New Tamarix Species (Tamaricaceae) from Kerman City and Their Perspective Medicinal Uses

New Tamarix Species (Tamaricaceae) from Kerman City and Their Perspective Medicinal Uses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article New Tamarix Species (Tamaricaceae) from Kerman City and Their Perspective Medicinal Uses Hossein Aftabi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8279634/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants with about 70–104 global species of which about 35 species are reported in Iran. The main approach in this investigation is to identify different Tamarix species in Kerman city and their perspective medicinal uses. Results In order to identify different Tamarix species, field botany, morphology, taxonomy, scanning electron microscope images (SEM) and biochemical data on the leaves and flowers from the genus Tamarix were integrated. The results highlight six new species; T. kotschyi , T.androssowii , T. szowitsiana , T. tetragyna , T. karakalensis , where T.ramosissima . T.androssowii and T.szowitsiana species show similar phylogenetic association. However, T. tetragyna and T.karakalensis appear in a different clade. SEM images display minor evidences of salt glands and crystals of NaCl and CaSO 4 , 2H 2 O in the leaves. These features indicate ion migration (Na + , Cl − , K + , Ca 2+ , and SO 4 − 2 ) from ground-waters, surface waters, soils and sediments, followed by excretion of the salts into the leaves as salt glands and salt crystals. These signatures correlate with the high concentrations of Na, K, and S in the leaves and substrate soil. Concentrations of microelements, in particular toxic elements are close to safeguard background level similar to the published global data reported for the similar Tamarix species. Conclusions All over, the regional botanical survey in Kerman city introduced six new Tamarix species that contain minor salt glands. The concentrations of heavy metals in the Tamarix leaves are close to the safeguard background level, thereby do not pose any detrimental toxicity to the Tamarisk species. In this regard, the phytochemical extracts of the Tamarix species may have beneficial applications in different medical treatments. Tamarix species Salt-tolerant Salt crystals Medicinal uses Kerman Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction The genus Tamarix is becoming an important medicinal plant that grows in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Oceania, and other regions ( 1 ) of the globe (Fig. 1 ). The taxonomy of Tamarix is very complex ( 2 ), because different species project several biogeographical, morphological and molecular complexities. Tamarix species are considered as salt-tolerant, halophytes, phreatophytes, and evergreen plants that mostly grow in arid, semi-arid, and hot regions along riversides, salty marshes and saline sediments, where salinities range from 0.01% to more than 1%, NaCl. According to plant taxonomy ( 3 , 4 ), the genus Tamarisk is classified as follows: Tracheophytes, Angiospermae, Eudicots class, Magnoliopsida order, Caryophyllales family, Tamaricaceae genus, Tamarisk species. Field and physical characteristics of the genus Tamarix display a shrubby plant of 1–18 m height with rhombic, oval, needle-shape leaves (1–2 mm) that contain white salt particles on the surface of the leaves due to evapotranspiration and only camels feed on the salty leaves ( 4 ). The red to purple and whitish purple flowers are short with five stamens that are arranged in a 5 to 10 cm spike. The branches and twigs of the Tamarix species are slender and delicate, with smooth, reddish-brown bark that becomes grayish-brown and furrowed with aging of the plant. The wood of the Tamarix stem is hard and brittle, but the outer part being white and the inner part is reddish in color ( 5 ). Based on historical data, the Tamarix term is mentioned in the holy Bible (Genesis 21:33) and in the holy Quran with the word “athl” in Chapter Saba, verse 16, and “al-mann” in chapter Al-Baqarah, verse 57. Tamarix is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Oceania, and other regions of the earth. According to 2, 6 and 7 there exist about 70 to 104 species of the Tamarisk in the world. The oldest fossils of the Tamarisk species ( T . minoa, T. africana, T. gallica ) were reported in the rock units of the western Mediterranean area as old as 16 million years (Miocene geological period), 2.58 million years to 10,000 years ago (Pleistocene geological period) ( 7 ). Valuable studies in Iran reported ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ) about 35 Tamarix species. In this study, a distribution map of the Tamarisk species is presented (Fig. 2 ), in all provinces under different climatic conditions, where the most abundant species are T. gallica, T. aphylla, and T. ramosissima. Traditionally, Gaz Angabin of Khansar (Isfahan province) and Gaz of Shahdad or Tamarix manna (Kerman Province) have been used in preparation of nougat ( Gaz sweet) and it is notable that in Persian culture "Gaz" means Tamarix. The word manna ( al-mann in Arabic, Chapter Albaqarah, verse 57) refers to the extract of the Tamarisk tree, which is released from the plant by biting of an insect called Euscelis decoratus ( 13 ). Valuable studies ( 11 ) suggest that different Tamarix species are mostly used as ornamental trees, windbreaks, and soil erosion control, yet more recent data ( 6 , 14 , 15 ) show that different Tamarix species have other important applications in medicine, pharmacy, and the environment (Fig. 3 ). Comprehensive studies regarding Tamarisk species and their uses have not been fully explored in Kerman city, although Baum ( 16 ) only introduced T. kermanensis as one of the important species. The main objectives of this article are ( 1 ) to present a global map of Tamarix distribution in world and in Iran, ( 2 ) introduce new Tamarix species in Kerman city, ( 3 ) display the SEM images of Tamarix species, ( 4 ) present biochemical data of macro-microelements in Tamarix leaves and ( 5 ) discuss the most important medicinal applications of Tamarix species as well as Tamarix threats to the environment. Materials and methods To identify Tamarisk species around the Kerman city, 24 samples of leaves and flowers were collected along Kerman-Jopar, Kerman-Cheshmegaz and Kerman-Zangiabad roads (Table 1 and Fig. 2 ). The samples were dried for one month according to the procedures suggested by 17, 18, 19 and then submitted to the Herbarium Laboratory of the Biology Department at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman for identification of Tamarix species, where they were identified by Dr. Mirtadzadini with Herbarium numbers of 4700 to 4716 in the Biology Department of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Table 1 Geographical position and herbarium numbers of Tamarix species in Kerman city. Sample No. Herbarium No. X Y Z Tamarix Speice 1 4700 30°18'37.10"N 56°57'42.42"E 1749 Tamarix cf androssowii 2 4701 30°18'37.12"N 56°57'42.48"E 1749 Tamarix szowitsiana 3 4702 30°20'2.10"N 56°46'50.99"E 2184 Tamarix szowitsiana 4 4703 30°20'33.09"N 56°46'6.60"E 2274 Tamarix szowitsiana 5 4704 30°22'37.75"N 56°45'57.36"E 2202 Tamarix szowitsiana 6 4705 30°23'37.75"N 56°45'19.29"E 2126 Tamarix kotschyi 7 4706 30°23'37.54"N 56°45'19.29"E 2125 Tamarix kotschyi 8 4707 30°23'52.10"N 56°44'58.87"E 2125 Tamarix kotschyi 9 4708 30°23'49.64"N 56°45'12.80"E 2120 Tamarix kotschyi 10 4709 30°24'57.69"N 56°42'33.87"E 2167 Tamarix kotschyi 11 4709 30°24'57.56"N 56°42'33.89"E 2167 Tamarix kotschyi 12 4710 30°24'42.50"N 56°43'24.43"E 2161 Tamarix kotschyi 13 4711 30°12'32.80"N 57° 3'26.35"E 1768 Tamarix cf androssowii 14 4712 30°12'32.80"N 57° 3'26.33"E 1768 Tamarix androssowii 15 4713 30°12'32.56"N 57° 3'26.26"E 1768 Tamarix Karakalensis 16 4714 30°20'9.35"N 56°58'37.31"E 1749 Tamarix androssowii 17 4714 30°20'12.22"N 56°58'32.50"E 1749 Tamarix androssowii 18 4714 30°20'11.21"N 56°58'33.03"E 1749 Tamarix androssowii 19 4715 30°23'29.42"N 56°55'9.59"E 1737 Tamarix androssowii 20 4716 30°23'15.16"N 56°55'11.80"E 1737 Tamarix tetragyna Li et al. ( 6 ) and Nisar et al. ( 20 ) suggested that for phytochemical, pharmacological and medicinal applications of Tamarix species, Tamarix leaves, flowers, fruits and other parts of the plant are dried in a shaded area then powdered followed by dissolution and extraction. Accordingly, approximately 50 grams of the powdered sample are dissolved in 250 ml of ethanol, methanol, and distilled water and stirred for complete dissolution followed by filtering the solution by Whatman filter paper No. 1. The filtered samples are then evaporated and placed in an electric oven at 40℃ to be dried and stored at 4℃. To extract the flavonoids, phenols, and other organic compounds, a specific weight of the dried powder is dissolved in aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide and the absorbance (540 nm) of the solutions are measured. Finally, 500 µl of the plant extract is used to measure the amount of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in blood for medicinal applications. To unravel the presence of salt glands and salt crystals in Tamarisk species, cleaned dried leaves were analyzed by SEM microscope with a resolution power of 3.5 nm and an electron accelerator of 30,000 electron volts (EDEX of Camscan MV 2300 model) in the Department of Materials and Metallurgy Engineering at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. For biochemical determination of macro-microelements, the leaves were washed with distilled water, dried, powdered, converted to ash followed by dissolution in a mixture of HNO 3 -HCl ( 21 ). The concentrations of the elements were measured by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method (Varian-Agilent 700 Series) in Applied Research Laboratory of Karaj of Geological Survey of Iran in Tehran (Table 2 ). The accuracy against the certified reference materials (American National Standard 2001) ranges from 93.84 99.81%, respectively. The precision of the data was less than 10% RSD. Table 2 Mean concentrations (ug/g) and metal bioaccumulation factors (MBACF) of macro-microelements in Tamarix species of Kernan city compared to Tamarix species in Africa ( 21 , 23 , 24 ). The concentrations of all elements in substrate soils and sediments are in ug/g. Taxa As Al Fe K Na Mg P S Mn T. kotschyi ( 3 ) 0.01 4.1 2.86 112.6 169 56 26.6 100.15 0.422 MBACF 0.0004 0.0001 0.0001 0.006 0.009 0.004 0.046 0.200 0.0007 T. Androssowii ( 3 ) 0.01 5.01 3.24 166 166 74 20.7 293.8 0.358 MBACF 0.0004 7.62*10 − 5 7.77*10 − 5 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.036 0.588 0.0006 T. szowitsiana ( 3 ) 0.01 6 4.11 137.7 568.4 111.5 13.76 34.17 1.28 MBACF 0.0004 9.13*10 − 5 9.86*10 − 5 0.007 0.029 0.009 0.024 0.068 0.002 T. karakalensis ( 1 ) 0.01 5.72 3.62 170.45 43.3 118.2 10.94 29.76 1.41 MBACF 0.0004 8.70* 10−5 8.68*10 − 5 0.009 0.002 0.009 0.020 0.060 0.002 T.tetragyna ( 1 ) 0.01 3.67 2.75 71.85 253.8 52.65 25.6 116.25 1.257 MBACF 0.0004 5.58* 10−5 6.6*10 − 5 0.004 0.013 0.004 0.044 0.232 0.002 T. ramosissima ( 1 ) 0.01 3.71 2.36 180.1 759.7 97 13.3 148.43 1.93 MBACF 0.0004 5.64* 10−5 5.66*10 − 5 0.009 0.039 0.007 0.023 0.297 0.003 T. gallica (Algeria) 0.29 --- 458 6484 11082 --- --- --- --- T. nilotica (Egypt) --- --- 772 17888 16934 3158 --- --- 79 Average in substrate soils and sediments 27 65716 41698 19798 19284 12698 571 500 596 Taxa Ti Cu Mo Pb Zn V Sr Ba Li T. kotschyi ( 3 ) 0.0964 0.115 0.002 0.007 0.367 0.004 1.36 0.045 0.2 MBACF 0.00001 0.003 0.0010 0.0003 0.004 0.00001 0.002 0.00001 0.005 T. Androssowii ( 3 ) 0.131 0.071 0.001 0.01 0.3 0.005 1.16 0.02 0.2 MBACF 4.5*10 − 5 0.002 0.0005 0.0004 0.004 5.38*10 − 5 0.002 5.96 *10 − 7 0.005 T. szowitsiana ( 3 ) 0.002 0.0001 0.024 0.005 0.2 0.006 0.8 0.05 0.04 MBACF 6.87*10 − 7 2.7*10 − 6 0.012 0.0002 0.0025 6.45*10 − 5 0.001 1.49*10 − 6 0.001 T. karakalensis ( 1 ) 0.14 0.11 0.001 0.006 0.24 0.005 0.9 0.05 0.07 MBACF 4.81*10 − 5 0.003 0.0005 0.0002 0.003 5.38*10 − 5 0.002 1.49*10 − 6 0.002 T.tetragyna ( 1 ) 0.09 0.12 0.001 0.006 0.43 0.003 0.58 0.2 0.2 MBACF 3.09*10 − 5 0.003 0.0005 0.0003 0.005 3.23*10 − 5 0.001 5.96*10 − 6 0.005 T. ramosissima ( 1 ) 0.09 0.11 0.005 0.009 0.03 0.003 0.4 0.03 0.04 MBACF 3.09*10 − 5 0.003 0.0025 0.0004 0.0004 3.23*10 − 5 0.0007 8.94*10 − 7 0.001 T. gallica (Algeria) --- --- --- --- 20.5 --- --- 8.8 --- T. nilotica (Egypt) --- 2.12 --- 0.4 35 --- --- --- --- Average in substrate soils and sediments 2910 37 2 21 80 93 555 33540 40 Results Morphological Studies and Tamarisk Taxonomy Morphological studies on 24 Tamarix samples reveal six new species that are reported for the first time in the Kerman city. The physical characteristics of these species are presented in Tables 1 and 2 , as well as Fig. 4 and are described as follows: T. androssowii T . androssowii (Fig. 4 a, d) spreads as small tree (2 to 3 m height) with smooth, glabrous bark that is reddish-brown to brown in color and grows in sandy dunes, saline playas, and along riversides. The green to reddish-green vegetative branches of the plants have nearly one meter in length and ascending from the central branches of the plant. However, the youngest branches are attached to the main vegetative branches at nearly right angle. The green leaves growing on the main branches are 1 to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide, growing as amplexicaul form, but the leaves of younger lateral branches are green and egg-shape with a layered margin and sharp tips. The purple to purplish flowers bloom during May. Based on herbarium data (No. 4700 and 4711–4715, Fig. 4 a, d, Table 2 ) and comparing the morphological characteristics of the plant (Table 3 ) with global data ( 11 , 16 , 18 , 22 ), this Tamarisk species shows a strong resemblance to and rossowii , which is reported for the first time in the Kerman city. T. kotschyi T. kotschyi is a medium sized species that predominantly grows along riversides, springs and spring sediments with a 1 to 2 m height in Cheshmegaz village (Fig. 2 ). Morphologically, the plant indicates greyish-brown to purplish-brown skin and sessile green leaves of 1 to 2 mm long and 1 mm wide with and translucent margins. The younger leaves may appear as amplexicaul and the purplish to light purplish flowers bloom in May. According to herbarium and global data (No. 4705–4710 and Fig. 4 b, Table 2 ), the plant is similar to that of T . kotschyi and is reported for the first in the Kerman city. T. szowitsiana T. szowitsiana species grows as 1 to 3 m in sandy saline soils and riversides. It displays greyish-brown bark, on which sessile, ovate to egg-shape leaves of 1–2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide grow. Purplish to light purple flowers bloom in May. On the basis of herbarium data, morphological characteristics and global information (Table 1 , 2 , Fig. 4 c, No. 4701–4704a), the plant shows similarity to the T. szowitsiana that is reported as a new species from the Kerman city. Table 3 Biometric and morphologic aspects of Tamarix species studied and recorded in Kerman city (SABUKH = Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Herbarium). The data in parenthesis represent numbers of samples and morphologic global data (bold data: 16, 18, 22). Taxa Height Leaves Flowers Disk Racemes (length and width) Sepal (shape and width) Petal (shape and width) Bract/ pedicel length Herbarium number T. kotschyi ( 7 ) 1-2m (2m) Amplexicaul 4-merous Synlo to parasynlophic 1–2 cm, 2–4 mm (1–3 cm, 3–4 mm) Ovate, 0.7- 1mm (0.75- 1 m) Elliptic, 1.5- 2mm (2-2.25 mm) 1-1.5 Mirtadzadini- Aftabi (SBUKH 4705–4710) T. androssowii ( 7 ) 2–3 m (2–5 m) Sessile 4-merous Synlo to parasynlophic 1.2–3.5 cm, 3–4 mm (1.5–4 cm,3–5 mm) Ovate to trullate, 0.7-1mm (1mm) Obovate –elliptic, 1.5- 2 mm (2-2.25 mm) 1-1.25 Mirtadzadini-Aftabi (SBUKH 4700, 4711–4715 T. szowitsiana ( 4 ) 1–3 m (3-7m) Sessile-elliptic 4-merous Synlo to parasynlophic 1.7-4 cm, 6–8 mm (2–4 cm, 6mm) Ovate-dentriculate, 1.2 mm (1-1.25 mm) Elliptic- obovate, 1.5- 2mm (2.25–2.5 mm) 1-1.3 Mirtadzadini-Aftabi (SBUKH 4701–4704) T. tetragyna ( 1 ) 1–3 m (2–5 m) Sessile- Ovate Sessile- ovate 4-merous to 4 and 5-merous Paralophic 4–9 cm, 5–9 mm (5–15 cm, 8–10 mm) Ovate-dentriculate, 1.5-2 mm (2 mm) Elliptic-obovate, 2–5 mm (3.5- 5 mm) 1.5-2 Mirtadzadini-Aftabi (SABUKH 4716) T. karakalensis ( 1 ) 1–3 m (2-3m) Sessile-ovate 5-merous Hololophic 0.7- 4 cm, 2–4 mm (0.5- 4 cm, 3–4 mm) Trullate-ovate, 0.4–0.7 mm (0.5–0.75 mm) Elliptic-obovate, 1-1.3 mm (1.25–1.5 mm) 1.5–2.5 Mirtadzadini-Aftabi SBUKH 4713 T. ramosissima ( 3 ) 1–3 m (1–6 m) Sessile-ovate 5-merous Hololophic 1.4–6.5 cm, 3–4 mm (1.5- 7 cm, 3–4 mm) Trullate-ovate 0.5- 1 mm (0.5- 1mm) Elliptic- obovate, 1-1.7 mm (1-1.75 mm) 2.5-3 No enough data on leaves and flowers T. karakalensis This Tamarix species reaches to height of 1 to 3 m having reddish-brown bark and grows on sandy hills, sandy soils and river banks. The plant displays very few bright purplish to white flowers in April. The green sessile leaves of 1–2 mm long and 0.75 mm wide have a narrow base. Based on herbarium data in (Fig. 4 e, No. 4713), morphological characteristics (Table 2 ), and comparison with global data, this plant species resembles T . karakalensis resembles T. ramosissima . T. tetragyna This species occurs as 1–3 m height and grows in saline soils. The plants display smooth purplish to dark brown bark, on which narrow-based, sessile and egg-shaped leaves of 1–5 mm long and 1mm wide grow. The purplish to white flowers bloom in May. Based on herbarium data (Fig. 4 f, No. 4716), morphological characteristics (Table 2 ), and global data, this species resembles T. tetragyna and is reported for the first time in the Kerman city. T. ramosissima (salt cedar) T . ramosissima grows at 1–3 m height and is also known as the highly branched salt cedar with lateral growth expansion (2–3 m) that might exceed its height and grows in sandy hills, small riversides, sand dunes, and saline soils. The plant is distinguished with reddish-brown bark and overlapping blue-green, sessile -ovate, and egg-shape leaves of 2–3 mm long and 1 to 2 mm wide. The branch tips may display few hairs and its purplish to white flowers bloom in April. In terms of bract to pedicel ratio (2.5-3, Table 2 ) and inflorescence, T . ramosissima shows similarity to T. karakalensis . The phylogenetic dendrogram (Fig. 5 ) is based on the bark colors, leaves, flowers, inflorescence, length and width of racemes, shape and length of the sepals, shape and length of the petals, and the ratio of the bract to pedicel. Accordingly, the diagram indicates a considerable similarity between the T. androssowii and T. szowitsiana species in clade I. T. Kotschyi is clustered separately in clade II, whereas T. tetragyna and T. karakalensis species are placed in clade III. SEM data It is reported that some Tamarix species may reflect salt glands and salt crystals as very small dotted features on the surface of their leaves. To explore these important features, Tamarix leaves were observed under SEM. As shown in Fig. 6 , minor evidences of salt glands and crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 , 2H 2 O) are observed in different species. These salt glands are concentrated on the surfaces of leaves an may have formed by intense evaporation in arid and semi-arid regions and migration of dissolved Na + , K + and Ca 2+ ions by surface waters, groundwaters and moist in saline soils ( 14 ). Biochemistry of macro-microelements in leaves The concentrations of macro-microelements Tamarix leaves are given in Table 3 and compared to some global data from various Tamarix species (Table 3 ). The results show high values of sodium (759.7 µg), potassium (180.1 µg), and sulfur (500 µg) due to the presence of salt glands or salt crystals. This is consistent with SEM images shown in Fig. 6 . Based on Table 3 , the highest values of Na, K, and S occur in T. ramosissima and substrate soils and sediments, where different Tamarix species grow. The metal-bioaccumulation factor (MBAF) of the elements is defined as the ratio of element concentration in Tamarix leaves to the concentration of elements in the substrate soil or sediment ( 25 ): ( 1 ) 1 (high enrichment) (Table 3 ). This table shows that Na, P and S demonstrate weak to moderate enrichment, while other elements do not show significant enrichment. On the other hand, the concentrations of toxic and heavy elements (arsenic, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and vanadium) are within tolerable limits of the other global Tamarix species and show no toxicity effects on the Tamarix species. Discussion The genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) includes more than 70 species of the salt-tolerant, halophytes and phreatophytes medicinal plants that mainly grow in the arid, semi-arid and exceptionally in cold northern hemisphere. These species are reported to be useful as ornamental plants, windbreaks and afforestation of sand dunes and more importantly as medications for some diseases ( 6 , 15 , 26 ). Paleo-geographically, the first generation of Tamarix probably appeared in the geological time of Eocene (54 − 36 million years ago) in the Mediterranean area under warm and humid climatic conditions ( 27 ). In the geological time of Miocene (25.2–5.2 million years ago), due to the regression of the Tethys ocean the genus Tamarix expanded into the central Asia, China and probably western Asia under arid and cool climates ( 27 ). Global distribution of different Tamarix species in the world and Iran (Figs. 1 and 2 ) shows that these plants mostly grow in arid and semi-arid climates. Yet, some species have been reported to grow in cold climates in the northern hemisphere and Iran ( 11 , 28 , 29 ). Lehnhoff et al. ( 28 ) suggested that the Tamarix seeds are more resistant to cold and temperate climates at -5 to 14°C for up to 6 months than in warm and hot climates at 25–35°C for 3 months. Therefore, it seems that some Tamarix species can grow in cold climates with suitable soil and water salinity. The distribution of 35 Tamarix species in Iran and Kerman city (Fig. 2 a, b) should be considered as the potential medicinal plants. It is suggested that ( 6 , 9 , 11 , 30 ) the best morphological features for distinguishing the Tamarix species are primarily related to the arrangement four-merous, five-merous, the shape of the disk, shape of sepal and shape of petals, although these features may show minor some overlapping among some species ( 31 ). In this regard, this study introduces six new species of Tamarix in the Kerman city as described in Tables 1 and 2 ) and herbarium data (Fig. 4 ) and SEM images (Fig. 6 ). Phylogenetically, T. szowitsiana and T. androssowii show the most similar phylogenetic affinity (Fig. 5 ). This similarity has also been reported by Sheidai et al. (2019), and is related to their four-flowered arrangements, the sessile form of the leaves, and the uniformity of their discs. The similarity of these two species with T. kotschyi may only be attributed to their similar four-merous inflorescences and disk. However, the amplexicaul nature of the leaves in T. kotschyi is the main difference with other species. Some data ( 22 , 32 ) suggest that all three species could belong to the Oligadenia section. In the third branch of the cluster diagram (Fig. 5 ), T. karakalensis and T. tetragyna show similarity due to the five-merous inflorescences, a morphological feature that is not related to the three previous species. The least morphological difference between T. karakalensis and T. tetragyna may be due to the paralophic disk in T. tetragyna and the hololophic disk in T. karakalensis . Table 2 shows that the ratio of bract to pedicel length in T. karakalensis is more similar to T. ramosissima . This affinity has also been pointed by Baum ( 16 ). It is noteworthy that T. ramosissima is one of the most abundant species of Tamarix in Iran (Fig. 3 ). This species is mostly distinguished by its reddish to brownish bark, expanding branches, a high ratio (2.5-3) of the bract to pedicel length and 5-merous inflorescence. SEM images of dried leaves from the Tamarix species (Fig. 6 ) indicate the presence of papilla salt glands, sodium salt crystals and calcium sulfate crystals in different species. Sodium salt crystals can be identified by their cubic crystalline structure, while calcium sulfate crystals are identifiable by their monoclinic prismatic crystals. These crystals indicate that surface waters, groundwaters, and soils where the tamarisk species being grown are rich in Na, Cl, Ca and S ions (Table 3 ). Ion migration of Na, K and S by groundwaters and surface waters to the leaves led to the excretion of salts as salt glands and salt crystals due to evaporation and saturation. This agrees with findings of 14, 26 and 33 who reported the occurrence of crystals of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and calcium sulfate in the leaves of the Tamarix species. There are no more available data on the concentrations of macro-microelements in the leaves of the Tamarisk species. High values more than the natural levels of the elemental uptake, especially toxic elements, may cause hazardous effects on the growth and flowering of the Tamarix species. The high values of toxic elements may seriously contaminate the Tamarix extracts used for phytochemical, pharmacological and medicinal applications. Biochemical data in Table 3 , show that the highest values of Na (759.7 µg), K (180.1 µg) and S (148.43 µg) are related to the leaves of T. ramosissima , even though the concentrations of these elements are lower than the substrate soils. Among all the elements in Table 3 , Na, K, S and P project low to moderate metal bioaccumulation factors, reflecting the presence of salt glands and crystals of sodium chloride and calcium sulfate in SEM images (Fig. 6 ) as reported in other studies ( 14 , 32 ). Fortunately, the other elements (Table 3 ) in Tamarisk species show very low concentrations (Table 3 ) that are close or below the tolerable limits of global data, thus do not pose any risk of toxicity in the phytochemical extracts used for medicinal applications. Recent studies ( 6 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 34 ) on the medicinal plants considered the Tamarix species to be the most useful plants for treatments of several diseases. On this context, diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has no well-defined treatment, yet using the commercial α-glucosidase may lead to acute hepatitis. To overcome this, the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves in T. aphylla , T. nilotica, T. dioica, T. gallica, T. articulate, T. stricta and other Tamarix species give considerable antidiabetic treatment. The extracts inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, digest carbohydrates and regulate the blood sugar levels. The most bacterial-fungal diseases are treated with antibiotics that may cause allergies. However, new data ( 6 , 14 ) suggested that the extracts of Tamarix species, in particular T. gallica , T. aphylla , T. africana , T. boveana , T. ramosissima , T. dioica , T. arabica , T. tetragyna , T. karakalensis , T. balansae , and T. nilotica can neutralize the harmful effects of bacteria and fungi. There are no definite effective treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, although using of vitamin E and C can moderate the severity of the disease. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of the extracts from T. gallica , T. aphylla , T. africana , T. hispida , T. ramosissima , T. tetragyna , T. karakalensis and other Tamarix species can reduce the brain damage and recover the brain cells ( 6 , 14 ). Interestingly enough, syringic acid (C 9 H 10 O 5 ) is an antioxidant phenolic benzoic acid extracts from T. dioica , T. hispida , and T. ramosissima that can prevent the progression of benign and malignant tumors and cancer cells. Methyl ferulate (C 11 H 12 O 4 ) is another antioxidant from the extracts of the various Tamarix species that can effectively destroy malignant cancer cells and tumors in colorectal cancer ( 6 , 14 ). Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that can be genetic or caused by unsanitary environmental factors. Ramosissimin compound derived from the extracts of T. ramosissima that may be effective in treating this disease ( 14 ). Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease that initially has no specific symptoms, but lesions eventually develop into liver cancer. The phenolic and methanolic compound extracts from various Tamarix species have been shown to prevent the progression of liver fibrosis and liver cancer ( 6 , 14 ). Some kidney stones are formed due to the deposition of calcium oxalate. The acidic properties of the extracts of T. hispida and T. ramosissima and other Tamarix species can dissolve calcium oxalate and other urinary stones ( 6 , 14 ). Despite the several useful classified medicinal applications of the Tamarix species, some disadvantages and threats have also been reported. Some fungi, in particular Botryosphaeria may cause branch dieback in different Tamarix species ( 26 ). In addition to this, different Tamarix species excrete salts into their leaves, produce salt glands, salt crystals, thereby increase the salinity of the moist and soils and kill the other plants species ( 35 ). The increased salinity in soils and sediments may also decrease the interatomic binding in soil-clay system and lead to more soil erosion. Conclusion Field botany, morphology, taxonomy, SEM images and biochemistry of 24 Tamarix samples around reveal six new Tamarix species: T. kotschyi , T. androssowii , T. szowitsiana , T. tetragyna , T. karakalensis , and T. ramosissima . The morphological characteristics of T. androssowii are similar to T. szowitsiana , although T. karakalensis also shares minor similarities to T. ramosissima and T. tetragyna . SEM images display salt glands and crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O). These features indicate ion infiltration of Cl, Na, S, and Ca by surface waters, groundwaters and interactions with soils and sediments and finally through the leaves. This is indicated by weak to moderate metal bioaccumulation factors in the Tamarix leaves. The concentrations of other elements, especially the toxic elements are in the safeguard and tolerable level and indicate no environmental risks for using the Tamarix extracts in treating diabetes, fungal- bacterial diseases, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer, liver fibrosis, and urinary stones. The frequent distribution of the genus Tamarix in Iran (Fig. 2 ) merits an Atlas of Tamarix species for medicinal applications. The main environmental threats to Tamarix species are fungi that cause dieback of the Tamarix branches and increased salinity of the substrate soils which kill the other neighboring plants species. Declarations Acknowledgement I highly appreciate Dr. M. Mirtadzadini for his professional identification of the Tamarix species and insightful suggestions during the study at Biology Department of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. The Cooperation of Geological Survey of Iran is greatly appreciated for precise and accurate analyses of the Tamarix leaves and soils. SEM data were performed by cooperation of Dr. S. Kamali for SEM analysis in Zand-Rahimi Research Center at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Author contributions This paper was contributed by H. Aftabi who collected field data, sample preparation, managed the main text and data analysis of the manuscript. Funding This research received no external funding. Data availability The raw datasets obtained during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This paper does not involve human participants, thereby no ethics code is available. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References Mayonde SG, Cron GV, Gaskin JF, Byrne MJ. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":242989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal distribution of Tamarix speice in the world (modified after 1).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8279634/v1/7fb884162de6f477f4adb340.png"},{"id":99237441,"identity":"108b1ede-a01d-4f9d-8c04-232be04bb886","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 13:50:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":474562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBotanical and climatological map of Tamarix species in Iran. (a) distribution of Tamarix species in Iran, (b) sampling position of Tamarix species in Kerman city (Modified after Sheidai et al., 2019; Veisi et al., 2023; Abolhasani et al., 2020; Arianmanesh et al., 2015; Bahramsoltani et al., 2020; Mayonde et al., 2015, 1.T. ramosissima Ledeb, T. octandra , 2. T. articulata, T.kotschyi, 3. T. austromongolica,T. ramosissima Ledeb, 4. T. ramosissima, Ledeb, 5. T. ramosissima Ledeb, 6. T. ramosissima Ledeb, 7. T. ramosissimma Ledeb, 8. T. ramosissima Ledeb, 9. T. habitatas, 10. T. ramosissima Ledeb, 11. T. aphylla, T. humboldtiana, 12. T. ramosissima Ledeb, 13. T. ramosissima Ledeb,T. aphylla, 14. T. habitatas, 15. T. kotschyi, 16. T. tetragyna, 17. T. passerinoides, 18.T. ramosissima Ledeb, 19. T. ramosissima Ledeb, T. aphylla, 20. T. ramosissima Ledeb, T. meyri, 21. T. arceuthoides, 22. T. ramosissima Ledeb, T. aphylla, 23. T. mascatensis, 24. T. aphylla, T. Jordanis, 25. T. tetrandra, T. mascatensis, 26. T. rosea, 27. T. ramosissima Ledeb, 28. T. tetrandra, T. humboldtiana, 29. T. kermanensis, T. karakalensis, T. ramosissima, 30. T. aphylla, T. hispida, 31. T. aphylla, T. humboldtiana.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8279634/v1/2933a250f580f2b2f3578ef7.png"},{"id":99320431,"identity":"94a8cf4e-b908-45ee-b0f7-726bad9a4bbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:38:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":712934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEnvironments, commercial values and medicinal uses of the genus Tamarix (modified after Duan et al., 2022; Li et al., 2024; Aftabi ,2024).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8279634/v1/e4572709c3c973544720970a.png"},{"id":99237445,"identity":"411588ae-c309-4f77-87f8-28aad4572627","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 13:50:54","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":926935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHerbarium numbers of Tamarix species in Kerman city (a) T. androssowii, (b) T. szowitssiana, (c) T. kotschyi, (d) T. androsswii, (e) T. karakalensis, (f) T.tetragyna..\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8279634/v1/a1f1672f2a38e00cd496c99f.png"},{"id":99237451,"identity":"3e959483-f385-43f8-bf9a-f8ce7365e4b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 13:50:54","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic dendrogram of Tamarix species in Kerman city\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8279634/v1/07f17d31ad54bd9fb0f3128b.png"},{"id":99317987,"identity":"bc14609c-12f2-412d-98a3-f090e014f929","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:31:05","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1180771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of Tamarix species in Kerman city. (a)T. androssowii, (b) T.szowitsiana, (c) T. kotschyi, (d) T. androssowii, (e) T. androssowii, (f) T. karakalensis, (h), T. tetragyna. Sg= salt glands, Sc= salt crystals. Salt crystals in d and e are of NaCl composition and in\u0026nbsp; other SEM images are calcium sulfate (CaSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8279634/v1/ca8353dc43404d204f575656.png"},{"id":100356267,"identity":"047bd9a0-1777-4d60-9d5d-c94fb6d00edb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 06:59:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4836985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8279634/v1/ff2adf8b-84d5-4f77-a74c-e530345603b2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"New Tamarix Species (Tamaricaceae) from Kerman City and Their Perspective Medicinal Uses","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genus Tamarix is becoming an important medicinal plant that grows in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Oceania, and other regions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) of the globe (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The taxonomy of Tamarix is very complex (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), because different species project several biogeographical, morphological and molecular complexities. Tamarix species are considered as salt-tolerant, halophytes, phreatophytes, and evergreen plants that mostly grow in arid, semi-arid, and hot regions along riversides, salty marshes and saline sediments, where salinities range from 0.01% to more than 1%, NaCl. According to plant taxonomy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), the genus Tamarisk is classified as follows: Tracheophytes, Angiospermae, Eudicots class, Magnoliopsida order, Caryophyllales family, Tamaricaceae genus, Tamarisk species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField and physical characteristics of the genus Tamarix display a shrubby plant of 1\u0026ndash;18 m height with rhombic, oval, needle-shape leaves (1\u0026ndash;2 mm) that contain white salt particles on the surface of the leaves due to evapotranspiration and only camels feed on the salty leaves (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The red to purple and whitish purple flowers are short with five stamens that are arranged in a 5 to 10 cm spike. The branches and twigs of the Tamarix species are slender and delicate, with smooth, reddish-brown bark that becomes grayish-brown and furrowed with aging of the plant. The wood of the Tamarix stem is hard and brittle, but the outer part being white and the inner part is reddish in color (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on historical data, the Tamarix term is mentioned in the holy Bible (Genesis 21:33) and in the holy Quran with the word \u0026ldquo;athl\u0026rdquo; in Chapter Saba, verse 16, and \u0026ldquo;al-mann\u0026rdquo; in chapter Al-Baqarah, verse 57. Tamarix is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Oceania, and other regions of the earth. According to 2, 6 and 7 there exist about 70 to 104 species of the Tamarisk in the world. The oldest fossils of the Tamarisk species (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eminoa, T. africana, T. gallica\u003c/em\u003e) were reported in the rock units of the western Mediterranean area as old as 16\u0026nbsp;million years (Miocene geological period), 2.58\u0026nbsp;million years to 10,000 years ago (Pleistocene geological period) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Valuable studies in Iran reported (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e) about 35 Tamarix species. In this study, a distribution map of the Tamarisk species is presented (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), in all provinces under different climatic conditions, where the most abundant species are \u003cem\u003eT. gallica, T. aphylla, and T. ramosissima.\u003c/em\u003e Traditionally, \u003cem\u003eGaz Angabin\u003c/em\u003e of Khansar (Isfahan province) and \u003cem\u003eGaz\u003c/em\u003e of Shahdad or Tamarix manna (Kerman Province) have been used in preparation of nougat (\u003cem\u003eGaz\u003c/em\u003e sweet) and it is notable that in Persian culture \"Gaz\" means Tamarix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe word \u003cem\u003emanna\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eal-mann\u003c/em\u003e in Arabic, Chapter Albaqarah, verse 57) refers to the extract of the Tamarisk tree, which is released from the plant by biting of an insect called \u003cem\u003eEuscelis decoratus\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Valuable studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that different Tamarix species are mostly used as ornamental trees, windbreaks, and soil erosion control, yet more recent data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) show that different Tamarix species have other important applications in medicine, pharmacy, and the environment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Comprehensive studies regarding Tamarisk species and their uses have not been fully explored in Kerman city, although Baum (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) only introduced \u003cem\u003eT. kermanensis\u003c/em\u003e as one of the important species. The main objectives of this article are (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) to present a global map of Tamarix distribution in world and in Iran, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) introduce new Tamarix species in Kerman city, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) display the SEM images of Tamarix species, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) present biochemical data of macro-microelements in Tamarix leaves and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) discuss the most important medicinal applications of Tamarix species as well as Tamarix threats to the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo identify Tamarisk species around the Kerman city, 24 samples of leaves and flowers were collected along Kerman-Jopar, Kerman-Cheshmegaz and Kerman-Zangiabad roads (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The samples were dried for one month according to the procedures suggested by 17, 18, 19 and then submitted to the Herbarium Laboratory of the Biology Department at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman for identification of Tamarix species, where they were identified by Dr. Mirtadzadini with Herbarium numbers of 4700 to 4716 in the Biology Department of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographical position and herbarium numbers of Tamarix species in Kerman city.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbarium\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTamarix Speice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;18'37.10\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;57'42.42\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix cf androssowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4701\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;18'37.12\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;57'42.48\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;20'2.10\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;46'50.99\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;20'33.09\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;46'6.60\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;22'37.75\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;45'57.36\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;23'37.75\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;45'19.29\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;23'37.54\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;45'19.29\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;23'52.10\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;44'58.87\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;23'49.64\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;45'12.80\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;24'57.69\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;42'33.87\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;24'57.56\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;42'33.89\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;24'42.50\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;43'24.43\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;12'32.80\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u0026deg; 3'26.35\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix cf androssowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;12'32.80\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u0026deg; 3'26.33\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix androssowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;12'32.56\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u0026deg; 3'26.26\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix Karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;20'9.35\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;58'37.31\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix androssowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;20'12.22\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;58'32.50\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix androssowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;20'11.21\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;58'33.03\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix androssowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;23'29.42\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;55'9.59\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix androssowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;23'15.16\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026deg;55'11.80\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) and Nisar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that for phytochemical, pharmacological and medicinal applications of Tamarix species, Tamarix leaves, flowers, fruits and other parts of the plant are dried in a shaded area then powdered followed by dissolution and extraction. Accordingly, approximately 50 grams of the powdered sample are dissolved in 250 ml of ethanol, methanol, and distilled water and stirred for complete dissolution followed by filtering the solution by Whatman filter paper No. 1. The filtered samples are then evaporated and placed in an electric oven at 40℃ to be dried and stored at 4℃. To extract the flavonoids, phenols, and other organic compounds, a specific weight of the dried powder is dissolved in aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide and the absorbance (540 nm) of the solutions are measured. Finally, 500 \u0026micro;l of the plant extract is used to measure the amount of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in blood for medicinal applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo unravel the presence of salt glands and salt crystals in Tamarisk species, cleaned dried leaves were analyzed by SEM microscope with a resolution power of 3.5 nm and an electron accelerator of 30,000 electron volts (EDEX of Camscan MV 2300 model) in the Department of Materials and Metallurgy Engineering at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor biochemical determination of macro-microelements, the leaves were washed with distilled water, dried, powdered, converted to ash followed by dissolution in a mixture of HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-HCl (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). The concentrations of the elements were measured by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method (Varian-Agilent 700 Series) in Applied Research Laboratory of Karaj of Geological Survey of Iran in Tehran (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The accuracy against the certified reference materials (American National Standard 2001) ranges from 93.84 99.81%, respectively. The precision of the data was less than 10% RSD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean concentrations (ug/g) and metal bioaccumulation factors (MBACF) of macro-microelements in Tamarix species of Kernan city compared to Tamarix species in Africa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The concentrations of all elements in substrate soils and sediments are in ug/g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. kotschyi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.046\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. Androssowii (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.62*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.77*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.588\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. szowitsiana (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e568.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.13*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.86*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.029\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.024\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.068\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. karakalensis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.70*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u0026minus;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.68*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.020\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.060\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT.tetragyna (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.58*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u0026minus;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.6*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.044\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.232\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. ramosissima (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e759.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.64*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u0026minus;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.66*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.039\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.297\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. gallica (Algeria)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. nilotica (Egypt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage in substrate soils and sediments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTaxa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSr\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. kotschyi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. Androssowii (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.5*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.38*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.96 *10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. szowitsiana (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.87*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.7*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.45*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.49*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. karakalensis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.81*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.38*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.49*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT.tetragyna (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.09*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.23*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.96*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. ramosissima (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBACF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.09*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.23*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.94*10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. gallica (Algeria)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT. nilotica (Egypt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage in substrate soils and sediments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMorphological Studies and Tamarisk Taxonomy\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorphological studies on 24 Tamarix samples reveal six new species that are reported for the first time in the Kerman city. The physical characteristics of these species are presented in Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, as well as Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and are described as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT. androssowii\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eandrossowii\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea, d) spreads as small tree (2 to 3 m height) with smooth, glabrous bark that is reddish-brown to brown in color and grows in sandy dunes, saline playas, and along riversides. The green to reddish-green vegetative branches of the plants have nearly one meter in length and ascending from the central branches of the plant. However, the youngest branches are attached to the main vegetative branches at nearly right angle. The green leaves growing on the main branches are 1 to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide, growing as amplexicaul form, but the leaves of younger lateral branches are green and egg-shape with a layered margin and sharp tips. The purple to purplish flowers bloom during May. Based on herbarium data (No. 4700 and 4711\u0026ndash;4715, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea, d, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and comparing the morphological characteristics of the plant (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) with global data (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e), this Tamarisk species shows a strong resemblance to and \u003cem\u003erossowii\u003c/em\u003e, which is reported for the first time in the Kerman city.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT. kotschyi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT.\u003c/em\u003e kotschyi is a medium sized species that predominantly grows along riversides, springs and spring sediments with a 1 to 2 m height in Cheshmegaz village (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Morphologically, the plant indicates greyish-brown to purplish-brown skin and sessile green leaves of 1 to 2 mm long and 1 mm wide with and translucent margins. The younger leaves may appear as amplexicaul and the purplish to light purplish flowers bloom in May. According to herbarium and global data (No. 4705\u0026ndash;4710 and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), the plant is similar to that of \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ekotschyi\u003c/em\u003e and is reported for the first in the Kerman city.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e species grows as 1 to 3 m in sandy saline soils and riversides. It displays greyish-brown bark, on which sessile, ovate to egg-shape leaves of 1\u0026ndash;2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide grow. Purplish to light purple flowers bloom in May. On the basis of herbarium data, morphological characteristics and global information (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec, No. 4701\u0026ndash;4704a), the plant shows similarity to the \u003cem\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e that is reported as a new species from the Kerman city.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiometric and morphologic aspects of Tamarix species studied and recorded in Kerman city (SABUKH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Herbarium). The data in parenthesis represent numbers of samples and morphologic global data (bold data: 16, 18, 22).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaxa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRacemes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(length and width)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSepal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(shape and width)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePetal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(shape\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eand width)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBract/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epedicel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbarium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. \u003cem\u003ekotschyi\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2m (2m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmplexicaul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-merous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSynlo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eto parasynlophic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 cm,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 mm (1\u0026ndash;3 cm, 3\u0026ndash;4 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOvate, 0.7- 1mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.75- 1 m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElliptic, 1.5- 2mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2-2.25 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirtadzadini- Aftabi (SBUKH 4705\u0026ndash;4710)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. \u003cem\u003eandrossowii\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 m (2\u0026ndash;5 m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSessile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-merous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSynlo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eto parasynlophic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026ndash;3.5 cm, 3\u0026ndash;4 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.5\u0026ndash;4 cm,3\u0026ndash;5 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOvate to trullate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7-1mm (1mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObovate \u0026ndash;elliptic,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5- 2 mm (2-2.25 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirtadzadini-Aftabi (SBUKH 4700, 4711\u0026ndash;4715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. szowitsiana (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 m (3-7m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSessile-elliptic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-merous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSynlo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eto parasynlophic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7-4 cm, 6\u0026ndash;8 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2\u0026ndash;4 cm, 6mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOvate-dentriculate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2 mm (1-1.25 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElliptic- obovate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5- 2mm (2.25\u0026ndash;2.5 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirtadzadini-Aftabi (SBUKH 4701\u0026ndash;4704)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. \u003cem\u003etetragyna\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 m (2\u0026ndash;5 m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSessile-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOvate Sessile-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eovate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-merous to\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 and\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-merous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParalophic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;9 cm, 5\u0026ndash;9 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5\u0026ndash;15 cm, 8\u0026ndash;10 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOvate-dentriculate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5-2 mm (2 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElliptic-obovate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5 mm (3.5- 5 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirtadzadini-Aftabi (SABUKH 4716)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. \u003cem\u003ekarakalensis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 m (2-3m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSessile-ovate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-merous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHololophic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7- 4 cm, 2\u0026ndash;4 mm (0.5- 4 cm, 3\u0026ndash;4 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrullate-ovate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026ndash;0.7 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.5\u0026ndash;0.75 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElliptic-obovate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-1.3 mm (1.25\u0026ndash;1.5 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026ndash;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirtadzadini-Aftabi SBUKH 4713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. \u003cem\u003eramosissima\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 m (1\u0026ndash;6 m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSessile-ovate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-merous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHololophic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026ndash;6.5 cm, 3\u0026ndash;4 mm (1.5- 7 cm, 3\u0026ndash;4 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrullate-ovate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5- 1 mm (0.5- 1mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElliptic- obovate,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-1.7 mm (1-1.75 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo enough data on leaves and flowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis Tamarix species reaches to height of 1 to 3 m having reddish-brown bark and grows on sandy hills, sandy soils and river banks. The plant displays very few bright purplish to white flowers in April. The green sessile leaves of 1\u0026ndash;2 mm long and 0.75 mm wide have a narrow base. Based on herbarium data in (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ee, No. 4713), morphological characteristics (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and comparison with global data, this plant species resembles \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ekarakalensis\u003c/em\u003e resembles \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis species occurs as 1\u0026ndash;3 m height and grows in saline soils. The plants display smooth purplish to dark brown bark, on which narrow-based, sessile and egg-shaped leaves of 1\u0026ndash;5 mm long and 1mm wide grow. The purplish to white flowers bloom in May. Based on herbarium data (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ef, No. 4716), morphological characteristics (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and global data, this species resembles \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e and is reported for the first time in the Kerman city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT. ramosissima (salt cedar)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eramosissima\u003c/em\u003e grows at 1\u0026ndash;3 m height and is also known as the highly branched salt cedar with lateral growth expansion (2\u0026ndash;3 m) that might exceed its height and grows in sandy hills, small riversides, sand dunes, and saline soils. The plant is distinguished with reddish-brown bark and overlapping blue-green, sessile -ovate, and egg-shape leaves of 2\u0026ndash;3 mm long and 1 to 2 mm wide. The branch tips may display few hairs and its purplish to white flowers bloom in April. In terms of bract to pedicel ratio (2.5-3, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and inflorescence, \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eramosissima\u003c/em\u003e shows similarity to \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic dendrogram (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) is based on the bark colors, leaves, flowers, inflorescence, length and width of racemes, shape and length of the sepals, shape and length of the petals, and the ratio of the bract to pedicel. Accordingly, the diagram indicates a considerable similarity between the \u003cem\u003eT. androssowii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e species in clade I. \u003cem\u003eT. Kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e is clustered separately in clade II, whereas \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e species are placed in clade III.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSEM data\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is reported that some Tamarix species may reflect salt glands and salt crystals as very small dotted features on the surface of their leaves. To explore these important features, Tamarix leaves were observed under SEM. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, minor evidences of salt glands and crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium sulfate (CaSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO) are observed in different species. These salt glands are concentrated on the surfaces of leaves an may have formed by intense evaporation in arid and semi-arid regions and migration of dissolved Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions by surface waters, groundwaters and moist in saline soils (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eBiochemistry of macro-microelements in leaves\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of macro-microelements Tamarix leaves are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and compared to some global data from various Tamarix species (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The results show high values of sodium (759.7 \u0026micro;g), potassium (180.1 \u0026micro;g), and sulfur (500 \u0026micro;g) due to the presence of salt glands or salt crystals. This is consistent with SEM images shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Based on Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the highest values of Na, K, and S occur in \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e and substrate soils and sediments, where different Tamarix species grow. The metal-bioaccumulation factor (MBAF) of the elements is defined as the ratio of element concentration in Tamarix leaves to the concentration of elements in the substrate soil or sediment (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e): (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 (no enrichment), (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) 0.01\u0026ndash;0.1 (weak enrichment), (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) 0.1\u0026ndash;1(moderate enrichment) and (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 (high enrichment) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This table shows that Na, P and S demonstrate weak to moderate enrichment, while other elements do not show significant enrichment. On the other hand, the concentrations of toxic and heavy elements (arsenic, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and vanadium) are within tolerable limits of the other global Tamarix species and show no toxicity effects on the Tamarix species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) includes more than 70 species of the salt-tolerant, halophytes and phreatophytes medicinal plants that mainly grow in the arid, semi-arid and exceptionally in cold northern hemisphere. These species are reported to be useful as ornamental plants, windbreaks and afforestation of sand dunes and more importantly as medications for some diseases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Paleo-geographically, the first generation of Tamarix probably appeared in the geological time of Eocene (54\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;36\u0026nbsp;million years ago) in the Mediterranean area under warm and humid climatic conditions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). In the geological time of Miocene (25.2\u0026ndash;5.2\u0026nbsp;million years ago), due to the regression of the Tethys ocean the genus Tamarix expanded into the central Asia, China and probably western Asia under arid and cool climates (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Global distribution of different Tamarix species in the world and Iran (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) shows that these plants mostly grow in arid and semi-arid climates. Yet, some species have been reported to grow in cold climates in the northern hemisphere and Iran (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Lehnhoff et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the Tamarix seeds are more resistant to cold and temperate climates at -5 to 14\u0026deg;C for up to 6 months than in warm and hot climates at 25\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;C for 3 months. Therefore, it seems that some Tamarix species can grow in cold climates with suitable soil and water salinity. The distribution of 35 Tamarix species in Iran and Kerman city (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea, b) should be considered as the potential medicinal plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is suggested that (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) the best morphological features for distinguishing the \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e species are primarily related to the arrangement four-merous, five-merous, the shape of the disk, shape of sepal and shape of petals, although these features may show minor some overlapping among some species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). In this regard, this study introduces six new species of \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e in the Kerman city as described in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and herbarium data (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and SEM images (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Phylogenetically, \u003cem\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. androssowii\u003c/em\u003e show the most similar phylogenetic affinity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). This similarity has also been reported by Sheidai et al. (2019), and is related to their four-flowered arrangements, the sessile form of the leaves, and the uniformity of their discs. The similarity of these two species with \u003cem\u003eT. kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e may only be attributed to their similar four-merous inflorescences and disk. However, the amplexicaul nature of the leaves in \u003cem\u003eT. kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e is the main difference with other species. Some data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that all three species could belong to the \u003cem\u003eOligadenia\u003c/em\u003e section. In the third branch of the cluster diagram (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e show similarity due to the five-merous inflorescences, a morphological feature that is not related to the three previous species. The least morphological difference between \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e may be due to the paralophic disk in \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e and the hololophic disk in \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the ratio of bract to pedicel length in \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e is more similar to \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e. This affinity has also been pointed by Baum (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eIt is noteworthy that T. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e is one of the most abundant species of \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e in Iran (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This species is mostly distinguished by its reddish to brownish bark, expanding branches, a high ratio (2.5-3) of the bract to pedicel length and 5-merous inflorescence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM images of dried leaves from the Tamarix species (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) indicate the presence of papilla salt glands, sodium salt crystals and calcium sulfate crystals in different species. Sodium salt crystals can be identified by their cubic crystalline structure, while calcium sulfate crystals are identifiable by their monoclinic prismatic crystals. These crystals indicate that surface waters, groundwaters, and soils where the tamarisk species being grown are rich in Na, Cl, Ca and S ions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Ion migration of Na, K and S by groundwaters and surface waters to the leaves led to the excretion of salts as salt glands and salt crystals due to evaporation and saturation. This agrees with findings of 14, 26 and 33 who reported the occurrence of crystals of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and calcium sulfate in the leaves of the Tamarix species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are no more available data on the concentrations of macro-microelements in the leaves of the Tamarisk species. High values more than the natural levels of the elemental uptake, especially toxic elements, may cause hazardous effects on the growth and flowering of the Tamarix species. The high values of toxic elements may seriously contaminate the Tamarix extracts used for phytochemical, pharmacological and medicinal applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical data in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, show that the highest values of Na (759.7 \u0026micro;g), K (180.1 \u0026micro;g) and S (148.43 \u0026micro;g) are related to the leaves of \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e, even though the concentrations of these elements are lower than the substrate soils. Among all the elements in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Na, K, S and P project low to moderate metal bioaccumulation factors, reflecting the presence of salt glands and crystals of sodium chloride and calcium sulfate in SEM images (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) as reported in other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Fortunately, the other elements (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) in Tamarisk species show very low concentrations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) that are close or below the tolerable limits of global data, thus do not pose any risk of toxicity in the phytochemical extracts used for medicinal applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e) on the medicinal plants considered the Tamarix species to be the most useful plants for treatments of several diseases. On this context, diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has no well-defined treatment, yet using the commercial α-glucosidase may lead to acute hepatitis. To overcome this, the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves in \u003cem\u003eT. aphylla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. nilotica, T. dioica, T. gallica, T. articulate, T. stricta\u003c/em\u003e and other Tamarix species give considerable antidiabetic treatment. The extracts inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, digest carbohydrates and regulate the blood sugar levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most bacterial-fungal diseases are treated with antibiotics that may cause allergies. However, new data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the extracts of Tamarix species, in particular \u003cem\u003eT. gallica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. aphylla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. africana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. boveana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. dioica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. arabica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. balansae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eT. nilotica\u003c/em\u003e can neutralize the harmful effects of bacteria and fungi.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are no definite effective treatments for Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease, although using of vitamin E and C can moderate the severity of the disease. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of the extracts from \u003cem\u003eT. gallica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. aphylla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. africana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. hispida\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e and other Tamarix species can reduce the brain damage and recover the brain cells (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly enough, syringic acid (C\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e) is an antioxidant phenolic benzoic acid extracts from \u003cem\u003eT. dioica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. hispida\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima that\u003c/em\u003e can prevent the progression of benign and malignant tumors and cancer cells. Methyl ferulate (C\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) is another antioxidant from the extracts of the various \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e species that can effectively destroy malignant cancer cells and tumors in colorectal cancer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRheumatoid arthritis is a disease that can be genetic or caused by unsanitary environmental factors. \u003cem\u003eRamosissimin\u003c/em\u003e compound derived from the extracts of \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima that\u003c/em\u003e may be effective in treating this disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease that initially has no specific symptoms, but lesions eventually develop into liver cancer. The phenolic and methanolic compound extracts from various \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e species have been shown to prevent the progression of liver fibrosis and liver cancer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome kidney stones are formed due to the deposition of calcium oxalate. The acidic properties of the extracts of \u003cem\u003eT. hispida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e and other Tamarix species can dissolve calcium oxalate and other urinary stones (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the several useful classified medicinal applications of the Tamarix species, some disadvantages and threats have also been reported. Some fungi, in particular Botryosphaeria may cause branch dieback in different Tamarix species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to this, different Tamarix species excrete salts into their leaves, produce salt glands, salt crystals, thereby increase the salinity of the moist and soils and kill the other plants species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). The increased salinity in soils and sediments may also decrease the interatomic binding in soil-clay system and lead to more soil erosion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eField botany, morphology, taxonomy, SEM images and biochemistry of 24 \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e samples around reveal six new \u003cem\u003eTamarix\u003c/em\u003e species: \u003cem\u003eT. kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. androssowii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e. The morphological characteristics of \u003cem\u003eT. androssowii\u003c/em\u003e are similar to \u003cem\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e, although \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e also shares minor similarities to \u003cem\u003eT. ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e. SEM images display salt glands and crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium sulfate (CaSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO). These features indicate ion infiltration of Cl, Na, S, and Ca by surface waters, groundwaters and interactions with soils and sediments and finally through the leaves. This is indicated by weak to moderate metal bioaccumulation factors in the Tamarix leaves. The concentrations of other elements, especially the toxic elements are in the safeguard and tolerable level and indicate no environmental risks for using the Tamarix extracts in treating diabetes, fungal- bacterial diseases, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer, liver fibrosis, and urinary stones. The frequent distribution of the genus Tamarix in Iran (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) merits an Atlas of Tamarix species for medicinal applications. The main environmental threats to Tamarix species are fungi that cause dieback of the Tamarix branches and increased salinity of the substrate soils which kill the other neighboring plants species.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI highly appreciate Dr. M. Mirtadzadini for his professional identification of the Tamarix species and insightful suggestions during the study at Biology Department of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. The Cooperation of Geological Survey of Iran is greatly appreciated for precise and accurate analyses of the Tamarix leaves and soils. SEM data were performed by cooperation of Dr. S. Kamali for SEM analysis in Zand-Rahimi Research Center at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper was contributed by H. Aftabi who collected field data, sample preparation, managed the main text and data analysis of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe raw datasets obtained during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ethics approval and consent to participate\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis paper does not involve human participants, thereby no ethics code is available.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMayonde SG, Cron GV, Gaskin JF, Byrne MJ. 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European Atlas of Forest Tree Species; San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A., Eds. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang JW, D\u0026apos;Rozario A, Duan SM, Wang XY, Liang XQ, Pan BR. Epidermal characters of Tamarix L. (Tamaricaceae) from Northwest China and their taxonomic and palaeogeographic implications. Journal of Palaeogeography. 2018 Apr 1;7(2):179-96.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLehnhoff EA, Menalled FD, Rew LJ. Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) establishment in its most northern range. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 2011 Mar;4(1):58-65.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBean DW, Dudley TL, Saltcedars (Tamarix spp.): History and ecology in North America. In: R.L., Winston, Ed. Biological control of weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwauke, 2003, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2023-33-SALTCEDARS-P.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIjbari H, Vaezi J, Ejtehadi H, Behroozian M. Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Tamarix dubia (Tamaricaceae) from Iran. Plant, Algae, and Environment. 2024 Sep 1;8(2):1462-76.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBredenkamp CL, Phepho N. Hybridization of Tamarix usneoides and Tamarix ramosissima. Unpublished. South African Botanical Institute. 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShagholi T, Keshavarzi M, Sheidai M. Pollen morphology of some Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) species of Iran. Acta Botanica Hungarica. 2020 Mar;62(1-2):151-61.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSookbirsingh R, Castillo K, Gill TE, Chianelli RR. Salt separation processes in the saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima (Ledeb.). Communications in soil science and plant analysis. 2010 May 13;41(10):1271-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlshehri SA, Wahab S, Abullais SS, Das G, Hani U, Ahmad W, Amir M, Ahmad A, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R. Pharmacological efficacy of Tamarix aphylla: a comprehensive review. Plants. 2021 Dec 31;11(1):118.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOhrtman MK. Quantifying soil and groundwater chemistry in areas invaded by Tamarix spp. along the middle Rio Grande, New Mexico (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tamarix species, Salt-tolerant, Salt crystals, Medicinal uses, Kerman","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8279634/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8279634/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants with about 70\u0026ndash;104 global species of which about 35 species are reported in Iran. The main approach in this investigation is to identify different Tamarix species in Kerman city and their perspective medicinal uses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to identify different Tamarix species, field botany, morphology, taxonomy, scanning electron microscope images (SEM) and biochemical data on the leaves and flowers from the genus Tamarix were integrated. The results highlight six new species; \u003cem\u003eT. kotschyi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT.androssowii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e, where \u003cem\u003eT.ramosissima\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eT.androssowii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT.szowitsiana\u003c/em\u003e species show similar phylogenetic association. However, \u003cem\u003eT. tetragyna\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT.karakalensis\u003c/em\u003e appear in a different clade. SEM images display minor evidences of salt glands and crystals of NaCl and CaSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO in the leaves. These features indicate ion migration (Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) from ground-waters, surface waters, soils and sediments, followed by excretion of the salts into the leaves as salt glands and salt crystals. These signatures correlate with the high concentrations of Na, K, and S in the leaves and substrate soil. Concentrations of microelements, in particular toxic elements are close to safeguard background level similar to the published global data reported for the similar Tamarix species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll over, the regional botanical survey in Kerman city introduced six new Tamarix species that contain minor salt glands. The concentrations of heavy metals in the Tamarix leaves are close to the safeguard background level, thereby do not pose any detrimental toxicity to the Tamarisk species. In this regard, the phytochemical extracts of the Tamarix species may have beneficial applications in different medical treatments.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"New Tamarix Species (Tamaricaceae) from Kerman City and Their Perspective Medicinal Uses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-30 13:50:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8279634/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"caa5b48c-1604-4ab3-9e91-4ad78a9da15a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-30T13:50:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-30 13:50:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8279634","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8279634","identity":"rs-8279634","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}