Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania Vermiculata  snail shell waste to improve flammability properties ​

Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania Vermiculata snail shell waste to improve flammability properties ​ | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania Vermiculata snail shell waste to improve flammability properties ​ khadija haddaji, Rim Cheriaa, Soumaya Tabib, Boubaker Jaouachi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9057223/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the development of a new sustainable bio-based coating to improve flammability properties of wool fabrics. The treatment contains a hybrid formula composed of Eobania Vermiculata (EV) snail shell microparticles rich in non-combustible calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and mineral content and sodium alginate (SA) used as a bio thickener. The direct coating method is used for the application. Vertical flammability tests demonstrated that coated fabric burning ceased before the ignition source was removed (12s). The char length decreased from 27.53 ± 4.27 cm in the untreated wool fabric (Wool-NT) to 5.4 ± 0.03 cm in the fabric treated with SA and EV snail shell microparticles (Wool-SA-EV). SEM images show a relatively smooth fiber surface due to SA thickener and distributed snail shell microparticles with different microparticle forms and sizes (< 90 µm). FTIR results confirmed, through the characteristic bands, the deposition of the treatment on the fabric surface through physical modifications. The increase in the tensile strength of Wool-SA-EV samples compared to the non-treated samples is of about (16.6%) with a significant increase in elastic strain and in elongation at maximum force (85.4%). Results highlight the feasibility of using an agrowaste to create an eco-friendly and bio-based coating for wool fabrics. Wool fabric bio-based coating Eobania Vermiculata snail shell waste sodium alginate bio- polymer flammability properties physicochemical and mechanical characterization Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor Revision 11 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 12 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 09 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9057223","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":609001186,"identity":"e027b02c-f984-4fe8-ba66-9bceaac7aea3","order_by":0,"name":"khadija haddaji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Monastir: Textile Engineering Laboratory (LGTEX), LR11ES42,5070, Ksar Hellal, Tunisia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"khadija","middleName":"","lastName":"haddaji","suffix":""},{"id":609001187,"identity":"15342bc1-a979-48bb-b266-0f91e1614849","order_by":1,"name":"Rim Cheriaa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBOAGJ+BgY2BghNrBbJBogWIE2MFhAwOECsFv7Zzcc+PKixyze+kfzswYcKBglzQnok7hxLnpFwLNly2400c8MZZxgkZA4Q0GIgkWPMkMDGbGB2I8FMmreNoU6CgA6glvzPDAn/6g2MZ6R/A2mRIEJLDjNDYtthAyDDjDgtEjfSjBkS+44bSJx5UyY544wEYS38M5IfM/74Vm3A356+TeJDhQ1hLQggkAC2lXgNQPsOkKJ6FIyCUTAKRhIAAJA/N+tjoENuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Monastir: Higher Institut of Fashion of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rim","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheriaa","suffix":""},{"id":609001188,"identity":"9f3fa2ed-23f8-43d8-b878-99360334eec3","order_by":2,"name":"Soumaya Tabib","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Monastir, National School of Engineers of Monastir, (ENIM), 5000, Monastir, Tunisia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soumaya","middleName":"","lastName":"Tabib","suffix":""},{"id":609001189,"identity":"4d791b03-5fc8-475d-94c6-9e2e169ae199","order_by":3,"name":"Boubaker Jaouachi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Monastir: National School of Engineers (ENIM), 5000, Monastir, Tunisia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Boubaker","middleName":"","lastName":"Jaouachi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-07 09:33:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9057223/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9057223/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105280944,"identity":"5c707642-652f-485a-993b-25c1797d65c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 10:14:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1207978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"newsubmissionESPR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9057223/v1_covered_11bd459e-1c4a-4fa2-be2b-c276709a7a8d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania Vermiculata snail shell waste to improve flammability properties ​","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Wool fabric, bio-based coating, Eobania Vermiculata snail shell waste, sodium alginate bio- polymer, flammability properties, physicochemical and mechanical characterization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9057223/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9057223/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the development of a new sustainable bio-based coating to improve flammability properties of wool fabrics. The treatment contains a hybrid formula composed of \u003cem\u003eEobania Vermiculata\u003c/em\u003e (EV) snail shell microparticles rich in non-combustible calcium carbonate (CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) and mineral content and sodium alginate (SA) used as a bio thickener. The direct coating method is used for the application. Vertical flammability tests demonstrated that coated fabric burning ceased before the ignition source was removed (12s). The char length decreased from 27.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.27 cm in the untreated wool fabric (Wool-NT) to 5.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 cm in the fabric treated with SA and EV snail shell microparticles (Wool-SA-EV). SEM images show a relatively smooth fiber surface due to SA thickener and distributed snail shell microparticles with different microparticle forms and sizes (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;90 \u0026micro;m). 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Results highlight the feasibility of using an agrowaste to create an eco-friendly and bio-based coating for wool fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania Vermiculata snail shell waste to improve flammability properties ​","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-24 10:13:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9057223/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revision","date":"2026-05-11T09:47:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-04-24T16:55:45+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-19T15:46:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-12T05:16:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2026-03-10T02:46:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2008e07f-58b4-4e54-9170-79dfa54a3b1e","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 24th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revision","date":"2026-05-11T09:47:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-11T15:06:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-24 10:13:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9057223","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9057223","identity":"rs-9057223","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}