Impact of reduced idea density on pharmacy students' attainment in pharmaceutical calculations: a multicentre randomised controlled trial

Impact of reduced idea density on pharmacy students' attainment in pharmaceutical calculations: a multicentre randomised controlled trial | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of reduced idea density on pharmacy students' attainment in pharmaceutical calculations: a multicentre randomised controlled trial Andrew M. Lunn, Alice McCloskey, Craig Russell, Louise Siobhan Cogan, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357741/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction. Idea density (ID) influences comprehension time when reading text. However, the effect of lowering ID on student performance in written exams remains unexplored. This two-arm, single-blind RCT aimed to investigate the effect of ID in pharmaceutical calculation exams. Methods. Students were recruited from 11 UK schools of pharmacy and randomly assigned to two groups: A control and B intervention. Both groups received a baseline test and either a control or investigative test with lowered ID. Primary outcomes were group performance and pass rate in each test overall and on a question-by-question basis. Results. 205 students completed the study. The pass rate increased when students completed questions with lower ID. No significant change in cohort group performance was seen when the overall score was compared (p=0.110). However, a statistically significant increase in performance was observed when group performance was analysed on a question-by-question basis (p=0.033, 95% CI [0.51, 9.76]). Furthermore, students in lower years had significantly improved pass rates when receiving lower ID questions (OR=3.76, p=0.028) with the attainment gap to higher year students also reduced to insignificant levels (p=0.421). Discussion. This suggests ID could be used as an objective measure to improve the comprehensibility of written exams when applied within sensible limits. Trial registration NCT05526365 (registered 31/08/2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102108 Educational Philosophy and Theory Linguistics Assessment Linguistics Idea Density Attainment Gap Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Written exams are used throughout education, relying on students reading and comprehending questions before answering within a time limit. Question linguistics are important to ensure the process of comprehension and answering can be completed [1]. Within UK universities there is little and variable guidance on the linguistics of exams, anecdotally being limited to an informal sense check of the writing. Specific guidance on writing questions is limited to an arbitrary time to answer, which is variably 60-90 seconds per mark [2 3]. Individual comprehension of a question involves factors intrinsic to the questions and each student [4]. Generally complex English is linked to a poorer understanding in second language speakers; however, this is not seen with subject specific terminology [5], as all learners are taught the new jargon [6-8]. Linguistics and subject complexity are intrinsically linked in the difficulty of a question, however the impact of linguistics is not fully considered when writing questions [1 9]. Measuring linguistic complexity can be subjective, however, one objective metric is Idea Density (ID), which is measurable by automated part of speech tagging on freely available software [10 11]. ID measures the speed at which new concepts are introduced, defined as the number of ideas in a text divided by the total words. First described by Kitsch and Keenan, they found ID to be the best predictor of the time taken to comprehend text [12]. More recently, the ID of lectures was shown to impact comprehension, with reduced ID improving recall [13]. Reducing ID may increase in redundancy, i.e. words in a sentence that do not convey any meaning. The impact of redundancy is contested [14-16]. However, reducing idea density enough to provide sufficient context would keep redundancy to a minimum [17]. In the UK, pharmacy students must successfully complete a four-year degree and a foundation training programme before sitting the national common registration assessment (CRA) prior to qualifying [18 19]. This exam is administered by the professional regulator the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) and the Pharmaceutical Society Northern Ireland (PSNI). Part one of this exam consists of 40 pharmaceutical calculations, written as clinical scenarios, which candidates have 120-minutes to answer. The pass score is standard set and unique to each paper, this averaged at 61.32% between June 2022 - June 2024 [20]. An example of the type of question asked can be seen in Figure 1 , taken from the GPhC's website. Whilst some scenarios require prior knowledge, many pharmaceutical calculations heavily rely on interpretation of information. There is a well-documented attainment gap for the CRA, with black students showing the lowest pass rates and international students linked with higher drop-out rate [21 22]. Idea density has been shown to predict the time it takes to comprehend text, so may influence exam performance. However, the effect of idea density in exams has not yet been investigated. Calculations represent a good opportunity to explore the impact of ID, relying on the interpretation of information rather than prior knowledge. Aim The study aimed to determine whether modifying a question’s idea density would influence student performance. The primary research question of this study is: What is the effect of lowering the idea density of a calculation exam on attainment amongst UK pharmacy students? The secondary research questions are: Does lowering the idea density of a calculation exam influence the pass rate amongst UK pharmacy students? What is the effect of each characteristic on students' attainment in pharmacy calculations when lowering idea density? First language English speaker or not Sex Age Ethnicity Year of study Specific learning disability Methods A full description of the methods used can be found in the original trial protocol [23]. The study was a multi-centre single blinded randomised controlled trial, with two trial arms, conducted across 11 UK schools of pharmacy on Master of Pharmacy students ( Figure 2 ), with an approximate population of 5,500 students. Intervention The intervention was a lowered ID in a 12-question pharmaceutical calculations exam. Questions had a 10-15% lower ID than those in the control test, which was otherwise identical. All participants sat a baseline 12-question pharmaceutical calculations exam. Outcome measures Primary outcome The primary outcome was student performance in the second calculation test. Secondary outcomes The percentage of students achieving a pass during the second test. The effect of each demographic characteristic (as listed in aims) on students’ attainment. Recruitment, eligibility criteria, randomisation and blinding Participants were recruited from 11 UK pharmacy schools. Participants were: Over 18 years old Registered as a student in a master of pharmacy course Participants were excluded if they were: Under 18 Not registered on a pharmacy course in the UK In the foundation year of a course Participants were blinded and allocation was performed using sequentially generated random numbers. The students were the unit of randomisation and intervention. The randomisation was 1:1, block size multiplier was 2, 4 and, 6 and the block size 4, 8, and 12. Sample size, training and study-timeline. Sample and power calculations were conducted using a standard deviation of 2.25, a normal distribution with an expected mean of 8 in the intervention group and 7 in the control group resulting in a sample size of 94 participants per group (total =188) to give a power of 80% , detecting a difference of 1 point (delta) (alpha = 0.05, two-tail test, allowing for a 20% drop-out rate). All participants completed a consent form and demographic survey via JISC ( Appendix A1 ), T 0 in Table 1 . The study consisted of two 12-question GPhC style pharmaceutical calculation exams. Test 1, was a baseline test closely matching the style and ID of sample CRA questions [24 25]. Following completion of Test 1 participants were randomly assigned to control or intervention groups (Groups A and B), receiving the control (Test 2) or intervention (Test 2a) test. Test 2 Control also matched the CRA, Test 2a Intervention was produced by reducing the ID of “Test 2” by 10-15%. Table 1 . Study timeline in accordance with SPIRIT 2013 [23 26]. Study period Enrolment Allocation Post-allocation Closeout Timepoint -T 0 T 0 T 1 T 2 T 3 Enrolment Recruitment of Pharmacy schools X Informing MPharm students X Student self-enrolment X Student pre-randomisation test (baseline) X Student randomisation to control/intervention X Interventions Control- test standard ID X Intervention- test lower ID X Assessment Baseline test score X Control test standard ID score X Intervention test lower ID score X Statistical analysis X The tests were written and standard set by the investigators, who are experienced in the teaching and assessment of pharmaceutical calculations. Each question represented one of the 12 topics in the GPhC calculation syllabus. Tests were distributed and completed remotely using the online exam software Testportal. Participants had one attempt at each test and a maximum of 36 minutes (equivalent to 3 minutes per question, matching the CRA) [27]. Participants were advised to take the test when they had time, were in a suitable environment and had a calculator, pen and paper. Once the data had been collected, all personal identifiable information was permanently deleted. Statistical analysis Continuous data The two trial arms were analysed for differences in the baseline Test 1 to ensure that the two groups were comparable and in Test 2/2a to assess the intervention. The primary measure used was the scores obtained by the students. Data was first tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilks or Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A student t-test was used to compare the trial arms when they were normally distributed, and the Mann-Witney test for non-normally distributed data. Cohort performance on a question-by-question basis was analysed using a paired t-test. The effect of individual demographics on test scores within each group in both tests was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis tests after categorising participants by the following demographics. First language English speaker or not Sex Age Ethnicity Year of study Specific learning disability Dichotomous data The effect of each of the same characteristics on students' pass rates when lowering idea density was assessed using binary logistic regression (BLR) and Pearsons’ Chi-Square or Fisher exact test. All data was curated using Microsoft Excel 365 and analysed on IBM SPSS version 28.0.1.1 (15); statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Ethics The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, (revised 2008). Ethics approval was obtained from Liverpool John Moores University (REF 22/PBS/004 obtained 12/08/2022). All participants gave informed consent. All data was treated following the Data Protection Act (2018) requirements and/or GDPR 2016. Results The total student population was approximately 5,500. After recruitment, 591 (10.7%) students signed up, with 205 completing all study elements, giving a 34.7% completion rate and an overall engagement of 3.7%, summarised in the CONSORT flow diagram Figure 3 . Demographics Participants were 82% female, predominantly White or Asian (both 33%), 68% first language English speakers and 84% under the age of 25-years-old. More students from the upper two years of the course signed up (65%), compared to the lower years. Every demographic was fairly split across both Groups A and B, Table 2 . Table 2. Demographic details of the students completing the study, shown overall and by group. *Significance determined with Pearson’s Chi 2 analysis, P-values reported. + Sandwich is an intercalated split foundation training placement only offered at Bradford University Demographic Full sample Group A Group B p-value Sex Male 37 19 18 0.987 Female 167 86 81 First Language English 139 70 69 0.745 Not English 54 30 24 Ethnicity White 68 33 35 0.508 Black/African/Caribbean 28 17 11 Asian 68 36 32 Arab 16 7 9 Other/Not declared 25 12 13 Age (years) <25 171 87 83 0.804 ≥25 24 18 16 Learning disability Yes 16 6 10 0.244 No 188 99 89 Academic year Sandwich + 12 4 8 0.590 1 30 16 14 2 31 20 11 3 60 30 30 4 72 35 37 Total 205 105 100 Test validity The investigative questions were compared to publicly available GPhC sample questions [24]. The ID of the baseline and control questions was statistically similar to the GPhC sample questions, and the intervention questions had a statistically lower ID of approximately 10% (p=0.038) ( Table 3 ). Table 3 . Comparison of question metrics to GPhC sample *Two tailed Mann-Whitney test, as ID of GPhC sample was non-normally distributed. SD = Standard Deviation Test Mean Ideas SD Min./max. ideas Mean words SD Min./max. words Mean ID SD Comparison to GPhC Sample* GPhC Sample 33 6 22/40 67 11 50/93 0.493 0.047 Baseline (test 1) 34 8 23/45 70 15 51/91 0.483 0.031 0.54 Control (test 2) 37 10 21/54 74 16 54/99 0.49 0.05 0.88 Intervention (test 2a) 39 9 25/56 88 16 64/117 0.437 0.041 0.0096 An example of a question from Tests T2 and T2a showing the linguistic changes is shown in Figure 4 , full questions in Appendix A2 . Normality testing Performance in both tests by both groups when viewed as cohorts was shown to be non-normally distributed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. (Test 1 Group A P=<0.001, Group B p=<0.001; Test 2 Group A p=0.010, Test 2a Group B p=0.006). The data was also assessed for normality on a question-by-question format using the Shapiro-Wilk’s test (as these samples were smaller). Both Groups A and B displayed normal distributions (Group A p=0.316, Group B p=0.302) Primary Outcome Group performance analysis- continuous data. The performance of Groups A and B was shown to be comparable in Test 1, where they received the same test achieving the same median score of 7 (Group A and B IQR = 4) with no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.437) showing comparability between groups. Test 2/2a showed similar results, with both groups achieving the same median score of 6 (Group A IQR = 5, Group B IQR = 4) and no statistical significance (p=0.110). This suggested no difference in performance between the groups from the intervention of lowered ID. ( Table 4 ). Table 4 . Performance comparison on Tests 1 and 2/2a compared as total average score for whole cohort. *Mann-Whitney U test Test Group A Group B Difference p-value* T1 Median 7 7 0 0.437 T1 IQR 4 4 0 T2/2a Median 6 6 0 0.110 T2 IQR 5 4 1 Grouping all questions together can mask detail, so the data was separated by question and subsequently analysed in a pair-wise manner by question between Groups A and B. Table 5 . Test 1 was again shown to have no significant difference in performance between the groups. Better performance on questions was evenly split between Groups A and B with each group performed better on 6/12 (50%) of the questions. Overall group B performed on average 2.30% better, which was statistically insignificant (p=0.159, 95% CI= -[1.05 , +5.65]). Test 2/2a showed that intervention group (B), after receiving lower ID questions, performed better on 9/12 of the questions (75%) with an average increase in performance of 5.13%, which was significant (p=0.033, 95% CI= [+0.51, +9.76]). Table 5. Comparison of performance by Groups A and B on a paired question-by-question basis with the average performance difference shown. A positive difference indicates Group B performed better, a negative difference indicates group A performed better. *Two sided paired T-Test, average differs from reported numbers due to rounding Test 1 Question Test 1 Performance (% correct) Performance difference % Red = A > B, Green = B>A Group A Group B 1 71.16 67.68 -3.48 2 93.27 92.86 -0.41 3 70.19 76.29 +6.10 4 33.33 42.71 +9.38 5 73.33 72.63 -0.70 6 60.95 67.02 +6.07 7 34.29 41.94 +7.65 8 59.05 63.04 +4.00 9 72.38 71.43 -0.95 10 16.19 8.89 -7.30 11 21.90 20.22 -1.68 12 57.14 64.77 +7.63 Average difference (%) +2.30 (p=0.159, 95% CI = -1.05, +5.65)* Test 2/2a Question Test 2/2a Performance (% correct) Performance difference % Red = A > B, Green = B>A Group A Group B 1 81.73 88.89 +7.16 2 73.08 74.75 +1.67 3 67.31 77.78 +10.47 4 30.77 41.41 +10.64 5 12.50 17.17 +4.67 6 67.31 64.65 -2.66 7 36.54 56.57 +20.03 8 63.46 73.74 +10.28 9 29.81 27.27 -2.53 10 19.23 21.21 +1.98 11 28.85 23.23 -5.61 12 0.43 0.44 +1.18 Average difference (%) +5.13 (p=0.033, 95% CI = +0.51, +9.76)* Group performance analysis- dichotomous data. Exams often have a binary pass/fail element. As such, this test had a pass mark of 7/12 which was determined using an Angoff methodology. Figure 5 summarises each group's overall pass/fail outcomes, showing that Groups A and B had statistically similar pass rates in the baseline Test 1 (p=0.297). Test 2a also failed to reach a statistically significant increase in pass rate over Test 2 (p=0.051). However, more students in Group B (Test 2a) passed, with a pass rate of 46% (46/99) compared to 35% (37/105) in Group A (Test 2). Number of students passing (cohort size) Group A Group B p-value Odds Ratio 95% CI Test 1 63 (105) 63 (99) 0.297 0.86 0.49-1.51 Test 2/2a 37 (105) 46 (99) 0.051 0.63 0.36-1.10 Secondary Outcomes Performance by demographic was also analysed ( Table 6 ). Where possible demographics were split dichotomously, except for ethnicity, which had five categories. Dichotomously split demographics were analysed using Mann-Whitney tests. Test 2/2a was harder as every demographic in both groups performed worse with some notable exceptions (students years 1, 2 and sandwich, and who were 25-years or over N.B. The sandwich year is an intercalated split foundation training placement only offered at Bradford University). Students in the lower years of the course (Years 1, 2 and sandwich) were shown to perform significantly worse than upper years (Years 3 and 4) in Test 1 in both Groups A and B. This was repeated in Test 2 (Group A) but reduced to insignificant levels in Test 2a with lowered ID (Group B). Ethnicity was investigated using Kruskal-Wallis tests with post-hoc pairwise comparisons of medians and a Bonferroni correction ( Appendix A3 ). The results from these tests are unclear as ethnicity overall had a significant effect on score for Group A in Test 1 and 2 (Test 1 p= 0.02, Test 2 p=0.005) but no overall significant effect in Group B regardless of the Test (Test 1 p=0.603, Test 2 p=0.503). Demographics were further analysed for their influence on predicting the Odds Ratio of passing using Binary Logistic Regression (BLR), Table 7 . Age, first language, learning disability and sex were all shown not to significantly influence the pass rate. Overall, ethnicity was not shown to have a significant influence. Students who identified as “other”, “prefer not to say” and who did not disclose were not analysed using BLR. Table 6 . Median scores of all demographics in Groups A and B for Tests 1 and Tests 2/2a. *Performance difference between dichotomous variables tested with the Mann-Whitney test. UQR- Inter-Quartile Range. Test 1 Test 2 Test 2a Group A Group B Group A Group B Median score (/12) IQR p-value* Median score (/12) IQR p-value* Median score (/12) IQR p-value* Median score (/12) IQR p-value* Overall 7 4 7 4 6 5 6 4 Age ≥25 5 4 0.039 6 4 0.043 4 4.5 0.114 6.5 3 0.472 <25 7 4 7 3 6 5 6 3 Year Low 5 4 <0.001 6 5 0.002 3.5 4 <0.001 6 3 0.079 High 8 2 8 3 6 4.5 6 3 Sex Male 7 2 0.728 8 3.25 0.309 6 3 0.78 5.5 2.25 0.217 Female 7 4 7 4 5 5 6 4 Learning disability Yes 6 3.75 0.427 7.5 3 0.582 4 3.5 0.154 6 4 0.861 No 7 4 7 4 6 5 6 4 Language L1 7 4 0.289 7 3 0.162 6 5 0.251 6 3 0.066 L2 7 3.25 6.5 4 4.5 4.25 5.5 3.75 Ethnicity White 8 2.75 For significance see post-hoc pairwise tables in appendix 8 3 For significance see post-hoc pairwise tables in appendix 7 4 For significance see post-hoc pairwise tables in appendix 7 3 For significance see post-hoc pairwise tables in appendix Asian 7 3 7 3.75 5.5 4 6 3.75 Black 6 4.5 7 6 3 4 6 5 Arabic 5 3 8 2 5 4 6 5.75 Other 7.5 5.5 6.5 4 5 6 6 2.75 Overall 0.02 0.603 0.005 0.503 The only demographic shown to significantly influence the odds of a student passing overall was their year of study, which was a significant predictor in Groups A and B for Test 1, and for Group A in Test 2. Year of study was not a significant predictor for Group B, when receiving Test 2a, with lowered ID. Table 7 . Binary Logistic Regression analysis showing the odds ratio and significance for influence of personal demographics on passing Tests 1 and 2/2a. OR = Odds Ratio. Test 1 Baseline Test 2 Test 2a Characteristic Group A OR p-value Group B OR p-value Group A OR p-value Group B OR p-value Age Continuous 1.07 0.094 1.05 0.297 1.01 0.92 0.95 0.288 English Language 1st/2nd 1.07 0.921 2.14 0.279 0.90 0.861 0.98 0.979 Learning disability Yes/No 0.26 0.137 0.00 0.999 1.31 0.715 0.71 0.616 Sex Female/Male 0.22 0.046 0.81 0.728 0.93 0.910 3.00 0.780 Ethnicity Overall 0.158 0.946 0.035 0.311 White 2.71 0.155 0.72 0.595 4.12 0.022 2.65 0.093 Asian 6.81 0.019 1.01 0.992 15.26 0.003 3.36 0.141 Black 5.68 0.132 0.46 0.507 3.65 0.226 3.97 0.193 Arabic 1.25 0.832 1.08 0.937 2.83 0.258 5.10 0.091 Other Test 1 Baseline Test 2 Test 2a Characteristic Group A OR p-value Group B OR p-value Group A OR p-value Group B OR p-value Year Overall 0.000 0.051 0.012 0.451 Sandwich <0.01 0.999 <0.01 0.999 <0.01 0.999 <0.01 0.999 1st 6.27 0.275 1.51 0.762 14.67 0.111 9.74 0.107 2nd 4.15 0.384 0.41 0.538 16.10 0.091 9.13 0.132 3rd 0.51 0.671 0.54 0.636 3.90 0.362 4.96 0.225 4th 0.14 0.249 0.14 0.130 1.38 0.834 3.13 0.379 The binary pass/fail performance for each demographic that was able to be split dichotomously into 2 groups was further analysed within each group and test using Chi 2 analysis ( Table 8 ). The performance between lower years (years 1, 2 and sandwich) and upper years (years 3 and 4) was the only demographic with a significant gap, echoing the BLR analysis. However, when group B took Test 2a with a lowered ID, the performance gap was reduced and was statistically insignificant (OR = 1.42, 95% CI= 0.61-3.33, p=0.421) Table 8 . Pass rate by demographic with Chi 2 analysis of performance of select dichotomous demographics within each group. A two-sided Pearsons Chi 2 test was used unless: *2 sided fisher exact test. OR = Odds Ratio. Low years = 1, 2, Sandwich. High years = 3 and 4 Test 1 Test 2 Test 2a Group A Group B Group A Group B Pass rate (%) OR 95% CI p-value Pass rate (%) OR 95% CI p-value Pass rate (%) OR 95% CI p-value Pass rate (%) OR 95% CI p-value Overall 60.58 63.64 35.58 46.47 Age ≥25 35.29 0.29 0.10-0.85 0.02 43.75 0.38 0.13-1.12 0.071 23.53 0.50 0.15-1.67 0.257 50.00 1.18 0.41-3.46 0.757 <25 65.52 67.47 37.93 45.78 Year Low 30.00 9.15 3.69-22.74 <0.001 46.88 2.86 1.19-6.86 0.017 17.50 4.16 1.61-10.78 0.002 40.63 1.42 0.61-3.33 0.421 High 79.69 71.64 46.88 49.25 Sex Male 68.42 1.52 0.53-4.38 0.439 66.67 1.18 0.44-3.46 0.768 26.32 0.59 0.20-1.80 0.351 33.33 0.51 0.18-1.50 0.217 Female 58.82 62.96 37.65 49.38 Disability Yes 33.33 0.3 0.05-1.74 0.209* 70.00 1.38 0.33-5.68 0.743* 0.00 1.61 1.38-1.87 0.087* 40.00 0.75 0.20-2.83 0.748* No 62.24 62.92 37.76 47.19 Language L1 63.51 1.52 0.64-3.60 0.336 69.57 2.29 0.95-5.51 0.063 37.84 1.42 0.57-3.53 0.449 49.28 1.46 0.61-3.48 0.395 L2 53.33 50.00 30.00 40.00 Ethnicity White 75.00 0.233 65.71 0.91 56.25 0.022 57.14 0.457 Asian 55.56 65.63 27.78 40.63 Black 47.06 54.55 11.76 36.36 Arabic 42.86 77.78 28.57 44.44 Other 66.67 50.00 41.67 41.67 The same dichotomous demographics were also analysed across groups with Chi 2 analysis. The performance of each half of the split demographic was directly compared between Groups A and B in Test 1 and Test 2/2a ( Table 9 ). Similar, to the BLR and within group Chi 2 analysis, the only demographic that showed a significant difference in pass rate was the Year of study. Students in years 3 and 4 showed no significant difference in pass rate in Test 1 or Test2/2a. Lower years students showed no significant difference in Test 1, however when receiving Test2/2a students receiving Test 2a (lowered ID) were significantly more likely to pass (OR=3.77, 95% CI = 1.11-12.81, p=0.028). Table 9 . Comparison of each dichotomous demographic across groups for Test 1 and Test 2/2a. A 2-sided Pearsons Chi 2 test was unless *2 sided fisher exact test. ƚ One cell equalled 0 continuity correction to 0.5 required Test 1 Baseline Test 2/2a Investigative Characteristic Test p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI Age ≥25 0.203* 1.88 0.35-9.98 0.182* 4.58 0.67-31.20 <25 0.787 1.09 0.56-2.06 0.299 1.38 0.75-2.55 English Language 1st 0.470 1.30 0.64-2.64 0.170 1.61 0.82-3.17 2nd 0.951 1.03 0.35-3.04 0.561 1.40 0.45-4.36 Learning difference Yes 0.302* 4.67 0.53-40.89 0.234* 9.000ƚ 0.40-203.31ƚ No 0.924 1.03 0.57-1.86 0.192 1.47 0.82-2.64 Sex Female 0.585 1.19 0.64-2.22 0.127 1.62 0.87-3.00 Male 0.909 0.92 0.23-3.66 0.641 1.40 0.34-5.77 Year Low 0.082 2.51 0.88-7.14 0.028 3.77 1.11-12.81 High 0.284 0.64 0.29-1.44 0.785 1.10 0.54-2.18 Discussion Analysis of cohort performance on all questions together showed no significant difference between Groups A (control) and B (intervention) in the baseline Test 1, confirming they were comparable. No overall cohort difference was observed in Test 2/2a, where Group B received questions with a lowered ID. Taken at face value, this suggests that reducing ID is not associated with any difference in performance. However, any improvement is likely to be modest [13]. The impact is also likely to be question specific, one anomalous question may greatly influence overall performance, furthermore complex scenarios more greatly benefit from linguistic change, as also suggested by De Francesco [28]. With this rationale, performance was analysed on a question-by-question basis to isolate any anomalous questions and reduce their impact. In Test 1, Group A and B performed similarly, with each performing better on 6/12 (50%) questions. However, when receiving Test 2a, Group B performed significantly better, performing better on 9/12 (75%) of questions and displaying a higher average percent overall (+5.13%, (p=0.033, 95% CI= +0.51 to +9.76)). This result shows that reducing question ID could improve overall comprehension and performance. It also suggests this effect may be question specific, as the influence of any large difference in one question is reduced in this analysis. Many courses, including pharmacy, have a well-documented attainment gap between several demographics [29 30]. Any improvement from lowering ID on those demographics would be of interest in helping to address these attainment gaps, such as those between students with English as a 1 st or 2 nd language and differences in ethnicity. Students’ first language was not shown as a strong predictor of passing in this study, nor did reducing the ID significantly improve the performance of second language (L2) speakers. This is contrary to previous studies that have shown L2 speakers benefit from a lowered ID [13 14]. It is possible that the effect for second language speakers is more pronounced in verbal ID, or that the ID was reduced too far for L2 speakers. This doesn’t appear to be the case here, as L2 speakers did not see a greater than average reduction in performance. Reducing ID too far may be detrimental to performance, however rather than targeting a number, it is of more use to keep in mind that sentences should be limited to one or two concepts. Unnecessary technical language not taught in the subject should also be avoided. The demographic showing the most significant and consistent improvement when receiving lowered ID was the year of study. The lower years of study were expected to perform worse as the higher years have received more tuition. When the pass rates of students in lower years in Test 1 (receiving the same questions) were compared, no significant difference was seen (OR=2.51, 95% CI=0.88-7.14, p=0.082). However, when comparing the pass rates after receiving Tests 2 and 2a, Group B performed significantly better than Group A after receiving a lowered ID, being nearly four times more likely to pass (OR=3.76, 95% CI=1.11-12.81, p=0.028). As expected, the higher year students performed significantly better in Test 1 when compared to lower year students (Group A: OR=9.15, p=<0.001, Group B: OR=2.86 , p=0.017). Surprisingly, in Test 2a the lower years reduced the difference in pass rate to insignificant levels (OR=1.42, 95% CI=0.61-3.33, p=0.421). This suggests that complex question linguistics were less important for higher years with more training. However, for the lower years the cognitive overload of the complex linguistics with less training affected their performance. Whilst the number of lower year students who took Test 2a was small (27 students) this suggests that question wording can greatly affect student performance. It further suggests that lowering question ID, particularly for questions with complex wording improves comprehensibility. White students were significantly more likely to pass in Test 2 compared to other ethnicities (OR= 4.12, p=0.022), this advantage was reduced to insignificant levels when taking Test 2a with lowered ID (OR= 2.65, p=0.093). The increase in other ethnicities passing in Test 2a was most prominent in Arabic students who showed an increase in odds of passing when they received Test 2a compared to any other test (OR=5.10, p=0.091). Importantly the reduction in ID didn’t disadvantage any students, with no student demographic performing significantly worse in Group B than Group A in the second test. Generalisability The gender split in the study population was heavily female (82%), comparable to the pharmacy population at LJMU, which is 70% female. The ethnicity split was different to that of the UK undergraduate population, which in 2022 was: White 73%, Asian 12%, Black 8% [31]. This makes the results less generalisable to a UK population, however improves the generalisability to ethnic minorities and to the UK pharmacy workforce, which in 2022 was 43% Black, Asian and minority [32]. The majority of participants were under 25-years-old (84%), matching the university population more widely, this makes the results mainly generalisable to a European university population. The questions were all problem solving and numerical in nature, limiting the generalisability to questions of a different nature. However, this ensured that the tests did not rely on prior knowledge, making the results generalisable wider than pharmacy. Strengths and limitations The study was appropriately powered, exceeding the required sample size of 188, with 205 participants completing it fully, giving confidence in the conclusions for the primary outcome. Analysis and conclusions for secondary outcomes are less confident as the sample size in some demographics was reduced to very small numbers, particularly in students with a specific learning difficulty. Only pharmacy students were included, which has biased the demographics of pharmacy students in the UK. The questions used were representative of those received nationally by pharmacy students. From expert review, the questions were all considered difficult, this was however compensated for in the pass mark for the tests. It would be preferable for the test to be taken in person to ensure identical conditions. It was not possible to do this, whilst still ensuring adequate sign up across all sites. Conclusions Reducing idea density in written exams may help students comprehend questions, particularly those less familiar with complex wording. This may aid the fair demonstration of core ability in a subject, reducing the risk of introducing linguistic difficulty as a surrogate for subject specific complexity. Idea density must only be lowered within sensible limits with minimal redundancy, providing suitable context whilst limiting sentences to one or two concepts. Technical language not taught in the subject should be avoided. The results of this study could support a larger study evaluating the effectiveness of idea density as an objective and generalisable measure of linguistic complexity in exams. Practice points Exam questions should be written in the clearest way possible Idea Density should be reduced, enough to provide suitable context Aim to only introduce one or two concepts per sentence Technical language should be limited to that taught on the course These measures may improve comprehension and reduce attainment gaps between students Declarations Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest Funding. This work was supported by the Association for the Study of Medical Education Acknowledgements The paper's authors acknowledge the Association for the Study of Medical Education (ASME) for funding this project. Full data available in repository: https://doi.org/10.24377/LJMU.d.00000220 References Daroczy G, Wolska M, Meurers WD, Nuerk H-C. Word problems: A review of linguistic and numerical factors contributing to their difficulty. Frontiers in psychology 2015; 6 :348. Dell KA, Wantuch GA. How-to-guide for writing multiple choice questions for the pharmacy instructor. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 2017; 9 (1):137-44. Froncek B, Hirschfeld G, Thielsch MT. Characteristics of effective exams—Development and validation of an instrument for evaluating written exams. Studies in Educational Evaluation 2014; 43 :79-87. Neri NC, Retelsdorf J. The role of linguistic features in science and math comprehension and performance: A systematic review and desiderata for future research. Educational Research Review 2022; 36 :100460. Ehara Y, Sato I, Oiwa H, Nakagawa H. Mining words in the minds of second language learners for learner-specific word difficulty. Journal of Information Processing 2018; 26 :267-75. Markic S, Broggy J, Childs P. How to deal with linguistic issues in chemistry classes. Teaching chemistry–a studybook: Brill Sense, 2013:127-52. Kachchaf R, Noble T, Rosebery A, O’Connor C, Warren B, Wang Y. A closer look at linguistic complexity: Pinpointing individual linguistic features of science multiple-choice items associated with English language learner performance: Taylor & Francis, 2016:152-66. Martiniello M. Language and the performance of English-language learners in math word problems. Harvard Educational Review 2008; 78 (2):333-68. Barbu OC, Beal CR. Effects of linguistic complexity and math difficulty on word problem solving by English learners. International Journal of Education 2010; 2 (2):1. Brown C, Snodgrass T, Kemper SJ, Herman R, Covington MA. Automatic measurement of propositional idea density from part-of-speech tagging. Behavior research methods 2008; 40 (2):540-45. Sirts K, Piguet O, Johnson M. Idea density for predicting Alzheimer's disease from transcribed speech. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.04473 2017. Kintsch W, Keenan J. Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences. Cognitive psychology 1973; 5 (3):257-74. Lunn AM, Bürkle DM, Ward R, et al. Spoken propositional idea density, a measure to help second language English speaking students: A multicentre cohort study. Medical Teacher 2022; 44 (3):267-75. Factors related to passage length: Implications for second language listening comprehension. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society; 2011. Bloomfield A, Wayland SC, Rhoades E, Blodgett A, Linck J, Ross S. What makes listening difficult? Factors affecting second language listening comprehension: MARYLAND UNIV COLLEGE PARK, 2010. Sagarra N, Han Z. Working memory and L2 processing of redundant grammatical forms. Understanding second language process 2008; 25 :133-47. Bednorz D, Kleine M, vom Hofe R. Effects of domain-specific linguistic factors on the difficulty of mathematics tasks. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior 2024; 75 :101169. GPhC. Sitting the June 2024 common registration assessment. Secondary Sitting the June 2024 common registration assessment 2024. https://assets.pharmacyregulation.org/files/2024-05/Sitting-the-June-2024-common-registration-assessment.pdf. PSNI. Standards For Foundation Training Year 2024/2025. Secondary Standards For Foundation Training Year 2024/2025 2024. https://www.psni.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Standards-FTY-2024-2025.pdf. GPhC. Sitting the registration assessment in November 2024. Secondary Sitting the registration assessment in November 2024 2024. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/students-and-trainees/pharmacist-education-and-training/registration-assessment/sitting-registration-assessment-november-2024. Wickware C. Black candidates had lowest pass rate in March 2021 registration exam. The Pharmaceutical Journal 2021; 306 (7950):306 doi: 10.1211/PJ.2021.1.89781. Hassell K, Seston E, Eden M, Willis S. The UK pharmacy degree: Attrition rates and demographics of non-completers. Pharmacy Education 2007; 7 (3). Lunn A, Manfrin A. Impact of reduced idea density on pharmacy students' attainment in pharmaceutical calculations: A study protocol for a single-blind multicentre randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Educational Research 2023; 117 :102108. GPhC GPC. Part 1 Example Questions. Secondary Part 1 Example Questions 2024. https://assessment.pharmacyregulation.org/surpass/20240201_part1/launch_html_delivery.html. GPhC. Style guide to the registration assessment. Secondary Style guide to the registration assessment 2022. https://assets.pharmacyregulation.org/files/document/gphc_style_guide_to_the_registration_assessment_2022_final.pdf. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Annals of internal medicine 2013; 158 (3):200-07. GPhC. Registration assessment framework for sittings in 2024. Secondary Registration assessment framework for sittings in 2024 2024. https://assets.pharmacyregulation.org/files/2024-04/registration-assessment-framework-for-sittings-in-2024.pdf. DeFrancesco C, Perkins K. An analysis of the proposition density, sentence and clause types, and non-finite verbal usage in two college textbooks. 2013. Woolf K. Differential attainment in medical education and training. bmj 2020; 368 :m339. Shah R, Ahluwalia S. The challenges of understanding differential attainment in postgraduate medical education: British Journal of General Practice, 2019:426-27. Agency HES. First year entrants onto undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Secondary First year entrants onto undergraduate and postgraduate degrees 2023. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/higher-education/first-year-entrants-onto-undergraduate-and-postgraduate-degrees/latest/. NHSEngland. Pharmacy Workforce Race Equality Standard report. Secondary Pharmacy Workforce Race Equality Standard report 2023. https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/pharmacy-workforce-race-equality-standard-report/. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files IDinExamsRCTAppendix.docx Appendix Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7357741","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499517791,"identity":"b6f27915-66f0-422c-9041-980b692f9ab2","order_by":0,"name":"Andrew M. 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exam.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357741/v1/a2b1c4a15ae60f553e314a3c.jpg"},{"id":88972126,"identity":"10729993-cb4b-4cd5-a6ab-0d25d25189d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-13 09:50:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87111,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eParticipating institutions and their locations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357741/v1/70e6f5e334461b22edb62ed8.jpg"},{"id":88972127,"identity":"faf02d7d-adf0-404c-8867-213e3af8ae91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-13 09:50:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow diagram of participant recruitment following CONSORT 2010 guidance.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357741/v1/76aff9d0a284d920cc927fe1.jpg"},{"id":88972132,"identity":"04e81133-b3bf-4e1a-9b74-8a05affe4d4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-13 09:50:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77886,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA sample question shown in the standard format from Test T2 and with a lowered propositional idea density in T2a.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357741/v1/9e5e5fd3f4b7c54c6e3eca9b.jpg"},{"id":88972129,"identity":"517452b8-f736-4c7d-9fbf-52019bcba4da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-13 09:50:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDichotomous pass/fail outcomes for each group in Test 1 and Test 2/2a. *1 Tailed Pearson’s Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357741/v1/258083355ee4f7a75b7be511.jpg"},{"id":88975133,"identity":"f0af84a3-cf1f-4409-a754-704d239ee381","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-13 10:14:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2499816,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357741/v1/c3fc4cb5-6eed-4472-baaa-bb27c5654600.pdf"},{"id":88973575,"identity":"a14242c7-bea2-45c4-bc8b-cf49e61d3f7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-13 09:58:51","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":523286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAppendix\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"IDinExamsRCTAppendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7357741/v1/a75c6bcaeb652ff2f3b8c25b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eImpact of reduced idea density on pharmacy students' attainment in pharmaceutical calculations: a multicentre randomised controlled trial\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWritten exams are used throughout education, relying on students reading and comprehending questions before answering within a time limit. Question linguistics are important to ensure the process of comprehension and answering can be completed [1]. Within UK universities there is little and variable guidance on the linguistics of exams, anecdotally being limited to an informal sense check of the writing. Specific guidance on writing questions is limited to an arbitrary time to answer, which is variably 60-90 seconds per mark [2 3]. Individual comprehension of a question involves factors intrinsic to the questions and each student [4]. Generally complex English is linked to a poorer understanding in second language speakers; however, this is not seen with subject specific terminology [5], as all learners are taught the new jargon [6-8]. Linguistics and subject complexity are intrinsically linked in the difficulty of a question, however the impact of linguistics is not fully considered when writing questions [1 9].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasuring linguistic complexity can be subjective, however, one objective metric is Idea Density (ID), which is measurable by automated part of speech tagging on freely available software [10 11]. ID measures the speed at which new concepts are introduced, defined as the number of ideas in a text divided by the total words. First described by Kitsch and Keenan, they found ID to be the best predictor of the time taken to comprehend text [12]. More recently, the ID of lectures was shown to impact comprehension, with reduced ID improving recall [13]. Reducing ID may increase in redundancy, i.e. words in a sentence that do not convey any meaning. The impact of redundancy is contested [14-16]. However, reducing idea density enough to provide sufficient context would keep redundancy to a minimum [17].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the UK, pharmacy students must successfully complete a four-year degree and a foundation training programme before sitting the national common registration assessment (CRA) prior to qualifying \u0026nbsp;[18 19]. This exam is administered by the professional regulator the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) and the Pharmaceutical Society Northern Ireland (PSNI). Part one of this exam consists of 40 pharmaceutical calculations, written as clinical scenarios, which candidates have 120-minutes to answer. The pass score is standard set and unique to each paper, this averaged at 61.32% between \u0026nbsp;June 2022 - June 2024 [20]. An example of the type of question asked can be seen in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e, taken from the GPhC\u0026apos;s website.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhilst some scenarios require prior knowledge, many pharmaceutical calculations heavily rely on interpretation of information. There is a well-documented attainment gap for the CRA, with black students showing the lowest pass rates and international students linked with higher drop-out rate [21 22].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIdea density has been shown to predict the time it takes to comprehend text, so may influence exam performance. However, the effect of idea density in exams has not yet been investigated. Calculations represent a good opportunity to explore the impact of ID, relying on the interpretation of information rather than prior knowledge.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAim\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to determine whether modifying a question\u0026rsquo;s idea density would influence student performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary research question of this study is:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat is the effect of lowering the idea density of a calculation exam on attainment amongst UK pharmacy students?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe secondary research questions are:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDoes lowering the idea density of a calculation exam influence the pass rate amongst UK pharmacy students?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat is the effect of each characteristic on students\u0026apos; attainment in pharmacy calculations when lowering idea density?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eFirst language English speaker or not\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eSex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthnicity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear of study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpecific learning disability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eA full description of the methods used can be found in the original trial protocol [23]. The study was a multi-centre single blinded randomised controlled trial, with two trial arms, conducted across 11 UK schools of pharmacy on Master of Pharmacy students (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2\u003c/strong\u003e), with an approximate population of 5,500 students.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntervention\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe intervention was a lowered ID in a 12-question pharmaceutical calculations exam. Questions had a 10-15% lower ID than those in the control test, which was otherwise identical. All participants sat a baseline 12-question pharmaceutical calculations exam.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOutcome measures\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrimary outcome\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary outcome was student performance in the second calculation test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSecondary outcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe percentage of students achieving a pass during the second test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of each demographic characteristic (as listed in aims) on students\u0026rsquo; attainment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRecruitment, eligibility criteria, randomisation and blinding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were recruited from 11 UK pharmacy schools.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOver 18 years old\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRegistered as a student in a master of pharmacy course\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were excluded if they were:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnder 18\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNot registered on a pharmacy course in the UK\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIn the foundation year of a course\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were blinded and allocation was performed using sequentially generated random numbers. The students were the unit of randomisation and intervention. The randomisation was 1:1, block size multiplier was 2, 4 and, 6 and the block size 4, 8, and 12.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSample size, training and study-timeline.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSample and power calculations were conducted using a standard deviation of 2.25, a normal distribution with an expected mean of 8 in the intervention group and 7 in the control group resulting in a sample size of 94 participants per group (total =188) to give a power of 80% , detecting a difference of 1 point (delta) (alpha = 0.05, two-tail test, allowing for a 20% drop-out rate).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants completed a consent form and demographic survey via JISC (\u003cstrong\u003eAppendix A1\u003c/strong\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study consisted of two 12-question GPhC style pharmaceutical calculation exams. Test 1, was a baseline test closely matching the style and ID of sample CRA questions [24 25]. Following completion of Test 1 participants were randomly assigned to control or intervention groups (Groups A and B), receiving the control (Test 2) or intervention (Test 2a) test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTest 2 Control also matched the CRA, Test 2a Intervention was produced by reducing the ID of \u0026ldquo;Test 2\u0026rdquo; by 10-15%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Study timeline in accordance with SPIRIT 2013 [23 26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57.2379%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnrolment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAllocation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.2995%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-allocation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCloseout\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTimepoint\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnrolment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecruitment of Pharmacy schools\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInforming MPharm students\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent self-enrolment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent pre-randomisation test (baseline)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent randomisation to control/intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterventions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl- test standard ID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntervention- test lower ID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaseline test score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl test standard ID score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntervention test lower ID score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.7621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9784%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.6456%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1498%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3145%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tests were written and standard set by the investigators, who are experienced in the teaching and assessment of pharmaceutical calculations. Each question represented one of the 12 topics in the GPhC calculation syllabus. Tests were distributed and completed remotely using the online exam software Testportal. Participants had one attempt at each test and a maximum of 36 minutes (equivalent to 3 minutes per question, matching the CRA) [27]. Participants were advised to take the test when they had time, were in a suitable environment and had a calculator, pen and paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the data had been collected, all personal identifiable information was permanently deleted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eContinuous data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two trial arms were analysed for differences in the baseline Test 1 to ensure that the two groups were comparable and in Test 2/2a to assess the intervention. The primary measure used was the scores obtained by the students. Data was first tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilks or Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A student t-test was used to compare the trial arms when they were normally distributed, and the Mann-Witney test for non-normally distributed data. Cohort performance on a question-by-question basis was analysed using a paired t-test. The effect of individual demographics on test scores within each group in both tests was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis tests after categorising participants by the following demographics. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFirst language English speaker or not\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSex\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAge\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEthnicity\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYear of study\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSpecific learning disability\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDichotomous data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of each of the same characteristics on students\u0026apos; pass rates when lowering idea density was assessed using binary logistic regression (BLR) and Pearsons\u0026rsquo; Chi-Square or Fisher exact test. All data was curated using Microsoft Excel 365 and analysed on IBM SPSS version 28.0.1.1 (15); statistical significance was set at p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, (revised 2008). Ethics approval was obtained from Liverpool John Moores University (REF 22/PBS/004 obtained 12/08/2022). All participants gave informed consent. All data was treated following the Data Protection Act (2018) requirements and/or GDPR 2016.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe total student population was approximately 5,500. After recruitment, 591 (10.7%) students signed up, with 205 completing all study elements, giving a 34.7% completion rate and an overall engagement of 3.7%, summarised in the CONSORT flow diagram \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were 82% female, predominantly White or Asian (both 33%), 68% first language English speakers and 84% under the age of 25-years-old. More students from the upper two years of the course signed up (65%), compared to the lower years. Every demographic was fairly split across both Groups A and B, \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Demographic details of the students completing the study, shown overall and by group. *Significance determined with Pearson\u0026rsquo;s Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis, P-values reported. \u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003eSandwich is an intercalated split foundation training placement only offered at Bradford University\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 257px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFull sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Language\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot English\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack/African/Caribbean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther/Not declared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLearning disability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcademic year\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSandwich\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 257px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e205\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e105\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest validity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe investigative questions were compared to publicly available GPhC sample questions [24]. The ID of the baseline and control questions was statistically similar to the GPhC sample questions, and the intervention questions had a statistically lower ID of approximately 10% (p=0.038) (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e. Comparison of question metrics to GPhC sample *Two tailed Mann-Whitney test, as ID of GPhC sample was non-normally distributed. SD = Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"614\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean Ideas\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin./max. ideas\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean words\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin./max. words\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean ID\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison to GPhC Sample*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGPhC Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50/93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline (test 1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23/45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51/91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl (test 2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21/54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54/99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntervention (test 2a)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25/56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64/117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn example of a question from Tests T2 and T2a showing the linguistic changes is shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4\u003c/strong\u003e, full questions in \u003cstrong\u003eAppendix A2\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNormality testing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerformance in both tests by both groups when viewed as cohorts was shown to be non-normally distributed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. (Test 1 Group A P=\u0026lt;0.001, Group B p=\u0026lt;0.001; Test 2 Group A p=0.010, Test 2a Group B p=0.006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data was also assessed for normality on a question-by-question format using the Shapiro-Wilk\u0026rsquo;s test (as these samples were smaller). Both Groups A and B displayed normal distributions (Group A p=0.316, Group B p=0.302)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrimary Outcome\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGroup performance analysis- continuous data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe performance of Groups A and B was shown to be comparable in Test 1, where they received the same test achieving the same median score of 7 (Group A and B IQR = 4) with no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.437) showing comparability between groups. Test 2/2a showed similar results, with both groups achieving the same median score of 6 (Group A IQR = 5, Group B IQR = 4) and no statistical significance (p=0.110). This suggested no difference in performance between the groups from the intervention of lowered ID. (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. Performance comparison on Tests 1 and 2/2a compared as total average score for whole cohort. *Mann-Whitney U test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1 Median\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1 IQR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2/2a Median\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 IQR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrouping all questions together can mask detail, so the data was separated by question and subsequently analysed in a pair-wise manner by question between Groups A and B. \u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTest 1 was again shown to have no significant difference in performance between the groups. Better performance on questions was evenly split between Groups A and B with each group performed better on 6/12 (50%) of the questions. Overall group B performed on average 2.30% better, which was statistically insignificant (p=0.159, 95% CI= -[1.05 , +5.65]). Test 2/2a showed that intervention group (B), after receiving lower ID questions, performed better on 9/12 of the questions (75%) with an average increase in performance of 5.13%, which was significant (p=0.033, 95% CI= [+0.51, +9.76]).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Comparison of performance by Groups A and B on a paired question-by-question basis with the average performance difference shown. A positive difference indicates Group B performed better, a negative difference indicates group A performed better. *Two sided paired T-Test, average differs from reported numbers due to rounding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:432.1pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52.55pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eQuestion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 216.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eTest 1 Performance (% correct)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003ePerformance difference %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eRed = A \u0026gt; B, Green = B\u0026gt;A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eGroup A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eGroup B\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e71.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e67.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-3.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e93.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e92.86\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-0.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e70.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e76.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+6.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e33.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e42.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+9.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e73.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e72.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-0.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e60.95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e67.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+6.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e41.94\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+7.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e59.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e63.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+4.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e72.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e71.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-0.95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e16.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e8.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-7.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e21.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e20.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-1.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e57.14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e64.77\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+7.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eAverage difference (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e+2.30 (p=0.159, 95% CI = -1.05, +5.65)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2/2a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:432.1pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52.55pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eQuestion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 230.7pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eTest 2/2a Performance (% correct)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height: normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003ePerformance difference %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eRed = A \u0026gt; B, Green = B\u0026gt;A\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eGroup A\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eGroup B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e81.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e88.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+7.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e73.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e67.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e64.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-2.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: 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none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+20.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e29.81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e19.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e21.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+1.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e28.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e23.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(255, 199, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#9C0006;\"\u003e-5.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e0.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e0.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(198, 239, 206);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:#006100;\"\u003e+1.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003eAverage difference (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(217, 217, 217);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.3pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;color:black;\"\u003e+5.13 (p=0.033, 95% CI = +0.51, +9.76)*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGroup performance analysis- dichotomous data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExams often have a binary pass/fail element. As such, this test had a pass mark of 7/12 which was determined using an Angoff methodology. \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 5\u003c/strong\u003e summarises each group\u0026apos;s overall pass/fail outcomes, showing that Groups A and B had statistically similar pass rates in the baseline Test 1 (p=0.297). Test 2a also failed to reach a statistically significant increase in pass rate over Test 2 (p=0.051). However, more students in Group B (Test 2a) passed, with a pass rate of 46% (46/99) compared to 35% (37/105) \u0026nbsp;in Group A (Test 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 210px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of students passing (cohort size)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (105)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49-1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2/2a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (105)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36-1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSecondary Outcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerformance by demographic was also analysed (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e). Where possible demographics were split dichotomously, except for ethnicity, which had five categories.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDichotomously split demographics were analysed using Mann-Whitney tests. Test 2/2a was harder as every demographic in both groups performed worse with some notable exceptions (students years 1, 2 and sandwich, and who were 25-years or over N.B. The sandwich year is an intercalated split foundation training placement only offered at Bradford University). Students in the lower years of the course (Years 1, 2 and sandwich) were shown to perform significantly worse than upper years (Years 3 and 4) in Test 1 in both Groups A and B. This was repeated in Test 2 (Group A) but reduced to insignificant levels in Test 2a with lowered ID (Group B).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity was investigated using Kruskal-Wallis tests with post-hoc pairwise comparisons of medians and a Bonferroni correction (\u003cstrong\u003eAppendix A3\u003c/strong\u003e). The results from these tests are unclear as ethnicity overall had a significant effect on score for Group A in Test 1 and 2 (Test 1 p= 0.02, Test 2 p=0.005) but no overall significant effect in Group B regardless of the Test (Test 1 p=0.603, Test 2 p=0.503).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographics were further analysed for their influence on predicting the Odds Ratio of passing using Binary Logistic Regression (BLR), \u003cstrong\u003eTable 7\u003c/strong\u003e. Age, first language, learning disability and sex were all shown not to significantly influence the pass rate. Overall, ethnicity was not shown to have a significant influence. Students who identified as \u0026ldquo;other\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;prefer not to say\u0026rdquo; and who did not disclose were not analysed using BLR.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e. Median scores of all demographics in Groups A and B for Tests 1 and Tests 2/2a. *Performance difference between dichotomous variables tested with the Mann-Whitney test. UQR- Inter-Quartile Range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"114%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian score (/12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIQR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian score (/12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIQR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian score (/12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIQR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian score (/12)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIQR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ge;25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLearning disability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLanguage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor significance\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;see post-hoc\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;pairwise tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;in appendix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor significance\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;see post-hoc\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;pairwise tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;in appendix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor significance\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;see post-hoc\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;pairwise tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;in appendix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor significance\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;see post-hoc\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;pairwise tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;in appendix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArabic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only demographic shown to significantly influence the odds of a student passing overall was their year of study, which was a significant predictor in Groups A and B for Test 1, and for Group A in Test 2. Year of study was not a significant predictor for Group B, when receiving Test 2a, with lowered ID.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7\u003c/strong\u003e. Binary Logistic Regression analysis showing the odds ratio and significance for influence of personal demographics on passing Tests 1 and 2/2a. OR = Odds Ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"701\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 194px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 1 Baseline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContinuous\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnglish Language\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1st/2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLearning disability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes/No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale/Male\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArabic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 194px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 1 Baseline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B OR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSandwich\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1st\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3rd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe binary pass/fail performance for each demographic that was able to be split dichotomously into 2 groups was further analysed within each group and test using Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e). The performance between lower years (years 1, 2 and sandwich) and upper years (years 3 and 4) was the only demographic with a significant gap, echoing the BLR analysis. However, when group B took Test 2a with a lowered ID, the performance gap was reduced and was statistically insignificant (OR = 1.42, 95% CI= 0.61-3.33, p=0.421) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e. Pass rate by demographic with Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis of performance of select dichotomous demographics within each group. A two-sided Pearsons Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test was used unless: *2 sided fisher exact test. OR = Odds Ratio. Low years = 1, 2, Sandwich. High years = 3 and 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"716\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 308px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePass\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;rate (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePass\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;rate (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePass\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;rate (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePass\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;rate (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ge;25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10-0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13-1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15-1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41-3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69-22.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19-6.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61-10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61-3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53-4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44-3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20-1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18-1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05-1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.209*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33-5.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.743*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38-1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20-2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.748*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLanguage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64-3.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95-5.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57-3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61-3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArabic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe same dichotomous demographics were also analysed across groups with Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis. The performance of each half of the split demographic was directly compared between Groups A and B in Test 1 and Test 2/2a (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9\u003c/strong\u003e). Similar, to the BLR and within group Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis, the only demographic that showed a significant difference in pass rate was the Year of study. Students in years 3 and 4 showed no significant difference in pass rate in Test 1 or Test2/2a. Lower years students showed no significant difference in Test 1, however when receiving Test2/2a students receiving Test 2a (lowered ID) were significantly more likely to pass (OR=3.77, 95% CI = 1.11-12.81, p=0.028).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9\u003c/strong\u003e. Comparison of each dichotomous demographic across groups for Test 1 and Test 2/2a. A 2-sided Pearsons Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test was unless *2 sided fisher exact test. ƚ One cell equalled 0 continuity correction to 0.5 required\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"620\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 1 Baseline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest 2/2a Investigative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ge;25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.203*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35-9.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.182*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67-31.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56-2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75-2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnglish Language\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1st\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64-2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82-3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35-3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45-4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLearning difference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.302*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53-40.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.000ƚ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40-203.31ƚ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57-1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82-2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64-2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87-3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23-3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34-5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88-7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11-12.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29-1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54-2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of cohort performance on all questions together showed no significant difference between Groups A (control) and B (intervention) in the baseline Test 1, confirming they were comparable. No overall cohort difference was observed in Test 2/2a, where Group B received questions with a lowered ID. Taken at face value, this suggests that reducing ID is not associated with any difference in performance. However, any improvement is likely to be modest [13]. The impact is also likely to be question specific, one anomalous question may greatly influence overall performance, furthermore complex scenarios more greatly benefit from linguistic change, as also suggested by De Francesco [28]. With this rationale, performance was analysed on a question-by-question basis to isolate any anomalous questions and reduce their impact. In Test 1, Group A and B performed similarly, with each performing better on 6/12 (50%) questions. However, when receiving Test 2a, Group B performed significantly better, performing better on 9/12 (75%) of questions and displaying a higher average percent overall (+5.13%, (p=0.033, 95% CI= +0.51 to +9.76)). This result shows that reducing question ID could improve overall comprehension and performance. It also suggests this effect may be question specific, as the influence of any large difference in one question is reduced in this analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany courses, including pharmacy, have a well-documented attainment gap between several demographics [29 30]. Any improvement from lowering ID on those demographics would be of interest in helping to address these attainment gaps, such as those between students with English as a 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e or 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e language and differences in ethnicity. Students’ first language was not shown as a strong predictor of passing in this study, nor did reducing the ID significantly improve the performance of second language (L2) speakers. This is contrary to previous studies that have shown L2 speakers benefit from a lowered ID [13 14]. It is possible that the effect for second language speakers is more pronounced in verbal ID, or that the ID was reduced too far for L2 speakers. This doesn’t appear to be the case here, as L2 speakers did not see a greater than average reduction in performance. Reducing ID too far may be detrimental to performance, however rather than targeting a number, it is of more use to keep in mind that sentences should be limited to one or two concepts. Unnecessary technical language not taught in the subject should also be avoided.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe demographic showing the most significant and consistent improvement when receiving lowered ID was the year of study. The lower years of study were expected to perform worse as the higher years have received more tuition. When the pass rates of students in lower years in Test 1 (receiving the same questions) were compared, no significant difference was seen (OR=2.51, 95% CI=0.88-7.14, p=0.082). \u0026nbsp;However, when comparing the pass rates after receiving Tests 2 and 2a, Group B performed significantly better than Group A after receiving a lowered ID, being nearly four times more likely to pass (OR=3.76, 95% CI=1.11-12.81, p=0.028). As expected, the higher year students performed significantly better in Test 1 when compared to lower year students (Group A: OR=9.15, p=\u0026lt;0.001, Group B: OR=2.86 , p=0.017). Surprisingly, in Test 2a the lower years reduced the difference in pass rate to insignificant levels (OR=1.42, 95% CI=0.61-3.33, p=0.421). This suggests that complex question linguistics were less important for higher years with more training. However, for the lower years the cognitive overload of the complex linguistics with less training affected their performance. Whilst the number of lower year students who took Test 2a was small (27 students) this suggests that question wording can greatly affect student performance. It further suggests that lowering question ID, particularly for questions with complex wording improves comprehensibility.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhite students were significantly more likely to pass in Test 2 compared to other ethnicities (OR= 4.12, p=0.022), this advantage was reduced to insignificant levels when taking Test 2a with lowered ID (OR= 2.65, p=0.093). The increase in other ethnicities passing in Test 2a was most prominent in Arabic students who showed an increase in odds of passing when they received Test 2a compared to any other test (OR=5.10, p=0.091). Importantly the reduction in ID didn’t disadvantage any students, with no student demographic performing significantly worse in Group B than Group A in the second test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeneralisability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe gender split in the study population was heavily female (82%), comparable to the pharmacy population at LJMU, which is 70% female. The ethnicity split was different to that of the UK undergraduate population, which in 2022 was: White 73%, Asian 12%, Black 8% \u0026nbsp;[31]. This makes the results less generalisable to a UK population, however improves the generalisability to ethnic minorities and to the UK pharmacy workforce, which in 2022 was 43% Black, Asian and minority [32]. The majority of participants were under 25-years-old (84%), matching the university population more widely, this makes the results mainly generalisable to a European university population.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questions were all problem solving and numerical in nature, limiting the generalisability to questions of a different nature. However, this ensured that the tests did not rely on prior knowledge, making the results generalisable wider than pharmacy. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStrengths and limitations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was appropriately powered, exceeding the required sample size of 188, with 205 participants completing it fully, giving confidence in the conclusions for the primary outcome. Analysis and conclusions for secondary outcomes are less confident as the sample size in some demographics was reduced to very small numbers, particularly in students with a specific learning difficulty. Only pharmacy students were included, which has biased the demographics of pharmacy students in the UK.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questions used were representative of those received nationally by pharmacy students. From expert review, the questions were all considered difficult, this was however compensated for in the pass mark for the tests. It would be preferable for the test to be taken in person to ensure identical conditions. It was not possible to do this, whilst still ensuring adequate sign up across all sites.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eReducing idea density in written exams may help students comprehend questions, particularly those less familiar with complex wording. This may aid the fair demonstration of core ability in a subject, reducing the risk of introducing linguistic difficulty as a surrogate for subject specific complexity. Idea density must only be lowered within sensible limits with minimal redundancy, providing suitable context whilst limiting sentences to one or two concepts. Technical language not taught in the subject should be avoided. The results of this study could support a larger study evaluating the effectiveness of idea density as an objective and generalisable measure of linguistic complexity in exams.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePractice points\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eExam questions should be written in the clearest way possible\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIdea Density should be reduced, enough to provide suitable context\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAim to only introduce one or two concepts per sentence\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTechnical language should be limited to that taught on the course\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThese measures may improve comprehension and reduce attainment gaps between students\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Association for the Study of Medical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe paper's authors acknowledge the Association for the Study of Medical Education (ASME) for funding this project.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull data available in repository: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.24377/LJMU.d.00000220\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.24377/LJMU.d.00000220\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDaroczy G, Wolska M, Meurers WD, Nuerk H-C. Word problems: A review of linguistic and numerical factors contributing to their difficulty. Frontiers in psychology 2015;\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e:348.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDell KA, Wantuch GA. How-to-guide for writing multiple choice questions for the pharmacy instructor. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(1):137-44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFroncek B, Hirschfeld G, Thielsch MT. Characteristics of effective exams\u0026mdash;Development and validation of an instrument for evaluating written exams. Studies in Educational Evaluation 2014;\u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e:79-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeri NC, Retelsdorf J. The role of linguistic features in science and math comprehension and performance: A systematic review and desiderata for future research. Educational Research Review 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e:100460.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEhara Y, Sato I, Oiwa H, Nakagawa H. Mining words in the minds of second language learners for learner-specific word difficulty. Journal of Information Processing 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e:267-75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarkic S, Broggy J, Childs P. How to deal with linguistic issues in chemistry classes. Teaching chemistry\u0026ndash;a studybook: Brill Sense, 2013:127-52.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKachchaf R, Noble T, Rosebery A, O\u0026rsquo;Connor C, Warren B, Wang Y. A closer look at linguistic complexity: Pinpointing individual linguistic features of science multiple-choice items associated with English language learner performance: Taylor \u0026amp; Francis, 2016:152-66.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartiniello M. Language and the performance of English-language learners in math word problems. Harvard Educational Review 2008;\u003cstrong\u003e78\u003c/strong\u003e(2):333-68.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbu OC, Beal CR. Effects of linguistic complexity and math difficulty on word problem solving by English learners. International Journal of Education 2010;\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(2):1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown C, Snodgrass T, Kemper SJ, Herman R, Covington MA. Automatic measurement of propositional idea density from part-of-speech tagging. Behavior research methods 2008;\u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e(2):540-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSirts K, Piguet O, Johnson M. Idea density for predicting Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease from transcribed speech. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.04473 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKintsch W, Keenan J. Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences. Cognitive psychology 1973;\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(3):257-74.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLunn AM, B\u0026uuml;rkle DM, Ward R, et al. Spoken propositional idea density, a measure to help second language English speaking students: A multicentre cohort study. Medical Teacher 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e44\u003c/strong\u003e(3):267-75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFactors related to passage length: Implications for second language listening comprehension. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society; 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBloomfield A, Wayland SC, Rhoades E, Blodgett A, Linck J, Ross S. What makes listening difficult? Factors affecting second language listening comprehension: MARYLAND UNIV COLLEGE PARK, 2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSagarra N, Han Z. Working memory and L2 processing of redundant grammatical forms. Understanding second language process 2008;\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e:133-47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBednorz D, Kleine M, vom Hofe R. Effects of domain-specific linguistic factors on the difficulty of mathematics tasks. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e75\u003c/strong\u003e:101169.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGPhC. Sitting the June 2024 common registration assessment. Secondary Sitting the June 2024 common registration assessment 2024. https://assets.pharmacyregulation.org/files/2024-05/Sitting-the-June-2024-common-registration-assessment.pdf.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePSNI. Standards For Foundation Training Year 2024/2025. Secondary Standards For Foundation Training Year 2024/2025 2024. https://www.psni.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Standards-FTY-2024-2025.pdf.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGPhC. Sitting the registration assessment in November 2024. Secondary Sitting the registration assessment in November 2024 2024. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/students-and-trainees/pharmacist-education-and-training/registration-assessment/sitting-registration-assessment-november-2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWickware C. Black candidates had lowest pass rate in March 2021 registration exam. The Pharmaceutical Journal 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e306\u003c/strong\u003e(7950):306 doi: 10.1211/PJ.2021.1.89781.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHassell K, Seston E, Eden M, Willis S. The UK pharmacy degree: Attrition rates and demographics of non-completers. Pharmacy Education 2007;\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLunn A, Manfrin A. Impact of reduced idea density on pharmacy students\u0026apos; attainment in pharmaceutical calculations: A study protocol for a single-blind multicentre randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Educational Research 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e117\u003c/strong\u003e:102108.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGPhC GPC. Part 1 Example Questions. Secondary Part 1 Example Questions 2024. https://assessment.pharmacyregulation.org/surpass/20240201_part1/launch_html_delivery.html.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGPhC. Style guide to the registration assessment. Secondary Style guide to the registration assessment 2022. https://assets.pharmacyregulation.org/files/document/gphc_style_guide_to_the_registration_assessment_2022_final.pdf.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Annals of internal medicine 2013;\u003cstrong\u003e158\u003c/strong\u003e(3):200-07.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGPhC. Registration assessment framework for sittings in 2024. Secondary Registration assessment framework for sittings in 2024 2024. https://assets.pharmacyregulation.org/files/2024-04/registration-assessment-framework-for-sittings-in-2024.pdf.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeFrancesco C, Perkins K. An analysis of the proposition density, sentence and clause types, and non-finite verbal usage in two college textbooks. 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoolf K. Differential attainment in medical education and training. bmj 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e368\u003c/strong\u003e:m339.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShah R, Ahluwalia S. The challenges of understanding differential attainment in postgraduate medical education: British Journal of General Practice, 2019:426-27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgency HES. First year entrants onto undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Secondary First year entrants onto undergraduate and postgraduate degrees 2023. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/higher-education/first-year-entrants-onto-undergraduate-and-postgraduate-degrees/latest/.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNHSEngland. Pharmacy Workforce Race Equality Standard report. Secondary Pharmacy Workforce Race Equality Standard report 2023. https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/pharmacy-workforce-race-equality-standard-report/.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"661145b3-32f8-4843-adcb-27349f5895e2","identifier":"10.13039/100010375","name":"Association for the Study of Medical Education","awardNumber":"-","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Central Lancashire","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Assessment, Linguistics, Idea Density, Attainment Gap ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357741/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357741/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction.\u003c/strong\u003e Idea density (ID) influences comprehension time when reading text. However, the effect of lowering ID on student performance in written exams remains unexplored. This two-arm, single-blind RCT aimed to investigate the effect of ID in pharmaceutical calculation exams.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods.\u003c/strong\u003e Students were recruited from 11 UK schools of pharmacy and\u0026nbsp;randomly assigned to two groups: A control and B intervention. Both groups received a baseline test and either a control or investigative test with lowered ID. Primary outcomes were group performance and pass rate in each test overall and on a question-by-question basis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults.\u003c/strong\u003e 205 students completed the study.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eThe pass rate increased when students completed questions with lower ID. No significant change in cohort group performance was seen when the overall score was compared (p=0.110). However, a statistically significant increase in performance was observed when group performance was analysed on a question-by-question basis (p=0.033,\u0026nbsp;95% CI [0.51, 9.76]). Furthermore, students in lower years had significantly improved pass rates when receiving lower ID questions (OR=3.76, p=0.028) with the attainment gap to higher year students also reduced to insignificant levels (p=0.421).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion.\u003c/strong\u003e This suggests ID could be used as an objective measure to improve the comprehensibility of written exams when applied within sensible limits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrial registration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNCT05526365 (registered 31/08/2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102108\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of reduced idea density on pharmacy students' attainment in pharmaceutical calculations: a multicentre randomised controlled trial","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-13 09:50:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357741/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"868b005d-1a26-46bf-89fa-886c0c4645f5","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53096266,"name":"Educational Philosophy and Theory"},{"id":53096267,"name":"Linguistics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-13T09:50:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-13 09:50:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7357741","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7357741","identity":"rs-7357741","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}