performance and improve male engagement in child care and other social issues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStrength and limitation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec37\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStrength\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea of the research were not well researched (new area of study)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec38\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy population might be population group who have high health literacy (health seeking behaviours) so the finding might not represent community (low literacy group might not visit health facility) level prevalence of ECD practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eECD\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.. \u0026nbsp; Early Child Development\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eECE\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;... \u0026nbsp; Early Child Education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLMICs\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. Low and Middle-Income Countries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMICs\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; Middle Income Countries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMOH\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; Ministry of health\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePI\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. Principal Investigator\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSSA\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. Sub Saharan Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;... World health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eapproval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional Review Board of \u0026nbsp;Addis Ababa Medical College department of public health.The purpose, risk and benefit of participating in the study explained to the study participants clearly. Randomness of participant selection and voluntary participation ensured. Confidentiality ensured by not mentioning the name of organization, and individuals\u0026rsquo; identifications on the tool. Permission asked for their participation and verbal informed consent obtained from the participants before interview installed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e; Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests;\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e; Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF.W; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.A; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing and original draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC.G,Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc98510384\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to respective health facility, data collectors, supervisors and study participants for their diligence and dedication in the collecting and inputting high quality data used in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO. Improving early childhood development: WHO guideline. [Online] 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUNICEF. Early childhood development and education in Georgia. [Online] 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOECD. Literature review on early childhood education and care for children under the. [Online] 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMOH. Mapping of Early Childhood Develop ment (ECD) Actors and Programs at national level in Ethiopia. [Online] July 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcCoy DC, Peet ED, Ezzati M, Danaei G, Black MM, et al. Early Childhood Developmental Status in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: National, Regional, and Global Prevalence Estimates Using Predictive Modelling.:. [Online] July 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBortoli, Maritsa Carla de. Factors associated with early childhood development in municipsalities of Ceara , Brazil. [Online] 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUrke, Helga Bj\u0026oslash;rn\u0026oslash;y. The Influence of Maternal and Household Resources an d parental psychological child stimulation on early child development . [Online] 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eServan-Mori, Edson. Predictors of maternal knowledge on early childhood development in highly marginalized communities in Mexico. [Online] 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnicef. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in early childhood development and care. [Online] 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGaikwad, Leena. Caregiver knowledge, attitude and practices about early child development inlenangan India. [Online] 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eK, Sampurna. Factors Associated with Early Child Development in Nepal. [Online] 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMeintje, . CAREGIVERS\u0026rsquo; KNOWLEDGE REGARDING EARLY CHID development in South Africa. [Online] 2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMelhuish, Edward. The impact of EARLY childhood education and care on the improved well being. [Online] 2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eal, Dana C et. Measuring ECD: Consideration and evidence regaring the care giver reported early development instrument . [Online] 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eF, Dana C and G\u0026uuml;nther. CREDI: care giver reported early development index. [Online] April 14th, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMulugeta, Tsegai. Early child care and education attainment in Ethiopia: current status and challenges. [Online] April 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArjumand Siddiqi, Lori G. Irwin and Clyde Hertzman. Total Environmental assessment model for ECD: evidence report. [Online] 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eal, Mohammad Nayeem Hasan et. ECD status and associated factors in Bangladish: comparision of two consecutive national representative surveys. [Online] 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFactors asscoaite with ECD in Nepal: Further analysis of multiple indicator clustor survey. [Online] 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHaileslassie Tesfay, Girum Sebsibe \u0026amp; Tewodros Tesfaye. Practice of ECD mile stone assessment and its determinants among health professionals working at public hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: Cross sectional study. [Online] 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Abeba Medical College","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Early child development, Caregivers ECD practice","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8068775/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8068775/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnabling young children to achieve their full developmental potential is a human right and an essential requisite for sustainable development to achieve cognitive, physical, language, motor, social and emotional development. Literature indicated early child stimulation and responsive care are critical practices required for better early child development (ECD) score. Since ECD is new program for Ethiopia, there is no study on the ECD practice of caregivers and associated factors among women in Bole sub city. So, this study intended to address evidence gap by generating evidence on practice of ECD and associated factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo assess the practice of early childhood development practice and associated factors among caregivers of children at Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCross sectional study design applied with systematic sampling procedures. Study participants were caregivers of children who visited the five health centers in bole sub city. The calculated sample sizes would be 427 caregivers. Data collected by using structured interviewer administer questionnaires by trained five female health professionals. Data will be coded and entered to Epi-data version 3.1 software and then exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential analysis carried out. Multicollineality checked and managed accordingly. P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 used as cut of point to determined association.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Among the total child care giver 76% (315) had good practice of ECD. Female care givers (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.3, 95% CI: 2.1, 7.9), have two children (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.2, 95% CI: 1.7, 12.3), have four children (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.3, 95% CI: 13, 29.1) and mother\u0026rsquo;s educational status\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;secondary school and above (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.3, 95% CI: 11.1, 25) were positvely associated with good ECD practice. Whereas family size\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4.6 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.7), no father engagement in child care (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.5) and no decision-making autonomy of mother (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.7) were negatively associated with good ECD practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree-fourth of care givers had good ECD practice. Working on women empowerment, maternal/family coaching, women education and male engagement can bring change in early child development by ensuring early stimulation and responsive care.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Practice of Early Childhood Development and Associated Factors Among Caregivers of Children’s at Bole Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-11 17:18:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8068775/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bd29b658-5134-42da-87a7-3cad0a249d5b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-11T17:18:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-11 17:18:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8068775","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8068775","identity":"rs-8068775","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}