The effects of breeding timing, clutch size, and nesting strategy on reproductive success in the crested ibis ( Nipponia nippon )

Abstract Studying the reproduction process, which is a key determinant of individual and population fitness in endangered species, is challenging but urgently needed. The crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), a flagship endangered species recovering from an extreme population bottleneck, provides a valuable opportunity to examine how life-history strategies shape reproductive success and inform future conservation practices. We monitored 176 breeding pairs of crested ibis over three consecutive breeding seasons and investigated the effects of three key life-history traits, namely breeding timing, clutch size, and nesting strategy (solitary versus colonial), on reproductive success (hatching and fledging success). Our analysis found that both hatching and fledging success declined significantly as breeding initiated later, and a positive association between clutch size and reproductive success in this species. These patterns were robust and repeatable across three years. Unlike other closely related species in this family, sibling competition is generally non-lethal, leading to large clutch sizes fledged in this endangered species. We consider this pattern to be a main reason underlying the rapid population recovery observed in the crested ibis. On the other hand, nesting strategy (colonial vs. solitary breeding) had no detectable effect on reproductive success. This pattern indicates the crested ibis can adopt different breeding strategies across habitats, highlighting its capacity to flexibly adjust breeding behavior in response to local environmental conditions. Our results provide an integrative assessment of how key life-history traits shape reproductive outcomes in a wild population of the crested ibis, serving as a foundation for evaluating its current status of population recovery and refining future conservation strategies for endangered avian species sharing similar life-history characteristics. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.