The Causal Interplay amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Education Expenditures and Environmental Pollution: Empirical Evidence from the EU Countries

The Causal Interplay amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Education Expenditures and Environmental Pollution: Empirical Evidence from the EU Countries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Causal Interplay amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Education Expenditures and Environmental Pollution: Empirical Evidence from the EU Countries Metin Isık, İbrahim Aytekin, Yilmaz Bayar, Mahmut Unsal Sasmaz, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6996450/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Environmental impairment has become a global problem which affects all countries in different dimensions. Therefore, different institutional, legal, and economic measures to improve environmental quality have been implemented by countries, regional, and global institutions. This research investigates the causal interplay amongst renewable energy use, education expenditure, and environmental impairment in the European Union member states for the 2000–2020 term by means of Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) causality test. The results of the causality test unravel a bidirectional causal relationship amongst renewable energy consumption and education expenditure, renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions, and education expenditure and CO2. Our results highlight the feedback interplay amongst educational expenditures, renewable energy use, and CO2 emissions. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Social science/Environmental studies Environmental Impairment Renewable Energy Consumption Education Expenditures Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse Causality Test Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6996450","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":601839248,"identity":"8f163b3c-9d91-4676-876f-873560d0696d","order_by":0,"name":"Metin Isık","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bitlis Eren University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Metin","middleName":"","lastName":"Isık","suffix":""},{"id":601839249,"identity":"c79fb7ec-3fc2-442c-8fb5-7a8bdf117abe","order_by":1,"name":"İbrahim Aytekin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bitlis Eren University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"İbrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"Aytekin","suffix":""},{"id":601839250,"identity":"8b72bce5-4ee6-4306-89a1-4d0a0e846170","order_by":2,"name":"Yilmaz Bayar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yilmaz","middleName":"","lastName":"Bayar","suffix":""},{"id":601839251,"identity":"11b9b09f-9362-40fe-9553-c06849475a80","order_by":3,"name":"Mahmut Unsal Sasmaz","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHmROBVSAB7taJC0JMM4ZhBYJ4rQwthGhRbf97NHNvD8Y7Pn7Tyd+/DnvsD1/zwHGB2/bGOrMG7BrMTuTl3abJ4EhccaN3M0SktsOJ84428BsOLeNQULmAA4tB3LMQFoSGG7wbpAw3HY4geE8A5s0L1ALLpeZnX8D1mIvf/7s5h+Jcw4DGQzsv/FquQGxhXHDgdxtEgcbDjNuONvAxoxfyxuzm3PSJBI33sjdZtlwLD1x45mDzZJzzklIzsDpsBygLhsbezmgw27+qLG2lzuTfPDDmzIbfjwRAwIo0owN6CKjYBSMglEwCkgEAKs9WhPjPbVJAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Usak University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahmut","middleName":"Unsal","lastName":"Sasmaz","suffix":""},{"id":601839255,"identity":"05b1e8c6-ee13-47b9-9e3c-51c2c6c27325","order_by":4,"name":"Zeki Ucar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bitlis Eren University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zeki","middleName":"","lastName":"Ucar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-28 08:23:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6996450/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6996450/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107007699,"identity":"626b3ead-635e-468a-b1bb-dd84d5d48b58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-15 16:41:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":532198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript11.08.2025.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6996450/v1_covered_2c635d75-a52d-41ef-8b44-abec682d1052.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Causal Interplay amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Education Expenditures and Environmental Pollution: Empirical Evidence from the EU Countries","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Environmental Impairment, Renewable Energy Consumption, Education Expenditures, Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse Causality Test","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6996450/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6996450/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Environmental impairment has become a global problem which affects all countries in different dimensions. 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