Task-dependent pupillary responses to glossiness and attractiveness judgments

Abstract Human pupillary responses are influenced not only by low-level visual properties but also by cognitive and affective factors related to task demands. However, the temporal dynamics of how different evaluative tasks modulate pupil size remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how pupillary responses vary when observers evaluate the same set of object images for either glossiness or attractiveness. These two perceptual attributes were selected to exemplify distinct cognitive demands: one rooted in surface-level visual analysis and the other involving emotional valuation. The stimuli consisted of 60 grayscale object photographs selected from the THINGS database, representing common real-world items without social or facial content. Low-level image statistics were controlled using histogram matching to equalize luminance and contrast across all stimuli. Participants viewed each image for 3000 ms while maintaining central fixation and rated either its glossiness or attractiveness on a 7-point scale in separate task blocks. Ground-average waveforms revealed task-dependent modulations of pupil size across rating levels, consistent with prior reports that pupillary responses vary with evaluative context even for identical stimuli. Using temporal principal component analysis and generalized additive modeling, we found that higher glossiness ratings were associated with greater pupil constriction at early, light-reflex-like latencies, whereas higher attractiveness ratings elicited greater pupil dilation at later time points. These findings suggest that distinct temporal profiles of pupil size reflect task-specific processing demands, potentially aligning with the notion that visual and affective evaluations may unfold in temporally distinct stages, as suggested in prior theoretical models. Our results underscore the value of pupillometry as a non-invasive tool for dissociating task-dependent perceptual processes, with potential applications in cognitive neuroscience and affective computing. Impact statement This study reveals that pupil size reflects not only what we see, but also how we evaluate it. By showing distinct temporal signatures of pupillary responses for glossiness versus attractiveness judgments of the same images, our findings suggest temporally dissociable stages of sensory and affective processing. These results highlight the value of pupillometry as a non-invasive index of task-dependent cognitive evaluation. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes Author Note Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and code availability: The data and code supporting the findings of this study are openly available at the Open Science Framework repository (https://osf.io/auz86/). Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT 4o to improve the language, and the manuscript has been proofread by native English speakers through an English editing service. After using the tool and service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication. The authors made the following contributions. Hideki Tamura: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing - original draft, writing - review & editing; Shigeki Nakauchi: funding acquisition, project administration, resources, supervision, validation, writing - review & editing; Tetsuto Minami: funding acquisition, project administration, resources, supervision, validation, writing - review & editing.