Mapping and discrimination of mineralisation potential in the Baïbokoum pluton (southern Chad), using Landsat 9 OLI images and field observations

Mapping and discrimination of mineralisation potential in the Baïbokoum pluton (southern Chad), using Landsat 9 OLI images and field observations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mapping and discrimination of mineralisation potential in the Baïbokoum pluton (southern Chad), using Landsat 9 OLI images and field observations Baïssemia Ronang Gustave, Safianou Ousmanou, Klamadji Moussa Ngarena, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7264969/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 20 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Baïbokoum region is located in the Adamawa-Yadé domain of the Pan-African Chain in Central Africa. In this study, the discrimination of lithological units producing altered deposits and iron oxides was investigated by combining data from fieldwork and Landsat 9 OLI data. Several digital mapping techniques were used, in particular the combination of red-green-blue (RGB) colors, principal component analysis (PCA), and minimum noise fraction (MNF). Consequently, other satellite image processing methods, such as band ratios (BR) and the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification algorithm, were applied to target and delineate altered deposits and corresponding minerals, and were used to classify the lithological units in the study area. The selected digital mapping methods identified syenites, diorites, and gneisses containing iron oxides, hydroxyl/clay, and ferrous occurrences as potential mineralizations in the Baïbokoum region. Lineament analyses are obtained automatically using the PCI Geomatica line tool and revealed three major trends (NE-SW, E-W, NNE-SSW, and NW-SE) surrounding altered rocks recognized as containing iron oxide and hydroxyl mineral deposits. In the field, these lineaments can be grouped into three deformation phases. Phase D1 (NW-SE), phase D2 (N-S to NNE-SSW) and phase D3 (E-W to NW-SE). This result suggests that combining (Landsat 9) data and field data can simplify the identification of rock units containing a potentially mineralized zone. Granitoids mineralisation Spectral angle mapper Constrained energy minimization Baïbokoum area Chad Full Text Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. The datasets generated during and/ or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because it’s confidential no to be disclose for a period of time but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7264969","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":537709119,"identity":"59ff9d1a-d7e3-4227-921f-3e23ab0028c6","order_by":0,"name":"Baïssemia Ronang 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The datasets generated during and/ or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because it’s confidential no to be disclose for a period of time but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","formattedTitle":"Mapping and discrimination of mineralisation potential in the Baïbokoum pluton (southern Chad), using Landsat 9 OLI images and field observations","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Granitoids, mineralisation, Spectral angle mapper Constrained energy minimization Baïbokoum area, Chad","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7264969/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7264969/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ba\u0026iuml;bokoum region is located in the Adamawa-Yad\u0026eacute; domain of the Pan-African Chain in Central Africa. In this study, the discrimination of lithological units producing altered deposits and iron oxides was investigated by combining data from fieldwork and Landsat 9 OLI data. Several digital mapping techniques were used, in particular the combination of red-green-blue (RGB) colors, principal component analysis (PCA), and minimum noise fraction (MNF). Consequently, other satellite image processing methods, such as band ratios (BR) and the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification algorithm, were applied to target and delineate altered deposits and corresponding minerals, and were used to classify the lithological units in the study area. The selected digital mapping methods identified syenites, diorites, and gneisses containing iron oxides, hydroxyl/clay, and ferrous occurrences as potential mineralizations in the Ba\u0026iuml;bokoum region. Lineament analyses are obtained automatically using the PCI Geomatica line tool and revealed three major trends (NE-SW, E-W, NNE-SSW, and NW-SE) surrounding altered rocks recognized as containing iron oxide and hydroxyl mineral deposits. In the field, these lineaments can be grouped into three deformation phases. Phase D1 (NW-SE), phase D2 (N-S to NNE-SSW) and phase D3 (E-W to NW-SE). This result suggests that combining (Landsat 9) data and field data can simplify the identification of rock units containing a potentially mineralized zone.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mapping and discrimination of mineralisation potential in the Baïbokoum pluton (southern Chad), using Landsat 9 OLI images and field observations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-01 18:03:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7264969/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-12T11:38:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-22T12:13:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-01T09:59:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T21:40:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T21:35:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"298560238790872631634616075097497985938","date":"2025-10-27T23:00:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T07:37:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-25T20:31:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164334288896332252134808167898759124280","date":"2025-10-23T06:09:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182257434778038785290017844404377041077","date":"2025-10-22T20:44:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T18:22:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94413714847954787097353744247364410875","date":"2025-10-22T17:46:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"86825252970966876559932796646277156343","date":"2025-10-22T10:59:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"63955017430627159501897028400532646237","date":"2025-10-22T09:08:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182187317760697414405704694679856345527","date":"2025-10-22T06:29:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"249855445044834091691762211976936591300","date":"2025-10-22T04:11:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T23:13:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-03T11:15:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-28T09:04:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Geoscience","date":"2025-09-28T08:54:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"67443724-7ef8-4538-b8c3-0e67dd054530","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-11T05:53:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-01 18:03:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7264969","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7264969","identity":"rs-7264969","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}