Coupling DNA processing to early gene expression drives antibiotic resistance plasmid dissemination

ABSTRACT The rapid global spread of antibiotic resistance is mediated by conjugative plasmids, yet how these elements establish immediately after entering new bacterial hosts remains poorly understood. Here we show that plasmids actively coordinate DNA processing with early gene expression to promote their own establishment. Using single-cell measurements of plasmid conversion dynamics, we demonstrate that the F plasmid selectively delays complementary strand synthesis within its leading region, creating a transient single-stranded DNA window that prolongs zygotic induction. This delay is imposed by a single-stranded DNA promoter that forms a structural roadblock to complementary strand DNA synthesis and is resolved by the host helicase UvrD. By extending the single-stranded state of the leading region, plasmids enhance early expression of protective genes that counter host defence responses and promote survival during entry, particularly in non-isogenic hosts. Together, these findings identify early post-entry regulation as a critical determinant of plasmid establishment and reveal how coupling DNA conversion to transient protective gene expression enables conjugative plasmids to overcome host barriers and disseminate antibiotic resistance. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.