Factors related to variation in premenopausal bone mineral status: a health promotion approach

C Tudor-Locke, R S McColl
Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2000 · doi:10.1007/s001980050001 · PMID:10663354
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-09 ⓘ

This study identified modifiable factors like amenorrhea, low body weight, disordered eating, and smoking as risks, while higher body weight, exercise, and calcium supplementation were protective for premenopausal bone mineral status.

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The paper examines factors associated with variation in premenopausal bone mineral status, framing them as modifiable versus non-modifiable risk and protective influences. Drawing on evidence for women’s health behaviors and reproductive factors, it reports that unmodifiable factors include heredity and possibly age at menarche, while modifiable factors include amenorrhea, low body weight, disordered eating, and smoking. It also finds no apparent effect of reproductive history (parity), lactation, moderate alcohol and caffeine intake, and appropriate treatment of endometriosis on premenopausal bone, and notes that vitamin D does not appear to be a factor for premenopausal women who get incidental sun exposure and eat fortified foods. This paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

Bone loss prior to menopause may contribute to later risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. Women may be able to optimize premenopausal bone mass and/or prevent losses. Heredity, and possibly age at menarche (retrospectively determined), are unmodifiable risk factors and attention should therefore be directed to more amenable factors. Amenorrhea, low body weight, disordered eating, and smoking are modifiable risk factors. Vitamin D is not a factor for premenopausal women who receive incidental sun exposure and consume fortified foods, but supplementation should be considered for others, especially during the winter months. Protective factors include a higher body weight (especially due to increased muscularity), calcium supplementation, and purposeful load-bearing exercise. Positive effects of oral contraceptives are most apparent in women with menstrual irregularities. Reproductive history (parity), lactation, moderate intakes of alcohol and caffeine, and the appropriate treatment of endometriosis have no apparent effect on premenopausal bone.
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Abstract: Bone loss prior to menopause may contribute to later risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. Women may be able to optimize premenopausal bone mass and/or prevent losses. Heredity, and possibly age at menarche (retrospectively determined), are unmodifiable risk factors and attention should therefore be directed to more amenable factors. Amenorrhea, low body weight, disordered eating, and smoking are modifiable risk factors. Vitamin D is not a factor for premenopausal women who receive incidental sun exposure and consume fortified foods, but supplementation should be considered for others, especially during the winter months. Protective factors include a higher body weight (especially due to increased muscularity), calcium supplementation, and purposeful load-bearing exercise. Positive effects of oral contraceptives are most apparent in women with menstrual irregularities. Reproductive history (parity), lactation, moderate intakes of alcohol and caffeine, and the appropriate treatment of endometriosis have no apparent effect on premenopausal bone. Similar content being viewed by others Author information Authors and Affiliations Additional information Received: 9 July 1998 / Accepted: 15 June 1999 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Tudor-Locke, C., McColl, R. Factors Related to Variation in Premenopausal Bone Mineral Status: A Health Promotion Approach. Osteoporos Int 11, 1–24 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980050001 Issue date: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980050001

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Condition tags

endometriosis

MeSH descriptors

Bone Density Health Promotion Osteoporosis Adult Bone Density Bone Density Female Health Promotion Humans Life Style Middle Aged Osteoporosis Premenopause Premenopause Risk Factors

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