Effect of ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on growth performance of calves

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Sharma, S. Katoch, S. Upadhyay This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867502/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of ensiled apple pomace based complete feed on growth response of calves. Ten male cross-bred calves were used for determination of dry matter intake (DMI), gain in weight (GIW) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of ensiled apple pomace based complete feed. Ensiled mixture of apple pomace (AP) and wheat straw (WS) i.e. (EMAPWS) was mixed with concentrate feed and fed to Group 1 calves. The Group 2 calves were fed with ensiled AP in which fresh WS i.e. (EMAPFWS) and concentrate was mixed just before feeding. Growth parameters such as (GIW (Kg/week/calf and Kg/day/calf), DMI (% body weight/calf) and feed efficiency ratio were worked out up to 8 weeks. The overall average DMI in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively, was 2.791 and 2.507 per cent of body weight. The overall average GIW was 2.019 and 1.825 kg, respectively, in Group 1 and Group 2. The overall average daily gain in weight was 288 and 260 g/calf/day in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. There was non-significant variation in FER between both the groups. The overall feed efficiency ratio was 0.1475 and 0.1876 in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The overall feed efficiency ratio of Group 2 was 27.19 percent higher than Group 1. It meant that higher DMI, GIW and FER could be achieved by ensiling WS and AP together and was more palatable than adding fresh WS in ensiled AP. Ensiled Apple Pomace. Growth Performance. Male calves. Wheat Straw Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction India has 535.78 million livestock population (Livestock Census 2021). Agriculture and livestock production are internally connected and reliant on each other. On all India base, there is an overall insufficiency of 11.24% in green fodder, 23.4% in dry fodder and 28.9% of concentrate feed (Roy et al. 2019 ). The complete geographical area of state Himachal Pradesh is 5.56 million hectares, out of which 0.62 million hectare is cultivable and the net area sown is 0.59 million hectare. For these six orders of ruminants i.e., cattle, buffaloes, goat, lamb, yak and mithun, the estimate for total green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate requirements are 827.19, 426.11, 85.78 million tons, independently (Roy et al. 2021 ). Meeting the nutrient requirements of livestock and to sustain their productivity under these conditions seem rather impossible until available non-conventional alternate feed resources are utilized to bridge the gap between demand and supply of nutrients. Higher feeding costs and shortage of animal feedstuffs in many parts of the world have increased the number of studies on agricultural by-products used as feeds for ruminants (Kumaresan et al. 2009 ; Lashkariand Taghizadeh, 2013; Jiwuba et al., 2022 ). Some of these by-products are derived from industrial extraction and processing of fruits, vegetables and other crops (Lashkari et al. 2014 ) and one such product is AP. Apple Pomace (AP) is the solid residue remaining after milling and pressing of apples for cider, apple juice or puree production (Taasoli and Kafilzadeh, 2008 ). It is a heterogeneous mixture consisting of peel, core, seed, calyx, stem, soft tissue and juice residues (Sudha et al. 2007 ; Crawshaw, 2004 ). It is a rich source of fermentable carbohydrates, pectin, crude fibre and minerals which increase its utility for feeding to livestock. Apple pomace has high moisture content, possesses insoluble carbohydrates (cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin), reducing sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), rich source of minerals and vitamin C. However, it is low in protein and essential amino acids (Joshi and Attri, 2006 ). Typically, apple pomace contains 66.4 to 78.2% moisture, 9.0 to 22.0% carbohydrates and density ranging between 400 to 1000 kg/m 3 (Kennedy et al. 1999 ). India produces about 1 million tons of apple pomace per annum out of which approximately 10,000 tons of AP are being utilized (Shalini and Gupta, 2010 ). Nearly 3 tonnes of AP is being dumped every day during apple harvesting in Himachal Pradesh. Due to high sugar and moisture contents, freshly pressed apple pomace is susceptible to rapid growth of microorganisms which can ensure potential health and environmental problems. It also has a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which can reach 300g/kg. Its high water and fermentable sugar contents results in quick spoilage causing soil, water and air pollution. Further, sun drying of AP is difficult due to its high moisture content whereas, mechanical drying requires electricity/energy and increases the cost of feeding. In-fact, storage and preservation are the major challenges in its use as livestock feed (Pirmohammadi et al. 2006 ). Therefore, keeping in mind the factors such as; content of nutrients in AP, availability of apple pomace, shortage of livestock feeds, pollution of soil, air and water through dumping in the open and cost involved in processing of apple pomace, the present research work was planned with the objectives to evaluate the effect of ensiled mixture of AP and WS, as well as ensiled AP mixed with fresh WS in the form of TMRs on growth performance of calves. Materials and methods The research work was carried out in the Department of Animal Nutrition, DGCN COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, India. Preparation of ensiled mixture AP was collected free-of-cost from apple juice extraction plant and WS was procured from University Dairy Farm. The AP and WS were mixed in the ratio of 85:15 (fresh basis). The mixtures were ensiled for 4 weeks in drums. The drums were tightly packed up to the top and sealed with clamps. After the process of fermentation was over, they were opened and a representative sample from each drum was taken for analysis. The experimental feeds were oven dried, ground to pass through 1mm sieve and preserved in self-sealed polythene bags till analysis. These samples were analyzed for proximate principles including calcium by following AOAC ( 2005 ) method and fibre constituents by method suggested by Goering and Van Soest ( 1970 ). Fermentation parameters i.e. pH by digital pH meter (pH tester 30), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) by Barnett and Reid ( 1956 ) method, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen by Micro- Kjeldahl method and aerobic stability by method suggested by Ashbell et al. ( 1991 ). Formulation and preparation of concentrate feed A concentrate feed was formulated as per ICAR ( 2013 ) specifications and prepared in mesh form in the feed unit of the department. It was prepared by mixing maize 22.9, wheat bran 9, groundnut meal 35, cotton seed cake 30, by-pass fat (LYSOFAT-RT) 0.063, by-pass protein 0.034, Tray-mix (Vitamin-A + B 2 + D 3 +K) 0.015, mineral mixture 2 parts per 100 and common salt 1 parts per 100. Experimental plan 10 crossbred Jersey calves of 4–6 months age were divided into two groups with five calves in each group in such a way that the average body weight of both the groups did not differ significantly and the average body weight was 62.22 and 61.15 kg respectively in Group 1 & Group 2. Group 1 calves were fed with EMAPWS-TMR and Group 2 calves were fed with EAPFWS-TMR for 8 weeks period. Parameters analyzed Different parameters such as dry matter intake (DMI), changes in body weight, gain in body weight (GIW) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were recorded at weekly intervals. Weekly DMI was calculated by deducting total DM refused in that week (Kg) from the DM offered in whole week (Kg) to the calves. All calves of both groups were weighed in morning at 9 a.m. on every Monday from the start of trial upto the end of trial and weekly GIW of calves were calculated by subtracting body weight of previous week from body weight of the proceeding week. FER was calculated as the ratio of GIW during a particular time period and DMI, during that period. The overall average daily gain (ADG) was also calculated by using following formula: Average daily gain (ADG; Kg) = (Final weight (kg)-Initial weight (kg))/7 Statistical analysis Various data obtained from experiments were analyzed using graphpad INSTAT 3 software. It was used to estimate the mean and standard error of means of treatment. A probability value of P < 0.05 was considered to denote a statistically significant difference. Results and discussion Ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on dry matter intake (% BW) of calves The weekly dry matter intake as per cent of body weight (%BW) of Group 1 and Group 2 has been presented in Table 1 and Fig. 1 . The DMI was 1.806 and 2.277 per cent of body weight during 1st week in Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. In Group 1, DMI intake increased from 2nd week to 4th week. Whereas, in Group 2, DMI increased in 2nd and 3rd week after which slight decrease was observed in 4th week in DMI. However, DMI was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Group 1 as compared to that of Group 2 during 4th week. In Group 1, DMI decreased after 4th week up to the end of study. Similar trend was also observed in Group 2. After 2 weeks of study the DMI of Group 1 was higher as compared to that of Group 2. The DMI was numerically higher in Group 2 during the 1st two weeks, after that the DMI of Group 1 was higher (significantly) throughout the study period as compared to Group 2. The overall perusal of data indicated that in Group 1, the dry matter intake was higher than 2.5 per cent (except during week1), whereas in Group 2, it was higher than 2.5 per cent up to 5 weeks, thereafter it decreased below 2.5 per cent. Although, overall DMI of 8 weeks study was 2.507 per cent in Group 2. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower DMI in Group 2 during 6th 7th and 8th week as compared to Group 1 as well as compared to its intake up to 1st five weeks indicated that there may be intake limitations when fresh wheat straw was mixed with ensiled AP. It meant that higher DMI could be achieved by ensiling WS and AP together and was more palatable than adding fresh WS in ensiled AP. Crawshaw ( 2004 ) reported that ensiling of AP (only) may cause production of ethanol leading to health problems if animals are fed this over a long period. Although, no health issues were observed in the present study, but this could be the reason of decrease in dry matter intake of calves of Group 2 after two weeks of feeding. Nazir ( 2017 ) reported DMI of EMAPWS (only) as 2.33 per cent and that of EAPFWS (only) as 2.2 per cent of body weight. Higher DMI intakes observed in the present study were due to associative effects of concentrate feed because TMR was fed to the experimental animals in the present study whereas, Nazir ( 2017 ) used only AP + WS. This was also evidenced by the results of digestibility-cum- metabolism trial, where the DMI of EAPFWS based TMR was lower than that of EMAPWS. The overall DMI of 8 weeks study was 2.791and 2.507 in 1 st and 2nd group, respectively, and it was above the standard dry matter intake of 2.5 per cent of body weight. Also, the overall DMI was 11.35 per cent higher in EMAPWS TMR than that of EAPFWS TMR, although it did not reach a significant level. Table 1 Ensiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Dry Matter Intake (% BW) of Calves Time period Dry matter intake Group 1 Group 2 1st week 1.806 ± 0.200 2.277 ± 0.204 2nd week 2.690 ± 0.256 2.960 ± 0.095 3rd week 3.404 ± 0.179 3.223 ± 0.156 4th week 3.877 ± 0.187 a 3.112 ± 0.142 b 5th week 3.001 ± 0.106 2.663 ± 0.102 6th week 2.800 ± 0.106 a 2.179 ± 0.084 b 7th week 2.469 ± 0.092 a 1.962 ± 0.099 b 8th week 2.280 ± 0.077 a 1.678 ± 0.124 b Overall average 2.791 ± 0.2293 2.507 ± 0.2006 Ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on weekly gain in body weight (Kg) of calves Weekly gain in body weight of Group 1 and Group 2 has been presented in Table 2 and Fig. 2 . The gain in body weight (GIW) was 1.76 and 1.49 kg/calf during the 1st week in Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. In Group 1, it decreased to 0.92 kg during 2nd week thereafter it increased during 3rd, 4th and 5th week after which it decreased up to 8 weeks. Whereas, in Group 2 no specific trend was observed in GIW from 2nd week to 8th week and it ranged from 0.38 to 4.51 kg/calf. There was no significant difference in GIW in calves of both the groups throughout the study period except during 7th week. The overall average GIW was 2.019 and 1.825 kg, respectively, in Group 1 and Group 2. There was no significant difference in overall average GIW between both the groups. However, numerically the GIW of Group 1 was 10.63 per cent higher than that of Group 2. The higher GIW of Group 1 calves was due to higher DMI as well as DCP and higher TDN intake by the calves as compared to calves of Group 2. Nazir ( 2017 ) also reported significantly (P < 0.05) higher TDN per cent, higher TDN intake and numerically higher nitrogen retention when the calves were fed only EMAPWS. In the present study the calves were offered TMR based on EMAPWS and EAPFWS and nonsignificant weekly GIW of calves indicated that the growth rate was not affected by using TMRs based on EMAPWS as well as EAPFWS. Table 2 Ensiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Weekly Gain in Body Weight (Kg) of Calves Time period Gain in body weight (Kg) Group 1 Group 2 1st week 1.76 ± 0.862 1.49 ± 0.265 2nd week 0.92 ± 0.259 1.87 ± 1.283 3rd week 2.28 ± 0.461 1.16 ± 0.264 4th week 3.48 ± 0.61 4.51 ± 0.269 5th week 3.94 ± 1.874 1.72 ± 0.034 6th week 1.18 ± 0.523 2.27 ± 0.559 7th week 1.14 ± 0.250 a 0.38 ± 0.049 b 8th week 1.45 ± 0.705 1.2 ± 0.339 Overall average 2.019 ± 0.4002 1.825 ± 0.4321 Ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on daily gain in body weight (Kg) of calves The daily gain in weight (Kg/calf/day) of both groups from 1st to 8th weeks has been represented in Table 3 and Fig. 3 . The average daily GIW of calves of both the groups ranged from 131g to 563g and 54g to 644g in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. As the average daily GIW was calculated from data of weekly GIW, the trend in daily GIW was the same as in weekly GIW data. Overall average daily GIW of Group 1 was 288g and in Group 2 was 261g. However, the overall average daily GIW of Group 1 was 10.67 per cent higher than that of Group 2. Lower overall average gain in body weight of Group 2 calves could be related to approximately 11 per cent lower DMI. It may also be due to presence of ethanol in ensiled AP (although it was not estimated in the present study), which however could be produced in lesser quantity/ absent due to the addition of WS in EMAPWS TMR (Crawshaw 2004 ). Table 3 Ensiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Daily Gain in Body Weight (Kg) of Calves Time period Gain in body weight (Kg) Group 1 Group 2 1st week 0.251 ± 0.123 0.213 ± 0.038 2nd week 0.131 ± 0.037 0.267 ± 0.183 3rd week 0.326 ± 0.066 0.166 ± 0.038 4th week 0.497 ± 0.087 0.644 ± 0.038 5th week 0.563 ± 0.267 0.245 ± 0.005 6th week 0.168 ± 0.075 0.324 ± 0.079 7th week 0.163 ± 0.036 a 0.054 ± 0.007 b 8th week 0.207 ± 0.101 0.171 ± 0.048 Overall average 0.2883 ± 0.05722 0.2605 ± 0.06171 Ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on feed efficiency ratio of calves Weekly changes in feed gain ratio (feed efficiency ratio) has been presented in Table 4 & Fig. 4 . The feed efficiency ratio (FER) ranged from 0.059 to 0.265 in Group 1 and from 0.050 to 0.395 in Group 2. The FER was affected by gain in weight and dry matter intake, so it varied accordingly. In Group 1, FER decreased up to 4th week, whereas in Group 2, it decreased up to 3rd week. However, unexpectedly higher FER was observed during 4th week in Group 2. This was probably because of higher weight gain of calves of Group 2 during 4th week. However, during 5th week, the feed efficiency ratio increased in Group 1 as compared to 4th week because of higher weight gain in 5th week compared to that of 4th week. From 5th week onwards, it decreased up to 7th week and then increased during 8th week because of higher weight gain during 8th week. Contrary to Group 1, the FER in Group 2 decreased in 5th week as compared to 4th week because of less weight gain in 5th week. However, there was non-significant variation in FER between both the groups. Feed efficiency is the most important indicator of nutritive value of any feed and almost similar overall average FER of both the groups implied that the growth performance of cross bred calves was not affected by ensiling AP + WS before feeding or mixing fresh WS with ensiled AP, although the palatability of the mixtures differed. Similar FER of both the groups despite lower palatability in Group 2 showed that the GIW was not affected much by the decrease in intake. The overall feed efficiency ratio was 0.1475 and 0.1876 in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The overall feed efficiency ratio of Group 2 was 27.19 percent higher than Group 1. Table 4 Ensiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Feed Efficiency Ratio of Calves Time Period Feed efficiency ratio EMAPWSTMR EAPFWSTMR 1st week 0.215 ± 0.086 0.197 ± 0.026 2nd week 0.059 ± 0.018 0.139 ± 0.078 3rd week 0.153 ± 0.030 0.110 ± 0.028 4th week 0.195 ± 0.034 a 0.395 ± 0.049 b 5th week 0.265 ± 0.124 0.170 ± 0.019 6th week 0.083 ± 0.035 0.258 ± 0.074 7th week 0.091 ± 0.019 0.050 ± 0.009 8th week 0.119 ± 0.055 0.182 ± 0.062 Overall feed efficiency ratio 0.1475 ± 0.02558 0.1876 ± 0.03677 Declarations Acknowledgement: The authors are thankful to Head, Department of Animal Nutrition; Livestock Farm Complex & the Dean, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, H.P., India for providing necessary facilities for the present work. Statement of Animal Right: This is an observational study and no ethical approval is required. Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare no competing interests. Data availability: The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Funding : The present work is completed under post graduate research programme of institute without any special grants. Author contribution: AuthorDaisy Wadhwa and S. Upadhyay contributed to the conception, design, supervision and editing manuscript draft of the study. Sunidhi performed the materials preparation, methodology and data collection. Author S. Katoch and A. Sharma performed the data analysis and interpretation of results. Drafting of article were performed by author Sunidhi and Daisy Wadhwa. All authors approved the final draft manuscript for submission. References Aghsaghali, A.M. and Sis, N.M. 2008. Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by-products for ruminants–a review. World Journal of Zoology, 3, 40–46. AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis (18th Edition). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3867502","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":269494483,"identity":"04b4e421-0abd-431e-9d41-cdda5af8bcab","order_by":0,"name":"Sunidhi Chauhan","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"COVAS: Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sunidhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Chauhan","suffix":""},{"id":269494484,"identity":"a3b2859e-6fdb-45a1-b31f-f9f10f02b1e1","order_by":1,"name":"Daisy Wadhwa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSK HPKV: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daisy","middleName":"","lastName":"Wadhwa","suffix":""},{"id":269494485,"identity":"5008c3f7-c0d3-4938-a5d1-ca5e71ebfb8b","order_by":2,"name":"A. Sharma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSK HPKV: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":269494486,"identity":"96bc9fbd-c17a-4338-a8a4-38a672817a31","order_by":3,"name":"S. Katoch","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSK HPKV: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"","lastName":"Katoch","suffix":""},{"id":269494487,"identity":"bdc7bed9-c66f-45d3-ba77-4a423b97e172","order_by":4,"name":"S. Upadhyay","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSK HPKV: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"","lastName":"Upadhyay","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-15 19:38:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867502/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867502/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50364459,"identity":"b340e29a-94eb-4eb2-9338-183989669021","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 11:10:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeekly dry matter intake of calves as % of body weight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBlue Line: Group 1; Red Line: Group 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3867502/v1/9a54816c6a78c97938ca93b0.png"},{"id":50364295,"identity":"6d1df104-9ee9-4525-8380-d4b720956632","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 11:02:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGain in weight (Kg) per calf per week\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBlue Line: Group 1; Red Line: Group 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3867502/v1/c2fbf556e98c512d030acc52.png"},{"id":50364298,"identity":"37514d82-f645-4010-abfb-7283e466b84a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 11:02:36","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGain in weight (Kg) per calf per day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBlue Line: Group 1; Red Line: Group 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3867502/v1/880170c0e5925523c0df38a1.png"},{"id":50364297,"identity":"b5f06062-39ce-4713-9a62-61c5ed5232ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 11:02:36","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeekly feed efficiency ratio of calves during growth trial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBlue Line: Group 1; Red Line: Group 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3867502/v1/52f8d7388d5ffe2ebb9c90b2.png"},{"id":50446081,"identity":"a10b6f4b-65bd-4ac8-a297-9ad187b0f8f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-31 15:59:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":464228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3867502/v1/71d79013-a96a-483c-a14e-76b2962f079c.pdf"},{"id":50364299,"identity":"117e731f-9b1d-4351-9d36-b84bf4f66b5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 11:02:37","extension":"docx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarydata.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3867502/v1/4b7bb3c5d5d9112c78d70735.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effect of ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on growth performance of calves","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndia has 535.78\u0026nbsp;million livestock population (Livestock Census 2021). Agriculture and livestock production are internally connected and reliant on each other. On all India base, there is an overall insufficiency of 11.24% in green fodder, 23.4% in dry fodder and 28.9% of concentrate feed (Roy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The complete geographical area of state Himachal Pradesh is 5.56\u0026nbsp;million hectares, out of which 0.62\u0026nbsp;million hectare is cultivable and the net area sown is 0.59\u0026nbsp;million hectare. For these six orders of ruminants i.e., cattle, buffaloes, goat, lamb, yak and mithun, the estimate for total green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate requirements are 827.19, 426.11, 85.78\u0026nbsp;million tons, independently (Roy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Meeting the nutrient requirements of livestock and to sustain their productivity under these conditions seem rather impossible until available non-conventional alternate feed resources are utilized to bridge the gap between demand and supply of nutrients. Higher feeding costs and shortage of animal feedstuffs in many parts of the world have increased the number of studies on agricultural by-products used as feeds for ruminants (Kumaresan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Lashkariand Taghizadeh, 2013; Jiwuba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Some of these by-products are derived from industrial extraction and processing of fruits, vegetables and other crops (Lashkari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and one such product is AP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApple Pomace (AP) is the solid residue remaining after milling and pressing of apples for cider, apple juice or puree production (Taasoli and Kafilzadeh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). It is a heterogeneous mixture consisting of peel, core, seed, calyx, stem, soft tissue and juice residues (Sudha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Crawshaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). It is a rich source of fermentable carbohydrates, pectin, crude fibre and minerals which increase its utility for feeding to livestock. Apple pomace has high moisture content, possesses insoluble carbohydrates (cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin), reducing sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), rich source of minerals and vitamin C. However, it is low in protein and essential amino acids (Joshi and Attri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Typically, apple pomace contains 66.4 to 78.2% moisture, 9.0 to 22.0% carbohydrates and density ranging between 400 to 1000 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (Kennedy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia produces about 1\u0026nbsp;million tons of apple pomace per annum out of which approximately 10,000 tons of AP are being utilized (Shalini and Gupta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Nearly 3 tonnes of AP is being dumped every day during apple harvesting in Himachal Pradesh. Due to high sugar and moisture contents, freshly pressed apple pomace is susceptible to rapid growth of microorganisms which can ensure potential health and environmental problems. It also has a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which can reach 300g/kg. Its high water and fermentable sugar contents results in quick spoilage causing soil, water and air pollution. Further, sun drying of AP is difficult due to its high moisture content whereas, mechanical drying requires electricity/energy and increases the cost of feeding. In-fact, storage and preservation are the major challenges in its use as livestock feed (Pirmohammadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, keeping in mind the factors such as; content of nutrients in AP, availability of apple pomace, shortage of livestock feeds, pollution of soil, air and water through dumping in the open and cost involved in processing of apple pomace, the present research work was planned with the objectives to evaluate the effect of ensiled mixture of AP and WS, as well as ensiled AP mixed with fresh WS in the form of TMRs on growth performance of calves.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research work was carried out in the Department of Animal Nutrition, DGCN COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of ensiled mixture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP was collected free-of-cost from apple juice extraction plant and WS was procured from University Dairy Farm. The AP and WS were mixed in the ratio of 85:15 (fresh basis). The mixtures were ensiled for 4 weeks in drums. The drums were tightly packed up to the top and sealed with clamps. After the process of fermentation was over, they were opened and a representative sample from each drum was taken for analysis. The experimental feeds were oven dried, ground to pass through 1mm sieve and preserved in self-sealed polythene bags till analysis. These samples were analyzed for proximate principles including calcium by following AOAC (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) method and fibre constituents by method suggested by Goering and Van Soest (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e). Fermentation parameters i.e. pH by digital pH meter (pH tester 30), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) by Barnett and Reid (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e) method, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen by Micro- Kjeldahl method and aerobic stability by method suggested by Ashbell et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFormulation and preparation of concentrate feed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA concentrate feed was formulated as per ICAR (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) specifications and prepared in mesh form in the feed unit of the department. It was prepared by mixing maize 22.9, wheat bran 9, groundnut meal 35, cotton seed cake 30, by-pass fat (LYSOFAT-RT) 0.063, by-pass protein 0.034, Tray-mix (Vitamin-A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e+K) 0.015, mineral mixture 2 parts per 100 and common salt 1 parts per 100.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental plan\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 crossbred Jersey calves of 4\u0026ndash;6 months age were divided into two groups with five calves in each group in such a way that the average body weight of both the groups did not differ significantly and the average body weight was 62.22 and 61.15 kg respectively in Group 1 \u0026amp; Group 2. Group 1 calves were fed with EMAPWS-TMR and Group 2 calves were fed with EAPFWS-TMR for 8 weeks period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParameters analyzed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent parameters such as dry matter intake (DMI), changes in body weight, gain in body weight (GIW) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were recorded at weekly intervals. Weekly DMI was calculated by deducting total DM refused in that week (Kg) from the DM offered in whole week (Kg) to the calves. All calves of both groups were weighed in morning at 9 a.m. on every Monday from the start of trial upto the end of trial and weekly GIW of calves were calculated by subtracting body weight of previous week from body weight of the proceeding week. FER was calculated as the ratio of GIW during a particular time period and DMI, during that period. The overall average daily gain (ADG) was also calculated by using following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage daily gain (ADG; Kg) = (Final weight (kg)-Initial weight (kg))/7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious data obtained from experiments were analyzed using graphpad INSTAT 3 software. It was used to estimate the mean and standard error of means of treatment. A probability value of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered to denote a statistically significant difference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEnsiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on dry matter intake (% BW) of calves\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weekly dry matter intake as per cent of body weight (%BW) of Group 1 and Group 2 has been presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The DMI was 1.806 and 2.277 per cent of body weight during 1st week in Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. In Group 1, DMI intake increased from 2nd week to 4th week. Whereas, in Group 2, DMI increased in 2nd and 3rd week after which slight decrease was observed in 4th week in DMI. However, DMI was significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) higher in Group 1 as compared to that of Group 2 during 4th week. In Group 1, DMI decreased after 4th week up to the end of study. Similar trend was also observed in Group 2. After 2 weeks of study the DMI of Group 1 was higher as compared to that of Group 2. The DMI was numerically higher in Group 2 during the 1st two weeks, after that the DMI of Group 1 was higher (significantly) throughout the study period as compared to Group 2. The overall perusal of data indicated that in Group 1, the dry matter intake was higher than 2.5 per cent (except during week1), whereas in Group 2, it was higher than 2.5 per cent up to 5 weeks, thereafter it decreased below 2.5 per cent. Although, overall DMI of 8 weeks study was 2.507 per cent in Group 2. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) lower DMI in Group 2 during 6th 7th and 8th week as compared to Group 1 as well as compared to its intake up to 1st five weeks indicated that there may be intake limitations when fresh wheat straw was mixed with ensiled AP. It meant that higher DMI could be achieved by ensiling WS and AP together and was more palatable than adding fresh WS in ensiled AP. Crawshaw (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) reported that ensiling of AP (only) may cause production of ethanol leading to health problems if animals are fed this over a long period. Although, no health issues were observed in the present study, but this could be the reason of decrease in dry matter intake of calves of Group 2 after two weeks of feeding. Nazir (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) reported DMI of EMAPWS (only) as 2.33 per cent and that of EAPFWS (only) as 2.2 per cent of body weight. Higher DMI intakes observed in the present study were due to associative effects of concentrate feed because TMR was fed to the experimental animals in the present study whereas, Nazir (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) used only AP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;WS. This was also evidenced by the results of digestibility-cum- metabolism trial, where the DMI of EAPFWS based TMR was lower than that of EMAPWS. The overall DMI of 8 weeks study was 2.791and 2.507 in 1 st and 2nd group, respectively, and it was above the standard dry matter intake of 2.5 per cent of body weight. Also, the overall DMI was 11.35 per cent higher in EMAPWS TMR than that of EAPFWS TMR, although it did not reach a significant level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Dry Matter Intake (% BW) of Calves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.806\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.277\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.690\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.960\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.404\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.223\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.877\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.187\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.112\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.142\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.663\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.800\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.106\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.179\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.084\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.469\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.092\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.962\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.099\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.280\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.077\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.678\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.124\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.791\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.507\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEnsiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on weekly gain in body weight (Kg) of calves\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly gain in body weight of Group 1 and Group 2 has been presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The gain in body weight (GIW) was 1.76 and 1.49 kg/calf during the 1st week in Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. In Group 1, it decreased to 0.92 kg during 2nd week thereafter it increased during 3rd, 4th and 5th week after which it decreased up to 8 weeks. Whereas, in Group 2 no specific trend was observed in GIW from 2nd week to 8th week and it ranged from 0.38 to 4.51 kg/calf. There was no significant difference in GIW in calves of both the groups throughout the study period except during 7th week. The overall average GIW was 2.019 and 1.825 kg, respectively, in Group 1 and Group 2. There was no significant difference in overall average GIW between both the groups. However, numerically the GIW of Group 1 was 10.63 per cent higher than that of Group 2. The higher GIW of Group 1 calves was due to higher DMI as well as DCP and higher TDN intake by the calves as compared to calves of Group 2. Nazir (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) also reported significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) higher TDN per cent, higher TDN intake and numerically higher nitrogen retention when the calves were fed only EMAPWS. In the present study the calves were offered TMR based on EMAPWS and EAPFWS and nonsignificant weekly GIW of calves indicated that the growth rate was not affected by using TMRs based on EMAPWS as well as EAPFWS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Weekly Gain in Body Weight (Kg) of Calves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain in body weight (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.250\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.049\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.019\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.825\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEnsiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on daily gain in body weight (Kg) of calves\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe daily gain in weight (Kg/calf/day) of both groups from 1st to 8th weeks has been represented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The average daily GIW of calves of both the groups ranged from 131g to 563g and 54g to 644g in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. As the average daily GIW was calculated from data of weekly GIW, the trend in daily GIW was the same as in weekly GIW data. Overall average daily GIW of Group 1 was 288g and in Group 2 was 261g. However, the overall average daily GIW of Group 1 was 10.67 per cent higher than that of Group 2. Lower overall average gain in body weight of Group 2 calves could be related to approximately 11 per cent lower DMI. It may also be due to presence of ethanol in ensiled AP (although it was not estimated in the present study), which however could be produced in lesser quantity/ absent due to the addition of WS in EMAPWS TMR (Crawshaw \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Daily Gain in Body Weight (Kg) of Calves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain in body weight (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.213\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.131\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.326\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.166\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.497\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.644\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.563\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.245\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2883\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05722\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2605\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEnsiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on feed efficiency ratio of calves\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly changes in feed gain ratio (feed efficiency ratio) has been presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The feed efficiency ratio (FER) ranged from 0.059 to 0.265 in Group 1 and from 0.050 to 0.395 in Group 2. The FER was affected by gain in weight and dry matter intake, so it varied accordingly. In Group 1, FER decreased up to 4th week, whereas in Group 2, it decreased up to 3rd week. However, unexpectedly higher FER was observed during 4th week in Group 2. This was probably because of higher weight gain of calves of Group 2 during 4th week. However, during 5th week, the feed efficiency ratio increased in Group 1 as compared to 4th week because of higher weight gain in 5th week compared to that of 4th week. From 5th week onwards, it decreased up to 7th week and then increased during 8th week because of higher weight gain during 8th week. Contrary to Group 1, the FER in Group 2 decreased in 5th week as compared to 4th week because of less weight gain in 5th week. However, there was non-significant variation in FER between both the groups. Feed efficiency is the most important indicator of nutritive value of any feed and almost similar overall average FER of both the groups implied that the growth performance of cross bred calves was not affected by ensiling AP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;WS before feeding or mixing fresh WS with ensiled AP, although the palatability of the mixtures differed. Similar FER of both the groups despite lower palatability in Group 2 showed that the GIW was not affected much by the decrease in intake. The overall feed efficiency ratio was 0.1475 and 0.1876 in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The overall feed efficiency ratio of Group 2 was 27.19 percent higher than Group 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiled Mixture of Apple Pomace and Wheat Straw Based Complete Feed on Feed Efficiency Ratio of Calves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed efficiency ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMAPWSTMR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEAPFWSTMR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.195\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.034\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.395\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.049\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.170\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.258\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.182\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall feed efficiency ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1475\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1876\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors are thankful to Head, Department of Animal Nutrition; Livestock Farm Complex \u0026amp; the Dean, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, H.P., India for providing necessary facilities for the present work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement of Animal Right:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis is an observational study and no ethical approval is required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: \u0026nbsp;The present work is completed under post graduate research programme of institute without any special grants. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAuthorDaisy Wadhwa and S. Upadhyay contributed to the conception, design, supervision and editing manuscript draft of the study. Sunidhi performed the materials preparation, methodology and data collection. Author S. Katoch and A. Sharma performed the data analysis and interpretation of results. Drafting of article were performed by author Sunidhi and Daisy Wadhwa. All authors approved the final draft manuscript for submission.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAghsaghali, A.M. and Sis, N.M. 2008. Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by-products for ruminants\u0026ndash;a review. World Journal of Zoology, 3, 40\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis (18th Edition). 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Apple pomace as a source of dietary fiber and polyphenol andits effect on the rheological characteristics and cake making. Food Chemistry, 104, 686\u0026ndash;692.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaasoli, G. and Kafilzadeh, F. 2008. Effect of dried and ensiled apple pomace from puree making on performance of finishing lambs. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 294\u0026ndash;297.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang, H.Y., Wang, X.F., Liu, J.B., Gao, L.J., Ishii, M., Igarashi, Y. and Cui, Z.J. 2006. Effects of water-soluble carbohydrate content on silage fermentation of wheat (\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e) straw. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101, 232\u0026ndash;237.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ensiled Apple Pomace. Growth Performance. Male calves. Wheat Straw","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867502/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867502/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of ensiled apple pomace based complete feed on growth response of calves. Ten male cross-bred calves were used for determination of dry matter intake (DMI), gain in weight (GIW) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of ensiled apple pomace based complete feed. Ensiled mixture of apple pomace (AP) and wheat straw (WS) i.e. (EMAPWS) was mixed with concentrate feed and fed to Group 1 calves. The Group 2 calves were fed with ensiled AP in which fresh WS i.e. (EMAPFWS) and concentrate was mixed just before feeding. Growth parameters such as (GIW (Kg/week/calf and Kg/day/calf), DMI (% body weight/calf) and feed efficiency ratio were worked out up to 8 weeks. The overall average DMI in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively, was 2.791 and 2.507 per cent of body weight. The overall average GIW was 2.019 and 1.825 kg, respectively, in Group 1 and Group 2. The overall average daily gain in weight was 288 and 260 g/calf/day in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. There was non-significant variation in FER between both the groups. The overall feed efficiency ratio was 0.1475 and 0.1876 in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The overall feed efficiency ratio of Group 2 was 27.19 percent higher than Group 1. It meant that higher DMI, GIW and FER could be achieved by ensiling WS and AP together and was more palatable than adding fresh WS in ensiled AP.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw based complete feed on growth performance of calves","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-30 11:02:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867502/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"66456b60-21fb-4f47-af5e-9c5e4135d1b2","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-31T15:51:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-30 11:02:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3867502","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3867502","identity":"rs-3867502","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}