Diversity, relative abundance and distribution of avian fauna in three states of East Sudan

Diversity, relative abundance and distribution of avian fauna in three states of East Sudan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Diversity, relative abundance and distribution of avian fauna in three states of East Sudan Abdelgani Gumaa Abdelmuala Baraka, Ibrahim Osman Kanno, Faisal Ismail Musa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2474612/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study of avifaunal diversity is an essential ecological tool, which acts as an important indicator to evaluate different habitat condition both qualitatively and quantitatively. Birds are play ecological functions, which include disease regulation, biomass recycling, seed dispersal of fleshy fruits, and pollination. The study was aimed to assess the diversity and distribution of bird species in east Sudan. The result of this finding is valuable data base on area to game orders, area specific management planers, conservationists, ecologists and provides baseline information for different scientific recommendation. Study was conducted in three states; Red Sea, Kassalaa and El Gadarif states in represent eastern States in Sudan. A point transect count aided by binocular was employed to investigate avian species diversity and distribution. Biodiversity indexes were used to calculate the bird species diversity and one way-ANOVA. All together (43) birds species belonging to (11) orders. The highest number of birds observed was Village Weaver (11.7%) belonging to order of Passeriformes. While the orders identified with the highest numbers of different bird species were Accipitriformes (18.6%); and Passeriformes (18.6). The maximum number of birds observed during in states was El Gadarif (45.3%). it concluded that the area has good potential for bird watching tourism that can integrate economic gain with biodiversity conservation. Hence, urgent conservation measures and further detail research is recommended. Avian fauna diversity relative abundance population distribution East Soudan Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Biodiversity is defined according to Agyei et al., (2017) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as: “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”. Birds live in a variety of ecological niches (Mogaka et al 2019 ). Research on avifaunal diversity is an important ecological implement, that acts as an essential indicator for measuring different habitat conditions and also play ecological functions, which include biomass recycling, disease regulation, seed dispersal of fleshy fruits, and pollination of the plant (Agyei et al., 2017). Birds are important indicators in biodiversity conservation and for identifying conservation tools (Sethy et al., 2015 ). Additionally, birds serve as markers of biodiversity and recorders of environmental change, such as the intensity of pollution and its effects on the environment (Sutherland, 2000 ) Birds are an essential component of the food chain in the natural world, making them excellent indicators of the ecological health of any particular environment (Gill, 1994 ; Hossain and Baki, 2015 ; Abie et al., 2019 ). In many regions of the world, the biodiversity is coming under growing danger. Presently, the IUCN lists 24% of mammals, 27% of reptiles, 20% of amphibians, and 30% of fish species as being globally threatened with extinction and about 12% of the bird species on the earth are actually in danger of going extinct in the next 100 years (Avibase-Bird Checklists of the World, 2005 ). The bird species in Sudan reported by Mahmoud et al., ( 2015 ) as 23 birds species belonging to 14 Families and 9 Orders. The study was aimed to assess the diversity and distribution of bird species in east Sudan. The result of this finding is valuable database on an area to-game orders, area specific management planners, conservationists, and ecologists and provides baseline information for the different scientific recommendations. Methodology Materials And Methods The study was conducted in three states in eastern Sudan at a different point for each state from 29/10 to 8/11/2017 represented Red Sea, Kassala, and El Gadaref States. The point where purposively selected the place to have water sources. The tools and instruments used in data collection were; binoculars for magnifying, a field guide for species identification, a data-sheet pen or pencil, car for transport Study Area Red sea state , in this state where 17 water sources were selected purposively which represent water point in the state and accumulate different bird’s species; the following point are namely; Sinkat, Udrose Mountain, Amigla, Ehan, Adalaf, northwest Sinkat, Khor El arab, Amid Mountain, Sasa area, Soterba, Dongunab, Kotaib, Dawit Mountain, Amitia area and south Sinkat. Kassala state , in Kassala state survey was conducted in Kabary area, Erabab area, Wager area in two Mayas, Delawit north Kassala, and Kasgem El gerba dam which represented main water points in the state, many bird’s species were observed see table (3) El Gdarif state , survey cover El feil forest, Suki Satgaf area, Abu rakham dam, Wad Saleh, Hawata locality, and Gogela two Mayas; representing water point in the state, different type of birds was observed. In this state also observed many birds are died due to impact of pesticide which used in agricultural schemes, according to information from key informant in the area indicates that they birds died by indirect effect of pesticide. Data analysis and formulas of Bird indices . Shannon's (H’); Shannon Wiener index was generally used in ecological studies concerned with the number (Vallejo, 2009; Sethy et al., 2015 ). H′ = −∑pi * ln pi Where H’ is the Shannon-winner index, pi is estimated as ni/N, where ni is the proportion of the total population of the species and N= -∑ni. This uses proportions rather than absolute abundance values to reduce the effects of the order of magnitude difference in bird numbers between species. This index provides a measure of `evenness' in the proportion of each species occurring within squares; J = \(\frac{\text{n}(\text{n}-1)}{\text{N}(\text{N}-1)}\) Where J’ is the Evenness index, H’ is Shannon winner index and used formula one and S is species richness (Abie et al., 2019 ) Relative abundance (RA) (%) = n/N × 100, where n is the number of individuals of particular species observed and N is the total number of individuals of the species (Abie et al., 2019 ) Furthermore, distribution and abundance of species between three states and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test differences between stats sites in species richness and diversity values in the study area (Abie et al., 2019 ) Results 43 bird species with various abundances were observed in the study belonging to (11) orders (Fig. 1 and Table 3 ). The highest number of birds observed in the study period was the Village Weaver (11.7%) belonging to order Passeriformes (Fig. 1 and Table 3 ). While the orders identified with the highest numbers of different bird species were Accipitriformes, Passeriformes, and Columbidae, (Fig. 1 ). The maximum number of birds observed during the study period was in El Gadarif state (45.3%) flowed by Red sea (29%), then Kassala (26%) (Fig. 2 ). Table (1) one-way ANOVA analysis of Bird species distribution across habitat States ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between States 11597.22 2 5798.612 2.227344 0.112043 3.0681 Within States 328025.3 126 2603.375 Total 339622.5 128 Table (2) the species richness the evenness in east Sudan Variables Value Diversity index 3.43 Evenness index 0.05 Table 3 species richness, status and abundance of bird species S.No Common name Scientific name Order R K G total RA 1. Speckled pigeon Columba guinea Columbiformes 6 83 56 145 3.1 2. Common ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula Charadriiforme 3 53 69 125 2.6 3. White wagtail Motacilla alba Passeriformes 88 104 85 277 5.8 4. Pied king fisher Ceryle rudis Coraciiformes - 13 53 66 1.4 5. Abyssinian roller Coracias abyssinicus Coraciiformes 4 7 12 23 0.5 6. Black-headed heron Ardea melanocephala Pelecaniformes 0 66 132 198 4.2 7. Grey heron Ardea Cinerea Pelecaniformes 0 7 8 15 0.3 8. Purple heron Ardea purpurea Pelecaniformes 0 7 4 11 0.2 9. Great white egret Egretta alba Pelecaniformes 0 8 16 24 0.5 10. Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Pelecaniformes 0 77 21 98 2.1 11. Black kite Milvus migrans Accipitriformes 53 11 62 126 2.7 12. Yellow billed kite Milvus aegyptius Accipitriformes 43 12 8 63 1.3 13. Hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus Accipitriformes 72 15 77 164 3.5 14. Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus Accipitriformes 87 8 0 95 2.0 15. Woodland kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Coraciiformes 0 32 9 41 0.9 16. Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura Coraciiformes 34 4 22 60 1.3 17. Abyssinian roller Coracias abyssinicus Coraciiformes 7 23 66 96 2.0 18. Little egret Egretta garzetta Pelecaniformes 55 8 82 145 3.1 19. Yellow billed kite Milvus aegyptius Accipitriformes 6 8 12 26 0.5 20. Black kite Milvus migrans Accipitriformes 9 4 8 21 0.4 21. Beautiful Sunbird Cinnyris pulchellus Passeriformes 54 88 102 244 5.1 22. African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer Accipitriformes 0 6 2 8 0.2 23. Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Charadriiformes 0 5 12 17 0.4 24. Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus Charadriiformes 6 9 125 140 3.0 25. Red eyed dove Streptopelia semitorquata Columbiformes 23 11 37 71 1.5 26. Namaqua dove Oena capensis Columbiformes 69 34 92 195 4.1 27. Blue spotted wood dove Turtur after Columbiformes 37 34 12 83 1.7 28. African mourning dove Streptopelia decipiens Columbiformes 8 23 122 153 3.2 29. Egyptian plover Pluvianus aegytius Charadriiformes 8 7 3 18 0.4 30. Hamerkop scopiae Pelecaniformes 0 8 4 12 0.3 31. Tawny eagle Aquila rapax Accipitriformes 2 8 2 12 0.3 32. Nile Valley Sunbird Hedydipna metallica Passeriformes 34 65 21 120 2.5 33. Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus Passeriformes 200 23 332 555 11.7 34. Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus Passeriformes 0 42 124 166 3.5 35. Black-crowned Sparrow lark Eremopterix nigriceps Passeriformes 88 34 23 145 3.1 36. African Palm-swift Cypsiurus parvus Apodiformes 125 44 38 207 4.4 37. Blue-naped Mousebird Urocolius macrourus Coliiformes 7 28 8 43 0.9 38. Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni Falconiformes 5 7 7 19 0.4 39. African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp Passeriformes 223 55 234 512 10.8 40. Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus Passeriformes 6 87 23 116 2.4 41. Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Bucerotiformes 4 0 2 6 0.1 42. White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis Coraciiformes 12 42 22 76 1.6 43. sand partridge Ammoperdix heyi Galliformes 7 0 0 7 0.1 Total Observed Birds 1385 1210 2149 4744 100 R = Red Sea state, K = Kassala state, G = El Gadarif state, and RA = Relative Abundance Discussions During period of survey; 43 different birds species belonging to 11 Orders were observed in three states in eastern Sudan. It could be due to presence of various habitat types such as food, water sources (Hossain and Baki, 2015; Girma et al., 2017; Abie et al., 2019). The identified species; the highest species was observed (18.6%) recorded in two orders Accipitriformes, Passeriformes. Similarly, to the report of Sulieman, (2016). This study revealed that from 43 species of birds observed; 2 species is threatened and according to IUCN. River Nile is the most important flyway for migratory water birds from, Europe to Africa through the Middle East. Great Rift Valley is the most important migratory and soaring bird away. Which supports a considerable number of habitats for feeding, rusting, or resting sites for birds. Red sea state is the fly was but there less amount of water resources in most areas of the state. The difference in the number of community birds observed during the study period is due to bird migration movement, and feeding habits with some migrating birds arriving in the area for breeding or using the different ecosystem. However, Avifaunal diversity estimation is important biodiversity conservation, monitoring, and for classifying conservation activities besides human activities (Sethy, 2015). Also, the research indicated that the richness (3.43) and evenness (0.05) this mean that the distribution abundance of birds in eastern Sudan (Red Sea, Kassala, and El Gadarif area) as well as habitat sources such as availability of food, flora and water resources that lead to containing a wide range of different trees and grassland ecosystems supporting a wide range of microhabitats for different species of birds. Additionally, this richness and evenness could be due to seasonal movement of birds; similarly, as recorded by (Sethy, 2015). The species diversity index fluctuated from state to state and habitat. The highest diversity was shown in El Gadarif state due to availability of water as well as riverine forest, while less in Kassala. Apart from the diversity, the distribution of birds’ species among habitat type was showed significantly variation. Bird species recorded the highest, distribution in water sources habitat while in wooded grassland and desert in some areas of Red Sea, and less Kassala state. Previous studies in Sudan have recorded more than 160 species of birds in the Dinder National Park, 24 species in Sunut Forest, 30 species in Tuti Island, and 23 species from the El Ga'ab depression (Salah and Idris, 2013). The comparatively high diversity of birds observed in this study recommends that the habitat of the area is suitable for birds. Nevertheless, increasing anthropogenic activities are a matter of excessive concern when considering the future survival of these species. Sudan has lost a number of wildlife species in the last two decades and this is mostly due to habitat destruction; several varieties of grasses and herbs have disappeared due to overgrazing, and repeated droughts and fires. As reported by Sulieman, et. al, (2016) in the Shendi area, the main threat that affects birds is the destruction of their habitat by tree cutting for agricultural use. In Kassala most of suitable habitat is farmland and lest amount of water viability and similarly, reported by (Sumaila et al., 2020). Also, relevant study indicates that urbanization, industrialization, the threatening of wetlands and the widespread use of pesticides has a threat to birds in wildlife and many wildlife species are endangered because of illegal hunting or over-hunting (Sulieman, et. al, 2016) Conclusion The survey was carried out at different ecosystems during the study. 43 bird’s species with various abundances were observed in the study belonging to (11) orders. The highest number of birds observed was the Village Weaver (11.72%) belonging to the order Passeriformes and also identified as order with the highest numbers of different birds’ species. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the University of Bahri department of wildlife, and the Sudanese wildlife society general administration of wildlife, for their assistance during the fieldwork and Faisal Ismail Musa Osman for technical assistance. Authors Contribution First Author; Data collection, Analysis, and Writing manuscript, second author; Supervisor for field work and third author; analysis and Writing manuscript Funding declaration The research is not funded References Abie, K., Tilahun, B., Feyisa, A., Kumssa, T. and Amare, A., 2019. Bird species diversity and distribution in case of protected area. Species, 20 , pp.90–100. Agyei-Ohemeng, J., Danquah, E. and Adu Yeboah, B., 2017. Diversity and Abundance of Bird Species in Mole National Park, Damongo, Ghana. Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN, pp.2224–3186. Agyei-Ohemeng, J., Yeboah, A.B. and Francis, A., 2019. Ecological status of birds in Sunyani using their foraging habits. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN, pp.2220–6663. Avibase-Bird Checklists of the World (2005). The world bird database. Number of records currently in Avibase. The Canadian copartner of Birdlife International. Gill, F.B. (1994), Ornithology. 2nd edition New York. Girma, Z., Mamo, Y., Mengesha, G., Verma, A. and Asfaw, T., 2017. Seasonal abundance and habitat use of bird species in and around Wondo Genet Forest, south-central Ethiopia. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (10), pp.3397–3405. Hossain, M. and Baki, M., 2015. Present status of preliminary survey on avifauna diversity and distribution in the most polluted river Buriganga, Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 3 (1), pp.59–69. Mahmoud, Z.N., Tahir, Y.F. and Hamdeen, H.M., 2015. Birds of El Ga'ab Depression, Sudan. Eur Acad Res, 3 (4), pp.4408–4415. Mogaka, D.M., Muya, S. and Ndwigah, F., 2019. Diversity, Abundance, Richness, and Birds of Conservation Interest in Nyando Sugar Belt, Muhoroni Sub-County, Lake Victoria Basin, Western Kenya. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 9 (3), pp.268–285. Salah, O. and Idris, E., 2013. A note on the bird diversity at two sites in Khartoum, Sudan. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology, 5 (1), pp.1–10. Sethy, J., Samal, D., Sethi, S., Baral, B., Jena, S., Payra, A., Das, G.N., Boruah, B. and Sahu, H.K., 2015. Species diversity and abundance of birds in and around North Orissa University, Takatpur, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Odisha. Species Diversity, 4 (2). Smith-Asante E. (2001). Independent Newspaper. Accra Sulieman, Y., Pengsakul, T., Afifi, A. and Zakaria, M.A., 2016. Bird diversity in Shendi area, Sudan. Intl J Res Granthaalayah, 4(6), pp.55–63. Sumaila, M., Agyei-Ohemeng, J., Richard, O., Boafo, A.F. and William, A., 2020. Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of Birds in and Around Kakum National Park in Respect to Habitat Type. world , 13 , p.3. Sutherland, W.J., 2000. Setting conservation priorities. Sutherland WJ The conservation handbook: research, management and policy . Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd , pp.21–35. Vallejo Jr, B.M., Aloy, A.B. and Ong, P.S., 2009. The distribution, abundance and diversity of birds in Manila's last greenspaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 89(3–4), pp.75–85. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2474612","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":168419621,"identity":"176fdf9b-3508-4eb8-b821-11dfb8fdd518","order_by":0,"name":"Abdelgani Gumaa Abdelmuala Baraka","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQYDhgdAmo29+eDjPxVAFjNzA2EtCSAtPMeSDXjOgLQwEqmFQSLHTIK3DcQioIV/dvPGBwm/7PL4QLZIzquN5m8HavlRsQ23JXeOFRsk9iUXg/zywHDb8dwZhxkbGHvO3MZtzQ2gexJ7mBPbQLYkbjuW2wDUwszYhluL/I0c8x+JPfWJbSC/HJxzLHc+IS0GQFsYEn4cBmuRbGyoyd1ASIsh0C8SiQ3HwQ4zZjh2IHcjUMtBfH6Ru9288cOHP9WJ89uBUclQU5c77/zhgw9+VODxPggwtsGZh8HkAfzqQeAPnFVHWPEoGAWjYBSMOAAA7Zlk0Rl9qpMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Bahri","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelgani","middleName":"Gumaa Abdelmuala","lastName":"Baraka","suffix":""},{"id":168419625,"identity":"ae08c238-e406-40ff-8c49-1e11c4df8c4c","order_by":1,"name":"Ibrahim Osman Kanno","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Bahri","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"Osman","lastName":"Kanno","suffix":""},{"id":168419626,"identity":"8c08856c-4712-49b2-b26c-ecf075f4912a","order_by":2,"name":"Faisal Ismail Musa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Blue Nile University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Faisal","middleName":"Ismail","lastName":"Musa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-01-13 10:59:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2474612/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2474612/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":31812370,"identity":"d0040fca-6923-43e8-82ff-467a5105c220","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-19 16:00:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage of different bird orders observed in three States in east Sudan\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2474612/v1/15e783444be860e3e67e35ab.png"},{"id":31812371,"identity":"1a8c3eea-3528-4df0-a1bd-ca12a8542155","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-19 16:00:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe ratio of species in three States\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2474612/v1/d7be930f86aed67d7ffb6edf.png"},{"id":32053973,"identity":"e5d1b921-51d3-49e9-a913-ff9254854d43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-25 17:29:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":358931,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2474612/v1/c387d45e-631d-4adb-9c7d-7f894fb82504.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Diversity, relative abundance and distribution of avian fauna in three states of East Sudan","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiodiversity is defined according to Agyei et al., (2017) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as: \u0026ldquo;the variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems\u0026rdquo;. Birds live in a variety of ecological niches (Mogaka et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Research on avifaunal diversity is an important ecological implement, that acts as an essential indicator for measuring different habitat conditions and also play ecological functions, which include biomass recycling, disease regulation, seed dispersal of fleshy fruits, and pollination of the plant (Agyei et al., 2017). Birds are important indicators in biodiversity conservation and for identifying conservation tools (Sethy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, birds serve as markers of biodiversity and recorders of environmental change, such as the intensity of pollution and its effects on the environment (Sutherland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) Birds are an essential component of the food chain in the natural world, making them excellent indicators of the ecological health of any particular environment (Gill, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Hossain and Baki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Abie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In many regions of the world, the biodiversity is coming under growing danger. Presently, the IUCN lists 24% of mammals, 27% of reptiles, 20% of amphibians, and 30% of fish species as being globally threatened with extinction and about 12% of the bird species on the earth are actually in danger of going extinct in the next 100 years (Avibase-Bird Checklists of the World, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The bird species in Sudan reported by Mahmoud et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) as 23 birds species belonging to 14 Families and 9 Orders. The study was aimed to assess the diversity and distribution of bird species in east Sudan. The result of this finding is valuable database on an area to-game orders, area specific management planners, conservationists, and ecologists and provides baseline information for the different scientific recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\n\u003ch3\u003eMaterials And Methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in three states in eastern Sudan at a different point for each state from 29/10 to 8/11/2017 represented Red Sea, Kassala, and El Gadaref States. The point where purposively selected the place to have water sources. The tools and instruments used in data collection were; binoculars for magnifying, a field guide for species identification, a data-sheet pen or pencil, car for transport\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRed sea state\u003c/b\u003e, in this state where 17 water sources were selected purposively which represent water point in the state and accumulate different bird\u0026rsquo;s species; the following point are namely; Sinkat, Udrose Mountain, Amigla, Ehan, Adalaf, northwest Sinkat, Khor El arab, Amid Mountain, Sasa area, Soterba, Dongunab, Kotaib, Dawit Mountain, Amitia area and south Sinkat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKassala state\u003c/b\u003e, in Kassala state survey was conducted in Kabary area, Erabab area, Wager area in two Mayas, Delawit north Kassala, and Kasgem El gerba dam which represented main water points in the state, many bird\u0026rsquo;s species were observed see table (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEl Gdarif state\u003c/b\u003e, survey cover El feil forest, Suki Satgaf area, Abu rakham dam, Wad Saleh, Hawata locality, and Gogela two Mayas; representing water point in the state, different type of birds was observed. In this state also observed many birds are died due to impact of pesticide which used in agricultural schemes, according to information from key informant in the area indicates that they birds died by indirect effect of pesticide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData analysis and formulas of Bird indices\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShannon's (H\u0026rsquo;); Shannon Wiener index was generally used in ecological studies concerned with the number (Vallejo, 2009; Sethy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). H\u0026prime; = \u0026minus;\u0026sum;pi * ln pi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere H\u0026rsquo; is the Shannon-winner index, pi is estimated as ni/N, where ni is the proportion of the total population of the species and N= -\u0026sum;ni. This uses proportions rather than absolute abundance values to reduce the effects of the order of magnitude difference in bird numbers between species. This index provides a measure of `evenness' in the proportion of each species occurring within squares; J =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{n}(\\text{n}-1)}{\\text{N}(\\text{N}-1)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere J\u0026rsquo; is the Evenness index, H\u0026rsquo; is Shannon winner index and used formula one and S is species richness (Abie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative abundance (RA) (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n/N \u0026times; 100, where n is the number of individuals of particular species observed and N is the total number of individuals of the species (Abie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, distribution and abundance of species between three states and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test differences between stats sites in species richness and diversity values in the study area (Abie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e43 bird species with various abundances were observed in the study belonging to (11) orders (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The highest number of birds observed in the study period was the Village Weaver (11.7%) belonging to order Passeriformes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). While the orders identified with the highest numbers of different bird species were Accipitriformes, Passeriformes, and Columbidae, (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum number of birds observed during the study period was in El Gadarif state (45.3%) flowed by Red sea (29%), then Kassala (26%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1) one-way ANOVA analysis of Bird species distribution across habitat States\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource of Variation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF crit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween States\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11597.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5798.612\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.227344\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.112043\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.0681\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin States\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e328025.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2603.375\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e339622.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2) the species richness the evenness in east Sudan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiversity index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvenness index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003especies richness, status and abundance of bird species\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.No\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon name\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientific name\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpeckled pigeon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColumba guinea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColumbiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon ringed plover\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharadrius hiaticula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharadriiforme\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhite wagtail\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMotacilla alba\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePied king fisher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCeryle rudis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoraciiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian roller\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoracias abyssinicus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoraciiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlack-headed heron\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArdea melanocephala\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrey heron\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArdea Cinerea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePurple heron\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArdea purpurea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreat white egret\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgretta alba\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCattle egret\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBubulcus ibis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlack kite\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilvus migrans\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYellow billed kite\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilvus aegyptius\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHooded vulture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNecrosyrtes monachus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgyptian vulture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeophron percnopterus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWoodland kingfisher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHalcyon senegalensis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoraciiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin-tailed Whydah\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVidua macroura\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoraciiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian roller\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoracias abyssinicus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoraciiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLittle egret\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgretta garzetta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYellow billed kite\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilvus aegyptius\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlack kite\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilvus migrans\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeautiful Sunbird\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCinnyris pulchellus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfrican fish eagle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHaliaeetus vocifer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon sandpiper\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActitis hypoleucos\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharadriiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen sandpiper\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTringa ochropus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharadriiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRed eyed dove\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStreptopelia semitorquata\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColumbiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNamaqua dove\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOena capensis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColumbiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlue spotted wood dove\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTurtur after\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColumbiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfrican mourning dove\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStreptopelia decipiens\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColumbiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgyptian plover\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePluvianus aegytius\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharadriiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHamerkop\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003escopiae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTawny eagle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAquila rapax\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNile Valley Sunbird\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHedydipna metallica\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVillage Weaver\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePloceus cucullatus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e555\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNorthern Red Bishop\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEuplectes franciscanus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlack-crowned Sparrow lark\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEremopterix nigriceps\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfrican Palm-swift\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCypsiurus parvus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApodiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlue-naped Mousebird\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrocolius macrourus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColiiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLesser Kestrel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFalco naumanni\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFalconiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfrican Pied Wagtail\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMotacilla aguimp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e512\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon Bulbul\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePycnonotus barbatus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon Hoopoe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpupa epops\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBucerotiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhite-throated Bee-eater\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMerops albicollis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoraciiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esand partridge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmmoperdix heyi\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGalliformes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Observed Birds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1385\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1210\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2149\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4744\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Red Sea state, K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kassala state, G\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;El Gadarif state, and RA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative Abundance\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring period of survey; 43 different birds species belonging to 11 Orders were observed in three states in eastern Sudan. It could be due to presence of various habitat types such as food, water sources (Hossain and Baki, 2015; Girma et al., 2017; Abie et al., 2019). The identified species; the highest species was observed (18.6%) recorded in two orders Accipitriformes, Passeriformes. Similarly, to the report of Sulieman, (2016). This study revealed that from 43 species of birds observed; 2 species is threatened and according to IUCN.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRiver Nile is the most important flyway for migratory water birds from, Europe to Africa through the Middle East. Great Rift Valley is the most important migratory and soaring bird away. Which supports a considerable number of habitats for feeding, rusting, or resting sites for birds. Red sea state is the fly was but there less amount of water resources in most areas of the state. The difference in the number of community birds observed during the study period is due to bird migration movement, and feeding habits with some migrating birds arriving in the area for breeding or using the different ecosystem. However, Avifaunal diversity estimation is important biodiversity conservation, monitoring, and for classifying conservation activities besides human activities (Sethy, 2015). Also, the research indicated that the richness (3.43) and evenness (0.05) this mean that the distribution abundance of birds in eastern Sudan (Red Sea, Kassala, and El Gadarif area) as well as habitat sources such as availability of food, flora and water resources that lead to containing a wide range of different trees and grassland ecosystems supporting a wide range of microhabitats for different species of birds. Additionally, this richness and evenness could be due to seasonal movement of birds; similarly, as recorded by (Sethy, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe species diversity index fluctuated from state to state and habitat. The highest diversity was shown in El Gadarif state due to availability of water as well as riverine forest, while less in Kassala. Apart from the diversity, the distribution of birds\u0026rsquo; species among habitat type was showed significantly variation. Bird species recorded the highest, distribution in water sources habitat while in wooded grassland and desert in some areas of Red Sea, and less Kassala state. Previous studies in Sudan have recorded more than 160 species of birds in the Dinder National Park, 24 species in Sunut Forest, 30 species in Tuti Island, and 23 species from the El Ga\u0026apos;ab depression (Salah and Idris, 2013). The comparatively high diversity of birds observed in this study recommends that the habitat of the area is suitable for birds. Nevertheless, increasing anthropogenic activities are a matter of excessive concern when considering the future survival of these species. Sudan has lost a number of wildlife species in the last two decades and this is mostly due to habitat destruction; several varieties of grasses and herbs have disappeared due to overgrazing, and repeated droughts and fires. As reported by Sulieman, et. al, (2016) in the Shendi area, the main threat that affects birds is the destruction of their habitat by tree cutting for agricultural use. In Kassala most of suitable habitat is farmland and lest amount of water viability and similarly, reported by (Sumaila et al., 2020). Also, relevant study indicates that urbanization, industrialization, the threatening of wetlands and the widespread use of pesticides has a threat to birds in wildlife and many wildlife species are endangered because of illegal hunting or over-hunting (Sulieman, et. al, 2016)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe survey was carried out at different ecosystems during the study. 43 bird\u0026rsquo;s species with various abundances were observed in the study belonging to (11) orders. The highest number of birds observed was the Village Weaver (11.72%) belonging to the order Passeriformes and also identified as order with the highest numbers of different birds\u0026rsquo; species.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the University of Bahri department of wildlife, and the Sudanese wildlife society general administration of wildlife, for their assistance during the fieldwork and Faisal Ismail Musa Osman for technical assistance. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst Author; Data collection, Analysis, and Writing manuscript, second author; Supervisor for field work and third author; analysis and Writing manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding declaration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research is not funded\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbie, K., Tilahun, B., Feyisa, A., Kumssa, T. and Amare, A., 2019. Bird species diversity and distribution in case of protected area. Species, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e, pp.90\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgyei-Ohemeng, J., Danquah, E. and Adu Yeboah, B., 2017. Diversity and Abundance of Bird Species in Mole National Park, Damongo, Ghana. Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN, pp.2224\u0026ndash;3186.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgyei-Ohemeng, J., Yeboah, A.B. and Francis, A., 2019. Ecological status of birds in Sunyani using their foraging habits. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN, pp.2220\u0026ndash;6663.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAvibase-Bird Checklists of the World (2005). The world bird database. Number of records currently in Avibase. The Canadian copartner of Birdlife International.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGill, F.B. (1994), Ornithology. 2nd edition New York.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGirma, Z., Mamo, Y., Mengesha, G., Verma, A. and Asfaw, T., 2017. Seasonal abundance and habitat use of bird species in and around Wondo Genet Forest, south-central Ethiopia. Ecology and Evolution, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(10), pp.3397\u0026ndash;3405.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHossain, M. and Baki, M., 2015. Present status of preliminary survey on avifauna diversity and distribution in the most polluted river Buriganga, Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.59\u0026ndash;69.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahmoud, Z.N., Tahir, Y.F. and Hamdeen, H.M., 2015. Birds of El Ga'ab Depression, Sudan. Eur Acad Res, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(4), pp.4408\u0026ndash;4415.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMogaka, D.M., Muya, S. and Ndwigah, F., 2019. Diversity, Abundance, Richness, and Birds of Conservation Interest in Nyando Sugar Belt, Muhoroni Sub-County, Lake Victoria Basin, Western Kenya. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.268\u0026ndash;285.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalah, O. and Idris, E., 2013. A note on the bird diversity at two sites in Khartoum, Sudan. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSethy, J., Samal, D., Sethi, S., Baral, B., Jena, S., Payra, A., Das, G.N., Boruah, B. and Sahu, H.K., 2015. Species diversity and abundance of birds in and around North Orissa University, Takatpur, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Odisha. Species Diversity, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(2).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith-Asante E. (2001). Independent Newspaper. Accra\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSulieman, Y., Pengsakul, T., Afifi, A. and Zakaria, M.A., 2016. Bird diversity in Shendi area, Sudan. Intl J Res Granthaalayah, 4(6), pp.55\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSumaila, M., Agyei-Ohemeng, J., Richard, O., Boafo, A.F. and William, A., 2020. Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of Birds in and Around Kakum National Park in Respect to Habitat Type. \u003cem\u003eworld\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e, p.3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSutherland, W.J., 2000. Setting conservation priorities. \u003cem\u003eSutherland WJ The conservation handbook: research, management and policy\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eOxford\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eBlackwell Science Ltd\u003c/em\u003e, pp.21\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVallejo Jr, B.M., Aloy, A.B. and Ong, P.S., 2009. The distribution, abundance and diversity of birds in Manila's last greenspaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 89(3\u0026ndash;4), pp.75\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Avian fauna, diversity, relative abundance, population distribution, East Soudan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2474612/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2474612/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study of avifaunal diversity is an essential ecological tool, which acts as an important indicator to evaluate different habitat condition both qualitatively and quantitatively. Birds are play ecological functions, which include disease regulation, biomass recycling, seed dispersal of fleshy fruits, and pollination. The study was aimed to assess the diversity and distribution of bird species in east Sudan. The result of this finding is valuable data base on area to game orders, area specific management planers, conservationists, ecologists and provides baseline information for different scientific recommendation. Study was conducted in three states; Red Sea, Kassalaa and El Gadarif states in represent eastern States in Sudan. A point transect count aided by binocular was employed to investigate avian species diversity and distribution. Biodiversity indexes were used to calculate the bird species diversity and one way-ANOVA. All together (43) birds species belonging to (11) orders. The highest number of birds observed was Village Weaver (11.7%) belonging to order of Passeriformes. While the orders identified with the highest numbers of different bird species were Accipitriformes (18.6%); and Passeriformes (18.6). The maximum number of birds observed during in states was El Gadarif (45.3%). it concluded that the area has good potential for bird watching tourism that can integrate economic gain with biodiversity conservation. Hence, urgent conservation measures and further detail research is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Diversity, relative abundance and distribution of avian fauna in three states of East Sudan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-01-19 16:00:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2474612/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"13746c72-fe60-44eb-96fa-709f1ee2ad90","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 19th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-01-31T06:29:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-01-19 16:00:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2474612","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2474612","identity":"rs-2474612","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}