Integration of parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan in greenhouse whitefly management programme in tomato under protected environment

Integration of parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan in greenhouse whitefly management programme in tomato under protected environment | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Integration of parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan in greenhouse whitefly management programme in tomato under protected environment Ronika, Ajay K. Sood, Ekta Kaushik, Surjeet Kumar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2404817/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Encarsia formosa, an endoparasitoid of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum was incorporated in its management programme in tomato grown under protected environment. Whitefly management programme comprised mass trapping of greenhouse whitefly adults by using yellow sticky traps, potassium (K) nutrition (125% RDF), inoculative release of E. formosa, preventive use of insecticides and natural products comprising soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%), foliar application of azadirachtin (0.0003%) and alternate application of Tamarlassi(10%) and cow urine (5%), and need based curative use of chemical insecticides. The integrated measures proved efficacious in checking population build-up of T. vaporariorum. The evaluated treatments as preventive measures resulted in adult population to vary from 0.01 to 1.51 adults /leaf, being well below the economic threshold level of 5 adults/ leaf. Population was minimum in soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) followed by foliar application azadirachtin (0.0003%) and alternate application of Tamarlassi (10%) and cow urine (5%). Fruit yield was significantly higher in the treatment comprising alternate foliar application of Tamarlassi(10%) and cow urine (5%) followed by the yield obtained in soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%). Entomology Trialeurodes vaporariorum Encarsia formosa Greenhouse whitefly Natural products Management programme Figures Figure 1 Introduction Protected cultivation also known as "Controlled Environment Agriculture" holds extreme potential for more production with higher productivity per unit land area. It entails growing crops in an environment where variables such as temperature, relative humidity, soil, water and plant nutrition are controlled for yield maximization (Jensen 2002 ). The area under protected cultivation in the world is nearly 6 lakh hectares and in India over 70 thousand hectares is under this system (Hickman 2011 ; Sabir and Singh 2013). Protected cultivation allows the farmers to grow high-value crops with year-round production to take advantage of market, seasonality and higher prices (Sharma 2020). In Himachal Pradesh, capsicum, parthenocarpy cucumber and tomato are the important vegetable crops grown under protected environment. However, these are affected by the vagaries of insect and mite pest namely, Aculops lycopersicae , (Massee), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), Tetranychus urticae Koch and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Kashyap et al. 2015; Sood et al. 2018 ; Ghongade and Sood 2019 ; Ghongade and Sood 2021 ; Sharma et al. 2021 ). In India whiteflies from 64 genera and 443 species have been found to feed on numerous crop plants (Selvaraj et al. 2017 ). However, two species namely, Bemisia tabaci and T. vaporariorum are of importance in India under protected environment. Trialeurodes vaporariorum commonly known as greenhouse whitefly (GHWF) is of significance in Himachal Pradesh (Sood et al. 2018 ). Both nymphs and adults damage crops by extracting large quantities of phloem sap from the under surface of leaves. Excessive feeding by greenhouse whitefly leads to stunted plant growth and production of fewer and smaller fruits (Workman and Davidson 2007). Endoparasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a solitary, thelytokous endoparasitoid is one of the most popular and important bioagent for the control of greenhouse whitefly on vegetable and ornamental plants in greenhouses in major protected cultivation practicing countries. Principal greenhouse crops in which E. formosa is used to control GHWF include tomato and cucumber. In India, Singh and Sood (2018) recorded the parasitoid for the first time from Palampur, Himachal Pradesh resulting in parasitization to the extent of 93.6 per cent. The parasitoid can be helpful for its inclusion in integrated management plan of GHWF. Keeping in consideration present studies were planned and undertaken by integrating augmentative release of the parasitoid and the management plan comprising use of yellow sticky traps for mass trapping, regulating plant nutrition, preventive and curative use of chemical insecticides, biopesticides and natural products. Materials And Methods The parasitoid was integrated with the university recommended whitefly management plan presented in Table 1 comprising c lean cultivation (fallowing polyhouse for 15 days prior to crop raising), use of 125% K of recommended dose of fertilizer, installing ten days before transplanting the self-made yellow sticky traps @ 1 trap per 10 m 2 , soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) one day after transplanting (DAT) and repeating 45 days after transplanting (DAT), preventive application of azadiractin (0.0003%) starting with the initiation of GHWF infestation at 10 days interval, need-based alternate application of spiromesifen (0.02%) and thiamethoxam (0.01%) when the population level exceeded Economic Threshold Level of 5 adults/ leaf. In all, there were six treatments (including UTC) which were replicated thrice. There were 16 plants in each treatment, and were separated by two plants to avoid insecticidal interference owing to drift in adjacent modules. Inoculative release of Encarsia was done after 10 DAT by keeping 2 banker plants in the polyhouse which were covered with nylon net of 40 mesh. Table 1 Details of the treatments evaluated for integrating Encarsia formosa in management plan of greenhouse whitefly in tomato Treatment Application rate Method and time of application Preventive measures T1 Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.009% Soil application 1 and 45 DAT T2 Azadirachtin 0.15% 0.0003% Foliar application at ten days interval initiating 10 DAT T3 Tamarlassi and Cow urine 10% 5% Alternate foliar applications at ten days interval initiating 10 DAT Curative measures T4 Spiromesifen 22.9 SC and Thiamethoxam 25 WG 0.02% 001% Need based alternate foliar applications of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam when the GHWF population reaches 5 adults/ leaf T5 Cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD 0.02% Need based foliar application when the GHWF population reaches 5 adults/ leaf T6 Untreated check - - The Tomato crop (Palam Tomato Hybrid-1) was raised under Quonset type naturally ventilated polyhouses of 105 m 2 on April 12, 2022. the polyhouse had double door system and was fitted with 38 mesh nylon net on side and top vents. Crop was raised following all agronomic practices as per the package of practices for vegetable crops (Anonymous 2017 ) except the use of insecticides. In-situ observations were recorded on trap catch, population buildup of GHWF and parasitization of GHWF immatures by the parasitoid at ten days interval using non-destructive method of sampling. The observations were initiated on the day of transplanting and continued till harvesting of the crop. For this, number of adults were counted on three leaves, one each from upper, middle and lower canopy from five randomly selected plants in each treatment. Whereas for recording parasitization, middle and lower canopy was sampled. Results And Discussion Observations recorded on incorporation of E. formosa in integrated management plan of GHWF are being presented hereunder: Mass trapping of adult whiteflies Observations recorded on trap catch of adult GHWF using self-made yellow sticky traps installed 10 days before transplanting of the crop are being presented in the Fig. 1 . The ten days cumulative trap catches varied from 2 to 35 adults/10 traps. The catch increased slowly but steadily from 0- days after transplanting (DAT) to 30 adults on 80 DAT. Thereafter, the rate of increase became almost static and the trap catch of 35 adults/ 10 traps was achieved on 120 DAT. In total, 247 adults were got trapped during the cropping season. The findings depicted the influx of GHWF adults as evident from the trap catch observed on 0 DAT. Population build-up of GHWF in tomato Population of GHWF in different integrated management options ranged from 0.01 to 1.51 adults/leaf (Table 2 ). Throughout the period of study, populations remained below economic threshold level of 5 adults/ leaf resulting in no application of insecticides in treatments namely, alternate foliar application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam (T4) and cyantraniliprole (T5). In the treatment comprising soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) (T1), two applications were made. Whereas, in the treatments namely, azadiractin (T2) and alternate application of Tamarlassi & cow urine (T3), a total of twelve foliar applications were made. Population of GHWF was minimum in soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%), and was followed by foliar application of azadirachtin (0.003%) and alternate application of Tamarlassi (10%) and cow urine (5%), which were at par to each other. Greenhouse whitefly population was significantly more in the plants where alternate application of spiromesifen (0.02%) and thiamethoxam (0.01%), cyantraniliprole (0.02%) was planned. These remained at par to the population level observed in untreated check. Rate of parasitization Parasitization rate of T. vaporariorum by E. formosa varied from 20.00 to 80.71 per cent in different treatments (Table 3 ). The mean parasitization on different days of observation varied significantly up to 70 DAT and became at par thereafter up to 120 DAT. Amongst the evaluated treatments, mean parasitization of GHWF immature stages by E . formosa was significantly higher in untreated check. It was at par to the plots kept for insecticidal treatments namely, alternate application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole, wherein the population remained below ETL and no insecticidal application was made. Parasitization was minimum in the treatment having foliar application of azadirachtin and soil application of imidacloprid, which were at par to each other. However, interaction effect of both the parameters evaluated was found to be non-significant. Marketable fruit yield Cumulative fruit yield of tomato ranged from 10.70 to 12.30 kg/m 2 in different treatments evaluated for developing integrated management plan for GHWF (Table 4 ). Fruit yield was significantly higher in the treatment comprising alternate foliar application of Tamarlassi (10%) and cow urine (5%). It was followed by the fruit yield obtained in the treatment where soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) was done. Fruit yield in the plots meant for spiromesifen & thiamethoxam, cyantraniliprole and untreated check was at par to each other. Table 2 Population build -up of Trialeurodes vaporariorum under integrated management plan in tomato crop Treatments Application rate Mean population of greenhouse whitefly adults per leaf on indicated days after transplanting 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Mean T1 Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (Soil application) 0.009% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 T2 Azadirachtin (Foliar application) 0.0003% 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 T3 Tamarlassi and Cow urine (Alternate foliar application) 10% 5% 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.03 0.05 T4 Spiromesifen 22.9 SC &Thiamethoxam 25 WG (Alternate foliar application) 0.02% 001% 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.41 0.62 0.86 0.77 0.76 0.82 1.08 0.85 1.26 0.63 T5 Cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD (Foliar application) 0.02% 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.41 0.98 0.70 0.47 0.78 0.82 1.02 0.70 1.51 0.62 T6 Untreated check - 0.00 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.74 0.54 0.34 0.91 0.89 1.05 0.89 1.39 0.60 Mean 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.18 0.40 0.36 0.27 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.44 0.71 CD ( P = 0.05) DAT(A) = 0.17 Treatment (B) = 0.12 A×B = 0.42 Table 3 Rate of parasitization of Trialeurodes vaporariorum by Encarsia formosa under integrated management plan in tomato crop Treatments Application rate Parasitization (%) on indicated days after transplanting (DAT) 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Mean T1 Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (Soil application) 0.009% 0.00 (1.28) 0.00 (1.28) 20.00 (26.57) 20.33 (23.85) 46.67 (43.08) 53.33 (46.92) 63.33 (52.78) 70.00 (57.78) 34.45 (30.80) T2 Azadirachtin (Foliar application) 0.0003% 20.00 (26.57) 26.67 (30.79) 38.33 (37.89) 35.41 (36.21) 33.33 (30.00) 40.11 (38.92) 44.44 (41.75) 40.00 (38.86) 34.79 (35.13) T3 Tamarlassi and Cow urine (Alternate foliar application) 10% 5% 20.00 (26.57) 33.33 (35.01) 52.22 (46.52) 49.29 ((44.50) 48.48 (44.13) 58.04 (49.65) 53.93 (47.27) 51.84 (46.06) 45.89 (42.46) T4 Spiromesifen 22.9 SC & Thiamethoxam 25 WG (Alternate foliar application) 0.02% 001% 27.00 (28.07) 40.00 (39.23) 80.00 (63.44) 80.00 (68.07) 73.33 (59.21) 80.00 (68.07) 76.33 (61.92)) 80.00 (68.07) 67.08 (57.25) T5 Cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD (Foliar application) 0.02% 26.67 (30.79) 46.67 (43.07) 73.33 (59.21) 73.33 (64.22) 76.67 (61.44) 80.00 (68.07) 73.33 (53.78) 76.67 (61.93) 65.67 (56.50) T6 Untreated check - 33.33 (35.01) 56.70 (48.92) 81.55 (65.02) 76.82 (62.75) 80.71 (64.64) 80.10 (64.15) 80.32 (64.86) 80.58 (64.38) 71.26 (58.72) Mean 21.33 (25.46) 34.06 33.79) 57.57 (49.77) 55.87 (49.93) 59.86 (50.71) 65.26 (53.27) 68.12 (55.65) 67.63 (55.35) F Figures in parentheses are the angular transformed values CD ( P = 0.05) DAT(A) = (9.08) Treatment (B) = (7.86) A×B = (NS) Table 4 Tomato fruit yield in different integrated greenhouse whitefly management practices Treatments Application rate Cumulative marketable yield (kg/m²) T1 Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (Soil application) 0.009% 11.84 T2 Azadirachtin (Foliar application) 0.0003% 11.04 T3 Tamarlassi and cow urine (Alternate foliar application) 10% 5% 12.30 T4 Spiromesifen 22.9 SC & Thiamethoxam 25 WG (Alternate foliar application) 0.02% 001% 10.70 T5 Cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD (Foliar application) 0.02% 10.74 T6 Untreated check 10.86 CD ( P = 0.05) 0.17 Among all the treatments evaluated, population of GHWF remained lower to Economic Threshold Level of 5 adults/ leaf. Finding of Singh ( 2017 ) are supportive to our results as he observed the soil application of imidacloprid followed by foliar application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam to be significantly superior in suppressing greenhouse whitefly. Schuster ( 2002 ) in tomato and Bi et al. ( 2002 ) in strawberry also observed soil application of imidacloprid to suppress the whitefly population up to 6–9 weeks. Finding of Sood et al. ( 2010 ) and Kashyap ( 2013 ) are supportive to the present studies as they also found azadiractin (@ 0.0005%) to be efficacious against GHWF under protected environment in tomato. Also, Kashyap et al. (2015) reported azadiractin to be highly toxic to immature of greenhouse whitefly. Efficacy of Tamarlassi and cow urine under field conditions are in line to the findings of Kumar and Gupta ( 2006 ), Ahirwar et al. (2010), Thakur and Sood ( 2019 ), and Thakur and Sood ( 2022 ) who reported reduction in insect populations in different crops by using cow urine. However, it was next to Tamarlassi and fermented buttermilk in efficacy under protected environment due to evaluation at lower concentration of 5%, as at the field recommended dose of 10% it was found to be phytotoxic. Findings of Kumari ( 2021 ) supports the present finding, she revealed that at recommended field dose (10%) Tamarlassi to possess moderate level of insecticidal activity against greenhouse whitefly. Conclusion Encarsia formosa , an endo-parasitoid of T. vaporariorum can efficiently be utilized in integrated GHWF management plan under protected cultivation using augmentative release. The technology needs to be popularized amongst the stake holders for whitefly management under protected environment. Declarations Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to ICAR NAHEP-CAAST on ‘Protected Agriculture and Natural Farming’ at CSKHPKV, Palampur for providing necessary financial and logistic support during the study period. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. References Ahirwar RM, Gupta MP and Banerjee S. 2009. Field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests of sesame. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 1(2): 221-222. Anonymous. 2017. Package of practices for vegetable crops. Directorate of Extension Education, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavidyalaya, Palampur, India pp 203. Bi JL, Toscano NC and Ballmer GR. 2002. Greenhouse and field evaluation of six novel insecticides against the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum on strawberries. Crop Prot ection . 21: pp 49– 55. Ghongade DS and Sood AK. 2019. Population dynamics of two spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) on cucumber In relation to weather parameters under protected environment. Journal of Agrometeorology 21: pp 204-210. Ghongade DS and Sood AK. 2021. Economic injury level for Tetranychus urticae Koch on parthenocarpic cucumber under protected environment in north-western Indian Himalayas. Phytoparasitica 49(5): pp 893-905. Hickman G.2011. A review of current data on international production of vegetables in greenhouse. pp73. Jensen MH. 2002. Controlled environment agriculture in deserts tropics and temperate regions – A world review. Acta Horticulture. 578: pp 19–25. Kashyap L. 2013. Efficacy and persistence of biorational pesticides against insect and mite pests of tomato under protected environment. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Entomology and Apiculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, India. pp 154. Kumar R and Gupta PR. 2006. Natural enemies associated with the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), on vegetable crops in the mid-hill region of Himachal Pradesh. Pest Management and Economic Zoology 14(1/2): pp73-78 Kumari. 2021. Biointensive management of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on cucumber under protected environment. M.Sc. Department of Entomology, Thesis. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India. Schuster DJ. 2002. Action threshold for applying insect growth regulators to tomato for management of irregular ripening caused by Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 95(2): pp 372-376. Selvaraj K, Gupta A, Venkatesan T, Jalali S K, Ballal C R and Sundararaj R. 2017. First record of invasive rugose spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: 52 Aleyrodidae) along with parasitoids in Karnataka. Journal of Biological Control . 31(2):74–78. Sharma S, Sood AK and Ghongade DS. 2021. Assessment of losses inflicted by the aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) to sweet pepper under protected environment in north western Indian Himalayan region. Phytoparasitica 50 (1) pp 51-62. Sharma SK, Punam, Saini JP and Rakesh. 2015. Evaluation of effectiveness of organic inputs for the management of Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. in mustard crop. Green farming 6(3) p 614-616. Singh V. 2017. Population modeling and management of greenhouse whitefly in tomato under protected cultivation. Ph D Thesis, p 226. Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India. Sood AK and Sharma P. 2016. Annual Project Report, Technological interventions for protected cultivation of vegetable crops in Himachal Pradesh-II (January 2015 to March 2016). CSK HPKV, Palampur pp. 71. Sood AK, Singh V and Mehta PK. 2018. Current status and management strategies of insect-pests of vegetables crops under protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh. In: Kumar S, Patel NB, Saravaiya SN, Patel BN (eds) Proceeding technologies and sustainability of protected cultivation for hi-valued vegetable crops. Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India, pp 339–354. Sood AK, Verma KS and Mehta PK. 2010. Population monitoring and management of greenhouse whitefly in polyhouse grown tomatoes. In: Proceedings National Conference on Plant Protection in Agriculture through Eco-friendly Techniques and Traditional farming Practices , Jaipur. pp 37-38. Thakur S and Sood AK. 2019. Lethal and inhibitory activities of natural products and biopesticide formulations against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology 45(6–7): 381–390. Thakur S and Sood AK. 2022. Foliar application of natural products reduces population of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on parthenocarpic cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) under protected environment. Crop Protection 160: 106306. Workman and Davidson M. 2007. Potential biological control agents for greenhouse pests in New Zealand. New Zealand Institute for Crop, Food Research Limited pp 1-45. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2404817","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":162174376,"identity":"e478684f-15d1-46e5-9c9b-8706244e6d15","order_by":0,"name":"Ronika","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCgw0MDAkMPEBWQoWNHD9IKKGAoBYDiJYHZ9KMJRtAWgzwa2GEaWF82HY4ccMBkBgeLebtvQcPzqj5k8ffc8bsQ2LbYWPj86sTPzwwYJDnFzuAVYvMmXMJBzccMyiWONtjPCPhXLqc2Y23myWADjOcOTsBqxYJiRyDgw/YDBIbzvMYMySUWRub3Ti7AaQlweA2Pi3/DBLng7WwMSdunnF28w+CWja2GSRuADqMIaHNOXEDf+82/LbwnDE4OLPPOHHjmWPFDAnAQJa4wbvNIsFAArdf2HuMP/Z8k0ucdyZ5M+MPUFT2n918E8iQ55fGrgWbKWCVEsQqBwH+A6SoHgWjYBSMghEAAH7saT6BDAJCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur- 176062, India","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"","middleName":"","lastName":"Ronika","suffix":""},{"id":162174377,"identity":"705560e1-615b-438b-9f03-b621f1297a66","order_by":1,"name":"Ajay K. Sood","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur- 176062, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ajay","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Sood","suffix":""},{"id":162174378,"identity":"486c7f93-971a-4a76-829d-091a374eba83","order_by":2,"name":"Ekta Kaushik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur- 176062, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ekta","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaushik","suffix":""},{"id":162174379,"identity":"bff9d478-6fea-42cf-b1ca-34a37e027491","order_by":3,"name":"Surjeet Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur- 176062, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Surjeet","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-12-22 11:08:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2404817/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2404817/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":30905977,"identity":"5d812af8-a45c-4444-9e67-48a2eaa98090","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-29 21:33:29","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult trap catch of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e in integrated GHWF management plan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2404817/v1/350b33520771defa510aa229.png"},{"id":30905978,"identity":"2baf5834-2108-42ec-bbc9-aadb0fcd4664","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-29 21:33:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":593480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2404817/v1/606c111e-3607-419c-9aa6-deabd9ab5a85.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegration of parasitoid, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEncarsia formosa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Gahan in greenhouse whitefly management programme in tomato under protected environment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eProtected cultivation also known as \"Controlled Environment Agriculture\" holds extreme potential for more production with higher productivity per unit land area. It entails growing crops in an environment where variables such as temperature, relative humidity, soil, water and plant nutrition are controlled for yield maximization (Jensen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The area under protected cultivation in the world is nearly 6 lakh hectares and in India over 70 thousand hectares is under this system (Hickman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sabir and Singh 2013). Protected cultivation allows the farmers to grow high-value crops with year-round production to take advantage of market, seasonality and higher prices (Sharma 2020). In Himachal Pradesh, capsicum, parthenocarpy cucumber and tomato are the important vegetable crops grown under protected environment. However, these are affected by the vagaries of insect and mite pest namely, \u003cem\u003eAculops lycopersicae\u003c/em\u003e, (Massee), \u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae\u003c/em\u003e (Sulzer), \u003cem\u003ePolyphagotarsonemus latus\u003c/em\u003e (Banks), \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch and \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e (Westwood) (Kashyap et al. 2015; Sood et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ghongade and Sood \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ghongade and Sood \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn India whiteflies from 64 genera and 443 species have been found to feed on numerous crop plants (Selvaraj et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, two species namely, \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e are of importance in India under protected environment. \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e commonly known as greenhouse whitefly (GHWF) is of significance in Himachal Pradesh (Sood et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Both nymphs and adults damage crops by extracting large quantities of phloem sap from the under surface of leaves. Excessive feeding by greenhouse whitefly leads to stunted plant growth and production of fewer and smaller fruits (Workman and Davidson 2007). Endoparasitoid, \u003cem\u003eEncarsia formosa\u003c/em\u003e Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a solitary, thelytokous endoparasitoid is one of the most popular and important bioagent for the control of greenhouse whitefly on vegetable and ornamental plants in greenhouses in major protected cultivation practicing countries. Principal greenhouse crops in which \u003cem\u003eE. formosa\u003c/em\u003e is used to control GHWF include tomato and cucumber. In India, Singh and Sood (2018) recorded the parasitoid for the first time from Palampur, Himachal Pradesh resulting in parasitization to the extent of 93.6 per cent. The parasitoid can be helpful for its inclusion in integrated management plan of GHWF. Keeping in consideration present studies were planned and undertaken by integrating augmentative release of the parasitoid and the management plan comprising use of yellow sticky traps for mass trapping, regulating plant nutrition, preventive and curative use of chemical insecticides, biopesticides and natural products.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe parasitoid was integrated with the university recommended whitefly management plan presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e comprising \u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003elean cultivation (fallowing polyhouse for 15 days prior to crop raising), use of 125% K of recommended dose of fertilizer, installing ten days before transplanting the self-made yellow sticky traps @ 1 trap per 10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) one day after transplanting (DAT) and repeating 45 days after transplanting (DAT), preventive application of azadiractin (0.0003%) starting with the initiation of GHWF infestation at 10 days interval, need-based alternate application of spiromesifen (0.02%) and thiamethoxam (0.01%) when the population level exceeded Economic Threshold Level of 5 adults/ leaf. In all, there were six treatments (including UTC) which were replicated thrice. There were 16 plants in each treatment, and were separated by two plants to avoid insecticidal interference owing to drift in adjacent modules. Inoculative release of \u003cem\u003eEncarsia\u003c/em\u003e was done after 10 DAT by keeping 2 banker plants in the polyhouse which were covered with nylon net of 40 mesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetails of the treatments evaluated for integrating \u003cem\u003eEncarsia formosa\u003c/em\u003e in management plan of greenhouse whitefly in tomato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod and time of application\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreventive measures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid 17.8 SL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil application 1 and 45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzadirachtin 0.15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoliar application at ten days interval initiating 10 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCow urine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternate foliar applications at ten days interval initiating 10 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurative measures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiromesifen 22.9 SC and Thiamethoxam 25 WG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e001%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed based alternate foliar applications of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam when the GHWF population reaches 5 adults/ leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyantraniliprole 10.26 OD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed based foliar application when the GHWF population reaches 5 adults/ leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated check\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Tomato crop (Palam Tomato Hybrid-1) was raised under Quonset type naturally ventilated polyhouses of 105 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e on April 12, 2022. the polyhouse had double door system and was fitted with 38 mesh nylon net on side and top vents. Crop was raised following all agronomic practices as per the package of practices for vegetable crops (Anonymous \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) except the use of insecticides.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-situ observations were recorded on trap catch, population buildup of GHWF and parasitization of GHWF immatures by the parasitoid at ten days interval using non-destructive method of sampling. The observations were initiated on the day of transplanting and continued till harvesting of the crop. For this, number of adults were counted on three leaves, one each from upper, middle and lower canopy from five randomly selected plants in each treatment. Whereas for recording parasitization, middle and lower canopy was sampled.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eObservations recorded on incorporation of \u003cem\u003eE. formosa\u003c/em\u003e in integrated management plan of GHWF are being presented hereunder:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMass trapping of adult whiteflies\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObservations recorded on trap catch of adult GHWF using self-made yellow sticky traps installed 10 days before transplanting of the crop are being presented in the Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The ten days cumulative trap catches varied from 2 to 35 adults/10 traps. The catch increased slowly but steadily from 0- days after transplanting (DAT) to 30 adults on 80 DAT. Thereafter, the rate of increase became almost static and the trap catch of 35 adults/ 10 traps was achieved on 120 DAT. In total, 247 adults were got trapped during the cropping season. The findings depicted the influx of GHWF adults as evident from the trap catch observed on 0 DAT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePopulation build-up of GHWF in tomato\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopulation of GHWF in different integrated management options ranged from 0.01 to 1.51 adults/leaf (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Throughout the period of study, populations remained below economic threshold level of 5 adults/ leaf resulting in no application of insecticides in treatments namely, alternate foliar application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam (T4) and cyantraniliprole (T5). In the treatment comprising soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) (T1), two applications were made. Whereas, in the treatments namely, azadiractin (T2) and alternate application of \u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e \u0026amp; cow urine (T3), a total of twelve foliar applications were made.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopulation of GHWF was minimum in soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%), and was followed by foliar application of azadirachtin (0.003%) and alternate application of \u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e (10%) and cow urine (5%), which were at par to each other. Greenhouse whitefly population was significantly more in the plants where alternate application of spiromesifen (0.02%) and thiamethoxam (0.01%), cyantraniliprole (0.02%) was planned. These remained at par to the population level observed in untreated check.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRate of parasitization\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParasitization rate of \u003cem\u003eT. vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e by \u003cem\u003eE. formosa\u003c/em\u003e varied from 20.00 to 80.71 per cent in different treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The mean parasitization on different days of observation varied significantly up to 70 DAT and became at par thereafter up to 120 DAT. Amongst the evaluated treatments, mean parasitization of GHWF immature stages by \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eformosa\u003c/em\u003e was significantly higher in untreated check. It was at par to the plots kept for insecticidal treatments namely, alternate application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole, wherein the population remained below ETL and no insecticidal application was made. Parasitization was minimum in the treatment having foliar application of azadirachtin and soil application of imidacloprid, which were at par to each other. However, interaction effect of both the parameters evaluated was found to be non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMarketable fruit yield\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative fruit yield of tomato ranged from 10.70 to 12.30 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in different treatments evaluated for developing integrated management plan for GHWF (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Fruit yield was significantly higher in the treatment comprising alternate foliar application of \u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e (10%) and cow urine (5%). It was followed by the fruit yield obtained in the treatment where soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) was done. Fruit yield in the plots meant for spiromesifen \u0026amp; thiamethoxam, cyantraniliprole and untreated check was at par to each other.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopulation build -up of \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e under integrated management plan in tomato crop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApplication rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean population of greenhouse whitefly adults per leaf on indicated days after transplanting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid 17.8 SL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Soil application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzadirachtin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e and\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCow urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Alternate foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiromesifen 22.9 SC \u0026amp;Thiamethoxam 25 WG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Alternate foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e001%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyantraniliprole 10.26 OD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated check\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAT(A)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment (B)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u0026times;B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate of parasitization of \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e by \u003cem\u003eEncarsia formosa\u003c/em\u003e under integrated management plan in tomato crop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApplication rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParasitization (%) on indicated days after transplanting (DAT)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid 17.8 SL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Soil application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(26.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(43.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(46.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(52.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(57.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(30.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzadirachtin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(26.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(30.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(37.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(36.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(30.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(38.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(41.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(38.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(35.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e and\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCow urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Alternate foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(26.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(35.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(46.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e((44.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(44.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(47.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(46.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(42.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiromesifen 22.9 SC \u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiamethoxam 25 WG (Alternate foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e001%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(28.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(39.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(63.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(68.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(59.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(68.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(61.92))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(68.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(57.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyantraniliprole 10.26 OD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(30.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(43.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(59.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(64.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(61.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(68.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(53.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(61.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(56.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated check\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(35.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(48.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(65.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(62.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(64.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(64.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(64.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(64.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(58.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(25.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(50.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(53.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF Figures in parentheses are the angular transformed values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section4\" id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAT(A) = (9.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment (B) = (7.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section4\" id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u0026times;B = (NS)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTomato fruit yield in different integrated greenhouse whitefly management practices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApplication rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative marketable yield (kg/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid 17.8 SL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Soil application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzadirachtin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e and cow urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Alternate foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiromesifen 22.9 SC \u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiamethoxam 25 WG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Alternate foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e001%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyantraniliprole 10.26 OD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Foliar application)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated check\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong all the treatments evaluated, population of GHWF remained lower to Economic Threshold Level of 5 adults/ leaf. Finding of Singh (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) are supportive to our results as he observed the soil application of imidacloprid followed by foliar application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam to be significantly superior in suppressing greenhouse whitefly. Schuster (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) in tomato and Bi et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) in strawberry also observed soil application of imidacloprid to suppress the whitefly population up to 6\u0026ndash;9 weeks. Finding of Sood et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) and Kashyap (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) are supportive to the present studies as they also found azadiractin (@ 0.0005%) to be efficacious against GHWF under protected environment in tomato. Also, Kashyap et al. (2015) reported azadiractin to be highly toxic to immature of greenhouse whitefly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEfficacy of \u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e and cow urine under field conditions are in line to the findings of Kumar and Gupta (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), Ahirwar et al. (2010), Thakur and Sood (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and Thakur and Sood (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) who reported reduction in insect populations in different crops by using cow urine. However, it was next to \u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e and fermented buttermilk in efficacy under protected environment due to evaluation at lower concentration of 5%, as at the field recommended dose of 10% it was found to be phytotoxic. Findings of Kumari (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) supports the present finding, she revealed that at recommended field dose (10%) \u003cem\u003eTamarlassi\u003c/em\u003e to possess moderate level of insecticidal activity against greenhouse whitefly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEncarsia formosa\u003c/em\u003e, an endo-parasitoid of \u003cem\u003eT. vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e can efficiently be utilized in integrated GHWF management plan under protected cultivation using augmentative release. The technology needs to be popularized amongst the stake holders for whitefly management under protected environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to ICAR NAHEP-CAAST on \u0026lsquo;Protected Agriculture and Natural Farming\u0026rsquo; at CSKHPKV, Palampur for providing necessary financial and logistic support during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhirwar RM, Gupta MP and Banerjee S. 2009. Field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests of sesame. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Natural Products and Resources\u003c/em\u003e 1(2): 221-222.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnonymous. 2017. Package of practices for vegetable crops. Directorate of Extension Education, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavidyalaya, Palampur, India pp 203.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBi JL, Toscano NC\u0026nbsp;and Ballmer GR. 2002. Greenhouse and field evaluation of six novel insecticides against the greenhouse whitefly \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e on strawberries. \u003cem\u003eCrop Prot\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eection\u003c/em\u003e. 21: pp 49\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;55.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGhongade DS and Sood AK. 2019. Population dynamics of two spotted spider mite (\u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch) on cucumber In relation to weather parameters under protected environment. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agrometeorology\u003c/em\u003e 21: pp 204-210.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGhongade DS and Sood AK. 2021. Economic injury level for \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch on parthenocarpic cucumber under protected environment in north-western Indian Himalayas. \u003cem\u003ePhytoparasitica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e49(5): pp 893-905.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHickman G.2011. A review of current data on international production of vegetables in greenhouse. pp73.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJensen MH. 2002. Controlled environment agriculture in deserts tropics and temperate regions \u0026ndash; A world review. \u003cem\u003eActa Horticulture.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e578: pp 19\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKashyap L. 2013. Efficacy and persistence of biorational pesticides against insect and mite pests of tomato under protected environment. Ph.D. Thesis. \u0026nbsp;Department of Entomology and Apiculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, India. pp 154.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar R and Gupta PR. 2006. Natural enemies associated with the greenhouse whitefly, \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e (Westwood), on vegetable crops in the mid-hill region of Himachal Pradesh. \u003cem\u003ePest Management and Economic Zoology\u003c/em\u003e 14(1/2): pp73-78\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumari. 2021. Biointensive management of greenhouse whitefly, \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e (Westwood) on cucumber under protected environment. M.Sc.\u0026nbsp;Department of Entomology, Thesis. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSchuster DJ. 2002. Action threshold for applying insect growth regulators to tomato for management of irregular ripening caused by \u003cem\u003eBemisia argentifolii\u003c/em\u003e (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). \u003cem\u003eJournal of Economic Entomology\u003c/em\u003e 95(2): pp 372-376.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSelvaraj K, Gupta A, Venkatesan T, Jalali S K, Ballal C R and Sundararaj R. 2017. First record of invasive rugose spiraling whitefly \u003cem\u003eAleurodicus rugioperculatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eMartin (Hemiptera: 52 Aleyrodidae) along with parasitoids in Karnataka. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biological Control\u003c/em\u003e. 31(2):74\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSharma S, Sood AK and Ghongade DS. 2021. Assessment of losses inflicted by the aphid, \u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae\u003c/em\u003e (Sulzer) to sweet pepper under protected environment in north western Indian Himalayan region. \u003cem\u003ePhytoparasitica\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(1) pp 51-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSharma SK, Punam, Saini JP and Rakesh. 2015. Evaluation of effectiveness of organic inputs for the management of \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi\u003c/em\u003e Kalt. in mustard crop. \u003cem\u003eGreen farming\u003c/em\u003e 6(3) p 614-616.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh V. 2017.\u0026nbsp;Population modeling and management of greenhouse whitefly in tomato under protected cultivation. Ph D Thesis, p 226. Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSood AK and Sharma P. 2016. Annual Project Report, Technological interventions for protected cultivation of vegetable crops in Himachal Pradesh-II (January 2015 to March 2016). CSK HPKV, Palampur pp. 71.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSood AK, Singh V and Mehta PK. 2018. \u0026nbsp;Current status and management strategies of insect-pests of vegetables crops under protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh. In: Kumar S, Patel NB, Saravaiya SN, Patel BN (eds) Proceeding technologies and sustainability of protected cultivation for hi-valued vegetable crops. Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India, pp 339\u0026ndash;354.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSood AK, Verma KS and Mehta PK. 2010. Population monitoring and management of greenhouse whitefly in polyhouse grown tomatoes. In: \u003cem\u003eProceedings National Conference on Plant Protection in Agriculture through Eco-friendly Techniques and Traditional farming Practices\u003c/em\u003e, Jaipur. pp 37-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThakur S and Sood AK. 2019. Lethal and inhibitory activities of natural products and biopesticide formulations against \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Acarology\u003c/em\u003e 45(6\u0026ndash;7): \u0026nbsp;381\u0026ndash;390.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThakur S and Sood AK. 2022. Foliar application of natural products reduces population of two-spotted spider mite, \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch on parthenocarpic cucumber (\u003cem\u003eCucumis sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.) under protected environment. \u003cem\u003eCrop Protection\u003c/em\u003e 160: 106306.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorkman and Davidson M. 2007. Potential biological control agents for greenhouse pests in New Zealand. \u003cem\u003eNew Zealand Institute for Crop, Food Research Limited\u003c/em\u003e pp 1-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Encarsia formosa, Greenhouse whitefly, Natural products, Management programme ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2404817/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2404817/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEncarsia formosa, an endoparasitoid of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum was incorporated in its management programme in tomato grown under protected environment. Whitefly management programme comprised mass trapping of greenhouse whitefly adults by using yellow sticky traps, potassium (K) nutrition (125% RDF), inoculative release of E. formosa, preventive use of insecticides and natural products comprising soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%), foliar application of azadirachtin (0.0003%) and alternate application of Tamarlassi(10%) and cow urine (5%), and need based curative use of chemical insecticides. The integrated measures proved efficacious in checking population build-up of T. vaporariorum. The evaluated treatments as preventive measures resulted in adult population to vary from 0.01 to 1.51 adults /leaf, being well below the economic threshold level of 5 adults/ leaf. Population was minimum in soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%) followed by foliar application azadirachtin (0.0003%) and alternate application of Tamarlassi (10%) and cow urine (5%). Fruit yield was significantly higher in the treatment comprising alternate foliar application of Tamarlassi(10%) and cow urine (5%) followed by the yield obtained in soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Integration of parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan in greenhouse whitefly management programme in tomato under protected environment","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-12-29 21:33:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2404817/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b3836428-265e-4f34-987e-af25bd6dd8fe","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 29th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":17902449,"name":"Entomology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-12-29T21:33:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-12-29 21:33:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2404817","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2404817","identity":"rs-2404817","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}