Biopesticidal Properies of Heliotropium Indicum Leaf Extracts for Controlling Stored Grain Weevils

Biopesticidal Properies of Heliotropium Indicum Leaf Extracts for Controlling Stored Grain Weevils | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biopesticidal Properies of Heliotropium Indicum Leaf Extracts for Controlling Stored Grain Weevils B. M Adeniyi, B.A Kyenge, C. A Adah, Ogumgbemi Kunle, T. A Odeniyi, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4675143/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Heliotropium indicum were screened for their biopesticidal activity against the weevils of rice, sorghum and maize grains. Each extract demonstrated promising efficacy in causing mortality at various concentrations (0.01 g/ml, 0.02 g/ml, 0.04 g/ml, and 0.08 g/ml) 24–96 h postexposure. Among the extracts, the methanol extract emerged as the most effective, exhibiting the highest mortality rate of 96.67% at a concentration of 0.08 g/ml, 96 h after exposure, comparable to the standard insecticide (cypermethrin 2.5 E.C). In contrast, the negative control, consisting of untreated grains, showed 1.67% mortality rate for Sitophilus zeamais 72 h post-exposure, which could be attributed to natural death. Additionally, the methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts demonstrated mortality rates above 50%, reaching up to 90%, for Sitophilus zeamais . This level of effectiveness is similar to that of cypermethrin, indicating that Heliotropium indicum could be a valuable biopesticide for the postharvest management of stored grains. This study suggests the potential for these plant extracts to serve as natural alternatives to synthetic insecticides, offering a sustainable solution for pest control in stored grain protection. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach to utilizing multiple solvent extracts from a single plant species, highlighting the untapped potential of Heliotropium indicum in the development of eco-friendly biopesticides. This could pave the way for further investigations into other medicinal plants with similar properties, ultimately contributing to safer and more sustainable agricultural practices. Introduction Grain weevils, particularly the species Sitophilus oryzae , Sitophilus granarius and Sitophilus zeamais , represent major pests affecting stored grains like rice, sorghum, and maize. These pests inflict severe damage, resulting in significant weight losses that can reach up to 80%, contamination with mycotoxins, and a reduction in the commercial value of the grains. Historically, various methods have been employed by humans to combat these pests, ranging from mechanical practices and the use of organic and inorganic materials to more spiritual approaches such as prayers, rituals, and casting of spells [ 1 ]. In the past half-century, chemical insecticides have dominated pest control strategies. However, due to a growing awareness of the risks associated with synthetic insecticides, there is a noticeable shift towards biopesticides. These plant-derived alternatives are considered safer for the environment, because they are biodegradable, and leave no harmful residues in the soil, food, or feed [ 2 ]. Commonly used fumigants in storage facilities, such as phosphine, deltamethrin, and malathion, have raised concerns due to issues like pest resistance, toxic waste, and health hazards. Therefore, the need for safer, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective alternatives is increasingly evident [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. Plant-derived compounds offer a promising solution as they break down quickly in the environment and are generally less toxic to mammals. Moreover, they tend to be more selective towards non-target organisms. Despite the identification of over 2,000 plant species with insecticidal properties, their application remains limited due to challenges such as over-harvesting and negative impacts on biodiversity [ 5 ].One plant of interest is Heliotropium indicum L., a common weed known for its medicinal properties. This plant is widely utilized in traditional medicine for treating a range of ailments, including wound healing, bone fractures, eye infections, menstrual disorders, and anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities [ 6 ]. Despite its extensive medicinal applications, H.indicum has not been explored for managing insect pests in stored grains. Plant extracts are known to have various adverse effects on insects, such as inducing toxicity, causing mortality, and reducing fertility. This study therefore aimed at investigating the biopesticidal properties of Heliotropium indicum leaf extracts for controlling stored grain weevils. This marks the first investigation into the use of H.indicum for such a purpose. By evaluating the efficacy of H.indicum as a botanical insecticide, this research seeks to contribute to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly pest control methods for stored grains. The results could pave the way for new, environmentally safe alternatives to traditional chemical insecticides, thereby addressing the need for solutions that are both effective and non-harmful to the ecosystem. Aim of the Study This study aimed to investigate the biopesticidal properties of Heliotropium indicum Leaf Extracts for Controlling rice, sorghum and maize weevils. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study were to: extract the bioactive constituents from the leaf extract of H.indicum test the insecticidal activity of four extracts on weevils of rice, sorghum and maize at various concentrations and exposure time determine the percentage viability, adult emergence and weight loss postexposure determine the percentage grain damage, and weight loss Significance of the Study This study aims to enhance grain storage and manage infestations of insects in stored grains. Furthermore, it seeks to improve food safety technology and reduce post-harvest losses of grains. By enabling the sale of higher-quality grain products locally, this research will also increase the market value of stored grains and contribute to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Materials and methods Collection of Plant Sample and preparation of extracts Fresh Heliotropium indicum L., leaves collected from fields, opposite the Benue State University Second Gate in Makurdi, Benue State were authenticated at the herbarium section of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) in Ibadan by Mr. Egunjobi A.J. and Mr. Adeyemo A. A, and a specimen copy with herbarium number FHN/113768 was deposited. The leaves were washed with tap water to remove any foreign materials. After draining them on the shelves and air-dried for 14 days in a well-ventilated, shaded area, they were pounded with mortar and pestle to coarse powder and was stored in an airtight polythene bag before successive solvent extraction. A powdered sample (416 g) was allowed to make contact with 1248 mL of hexane (1:3 w/v) in a stopper glass container for 72 h, with occasional shaking, following the method of Ncube et al. [ 7 ]. The extract was decanted, filtered with Whatman No.4 filter paper, and concentrated to dryness as crude hexane extract. This process was successively repeated for ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water to get their respective crude extracts in accordance to the description of Goselle et al.[ 8 ]. Phytochemical Screening Phytochemical screening was carried out on the crude extracts using standard procedures to identify the class of secondary metabolites present in the leaf extracts of H.indicum L [ 9 ]. The extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, glycosides, and phenols. Insecticidal activity of crude extracts Parameters The parameters to consider for the efficacy of the extracts on the studied insects are: mortality, adult emergence, germinability, and weight loss. Test Insects The following test insects were used for this research work: Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Sorghum weevil Sitophilus granarius Maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Insect mortality determination After insect culturing, about twenty grams (20 g) of clean uninfected rice, sorghum, and maize grains were weighed into a l L kilner jar. Then, extract solutions of 0.01 g/mL, 0.02 g/mL, 0.04 g/mL and 0.08 g/mL of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were measured with the aid of a micropipette and mixed with the 20 g of clean rice, sorghum, and maize grains inside the kilner jars and were thoroughly mixed together by gently shaking the jars and were left open for 40 min to allow the solvents to evaporate. Thereafter, ten copulating pairs (10 males:10 females) of less than 4 days-old adult S.oryzae , S.granarius , and S.zeamais were introduced to each of the kilner jars and covered with muslin cloths. Each treatment was replicated three (3) times. The control experiment had only 20 g each of untreated rice, sorghum, and maize grains with ten pairs of copulating adult insects without the plant. Insect mortality was assessed every day for 4 days (24–96 h). Dead weevils were those that did not respond to sharp pin probe. At the end of 96 h exposure to treatment, data on percentage adult mortality were corrected using the method of Asawalam et al . [ 10 ] with slight modifications. % Insect Mortality \(\:=\frac{number\:of\:dead\:weevil}{total\:number\:of\:weevil\:used\:for\:infestation}\) x 100 (1) In order to assess the viability of seeds, a germination test was conducted using twenty (20) seeds from each jar. The seeds were placed on moist filter paper in plastic petri dishes kept in an incubator at 25°C and the number of germinated seeds were counted and recorded and percentage seed viability was calculated. % viability = \(\:\frac{number\:of\:germinated\:seed}{total\:number\:of\:seed\:sown}\) x 100 (2) The experimental set up was kept inside the insect rearing cage for further 40 days to allow the new adults emerge and percentage adult emergence were calculated as below. % Adult emergence = \(\:\frac{number\:of\:adult\:insect\:emmergence}{total\:number\:of\:egg\:laid\:}\) x 100 (3) The grains were later sieved to remove the dust produced from adult feeding and re-weighed by using a Mettler Weighing balance and the percentage loss in weight determined. % Weight loss = \(\:\frac{Change\:in\:weight}{Initial\:weight}\) x 100 (4) Results and Discussion Phytochemical analysis Table 1 reveals the phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites present in the leaf extracts of H.indicum L Table 1 phytochemical analysis screening of three extracts of H.inducm leaves Phytochemical Observation HE EE ME Tannin + + + Saponin - - + Alkaloids - + ++ Cardiac Glyco + - + Teroenoids + + + Flavonoids - + ++ Steroids + + ++ Phenols + + + - = absent + = present in trace amount, ++ =present Where HE= hexane extract, EE= ethyl acetate extract, and ME= methanol extract Insecticidal activity of Heliotropium indicum extracts Tables 2 – 4 show the effects of Heliotropium indicum leaf extracts on mortality of Sitophilus species and Callosobruchus maculatus. Table 2 Effects of leaf extract of H.indicum L on mortality of Sitophilusoryzae Extract Substrate Conc. (g/mL) Mortality (Mean ± SE) 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h Hexane Rice 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 5.0 ± 0.00 10.0 ± 0.00 15.0 ± 0.00 0.02 0.0 ± 0.00 5.0 ± 0.00 10.0 ± 0.00 20.0 ± 0.00 0.04 0.0 ± 0.00 1.7 ± 1.67 5.0 ± 2.89 23.3 ± 6.01 0.08 1.7 ± 1.67 5.0 ± 0.00 16.7 ± 1.67 36.7 ± 1.67 EA 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 3.3 ± 1.67 10.0 ± 2.89 0.02 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 6.7 ± 1.67 15.0 ± 2.89 0.04 0.0 ± 0.00 3.3 ± 1.67 10.0 ± 2.89 20.0 ± 2.89 0.08 6.7 ± 1.67 15.0 ± 2.89 31.7 ± 4.41 50.7 ± 6.67 MeOH 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 5.0 ± 0.00 10.0 ± 0.00 18.3 ± 1.67 0.02 6.7 ± 1.67 11.7 ± 1.67 21.7 ± 1.67 38.3 ± 3.33 0.04 8.3 ± 1.67 13.3 ± 1.67 28.3 ± 1.67 46.7 ± 1.67 0.08 10.0 ± 0.00 20.0 ± 0.00 33.3 ± 1.67 63.3 ± 1.67 Control 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 Cypermet 0.5 ml 68.0 ± 4.41 76.7 ± 6.67 96.7 ± 3.33 100.0 ± 0.0 Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM at the P < 0.05 level of significance Table 3 Effects of leaf extract of H.indicum L on mortality of Sitophilus granarius Extract Substrate Conc. (g/mL) Mortality (Mean ± SE) 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h Hexane Sorghum 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 1.7 ± 1.67 0.02 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 2.0 ± 2.00 10.0 ± 2.89 0.04 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 3.3 ± 1.67 13.3 ± 1.67 0.08 0.0 ± 0.00 1.7 ± 1.67 11.7 ± 1.67 30.0 ± 2.89 EA 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 1.7 ± 1.67 8.3 ± 3.33 0.02 0.0 ± 0.00 3.3 ± 1.67 8.3 ± 4.41 15.0 ± 5.77 0.04 1.7 ± 1.67 5.0 ± 2.89 11.7 ± 4.41 23.3 ± 3.33 0.08 5.0 ± 0.00 10.0 ± 0.00 20.0 ± 2.89 43.3 ± 4.41 MeOH 0.01 3.3 ± 3.33 10.0 ± 2.89 18.3 ± 4.41 35.0 ± 2.89 0.02 6.7 ± 3.33 13.3 ± 4.41 23.3 ± 3.33 40.0 ± 2.89 0.04 6.7 ± 1.67 23.3 ± 4.41 35.0 ± 8.67 60.0 ± 8.66 0.08 13.3 ± 1.67 31.7 ± 1.67 53.3 ± 3.33 90.0 ± 2.89 Control 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 Cypermet 0.5 ml 68.0 ± 4.41 76.7 ± 6.67 96.7 ± 3.33 100.0 ± 0.0 Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM at the P < 0.05 level of significance Table 4 Effects of leaf extract of H.indicum L on mortality of Sitophilus zeamais Extract Substrate Conc. (g/mL) Mortality (Mean ± SE) 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h Hexane Maize 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 8.3 ± 1.67 18.3 ± 1.67 41.7 ± 8.82 0.02 0.0 ± 0.00 10.0 ± 2.89 25.0 ± 2.89 55.0 ± 2.89 0.04 1.7 ± 1.67 13.3 ± 1.67 30.0 ± 2.89 60.0 ± 2.89 0.08 8.3 ± 1.67 20.0 ± 2.89 36.7 ± 1.67 71.7 ± 3.33 EA 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 5.0 ± 0.00 10.0 ± 0.00 16.7 ± 1.67 0.02 0.0 ± 0.00 5.0 ± 0.00 13.3 ± 1.67 23.3 ± 4.41 0.04 3.3 ± 1.67 13.3 ± 3.33 21.7 ± 4.41 36.7 ± 7.26 0.08 13.3 ± 1.67 35.0 ± 2.89 58.3 ± 3.33 90.0 ± 2.89 MeOH 0.01 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 15.0 ± 0.00 55.0 ± 11.54 0.02 0.0 ± 0.00 5.0 ± 0.00 21.7 ± 1.67 76.7 ± 4.41 0.04 3.3 ± 1.67 13.3 ± 1.67 36.7 ± 3.33 91.7 ± 6.01 0.08 11.7 ± 1.67 26.7 ± 4.41 50.0 ± 5.00 96.7 ± 1.67 Control 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 0.0 ± 0.00 Cypermet 0.5 ml 68.0 ± 4.41 76.7 ± 6.67 96.7 ± 3.33 100.0 ± 0.0 Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM at the P < 0.05 level of significance Percentage seed viability Table 5 shows the percentage seed viability after exposure to treatments. Table 5 Percentage Seed viability post-exposure to H.indicum extracts Substrate Number of seed sown HE EE ME Rice(Paddy) 20 81.67 ± 1.67 a 85.00 ± 0.00 a 88.33 ± 3.33 a Sorghum 20 85.00 ± 0.00 a 88.33 ± 1.67 a 85.00 ± 2.89 a Maize 20 86.67 ± 1.67 a 83.33 ± 1.67 a 83.33 ± 1.67 a Cypermethrin 20 75.00 ± 0.00 a 75.00 ± 0.00 a 75.00 ± 0.00 a Control 20 85.00 ± 0.00 a 85.00 ± 0.00 a 85.00 ± 0.00 a The values are expressed as the mean ± SEM at the P < 0.05 level of significance Where HE = Hexane Extract, EE = Ethyl acetate Extract, ME = Methanolic Extract, Adult Emergence Table 6 shows the the percentage of adults emergence postexposure to the extracts of H.indicum L Table 6 Effect of H.indicum leaf extracts on adult emergence of stored grain insects Substrate Conc. (g/ml) HE EE ME Cypermeth. Control Rice 0.01 0.67 ± 0.33 0.33 ± 0.33 1.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.02 0.67 ± 0.33 1.33 ± 0.33 1.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.04 0.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.08 0.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 Sorghum 0.01 1.67 ± 0.33 0.33 ± 0.33 2.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.02 0.33 ± 0.33 0.67 ± 0.33 1.67 ± 0.33 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.04 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 1.67 ± 0.33 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.08 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.33 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 Maize 0.01 1.33 ± 0.33 0.33 ± 0.33 2.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.02 1.00 ± 0.00 0.67 ± 0.33 1.67 ± 0.33 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.04 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 1.67 ± 0.33 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 0.08 0.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 35.00 ± 2.89 The values are expressed as the mean ± SEM at the P < 0.05 level of significance Where HE = Hexane Extract, EE = Ethyl acetate Extract, ME = Methanol Extract, Seed Weight Loss Table 7 shows the seed weight loss postexposure to H. indicum Leaf extracts Table 7 Percentage seed weight loss post-exposure to H.indicum leaf extracts Substrate HE EE ME Cypermethrin. Control Rice 0.63 ± 0.23 1.25 ± 0.63 1.00 ± 0.00 0.25 ± 0.25 31.50 + 0 .64 Sorghum 1.96 ± 0.25 3.31 ± 0.23 2.00 ± 0.41 0.25 ± 0.25 31.50 + 0 .64 Maize 1.00 ± 0.00 6.50 ± 0.95 1.75 ± 0.25 0.25 ± 0.25 31.50 + 0 .64 The values are expressed as the mean ± SE Where: HE = Hexane Extract,EE = Ethyl acetate Extract, ME = Methanol Extract, AE = Aqueous Extract, Cyperm.= Cypermethrin 2.5 E.C (Positive control), Control = Untreated Grains (negative control). Discussion Phytochemical Analysis The phytochemical screening of H.indicum leaf extracts revealed tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols. Saponins, flavonoids, and phenols were present in trace amounts in the hexane extract Table 1 ). Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids were found in both ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts. The insecticidal potential of plants is attributed to these phytochemicals, which cause significant insect mortality and are also responsible for the therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants. This aligns with the report of Shoge et al .[ 11 ], who noted that the wound-healing activity of H. indicum L., was due to tannins. Insect Mortality The H.indicum L extracts showed a definite level of toxicity against Sitophilus species . Tables 2 – 4 showed that the hexane leaf extract exerted potency on Sitophilus oryzae at concentrations of 0.01 g/mL to 0.08 g/mL from 24–96 h. However, the highest mortality of 36.67% at concentration of 0.08 g/mL 96 h postexposure was observed, while the lowest mortality exerted on Sitophilus oryzae was 1.7%. However, the standard chemical insecticide (cypermethrin 2.5 E.C at 0.5 ml) was observed to have caused mortality of up to 100% on S. oryzae at 96 h post exposure while the negative control caused 1.7% mortality 72 h postexposure which may likely be due to natural death. Similarly, the hexane extract caused the least mortality of 1.7% on Sitophilus granarius and the greatest mortality of 30% 96 h post exposure at 0.08 g/ml. The same trend was observed for maize weevil. Hexane extract caused the lowest mortality of 1.7%, while the greatest mortality of 71.7% was observed on Sitophilus zeamais. On the other hand, ethyl acetate extract caused the greatest and lowest mortality of 50% and 3.3% on rice weevil, but 43.3% and 1.7% on sorghum weevils, then 90% and 3.3% on maize weevils. However, similar trend was observed on the potency of methanolic extracts on the insect pests of these stored grains. As can be observed from the Tables 2 – 4 , the lowest and highest mortality of 63.3% and 5% was observed for rice weevils, 90% and 3.3% for sorghum weevil, and then 96.7% and 3.3% for maize weevils. A slight statistical significant difference was observed in the degree of effectiveness between cypermethrin and the extracts at (P ≤ 0.05) significance level. This was similar to the report of Okwute [ 1 ] in the evaluation of pesticidal activity of extracts from Piper guineense , Piper longum , and Piper retrofractu where he found out that the plants were active against Callosobruchus maculatus , Zonocerus variegatus L, and the mosquito larvae at 96–100% mortality rate in 48 h, and that the activity was due to the presence of guineense, whereas, piperine gave a synergistic effect. Cypermethrin has been very effective in controlling adult S. zeamais which agrees with the findings of Asawalam et al., [ 10 ] who reported 100% mortality to Sitophilus zeamais when treated with cypermethrin-stored maize. It can be suggested that the potency of the leaf extracts of H.indicum is due to the presence of phytoconstituents which may have disrupted the enzymatic and osmotic balance of the insects thereby leading to death or can also be attributed to interference in the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP thereby inhibiting normal respiratory activities of the weevils; resulting in suffocation and subsequently, death [ 12 ]. This study revealed the active potentials of this plant product as plant-derived insecticides against stored grain weevils, and provides a scientific rationale for the use of this botanical as alternative to synthetic insecticides in post harvest protection of stored grains. The treatment with methanolic leaf extract of H.indicum had the highest percentage mortality as well as reduced number of adult emergence and the least percentage weight loss. This was supported by the report of Adedire and Lajide [ 13 ] on Piper guineense belonging to the family piperacea and stated that the plant possesses some forms of insecticidal properties against the eggs of stored cowpea grains, (bruchid) which are capable of suppressing various developmental instars of Callosobruchus maculatus , while Fasakin and Aberejo [ 14 ] have also reported that pulverized plant material from P.guineense inhibited egg hatchability and adult emergence of Dernlestes maculatus during storage. Similar effects of plant materials as insect protectants have been observed in the treatment of cowpea and maize weevils [ 15 ] [ 12 ]. This study also agrees with the report of Okwute [ 1 ] who investigated three Sri Lankan plants' extracts: Plearostylia opposita (Wall); Alston (Celastraceae), Aegle marmelos Correa (Rutaceae), and Excoecaria agallocha (Euphorbiaceae), and found out that the plants are insecticidal, and for the first time three compounds were found to possess the daphnane orthoester skeleton which may be the constituent of ethyl acetate extract of E. agallocha and have been found to be insecticidal. Moreover, it can be observed from Table 5 that all the treated seeds investigated showed percentage germinability of up to 80%. For instance, paddy rice treated with hexane leaf extract showed 81.67% germinability, while sorghum and maize given the same treatment showed germinability of 85%, and 86.67%, respectively. The negative control (untreated grains) showed 85% germinability level while all seeds treated in cypermethrin showed 75% germinability. In the same vein, Rice seed treated with ethyl acetate leaf extracts of H.indicum showed 85% germinability level. Sorghum, and maize, showed 88.33%, and 83.33% germinability levels, respectively. The same trend was observed in methanol extracts. Rice treated with methanol leaf extract of H.indicum showed 88.33% germinability level. The same was observed in sorghum and maize with percentage germinability of 85%, and 83.33%, while the negative and positive controls showed percentage germinability of 85%, and 75%, respectively. This shows that all the seeds were viable after treatments with various leaf extracts of H.indicm because they showed germination rate above 75% in wet planting condition. This agrees with the report of Okwute [ 1 ] who reported that cowpea seeds exposed to crude Dalbergia saxatalis showed viability with a germination rate of over 70% after five days of exposure to planting (wet) conditions. There was no statistical difference observed between all the treatments and controls at (P ≤ 0.05) significance level. The result so far indicated that all the seeds were viable after exposure to leaf extracts of H.indicum. Furthermore, the effect of the plant extracts on adult emergence is shown in Table 6 . The various plant extracts used in the study significantly suppressed the emergence of the weevils of stored grains when compared with the control. Adult emergence of rice weevil was least among the seeds treated with extracts of H.indicum , while the control significantly had the highest adult emergence of 35%. The highest adult emergence of 2% was observed in S.granarius, and S.zeamais exposed to methanol leaf extracts of H.indicum at 0.01 g/mL. There was no adult emergence observed in the treatments with positive control (cypermethrin). Insecticidal property of any plant extracts would depend on the active constituents of the plant material. The reduction in adult emergence and seed weight loss upon treatment with methanol leaf extract of H.indicum suggested that S.zeamais is affected on exposure to methanol leaf extract of H.indicum when The percentage weight loss was also calculated as one of the parameters required to ensure the effectiveness of the plant extracts on the weevils. Weight loss was observed across all the treatments. It can be observed from Table 7 that the percentage weight loss in rice grains treated with hexane leaf extract was 0.63%, while that of sorghum, and maize were 1.56%, and 1%. The weight loss in rice grains treated with ethyl acetate leaf extract was 1.25%, while that of sorghum, and maize were 3.31%, and 6.50%. Similarly, the percentage weight loss in rice grain treated with methanol leaf extract of H.indicum was 1%, whereas, sorghum, and maize grains exposed to methanol leaf extracts of H.indicum had percentage weight losses of 2%, and 1.75%. Meanwhile, the control (untreated grains) also recorded a weight loss of 31.5%, but the percentage weight loss in grains treated with Cypermethrin was 0.25%. The noticeable increase in percentage weight loss in the control may be due to feeding effect of the weevils on the substrates due to the weevils population as compared to the grains treated with cypermethrin which recorded the lowest percentage weight loss due to high mortality effect exerted on the weevils’ population. It can be observed that there was no statistical significant difference between the percentage weight losses between all the grains treated with the extracts compared with the standard insecticide at (P ≤ 0.05) significant level, but a noticeable high statistical significant difference was observed between the treatments and control at (P ≤ 0.05) level of significance. According to Mills [ 19 ], the presence of insects in stored grains causes an additional rise in temperature because the insects' feeding behavior creates "hot spots" in the grains which allow a moisture build up inside the stored grains, leading to seed degradation and consequent weight losses. This was similar to the report of Santos et al . [ 17 ] who found that in Brazil, the presence of Sitophilus zeamais and Sitotroga cerealella in maize grains caused a decline in germination as the insects' developmental levels increased from 13% on the egg stage for Sitophilus zeamais and 10.9% for Sitotroga cerealella to 93% and 85%, respectively, at the adult stage. The phytochemicals present in the extracts are known to be important sources of toxicants against major insect pests.. This is in agreement with Hassanali et al .[ 18 ] who reported that the active constituent eugenol, extracted from Ocimum suave is an effective repellent against S.zeamais. The active constituent in these plant material appears to be responsible for their insecticidal properties against the stored grain weevils, just as the presence of active constituents in Nicotiana tabacum (nicotine) is attributed to contact, stomach and respiratory poisoning properties [ 19 ], especially in Zonocerous variaegatus. Since H.indicum is not a food plant and can be used cheaply, the weed plant used in this project was appropriate. It is inexpensively accessible as undesirable plant that farmers frequently have to pay to remove. Some plant compounds may have a pesticidal effect by changing the osmotic and enzymatic activity required for organisms to survive, ultimately leading to their death. To prevent biodeterioration, seeds must be stored correctly in cool, dry environments. Chemical treatment was more effective in controlling pests than plant treatments; however H.indicum leaf extract showed better results after 96 h compared to 72 h. But there is a lot of criticism against the usage of chemicals because of the detrimental effects they exerted on both the environment and humans [ 20 ]. Potential use of H. indicum against Sitophilus oryzae , Sitophilus granarius , and Sitophilus zeamais , has been suggested by the biopesticidal efficacy of the plant treatments on weevils of stored grains. This result aligns with the recommendation of Ogunnupebi et al.,[ 21 ]) on the use of potential natural products for crop protection and food preservation. Conclusion and recommendations This study demonstrated that Heliotropium indicum extracts can effectively cause mortality in stored grain weevils, specifically Sitophilus species , at higher concentrations and with prolonged exposure. This indicates that H.indicum has potential as an eco-friendly biopesticide for post-harvest grain protection. The use of H.indicum could help reduce damage and control weevil infestations, ensuring a steady supply of high-quality grains. However, H.indicum may contain compounds that are mildly toxic.. The efficacy of H.indicum leaf extracts may be due to phytochemicals that cause asphyxiation in insects. This study supports the potential of H.indicum as a plant-derived biopesticide and suggests that methanol leaf extract could be developed into a safe biopesticide with dose-dependent recommendations. Although pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as intermedine, supinine, lindelofin and trachelanthine isolated from the leaf methanolic extracts of H.indicum L., has been reported by Adeniyi et al . [ 22 ], the biological evaluation has been determined, but has not been reported. The long term efficacy of the extract should be investigated. This will however provide more insight on its lethality on organs (Liver, Kidney, heart and spleen) and the blood cells. Since Heliotropium indicum demonstrated definite evidence of having insecticidal effects on the weevils that feed on stored grains, more research on this plant is recommended. Declarations Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest We the authors of this original research paper declare no conflict of interest in this work. All authorities were duly cited in this work. It is an extract of the original PhD work of the lead author. Data Availability Statement The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Code availability Not applicable Authors’ contributions Adeniyi B.M : Collection and extraction of sample, phytochemical analysis, calculation of solution and writing of manuscript Kyenge B.A: Major supervisor Adah C.A: Co supervisor Ogungbemi K: Reviewed the manuscript Ibitoye O and Alejo A.O: determined the percentage insect mortality, seed viability, adult emergence and seed weight loss Balogun D.A: worked on statistical analysis using SPSS Odeniyi T. A: helped in arrangement of obtained data Ethical Declaration The plant, Heliotropium indicum L., was identified and Authenticated at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) Ibadan, Oyo State by Mr.Egunjobi A.J, and Mr Adeyemo A in the Taxonomy Department, and a voucher specimen assigned numbers FHN/113768 was deposited at their herbarium. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate Your request as regards ethical approval for your plant study as regards part of your PhD project work titled: “Biopesticidal Properties of Heliotropium indicum Leaf Extracts for Controlling Stored Grain Weevils” has been considered and approved. Following the decision of the Departmental Board of Biochemistry/Chemistry of the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, You can now proceed on the said research work. Please Note that all procedures for maintenance and harvesting (care and use) of plant tissues should be carried out according to the criteria outlined by the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria(FRIN) Ibadan, Oyo State that identified and authenticated the plant, Heliotropium indicum L., with a voucher specimen number FHN/113768 . If otherwise, appropriate sanction will be meted out as allowed in our regulations. Wishing you the best of research season . Acknowledgments i.We are grateful to all staff of Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Ibadan Zonal Office, for the support given to us during insecticidal activity test. ii. We are also grateful to Mr. Egunjobi A.J. and Mr. Adeyemo A. A of Forestry Research Institute of Nigerian (FRIN), Ibadan for assistance with plant identification. iii. We are also grateful and indebted to Engr.Kolawole O Adeniyi of NSPRI for supporting this project financially References Okwute, S.K (2012). Plants as potential sources of pesticidal agents: a review. Pesticides–Advances in chemical and botanical pesticides , 10 , pp.208-232. Dhawan, A.K. and Peshin, R., (2009). Integrated pest management: concept, opportunities and challenges. Integrated Pest Management: Innovation-Development Process: Volume 1 , pp.51-81. Attia, M. A., Wahba, T. F., Shaarawy, N., Moustafa, F. I., Guedes, R. N. C., & Dewer, Y. (2020). Stored grain pest prevalence and insecticide resistance in Egyptian populations of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Journal of stored products research , 87 , 101611. Gerson, U., Smiley, R.L. and Ochoa, R., 2003. Mites (Acari) for pest control (Vol. 558). Oxford: Blackwell Science. Garud, A., Garud, N. and Tailang, M., (2015). Annona squamosa: A review on its larvicidal oviposition deterrent and insect repellent potency. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research , 4 (10), pp.452-463. Sarkar, C., Mondal, M., Khanom, B., Hossain, M. M., Hossain, M. S., Sureda, A. and Al-Rawahi, A. (2021). Heliotropium indicum L.: from farm to a source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic activity. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 2021 , 1-21. Ncube, N. S., Afolayan, A. J., & Okoh, A. I. (2008). Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. African journal of biotechnology , 7 (12). Goselle, O. N., Gyang, D. A., Adara, O. F., Effiong, K. T., Nanvyat, N., Adulugba, I. A., ... & Mafuyai, H. B. (2017). A comparative Study of the Larvicidal Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) from Different Methods of Extraction. Yadav, R. N. S., & Agarwala, M. (2011). Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. Journal of phytology , 3 (12). Asawalam, E. F., Emosairue, S. O., Ekeleme, F., & Wokocha, R. C. (2006). Insecticidal effects of powdered parts of Eight Nigerian plant species against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais motschulsk (Coleaoptera: Curculionidae). Nigeria Agricultural Journal , 37 , 106-116. Shoge, M. O., Ndukwe, G. I. and Amupitan, J. (2011): Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on the aerial parts of Heliotropium indicum Linn. Annals of Biological Research. 2 (2), 129-136. Adedire. C .0., and Ajayi T. S. (1996) Assessment of the insecticidal properties of some plant extracts as grain protectants against the maize weevil S. zeamais Motschulsky Nigeria J. Entoinol 13, 93-101. Adedire, C. O and Lajide L. (1999) Toxicity and Oviposition deterrency of some plants extracts on cowpea storage bruchid. Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius.I. Pl. Dis. Prof. 106, 647-653. Fasakin, E. A. and Aberejo, B. A. (2002) Effect of some pulverized plantmaterials on the developmental stages of fish beetle, Dermestes maculatus Degeer in smoked catfish (clarias gariepinus) during storage. Biores. Technol. 85, 173 177. Ofuya, T. I., & Dawodu, E. O. (2002). Aspects of insecticidal action of Piper guineense Schum and Thonn fruit powders against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera, Bruchidae). Nigerian Journal of Entomology , 19 , 40-50. Mills, J. (1989). Spoilage and heating of stored agricultural products. Prevention, detection and control. pp. 101. Agric. Canada Pub.1823E. Santos, J. P., Maia, J. D. G., & Cruz, I. (1990). Damage to germination of seed corn caused by maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira , 25 (12), 1687-1692. Hassanali, A., Lwande, W., Ole - Sitayo, N., Moreka, L; Nokoe, S and Chapya, A. (1990) Weevil repellent constituents of Ocimum suave leaves and Eugenia caryophylla cloves used as grain protectant in parts ofEastAfrica. Discov. Innov. 2, 91-95. Stoll,G.(1988).Natural crop protection in the 8epies and subtropicsAGRECOL, Switzerland 188 pp. Oyewole, S. N., Olayemi, F. F., Gbabe, E. K., Ogunbiyi, O. A., & Peters, O. (2018). Development and Promotional Challenges of Inert Atmosphere Silo for Grain Storage in Nigeria. In The Proceedings 12th CIGR Section VI International Symposium (Vol. 22, p. 25). Ogunnupebi, T. A., Oluyori, A. P., Dada, A. O., Oladeji, O. S., Inyinbor, A. A., & Egharevba, G. O. (2020). Promising natural products in crop protection and food preservation: Basis, advances, and future prospects. International Journal of Agronomy, 2020, 1-28. Adeniyi, Boluwaji M., Ikyenge, Barnabas A., Adah, Christiana A., Ibitoye, O.,Ajisafe, Segun S., Oyewole, Omoniyi S (2024). Isolation of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from Heliotropium indicum Leaf for Control of insects of Stored Grains, Nigerian Research Journal of Chemical Sciences (ISSN: 2682-6054) Volume 12, Issue 1, 2024. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4675143","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":334380742,"identity":"8a02793c-7988-4f19-8f5f-9b96e9d2926e","order_by":0,"name":"B. M Adeniyi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBBCSSGCQf3zwAZDLw0e8Foa0ZAOQFjaitEDIHDUJEIugFv725GMPHrZZ5Ok2nGGr/JpjJ8PGwPzw0Q08WiTOPEs3SGyTKDY72Hvstuy2ZKDD2IyNc/BZcyPHTAKoJXHbYb6025LbmIFaeNik8WmRv5H/DaLlGI9ZseS2esJaDG7ksEG0nOExY/y47TBhLYZnnplJJJwD+uUGW7I047bjPGzMBPwidzz5meSPsro8sxvMBz/+3FZtz8/e/PAxXu+DACM0Lph5wCQh5WDwB6r1B1GqR8EoGAWjYKQBAOufSVDY6R/5AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Benue State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"B.","middleName":"M","lastName":"Adeniyi","suffix":""},{"id":334380743,"identity":"7af894d7-102b-49aa-a8a0-3e29bbddc5df","order_by":1,"name":"B.A Kyenge","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Benue State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"B.A","middleName":"","lastName":"Kyenge","suffix":""},{"id":334380744,"identity":"3a717192-87f8-4307-b7a8-12ca1876697e","order_by":2,"name":"C. A Adah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Benue State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"C.","middleName":"A","lastName":"Adah","suffix":""},{"id":334380745,"identity":"1c0dbad9-80e1-4525-b8ed-2048852eba23","order_by":3,"name":"Ogumgbemi Kunle","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ogumgbemi","middleName":"","lastName":"Kunle","suffix":""},{"id":334380746,"identity":"e88b366c-9de9-40d3-b933-99d8e2929e79","order_by":4,"name":"T. A Odeniyi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"T.","middleName":"A","lastName":"Odeniyi","suffix":""},{"id":334380747,"identity":"d2eb02c4-4fae-4444-bb8b-2b463b406bba","order_by":5,"name":"D.A Balogun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"D.A","middleName":"","lastName":"Balogun","suffix":""},{"id":334380748,"identity":"2a9b4b65-c3ff-4002-aa4d-197a0c0cc234","order_by":6,"name":"A.O Alejo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.O","middleName":"","lastName":"Alejo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-02 14:56:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4675143/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4675143/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67629397,"identity":"a8de1fc6-4c0d-4bee-b4aa-3ad3cc32cf8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 08:32:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":934463,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4675143/v1/bbfd3ad0-5db6-466e-a6b6-f8610537f08e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBiopesticidal Properies of Heliotropium Indicum Leaf Extracts for Controlling Stored Grain Weevils\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGrain weevils, particularly the species \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e, represent major pests affecting stored grains like rice, sorghum, and maize. These pests inflict severe damage, resulting in significant weight losses that can reach up to 80%, contamination with mycotoxins, and a reduction in the commercial value of the grains. Historically, various methods have been employed by humans to combat these pests, ranging from mechanical practices and the use of organic and inorganic materials to more spiritual approaches such as prayers, rituals, and casting of spells [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In the past half-century, chemical insecticides have dominated pest control strategies. However, due to a growing awareness of the risks associated with synthetic insecticides, there is a noticeable shift towards biopesticides. These plant-derived alternatives are considered safer for the environment, because they are biodegradable, and leave no harmful residues in the soil, food, or feed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Commonly used fumigants in storage facilities, such as phosphine, deltamethrin, and malathion, have raised concerns due to issues like pest resistance, toxic waste, and health hazards. Therefore, the need for safer, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective alternatives is increasingly evident [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Plant-derived compounds offer a promising solution as they break down quickly in the environment and are generally less toxic to mammals. Moreover, they tend to be more selective towards non-target organisms. Despite the identification of over 2,000 plant species with insecticidal properties, their application remains limited due to challenges such as over-harvesting and negative impacts on biodiversity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].One plant of interest is \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., a common weed known for its medicinal properties. This plant is widely utilized in traditional medicine for treating a range of ailments, including wound healing, bone fractures, eye infections, menstrual disorders, and anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite its extensive medicinal applications, \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e has not been explored for managing insect pests in stored grains. Plant extracts are known to have various adverse effects on insects, such as inducing toxicity, causing mortality, and reducing fertility. This study therefore aimed at investigating the biopesticidal properties of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extracts for controlling stored grain weevils. This marks the first investigation into the use of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e for such a purpose. By evaluating the efficacy of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e as a botanical insecticide, this research seeks to contribute to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly pest control methods for stored grains. The results could pave the way for new, environmentally safe alternatives to traditional chemical insecticides, thereby addressing the need for solutions that are both effective and non-harmful to the ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAim of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to investigate the biopesticidal properties of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e Leaf Extracts for Controlling rice, sorghum and maize weevils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eObjectives of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objectives of this study were to:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eextract the bioactive constituents from the leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003etest the insecticidal activity of four extracts on weevils of rice, sorghum and maize at various concentrations and exposure time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003edetermine the percentage viability, adult emergence and weight loss postexposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003edetermine the percentage grain damage, and weight loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSignificance of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to enhance grain storage and manage infestations of insects in stored grains. Furthermore, it seeks to improve food safety technology and reduce post-harvest losses of grains. By enabling the sale of higher-quality grain products locally, this research will also increase the market value of stored grains and contribute to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCollection of Plant Sample and preparation of extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., leaves collected from fields, opposite the Benue State University Second Gate in Makurdi, Benue State were authenticated at the herbarium section of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) in Ibadan by Mr. Egunjobi A.J. and Mr. Adeyemo A. A, and a specimen copy with herbarium number FHN/113768 was deposited. The leaves were washed with tap water to remove any foreign materials. After draining them on the shelves and air-dried for 14 days in a well-ventilated, shaded area, they were pounded with mortar and pestle to coarse powder and was stored in an airtight polythene bag before successive solvent extraction. A powdered sample (416 g) was allowed to make contact with 1248 mL of hexane (1:3 w/v) in a stopper glass container for 72 h, with occasional shaking, following the method of Ncube et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The extract was decanted, filtered with Whatman No.4 filter paper, and concentrated to dryness as crude hexane extract. This process was successively repeated for ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water to get their respective crude extracts in accordance to the description of Goselle et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhytochemical Screening\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical screening was carried out on the crude extracts using standard procedures to identify the class of secondary metabolites present in the leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e L [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The extracts were screened for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, glycosides, and phenols.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsecticidal activity of crude extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parameters to consider for the efficacy of the extracts on the studied insects are: mortality, adult emergence, germinability, and weight loss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTest Insects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following test insects were used for this research work:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice weevil \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorghum weevil \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaize weevil \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsect mortality determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter insect culturing, about twenty grams (20 g) of clean uninfected rice, sorghum, and maize grains were weighed into a l L kilner jar. Then, extract solutions of 0.01 g/mL, 0.02 g/mL, 0.04 g/mL and 0.08 g/mL of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were measured with the aid of a micropipette and mixed with the 20 g of clean rice, sorghum, and maize grains inside the kilner jars and were thoroughly mixed together by gently shaking the jars and were left open for 40 min to allow the solvents to evaporate. Thereafter, ten copulating pairs (10 males:10 females) of less than 4 days-old adult \u003cem\u003eS.oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS.granarius\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS.zeamais\u003c/em\u003e were introduced to each of the kilner jars and covered with muslin cloths. Each treatment was replicated three (3) times. The control experiment had only 20 g each of untreated rice, sorghum, and maize grains with ten pairs of copulating adult insects without the plant. Insect mortality was assessed every day for 4 days (24\u0026ndash;96 h). Dead weevils were those that did not respond to sharp pin probe. At the end of 96 h exposure to treatment, data on percentage adult mortality were corrected using the method of Asawalam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] with slight modifications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Insect Mortality \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:=\\frac{number\\:of\\:dead\\:weevil}{total\\:number\\:of\\:weevil\\:used\\:for\\:infestation}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e x 100 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to assess the viability of seeds, a germination test was conducted using twenty (20) seeds from each jar. The seeds were placed on moist filter paper in plastic petri dishes kept in an incubator at 25\u0026deg;C and the number of germinated seeds were counted and recorded and percentage seed viability was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% viability = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{number\\:of\\:germinated\\:seed}{total\\:number\\:of\\:seed\\:sown}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e x 100 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental set up was kept inside the insect rearing cage for further 40 days to allow the new adults emerge and percentage adult emergence were calculated as below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Adult emergence = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{number\\:of\\:adult\\:insect\\:emmergence}{total\\:number\\:of\\:egg\\:laid\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e x 100 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe grains were later sieved to remove the dust produced from adult feeding and re-weighed by using a Mettler Weighing balance and the percentage loss in weight determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Weight loss = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{Change\\:in\\:weight}{Initial\\:weight}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e x 100 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhytochemical analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e reveals the phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites present in the leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e L\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephytochemical analysis screening of three extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.inducm\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObservation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac Glyco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeroenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e- = absent\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;present in trace amount, ++ =present\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere HE= hexane extract, EE= ethyl acetate extract, and ME= methanol extract\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsecticidal activity of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show the effects of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extracts on mortality of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus species\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum L\u003c/em\u003e on mortality of \u003cem\u003eSitophilusoryzae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. (g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMortality (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHexane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCypermet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level of significance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum L\u003c/em\u003e on mortality of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. (g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMortality (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHexane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCypermet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level of significance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum L\u003c/em\u003e on mortality of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. (g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMortality (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHexane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCypermet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level of significance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePercentage seed viability\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the percentage seed viability after exposure to treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage Seed viability post-exposure to \u003cem\u003eH.indicum extracts\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of seed sown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice(Paddy)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCypermethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe values are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level of significance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere HE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Hexane Extract, EE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ethyl acetate Extract, ME\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Methanolic Extract,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAdult Emergence\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the the percentage of adults emergence postexposure to the extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffect of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum leaf extracts\u003c/em\u003e on adult emergence of stored grain insects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. (g/ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCypermeth.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe values are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level of significance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere HE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Hexane Extract, EE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ethyl acetate Extract, ME\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Methanol Extract,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSeed Weight Loss\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the seed weight loss postexposure to \u003cem\u003eH. indicum\u003c/em\u003e Leaf extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage seed weight loss post-exposure to \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCypermethrin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.50\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/span\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.50\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/span\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.50\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.50\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/span\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eThe values are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere: HE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Hexane Extract,EE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ethyl acetate Extract, ME\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Methanol Extract, AE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Aqueous Extract, Cyperm.= Cypermethrin 2.5 E.C (Positive control), Control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Untreated Grains (negative control).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhytochemical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe phytochemical screening of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extracts revealed tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols. Saponins, flavonoids, and phenols were present in trace amounts in the hexane extract Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids were found in both ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts. The insecticidal potential of plants is attributed to these phytochemicals, which cause significant insect mortality and are also responsible for the therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants. This aligns with the report of Shoge \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], who noted that the wound-healing activity of \u003cem\u003eH. indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., was due to tannins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsect Mortality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e L extracts showed a definite level of toxicity against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus species\u003c/em\u003e. Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e showed that the hexane leaf extract exerted potency on \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e at concentrations of 0.01 g/mL to 0.08 g/mL from 24–96 h. However, the highest mortality of 36.67% at concentration of 0.08 g/mL 96 h postexposure was observed, while the lowest mortality exerted on \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e was 1.7%. However, the standard chemical insecticide (cypermethrin 2.5 E.C at 0.5 ml) was observed to have caused mortality of up to 100% on \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e at 96 h post exposure while the negative control caused 1.7% mortality 72 h postexposure which may likely be due to natural death. Similarly, the hexane extract caused the least mortality of 1.7% on \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e and the greatest mortality of 30% 96 h post exposure at 0.08 g/ml. The same trend was observed for maize weevil. Hexane extract caused the lowest mortality of 1.7%, while the greatest mortality of 71.7% was observed on \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais.\u003c/em\u003e On the other hand, ethyl acetate extract caused the greatest and lowest mortality of 50% and 3.3% on rice weevil, but 43.3% and 1.7% on sorghum weevils, then 90% and 3.3% on maize weevils. However, similar trend was observed on the potency of methanolic extracts on the insect pests of these stored grains. As can be observed from the Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the lowest and highest mortality of 63.3% and 5% was observed for rice weevils, 90% and 3.3% for sorghum weevil, and then 96.7% and 3.3% for maize weevils. A slight statistical significant difference was observed in the degree of effectiveness between cypermethrin and the extracts at (P ≤ 0.05) significance level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was similar to the report of Okwute [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] in the evaluation of pesticidal activity of extracts from \u003cem\u003ePiper guineense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiper longum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePiper retrofractu\u003c/em\u003e where he found out that the plants were active against \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eZonocerus variegatus\u003c/em\u003e L, and the mosquito larvae at 96–100% mortality rate in 48 h, and that the activity was due to the presence of guineense, whereas, piperine gave a synergistic effect. Cypermethrin has been very effective in controlling adult \u003cb\u003eS. zeamais\u003c/b\u003e which agrees with the findings of Asawalam et al., [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] who reported 100% mortality to \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e when treated with cypermethrin-stored maize. It can be suggested that the potency of the leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e is due to the presence of phytoconstituents which may have disrupted the enzymatic and osmotic balance of the insects thereby leading to death or can also be attributed to interference in the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP thereby inhibiting normal respiratory activities of the weevils; resulting in suffocation and subsequently, death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This study revealed the active potentials of this plant product as plant-derived insecticides against stored grain weevils, and provides a scientific rationale for the use of this botanical as alternative to synthetic insecticides in post harvest protection of stored grains. The treatment with methanolic leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e had the highest percentage mortality as well as reduced number of adult emergence and the least percentage weight loss. This was supported by the report of Adedire and Lajide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] on \u003cem\u003ePiper guineense\u003c/em\u003e belonging to the family piperacea and stated that the plant possesses some forms of insecticidal properties against the eggs of stored cowpea grains, (bruchid) which are capable of suppressing various developmental instars of \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, while Fasakin and Aberejo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] have also reported that pulverized plant material from \u003cem\u003eP.guineense\u003c/em\u003e inhibited egg hatchability and adult emergence of \u003cem\u003eDernlestes maculatus\u003c/em\u003e during storage. Similar effects of plant materials as insect protectants have been observed in the treatment of cowpea and maize weevils [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This study also agrees with the report of Okwute [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] who investigated three Sri Lankan plants' extracts: \u003cem\u003ePlearostylia opposita\u003c/em\u003e (Wall); Alston (Celastraceae), \u003cem\u003eAegle marmelos\u003c/em\u003e Correa (Rutaceae), and \u003cem\u003eExcoecaria agallocha\u003c/em\u003e (Euphorbiaceae), and found out that the plants are insecticidal, and for the first time three compounds were found to possess the daphnane orthoester skeleton which may be the constituent of ethyl acetate extract of \u003cem\u003eE. agallocha\u003c/em\u003e and have been found to be insecticidal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, it can be observed from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e that all the treated seeds investigated showed percentage germinability of up to 80%. For instance, paddy rice treated with hexane leaf extract showed 81.67% germinability, while sorghum and maize given the same treatment showed germinability of 85%, and 86.67%, respectively. The negative control (untreated grains) showed 85% germinability level while all seeds treated in cypermethrin showed 75% germinability. In the same vein, Rice seed treated with ethyl acetate leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e showed 85% germinability level. Sorghum, and maize, showed 88.33%, and 83.33% germinability levels, respectively. The same trend was observed in methanol extracts. Rice treated with methanol leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e showed 88.33% germinability level. The same was observed in sorghum and maize with percentage germinability of 85%, and 83.33%, while the negative and positive controls showed percentage germinability of 85%, and 75%, respectively. This shows that all the seeds were viable after treatments with various leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicm\u003c/em\u003e because they showed germination rate above 75% in wet planting condition. This agrees with the report of Okwute [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that cowpea seeds exposed to crude \u003cem\u003eDalbergia saxatalis\u003c/em\u003e showed viability with a germination rate of over 70% after five days of exposure to planting (wet) conditions. There was no statistical difference observed between all the treatments and controls at (P ≤ 0.05) significance level. The result so far indicated that all the seeds were viable after exposure to leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the effect of the plant extracts on adult emergence is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The various plant extracts used in the study significantly suppressed the emergence of the weevils of stored grains when compared with the control. Adult emergence of rice weevil was least among the seeds treated with extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e, while the control significantly had the highest adult emergence of 35%. The highest adult emergence of 2% was observed in \u003cem\u003eS.granarius, and S.zeamais\u003c/em\u003e exposed to methanol leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e at 0.01 g/mL. There was no adult emergence observed in the treatments with positive control (cypermethrin). Insecticidal property of any plant extracts would depend on the active constituents of the plant material. The reduction in adult emergence and seed weight loss upon treatment with methanol leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e suggested that \u003cem\u003eS.zeamais is\u003c/em\u003e affected on exposure to methanol leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e when\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percentage weight loss was also calculated as one of the parameters required to ensure the effectiveness of the plant extracts on the weevils. Weight loss was observed across all the treatments. It can be observed from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e that the percentage weight loss in rice grains treated with hexane leaf extract was 0.63%, while that of sorghum, and maize were 1.56%, and 1%. The weight loss in rice grains treated with ethyl acetate leaf extract was 1.25%, while that of sorghum, and maize were 3.31%, and 6.50%. Similarly, the percentage weight loss in rice grain treated with methanol leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e was 1%, whereas, sorghum, and maize grains exposed to methanol leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e had percentage weight losses of 2%, and 1.75%. Meanwhile, the control (untreated grains) also recorded a weight loss of 31.5%, but the percentage weight loss in grains treated with Cypermethrin was 0.25%. The noticeable increase in percentage weight loss in the control may be due to feeding effect of the weevils on the substrates due to the weevils population as compared to the grains treated with cypermethrin which recorded the lowest percentage weight loss due to high mortality effect exerted on the weevils’ population. It can be observed that there was no statistical significant difference between the percentage weight losses between all the grains treated with the extracts compared with the standard insecticide at (P ≤ 0.05) significant level, but a noticeable high statistical significant difference was observed between the treatments and control at (P ≤ 0.05) level of significance. According to Mills [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], the presence of insects in stored grains causes an additional rise in temperature because the insects' feeding behavior creates \"hot spots\" in the grains which allow a moisture build up inside the stored grains, leading to seed degradation and consequent weight losses. This was similar to the report of Santos \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] who found that in Brazil, the presence of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSitotroga cerealella\u003c/em\u003e in maize grains caused a decline in germination as the insects' developmental levels increased from 13% on the egg stage for \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e and 10.9% for \u003cem\u003eSitotroga cerealella\u003c/em\u003e to 93% and 85%, respectively, at the adult stage. The phytochemicals present in the extracts are known to be important sources of toxicants against major insect pests.. This is in agreement with Hassanali \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that the active constituent eugenol, extracted from \u003cem\u003eOcimum suave\u003c/em\u003e is an effective repellent against \u003cem\u003eS.zeamais.\u003c/em\u003e The active constituent in these plant material appears to be responsible for their insecticidal properties against the stored grain weevils, just as the presence of active constituents in \u003cem\u003eNicotiana tabacum\u003c/em\u003e(nicotine) is attributed to contact, stomach and respiratory poisoning properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], especially in \u003cem\u003eZonocerous variaegatus.\u003c/em\u003e Since \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e is not a food plant and can be used cheaply, the weed plant used in this project was appropriate. It is inexpensively accessible as undesirable plant that farmers frequently have to pay to remove. Some plant compounds may have a pesticidal effect by changing the osmotic and enzymatic activity required for organisms to survive, ultimately leading to their death. To prevent biodeterioration, seeds must be stored correctly in cool, dry environments. Chemical treatment was more effective in controlling pests than plant treatments; however \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract showed better results after 96 h compared to 72 h. But there is a lot of criticism against the usage of chemicals because of the detrimental effects they exerted on both the environment and humans [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Potential use of \u003cem\u003eH. indicum\u003c/em\u003e against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e, has been suggested by the biopesticidal efficacy of the plant treatments on weevils of stored grains. This result aligns with the recommendation of Ogunnupebi et al.,[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]) on the use of potential natural products for crop protection and food preservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion and recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e extracts can effectively cause mortality in stored grain weevils, specifically \u003cem\u003eSitophilus species\u003c/em\u003e, at higher concentrations and with prolonged exposure. This indicates that \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e has potential as an eco-friendly biopesticide for post-harvest grain protection. The use of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e could help reduce damage and control weevil infestations, ensuring a steady supply of high-quality grains. However, \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e may contain compounds that are mildly toxic.. The efficacy of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extracts may be due to phytochemicals that cause asphyxiation in insects. This study supports the potential of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e as a plant-derived biopesticide and suggests that methanol leaf extract could be developed into a safe biopesticide with dose-dependent recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as intermedine, supinine, lindelofin and trachelanthine isolated from the leaf methanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eH.indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., has been reported by Adeniyi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], the biological evaluation has been determined, but has not been reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe long term efficacy of the extract should be investigated. This will however provide more insight on its lethality on organs (Liver, Kidney, heart and spleen) and the blood cells. Since \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated definite evidence of having insecticidal effects on the weevils that feed on stored grains, more research on this plant is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe the authors of this original research paper declare no conflict of interest in this work. All authorities were duly cited in this work. It is an extract of the original PhD work of the lead author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdeniyi B.M\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCollection and extraction of sample, phytochemical analysis, calculation of solution and writing of manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKyenge B.A: Major supervisor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdah C.A: Co supervisor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOgungbemi K: Reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIbitoye O and Alejo A.O: determined the percentage insect mortality, seed viability, adult emergence and seed weight loss\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBalogun D.A: worked on statistical analysis using SPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOdeniyi T. A: helped in arrangement of obtained data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plant, \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., was identified and Authenticated at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) Ibadan, Oyo State by Mr.Egunjobi A.J, and Mr Adeyemo A in the Taxonomy Department, and a voucher specimen assigned numbers \u003cstrong\u003eFHN/113768\u003c/strong\u003e was deposited at their herbarium.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYour request as regards ethical approval for your plant study as regards part of your PhD project work titled: \u0026ldquo;Biopesticidal Properties of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e Leaf Extracts for Controlling Stored Grain Weevils\u0026rdquo; has been considered and approved. Following the decision of the Departmental Board of Biochemistry/Chemistry of the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, You can now proceed on the said research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease Note that all procedures for maintenance and harvesting (care and use) of plant tissues should be carried out according to the criteria outlined by the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria(FRIN)\u0026nbsp;Ibadan, Oyo State that identified and authenticated the plant, \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e L., with a voucher specimen number \u003cstrong\u003eFHN/113768\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;If otherwise, appropriate sanction will be meted out as allowed in our regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWishing you the best of research season\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ei.We\u0026nbsp;are\u0026nbsp;grateful\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;all staff of Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Ibadan Zonal Office, for the support given to us during insecticidal activity test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eii. We are also grateful to\u0026nbsp;Mr. Egunjobi A.J. and Mr. Adeyemo A. A\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;Forestry Research Institute of Nigerian (FRIN), Ibadan for\u0026nbsp;assistance\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;plant\u0026nbsp;identification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiii. We are also grateful and indebted to Engr.Kolawole O Adeniyi of NSPRI for supporting this project financially\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOkwute, S.K (2012). Plants as potential sources of pesticidal agents: a review. \u003cem\u003ePesticides\u0026ndash;Advances in chemical and botanical pesticides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e, pp.208-232. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDhawan, A.K. and Peshin, R., (2009). Integrated pest management: concept, opportunities and challenges. \u003cem\u003eIntegrated Pest Management: Innovation-Development Process: Volume 1\u003c/em\u003e, pp.51-81. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAttia, M. A., Wahba, T. F., Shaarawy, N., Moustafa, F. I., Guedes, R. N. C., \u0026amp; Dewer, Y. (2020). Stored grain pest prevalence and insecticide resistance in Egyptian populations of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.). \u003cem\u003eJournal of stored products research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e87\u003c/em\u003e, 101611. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGerson, U., Smiley, R.L. and Ochoa, R., 2003. \u003cem\u003eMites (Acari) for pest control\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 558). Oxford: Blackwell Science. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGarud, A., Garud, N. and Tailang, M., (2015). Annona squamosa: A review on its larvicidal oviposition deterrent and insect repellent potency. \u003cem\u003eWorld Journal of Pharmaceutical Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(10), pp.452-463. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSarkar, C., Mondal, M., Khanom, B., Hossain, M. M., Hossain, M. S., Sureda, A. and Al-Rawahi, A. (2021). Heliotropium indicum L.: from farm to a source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic activity. \u003cem\u003eEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2021\u003c/em\u003e, 1-21. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNcube, N. S., Afolayan, A. J., \u0026amp; Okoh, A. I. (2008). Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. \u003cem\u003eAfrican journal of biotechnology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(12). \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGoselle, O. N., Gyang, D. A., Adara, O. F., Effiong, K. T., Nanvyat, N., Adulugba, I. A., ... \u0026amp; Mafuyai, H. B. (2017). A comparative Study of the Larvicidal Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) from Different Methods of Extraction. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYadav, R. N. S., \u0026amp; Agarwala, M. (2011). Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. \u003cem\u003eJournal of phytology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(12). \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAsawalam, E. F., Emosairue, S. O., Ekeleme, F., \u0026amp; Wokocha, R. C. (2006). Insecticidal effects of powdered parts of Eight Nigerian plant species against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais motschulsk (Coleaoptera: Curculionidae). \u003cem\u003eNigeria Agricultural Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e, 106-116. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShoge, M. O., Ndukwe, G. I. and Amupitan, J. (2011): Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on the aerial parts of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum \u003c/em\u003eLinn. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Biological Research. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(2), 129-136. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdedire. C .0., and Ajayi T. S. (1996) Assessment of the insecticidal properties of some plant extracts as grain protectants against the maize weevil \u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ezeamais \u003c/em\u003eMotschulsky \u003cem\u003eNigeria\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eEntoinol\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e13, 93-101. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdedire, C. O and Lajide L. (1999) Toxicity and Oviposition deterrency of some plants extracts on cowpea storage bruchid. \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emaculatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eFabricius.I. \u003cem\u003ePl.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eDis. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eProf. \u003c/em\u003e106, 647-653. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFasakin, E. A. and Aberejo, B. A. (2002) Effect of some pulverized plantmaterials on the developmental stages of fish beetle, \u003cem\u003eDermestes maculatus \u003c/em\u003eDegeer in smoked catfish \u003cem\u003e(clarias gariepinus) \u003c/em\u003eduring storage. \u003cem\u003eBiores. Technol. \u003c/em\u003e85, 173 177. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOfuya, T. I., \u0026amp; Dawodu, E. O. (2002). Aspects of insecticidal action of Piper guineense Schum and Thonn fruit powders against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera, Bruchidae). \u003cem\u003eNigerian Journal of Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e, 40-50. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMills, J. (1989). Spoilage and heating of stored agricultural products. Prevention, detection and control. pp. 101. Agric. Canada Pub.1823E. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSantos, J. P., Maia, J. D. G., \u0026amp; Cruz, I. (1990). Damage to germination of seed corn caused by maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella). \u003cem\u003ePesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1687-1692.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHassanali, A., Lwande, W., Ole - Sitayo, N., Moreka, L; Nokoe, S and Chapya, A. (1990) Weevil repellent constituents of \u003cem\u003eOcimum \u003c/em\u003esuave leaves and Eugenia caryophylla cloves used as grain protectant in parts ofEastAfrica. \u003cem\u003eDiscov. Innov. \u003c/em\u003e2, 91-95. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStoll,G.(1988).Natural crop protection in the 8epies and subtropicsAGRECOL, Switzerland 188 pp. \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOyewole, S. N., Olayemi, F. F., Gbabe, E. K., Ogunbiyi, O. A., \u0026amp; Peters, O. (2018). Development and Promotional Challenges of Inert Atmosphere Silo for Grain Storage in Nigeria. In The Proceedings 12th CIGR Section VI International Symposium (Vol. 22, p. 25). \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOgunnupebi, T. A., Oluyori, A. P., Dada, A. O., Oladeji, O. S., Inyinbor, A. A., \u0026amp; Egharevba, G. O. (2020). Promising natural products in crop protection and food preservation: Basis, advances, and future prospects. International Journal of Agronomy, 2020, 1-28.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdeniyi, Boluwaji M., Ikyenge, Barnabas A., Adah, Christiana A., Ibitoye, O.,Ajisafe, Segun S., Oyewole, Omoniyi S (2024).\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eIsolation of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum \u003c/em\u003eLeaf for Control of insects of Stored Grains, \u003cem\u003eNigerian Research Journal of Chemical Sciences \u003c/em\u003e(ISSN: 2682-6054) Volume 12, Issue 1, 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4675143/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4675143/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e were screened for their biopesticidal activity against the weevils of rice, sorghum and maize grains. Each extract demonstrated promising efficacy in causing mortality at various concentrations (0.01 g/ml, 0.02 g/ml, 0.04 g/ml, and 0.08 g/ml) 24\u0026ndash;96 h postexposure. Among the extracts, the methanol extract emerged as the most effective, exhibiting the highest mortality rate of 96.67% at a concentration of 0.08 g/ml, 96 h after exposure, comparable to the standard insecticide (cypermethrin 2.5 E.C). In contrast, the negative control, consisting of untreated grains, showed 1.67% mortality rate for \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e 72 h post-exposure, which could be attributed to natural death. Additionally, the methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts demonstrated mortality rates above 50%, reaching up to 90%, for \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e. This level of effectiveness is similar to that of cypermethrin, indicating that \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e could be a valuable biopesticide for the postharvest management of stored grains. This study suggests the potential for these plant extracts to serve as natural alternatives to synthetic insecticides, offering a sustainable solution for pest control in stored grain protection. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach to utilizing multiple solvent extracts from a single plant species, highlighting the untapped potential of \u003cem\u003eHeliotropium indicum\u003c/em\u003e in the development of eco-friendly biopesticides. This could pave the way for further investigations into other medicinal plants with similar properties, ultimately contributing to safer and more sustainable agricultural practices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Biopesticidal Properies of Heliotropium Indicum Leaf Extracts for Controlling Stored Grain Weevils","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-05 16:13:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4675143/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"684d9620-d93c-4f81-9d96-d3f501b21644","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-28T08:24:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-05 16:13:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4675143","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4675143","identity":"rs-4675143","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}