Metals Health Nexus: Research, Impact, Review, and Sustainable Remediation

Metals Health Nexus: Research, Impact, Review, and Sustainable Remediation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Metals Health Nexus: Research, Impact, Review, and Sustainable Remediation Biman Gati Gupta, Rishika Mukhopadhyay This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644698/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Heavy metal presence in the environment is a recognized risk factor for various gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses globally. Over the course of two years, we conducted an investigation in the Calcutta textile industrial region, which has been producing textiles for over a century. We examined toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni) in the waste of small-scale BD units and how it affected soil, fruit, and other Agro-samples. The inhabitants in the area were experiencing gastrointestinal sickness, which prompted our study. People in that region and its hinterland use surface water and intake daily Agro-products which contain 2 to 40 times higher (Pb, Cd, Ni) lead, cadmium, and nickel than the standard limit of WHO/FAO while nutrient (zinc) was found at 50 times lower than expected. The region’s soil samples tested positive for potentially heavy metals, suggesting a risk of GI disorders, ulcers, and cancer. This is also verified by observations/surveys for 2 years with local people. Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Health sciences/Gastroenterology Health sciences/Risk factors Physical sciences/Engineering Wastewater Toxic metals Fruits and vegetables Health risk Gastroenterology Remediation Eco-planning Nanoparticle. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Highlights Exposure to toxic metals is a commonly known hazard issue. Vegetable and fruit samples contained lead, cadmium, and nickel higher than the standard limit, while zinc is less than expected. There was an intense connection between the absorptions of toxic chemicals/metals in aquaplanes and Agro products. The agricultural land and Agro-products in the region have noteworthy concentrations of potentially heavy metals. It could be connected with higher prevalence and/or susceptibility to GI disorders, Gastroenterology, ulcers, and cancer associated with poor socioeconomic background. Remediation process through Eco-planning and nanoparticle techniques 1. Introduction Large quantity wastewater from the textile and garment industries is released into the environment, without any treatment. During the multiple steps of process operations, wastewater is generated with a variety of chemicals (Kumaraswamy, 1999, Gupta et al., 2004). Metals including cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), nickel(Ni), arsenic(As), and lead (Pb) are a hazardous group of chemicals for humans (Rossman and Waalkes, 2003) which are found in raw effluent, soil, fruits, and vegetable and humans through the food chain. Agricultural growth has been negatively affected due to the accumulation of toxic metals As a result, these affect the production and class of soil, surface water, and agro-products like vegetables, fruits, and crops because lead, Nickel, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Chromium are venomous stated by Hellawell, 1986; Breekle, and Kahle, 1992. The uptake of toxic metals by agri-products from hazardous soil and water is of inordinate apprehension for humans, animals, and aquatic biota in water bodies. Because settling metals get concentrated in vegetables, fruits, and foliage, which pretenses health risks to users, as stated by Al Jassir et al., 2005; Fytianos, et al., 2001; Sobukola, et al., 2010; Husain, et al., 1995; Mohamed, 2000; Saracoglu, et al., 2009; Parveen, et al., 2003; Cui, et al., 2004. The accessibility of a substantial amount of human resources with knowledge of sewing, knitting, etc. of clothes battered with meager socio-economic situations in these regions only the many ecological risk issues related to the growth of this type of harmful units as well suffering from an upper G.I syndrome and ulcers, kidney and other complaints stated by Longo, 1998. The research steered aims to examine the presence of toxic metals in raw wastewater, surface water, agricultural land, and products, to determine contamination and its impact on health through regular consumption, in gastroenterology and G.I disorder and verified through a survey at the site and also organizing an online structured questionnaire throughout India and other countries. 2. Materials and Methods We conducted the present study in the four seasons: summer, rainy, autumn, and winter. Effluent has been extracted from 36 units, and 4 samples have been obtained from various spots near the current canal located in the region. Samples were gathered in distinct seasons during both years. Our analysis included physicochemical testing of all samples collected. All collection, preservation, testing, and observation of wastewater, surface water, and underground water samples have been conducted per the APHA (2005) standard, while the FAO (2017) standard has been followed for agricultural products. A verbal questionnaire-based survey cum observation was done to study the health situation of the villagers of the cluster due to the intake of contaminated vegetables and fruits. “Informed consent has been obtained from all participants involved in the study”. Observations on health problems and other ethical approvals were given by the ethics committee of HOD, Ecological Studies, Kalyani University (KU) and H.O.D, Environmental Management, IISWBM, Calcutta University,(CU) India that approved the study. The verbal field observation was conducted by Biman Gati Gupta, KU, and Abir das, IISWBM, CU, with the format from the villagers/ local inhabitants without the name of the respondent for privacy. It is also stated that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. (Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. 2004) Further, experimental research and field studies, on plant (either cultivated or wild)material- fruits (papaya, guava, etc., and vegetables), including the collection of plant material from local village markets have complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. 3. Results Table 1 showcases the acceptable thresholds for toxic metals, such as lead (Pb), nickel ( Ni), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), etc., in soil and other Agro-based goods, according to the WHO/FAO standards of 2001 and 2007 (Adu et al., 2012). Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 provide estimates of the accumulated levels of the toxic metals Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cd in wastewater, surface water, deep tube well, and agricultural land. Table 6 displays the metals present in fruits and vegetables. - 31 samples were gathered within two years. The samples comprised 36 items, including canal water (9), raw effluent (8), surface water (5), deep tube well water (2), soil (6), and 6 obtained Table: 1: Safe Permissible Limit of Heavy Metals in Fruits, Vegetables, Water, and Soil as FAO /WHO standard 2001, 2007 and IS: 10500:1993 Metal Fruits/Veg. ( mg/kg) Soil ( mg/kg) Water (mg/l) Papaya (mg/kg) Guava (mg/kg) Effluent IS:10500 (mg/l) Cu 73 5-5.6 2 3.0 Pb 0.30 2-13.4 0.01 Nd 0.58 0.10 Cd 0.20 0.1 0.003 Nd Nd 1.0 Cr 0.1-1 10-80 0.05 2.0 Zn 99.4 60-780 3 15 Ni 1-10 10-50 0.02 0.26 Nd 3 Nd= not detectable, Source a=Adue et.al 2012 Table 2: Pb concentration in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil Sl. No Sample & year Canal Water (mg/l) Effluent (mg/l) Pond water (mg/l) Tube well water (mg/l) Soil (mg/kg) 1. *S-12 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.007 1.16 2 S-12 0.05 0.08 0.25 ------ 11.14 3. S-12 0.104 ----- ------ ------ 17.32 4. S-12 0.03 ----- ------ ------ 41.20 5. S-13 0.014 0.25 0.016 0.058 90.80 6. S-13 0.15 1.84 0.01 ------ ------ 7. S-13 0.10 0.10 ------ ------ ------ 8. S-13 0.10 0.14 ------ ------ ------ 9. S-13 ---- 0.17 ------ ------ ------ Mean 0..38 0.074 0.07 0.02 32.32 S.D 0.27 0.67 0.10 0.02 32.07 *S-12, 13 indicates sample of the 1st year and 2 nd year. As per WHO safe limits of Pb concentration in canal water, Effluent, Pond water, tube well water, and soil were very significantly higher (39-fold, 7-fold, 7-fold, 10-fold, ). Further, Mean Pb concentration was found in canal water > soil> effluent ˃ Pond ≥ tube well water. Again, Pb level increases from year 1 st year to 2 nd year in canal water (0.03 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l), effluent (0.07mg/l to 1.84 mg/l), and tube well water (0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l), and soil (from 1.16mg/kg to 90.80 mg/kg) Table 3: Content of Nickel in the effluent, canal water, pond, and tube well water. Sample/ Year Canal water (mg/l) Effluent (mg/l) pond (mg/l) Tube well (mg/kg) Soil(mg/kg) S-12 0.05 - - - 0.34 S-12 0.05 - - - 14.93 S-12 0.07 - - - 34.77 S-12 0.05 - - - - S-13 0.037 0.049 0.02 0.016 - S-13 0.037 0.093 - - - Mean 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.016 16.68 SD 0.01 0.02 - - 14.11 As per the sample in Year 2012,13, Mean Ni in Effluent, canal, pond water, and soil was significantly Higher 4-fold, 3-fold, normal, and 2-fold) and lower in Tube well water. Table 4: Content of Zinc in the effluent, canal water, pond, tube well water, and soil Sample Canal water Effluent Pond water Tube well water Soil Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/kg *S-12 0.05 0.94 0.004 1.15 250.84 S-12 0.28 0.15 ----- ------ 54.26 S-12 0.02 ----- ----- ------ 980.4 S-12 0.18 ----- ----- ------ ------- S-13 0.15 0.55 0.05 0 ------ S-13 ----- 0.07 ------ ------ ------ S-13 ----- 0.09 ------ ------ ------ Mean 0.14 0.36 0.027 1.15 428.50 S.D 0.09 0.33 0.025 ---- 398.41 As per WHO limits mean Zn level in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil were very significantly lower (8- fold, 21-fold, 111- fold, 3- fold, 2- fold). Table 5: Content of Cadmium (Cd) in Soil Sample/ year Soil mg/kg S -12 0.94 S-12 0.53 R-12 1.29 Mean 0.92 S.D 0.31 As per WHO standard, the Concentration of Cd in Soil was lower ( 9 fold) Table 6: Metal concentration papaya and coconut water, guava, coix grass and water hyacinth for the year 2013 Metal Papaya mg/kg Coconut water mg/l Guava mg/kg Coix grass mg/kg Water Hyacinth mg/kg Pb 0.45 0.41 12.62 0.66 2.75 Cd ---- ---- 1.47 0.10 0.15 Cr ---- ---- 0.10 0.145 0.27 Zn 1.96 0.39 ---- 13.15 Pb levels significantly higher (2-fold, 1.5-fold, 42-fold, 2- fold, 9- fold) , safe limits of Cd in Guava were Significantly higher ( 7- fold, ), Safe limit of Cr in Guava was normal and Safe limit of Zn in Papaya Coconut water and Coix grass was significantly Lower 50- fold, 8 –fold, 8 – fold. from fruits and vegetables. Pb was found to accumulate at significantly higher levels in canal water, effluent, pond water, tube well water, and soil (38.9x, 6.7x, 7.1x, 2.1x, and 16.2x). The average accumulation of Pb was higher in canal water compared to soil, which was higher than in wastewater, pond, and deep tube well water. The concentration of Pb in canal water increased from 0.105 mg/L to 0.151 mg/L, while in the effluent it increased from 0.08 mg/L to 0.17 mg/L. The concentration of Pb in tube well water increased from 0.007 mg/L to 0.058 mg/L between the first and second years. - Ni was found 4.1 times, 3.1 times, and 19 times higher than normal in the effluent, surface water, and agricultural land, respectively, as well as in the pond and deep tube well water. The zinc levels in the wastewater, canal, pond, tube well water, and soil are significantly below the WHO standard. The soil sample exhibited a Cd level below nine times. Therefore, the hierarchy of heavy metal levels in the soil is as trails: Pb > Ni > Zn > Cd. Papaya, coconut water, guava, long grass, and Water hyacinth have Pb levels exceeding WHO's safe limits. The level of Cd detected in Guava was significantly elevated. - The level of Guava Cr was within normal range, whereas Papaya, Coconut water, and long grass exhibited Zn levels far below the FAO/WHO standards. Table 8 presents the customary health hazard evaluation. The concentrations (mg/L) of various metals in Guava are presented in Table 9, whereas Table 10 pertains to coconut water. The survey results of the disease profile due to metal intake are in Table 11, and the survey results of the socioeconomic condition are in Table 12. Further Figure. 1. shows the toxic metal contamination in food crops and the mechanisms of their entrance, Figure 2. Highlighted the concentration of different heavy metals in soils. Figure 3 shows Lead and Zinc levels in fruits, vegetables, and plants compared to the WHO/FAO and IS:10500:1993 safe limits. All tables and figures are available in the Tables and Figures section. 4. Statistical study The statistical examination was organized by the SPSS program (version 11) and evaluated by leading a one-way investigation of variance (ANOVA) monitored by Duncan’s manifold range test at a 5% level. 5. Discussions The study revealed that the absorption of carcinogenic metals (Pb, Ni, and Cd) in soil and fruits, vegetables, and plants is high, while the concentration of nutrient Zn is low. People in the study region consume these Agro-products listed above regularly. They belong to low-income groups and education levels as per a socio-economic study in this area. Likewise, animals consume long grass and water hyacinths. It shows that the locals consumed toxic metals are the greatest hazard in the inorganic form engrossed in intake by daily food, fruits, water, and air-breathing (Ferner,2001) and a low level of zinc nutrient intake. Therefore, it’s been studied that apart from other issues such as kidney, joint, and reproductive system dysfunction, neurological disorder, and severe harm to the gastrointestinal tract, ulcers and cancer (Ogwuebgu and Muhanga, 2005, McCluggage, 1991, INECAR, 2000), were found in the study's area. The study found that Lead units were most commonly found in the pattern of canal Pb water, followed by Pb soil, Pb effluent, Pb pond, and finally, Pb tube well water. In the canal, As per WHO norms, Pb soil 90.80 mg/kg is 18 times higher. The effluent released from BD industries flows into the nearby canal and agricultural land (O.E. Orisakwe et al., 2012). The concentration of lead in the raw effluent has exceeded the safe limit set by IS: 10500, 1993 by 18 times, which is 0.1mg/l. - An ascending trend was observed in the estimated Ni units found in canal water, ranging from 0.05mg/l to 0.07mg/l. As a result, the Ni concentration in the soil experienced a magnification from 0 to 34.20 mg/kg, culminating in 34.75 mg/kg in the subsequent two years. The soil's Ni concentration was 3 mg/kg, surpassing the limit stated in IS:10500(1993) by a factor of 12. - The zinc concentration in canal water varies from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/L, falling below the IS: 10500:1993 discharge limit of 15.0 mg/L. The soil displayed an average Zn concentration of 428.5 mg/kg, with a range of 54.26-948.4 mg/kg, which is lower than the WHO recommended standard of 760 mg/kg. Low Zn levels have been discovered in fruits and vegetables. Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 depict the heavy metal concentration in soil, fruits, and vegetables. According to the research findings presented in Table 6, papaya, guava, and coconut water exhibit elevated levels of heavy metals (Pb and Ni), whereas zinc displays reduced levels. Workers in both industrialized and developing countries have been exposed to lead in mines, smelters, metalwork, textile mills, BD units, and tanneries. Lead that is disseminated in the air and from the waste of factories can end up in the soil and water, and eventually be disbursed by humans. Children are more susceptible to gastrointestinal problems, abdominal pains, the signs of a nervous breakdown, and issues concentrating. Lead was labeled as a possible social carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1987. Evidence of lead-causing cancer is now clear, with potential side effects including lung, stomach, and glioma cancers. The concentration of carcinogenic metals (Pb, Ni, and Cd) was high in soil and fruits, vegetables, and plants, but Zn was low.. People in the study region consume these Agro-products listed above regularly. As per a socio-economic study in this region, they pertain to low-income brackets and educational levels. Animals ingest lengthy grass and water hyacinth. The ingestion of food, air, and water are the main fonts of toxic metals, which pose a significant threat to the community. Insufficient zinc intake is evident according to (Ferner, 2001). Thus, the research indicates that the study area experienced a range of health issues, including kidney, joint, and reproductive system dysfunction, neurological illness, and severe harm to the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, ulcers and cancer were also identified as health concerns in the area (Ogwuebgu and Muhanga, 2005, McCluggage, 1991, INECAR, 2000). 5.1 Management of toxic metals in the soil–crop arrangement To protect the health of people everywhere, food safety is a necessity. However, it is being threatened by toxic metals from human-made sources such as wastewater irrigation, sludge application, and industrial effluents. Eliminating toxic metals from soil could avert the binge of carcinogenic metals in the soil–plant system, as anthropogenic causes of toxic metals loom it. There is a thorough understanding of how toxic metals move from the soil to crops. Efforts should reduce metal concentrations in the soil to sojourn them from getting into crops. Remediation tools should be eco-friendly, swift, and economical. Physical, biological, ecological, and chemical methods can remediate heavy metals in soil (Fig.1). Developments in nanotechnology may help to restore metal pollutants. Incorporating human health risk assessment with geospatial know-how, the H-G concept is employed to gauge geographical indicators, rapidly determine apprehensive soil sites, and construct applicable amelioration. To protect the health of people everywhere, food safety is a necessity. 6. Health Risk Analysis 6.1 Metals in Papaya The mean concentrations of different metals (mg/kg) in papaya samples showed that the metal concentrations in papaya varied in the following order: Na > Fe > Al >Zn > Pb (P<0.05), which finds concordance with the order of metallic concentrations in the soil where papaya was grown. The concentration factors of different metals of papaya were estimated as Pb (0.012), Fe (5.1), and Zn (0.012). The vegetable was devoid of any load of Cr and Cd but the mean concentrations of Pb, Fe, and Al were found to be 5, 1.6 fold, and 1.05 fold higher than the maximum permissible limits of metals in vegetables for human consumption as prescribed by FAO/WHO (2011) (Table 7). The health risk quotients for Pb are estimated as per the Hakanson model (Hakanson, 1980) to be 8.78 for adults and 7.28 for children which are far exceeding the threshold level of 1.00 as per USEPA (2002) considering the daily consumption of papaya by adults (25-55 years) and child between 13-15 years of age (Table 8). These results can be also corroborated by the findings of several other studies (Tripathy et al., 1997; Maihara and Fávaro, 2006; Chary et al., 2008; Chary et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2008; Antonious, and Kochhar, 2009; Volpe et al., 2009, Chauhan and Chauhan, 2014. Table 7: Concentrations of different metals in green papaya Parameters Na Pb Fe Zn Al Samples mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg S1 65.88 0.51 7.06 1.64 5.1 S2 66.72 0.62 10.86 3.01 7.56 S3 64.13 0.27 9.75 2.46 3.85 S4 72.91 0.69 6.97 3.01 8.13 S5 65.86 0.3 7.59 1.66 7.84 S6 63.46 0.75 11.57 2.2 3.88 S7 62.11 0.45 3.25 1.96 7.56 Mean 65.87 0.51 8.15 2.28 6.27 Maximum 72.91 0.75 11.57 3.01 8.13 Minimum 63.46 0.27 3.25 1.64 3.85 Std.Dev 3.49 0.19 2.84 0.58 1.92 FAO/WHO (2011) --- 0.10 5.0 3.0 6.00 Condition/ Fold higher --- 5 1.6 low 1.05 Table 8: Health risk (HRI) assessment due to metals in Papaya Unit mg/kg HQ Adult HQ Child DDI DIM HRI Mean Pb concentration 0.51 8.70 7.28 0.0008 0. 003 0.86 Mean Al concentration 5.1 4.60 3.21 0.0001 0.001 0.21 Total HRI 1.07 HQ Standard 1.00 1.00 1.00 DDI=Daily dietary Index, DIM=Daily intake of metal , HRI= Health risk index, Adult=55 year Based on US EPA(2002) and Hakanson (1980) for HQ and US EPA (2012) for HRI 6.2 Metals in Guava The mean concentration of different metals (mg/kg) in guava samples(Table 9) showed that there appeared a significant variation in different metal concentrations in the following order: Na >Al, Fe > Zn >Pb (P<0.05) which is closely similar to papaya and that is consistent with the order of metallic concentrations in the soil where guava was grown. Table 9 : Concentrations (mg/L) of different metals in Guava Samples Unit Cd Pb Zn S1 mg/L 0.005 0.41 0.36 S2 mg/L 0.017 0.052 0.39 S3 mg/L 0.009 0.161 0.775 S4 mg/L 0.019 0.172 0.835 S5 mg/L 0.009 0.181 0.431 S6 mg/L 0.019 0.18 0.853 S7 mg/L 0.009 0.197 0.566 Mean 0.01 0.19 0.6 Maximum 0.02 0.41 0.85 Minimum 0.01 0.52 0.85 Std. dev. 0.01 0.11 0.22 FAO/WHO (2011) 0.003 0.01 5.0 The mean concentrations of different metals also show that guava is found to be laced with a higher concentration of Pb (4 fold) and Al (1.15 fold). Considering the maximum allowable concentration as per FAO/WHO (2011). The concentration factors of different metals in guava showed that the metallic transfer and concentration were encountered for Fe (3.78) followed by Zn (0.017) and Pb (0.009). Further, it was noticed that guava accumulated more Zn but less Pb and Fe compared to papaya. The health hazard quotients calculated based on the Hakanson model (Hakanson, 1980) for adults in the age group of 25—55 years and children under the age group of 12—15 years have been estimated as 1.15 and 1.78, respectively, both exceeding the threshold level (i.e.1.00) of human risk considering the daily intake of metal contaminated guava as per USEPA (2002). These show that guava, which is popularly considered equivalent to apples to poor people, is not fit for consumption. The study results are matching with the similar type of work by Biego,1998, Wang et al.,2005, Sato et al.,2005, Melo,2009, Singh et al.,2010, and Youssef and Eissa, 2015. 6.3 Metals in Coconut Water The coconut samples grown were found to be contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn, which can be traced to the metal-contaminated source soil they were grown. The concentration factors of different metals of coconut water with that of soil have been estimated as Pb (0.004), Zn (0.003), and Cd (0.107). The mean concentration of different metals (mg/kg) in coconut water samples (Table 10) showed that there appeared a significant variation in different metal concentrations in the following order: Zn > Pb > Cd (P < 0.05), which is like papaya and guava. The findings are consistent with the order of metallic concentrations in the soil where coconut was grown. The coconut water was found to be additionally contaminated with Cd, but devoid of Al. Table 10: Concentrations (mg/L) of different metals in coconut water collected from local area Details (mg/L) Cd(mg/L) Pb(mg/L) Zn(mg/L) Mean 0.01 0.19 0.60 Maximum 0.019 0.41 0.85 Minimum 0.009 0.052 0.36 Std. Dev. 0.01 0.11 0.22 Permissible Standard FAO,2002 0.01 0.05 5.00 Higher/Lower(Fold) At par 4 (8.33) Condition Less nutrient Less nutrient Note : limits of permissible concentration as per FAO/WHO,2002 The mean concentrations (mg/L) of Pb (0.19), and Cd (0.01) present in coconut water samples (Table 10) are higher than the permissible limit for drinking water as per IS: 10500 (2012) and WHO (2003). Compared to the permissible limits of metals for coconut water prescribed by FAO/ WHO (2002) the metal loads are 3.8 and 3.3 fold higher for Pb and Cd, respectively, as shown in Table 10. The heavy metal hazard quotients arising because of contamination of Pb in coconut water are 3.2 for adults and 2.7 for children, which exceed the permissible metal concentration limit as prescribed by the Hakanson model (Hakanson, 1980). Considering all vegetables and fruits, it shows that Pb papaya> Pb guava> Pb coconut and Zn papaya> Zn guava >Zn papaya. The findings show that coconut water is not suitable for drinking. The result of the study is matching with work by Subramanian et al. (1988); Dekov et al. (1998); Caeiro et al. (2005); Buccolieri et al. (2006); Cuculic et al. (2009); Braun et al.(2009). The diseases are related to socioeconomic factors, hygiene, and exposure to microorganisms. The exact role of each of the factors is so far inconclusive Aamodt, G, et al.,2008). Several studies show a variable geographic distribution within countries (Armitage EL, et al.(2004), Baumgart DC, and Carding SR (2007), Nerich V, et al. (2006) This region is industrializing rapidly, resulting in a surge of health issues. Rapid economic growth will be analyzed as ‘four Ds’: disruption, deprivation, disease, and demise. To address these issues, society must be mobilized to create new structures and eco-plan the area to act as a force of improvement and remedy the consequences. Urban areas must be adequately invested in to have a proper preventative health set-up and regulatory system, as well as a humane social safety system. (S.Szreter,2004). 7. Health Status The field observation/ survey reveals the villagers are suffering from digestive problems, vomiting, and discoloration of teeth because of intake of contaminated vegetables, fruits, and water, Major gastrointestinal (GI) problems vary from digestive problems to hepatitis with the major prevalence of GI problems (40%). The health status based on the observation/survey is given in Table 11. Table 11: Disease profile Serial no Waterborne diseases Yes (%) Remarks 1 Digestive problem 78.00% Related to Gastroenterology 2 Diarrhea 12.32% Related to Gastroenterology 3 Dysentery 35.61% Related to Gastroenterology 4 Typhoid 8.00% ----- 5 Cholera 7.00% Related to Gastroenterology 6 Hepatitis/liver trouble 6.84% Related to Gastroenterology 7 Vomiting 53.42% Related to Gastroenterology 8 Discoloration of teeth 63.01% Related to Gastroenterology Similar results have been found in Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other parts of India. Previous studies have dealt with the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancer (Turkdogan et al., 2002) as well as cancer of the pancreas, urinary bladder, or prostate (Waalkes and Rehm, 1994). Lead, cadmium and chromium could be seen gathered in the shoots and roots of plants at low, medium, and higher concentrations (Verma and Dubey, 2003; the Same results were also got by (Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Rasul Jameel Ali, 2023). 8. Socio-economic Condition of the BD Industrial Region In the survey, we found that 41.09% are residents of the area and 58.91% are drifted from adjoining areas. Migrated laborers filled up the opening of manpower requirement in the cluster as a sufficient workforce is not available in the area and some residents were unwilling to do this kind of hazardous job. Among the respondent 78.08%, and 17.08% respectively from age groups of 21-40 years and ˃55 years. 89.04% and 10.96% are literate and illiterate respectively, out of 89.04%, lower school level from class I-IV (45.20%) have been completed and 42.46% have completed intermediate school level studies. It is clear from the study that 56% of the inhabitants are engaged in textile (B & D), knitting, printing, and other B&D-related activities, 32% are occupied in other trades of steel furniture, industries of small steel items, grocery shop, wooden furniture, etc. and 12% are involved as auto, bus, minibus driver and automobile jobs. 1.36%, 86.32%, and 12.32% of villagers having annual income ≤Rs.36, 000, ≥ Rs. 60,000 ($870), and ≥Rs.1, 20,000 ($1740) respectively against annual per capita income of Rs.74,380($1065) of India (MSPI,2015) and appended in Table 12. Table 12: Socioeconomic profile based on survey Sl No. Particulars Details Other information 1 Type of respondent Male: 84.94% Female: 15.06% 2 Type of Respondent Local: 41.09% Migrated:58.91 % 3 Age group 21—40yrs: 78.08% 50 -55 yr: 17.08% 4 Literacy rate Literate : 89.04% Illiterate: 10.96% 5 Type of Literacy Class I—IV: 45.28% Class V—X:25.00 % Class X-XII: 12.00% Higher Education: 6.85 % Balance NA : 10.95% 6 Type of Occupation Textile Bleaching and dyeing: 56.00 % Different small business : 32.00%, Automobile & 0thers : 12.00% 7 Annual Income ≤Rs. 36,000/- : 1.36 % ≥ Rs.60,000/- : 86.32% ≥1,20,000/- : 12.32% 9. Remedial Measure 9.1 Eco-Textile Park It’s essential to take immediate action to move the current units to a planned industrial estate with a limited size of 200-400 units and include a common effluent treatment plant, with pre-treatment, secondary treatment, and membrane-based treatment with water reuse, and eco-planning of the region to get quality water for reducing metal contamination in Agro-products, the hazardous impact on human health and saving of a million gallons of underground water resources. 9.2 Nanoparticle techniques Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently a captivating field of study for nourishing soil fertility as part of Agro-nanotechnology and for plummeting the bioavailability of heavy metals (Shalaby et al., 2016); Nano-tools for soil remediation is cost-effective. NPs and green chemicals are used for the normal growth of agriculture and human well-being (Rai et al., 2018a). In addition, Rai P.K et al. (2019) stated that nano-sensors can be engaged in food safety assessments, especially in measuring pollution in agricultural produce (Kuswandi and others, 2017). Technologies for decreasing the risk of metal-permeated wastewater and sludge to food crops must be produced, as displayed in the example of pesticide formulation via various nano-technologies or formulations (Hazra et al., 2017). Upon adsorption, biochar nano sheets unusually condensed the bioavailability of carcinogenic metals in wheat production in contaminated soil near industrial establishments (Yousaf et al., 2018). In contrast, silica NPs stopped gene activity associated with the production of Cd transporters (OsHMA3) in rice, thus causing a rise in Cd toxicity (Cui et al., 2017). Therefore, a clear understanding of the outcome and opposed effects of NPs on the environment and food crops is required. 10. Conclusion Metal pollution is caused by wastewater from small-scale textile and small-bleaching industries in the textile manufacturing region on the soil, canal, and aquatic environments. Regional water and soil resources have been contaminated severely, leading to cancer-causing effects on fruits and vegetables in the BD industrial region. Toxic vegetables like papaya, guava, and coconut consumed daily are causing gastrointestinal issues to economically backward people. An observation/study revealed that over half (55%) of the 25-45-year-olds in the industrial region, migrants, and its hinterland suffer from gastroenterology, GI disorders, ulcers, and heartburn. Necessary action is required with nanoparticle techniques and eco-planning of the region to save a million gallons of underground water resources and restore the ecology of the region. Abbreviations WHO: World Health Organization? FAO; Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. IS:10500: Indian standard no.10500 APHA: American Public Health Association, USA Declarations Data availability : a) The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interest: Financial or non–financial, the author states that he has no competing interest. Author’s contribution : RM and B.G. Gupta, the authors, contributed to collecting all the samples and designing or analyzing, and interpreting data in the research. RM has also been involved in drafting and editing the manuscript. BGG, the author has approved the version to be published. The authors are ensuring the accountability, accuracy, and integrity of the content of the manuscript. Author’s information: B. G. Gupta, Ph.D., Professor and Head of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Elitte College of Engineering, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad University of Technology. Rishika Mukhopadhyay, Assistant Professor, Dept. of the Civil and Environmental Engineering, Elitte College of Engineering, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad University of Technology. Acknowledgment: B. G. Gupta, sincerely acknowledges the significant contribution of Mrs. R. Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, in guiding the data analysis, design, and drafting of the manuscript, helping in laboratory work at Ellite College of Engineering, MAKA University of Technology, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Ph.D., Professor & HOD for using Laboratory Facilities of Ecological Engineering in Kalyani University, K. M Agrawal, Ph.D., IISWBM, Calcutta University, Professor, Environment Management for assisting in Survey Work and Jayanta Kumar Patra, Ph..D., Associate Professor, Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University, Republic of Korea for overall editing of the article and finally Professor Daniel B. 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Khaliq (2005): Deposition of heavy metals on green leafy vegetables sold on roadsides of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 1020–1027, Armitage EL, Aldhous MC, Anderson N, et al. (2004) Incidence of juvenile-onset Crohn’s disease in Scotland: association with northern latitude and affluence, Gastroenterology, 2004, vol. 127 4(pg. 1051-1057) Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, and Rasul Jameel Ali,(2023), Determination of heavy metals in edible vegetables and a human health risk assessment, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, Volume 19,,2023,,100761, ISSN 2215-1532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100761. Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.( October 2004): "Beyond Informed Consent.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82 (771-777). Baumgart DC, Carding SR. Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology, Lancet, 2007, vol. 369 9573(pg. 1627-1640) Breekle, S W. and H. Kahle (1992), Effects of toxic heavy Metals ( Cd, Pb) on the growth and mineral nutrition of bean, Vegetation, 101, pp. 43-53 Cui, Y.-J., Y.-G. Zhu, R.-H. Zhai, et al.( 2004) Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 785–791, Ferner, D.J (2001): Toxicity, heavy metals. EMed. Journal ,2(5),pp1, Fytianos, K., G. Katsianis, P. Triantafyllou, and G. Zachariadis (2001). Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area about soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 423–430, FAO/WHO ( 2001,2007), Standard of Fruits, Vegetable, soil, and Water, Gupta, Husain I, Hussain ( 2004), J. Study on the impact of textile wastewater on the groundwater quality of villages close To River Kothari, Rajasthan, India. Pollution Research; 23: 477-481. Green C, Elliott L, Beaudoin C, et al. A population-based ecologic study of inflammatory bowel disease: searching for etiologic clues, Am J Epidemiol, 2006, vol. 164 7(pg. 615-623) Husain I, Vaidya VK, Hussain J, Vaidya R, Sharma CS.(2003) Groundwater pollution by the textile industry. Oriental Journal of Chemistry; 19: 667-676. Hussain, J, Husain I(2004):. Study on the impact of textile wastewater an S. Kumar A. Ojha C K. and Singh G., Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur taluk, Karnataka State, India, Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering., 46(1),74–78. Husain, Z. Baroon, M. Al-khalafawi, T. Al-Ati, and W. Sawaya(1995). Toxic metals in imported fruits and vegetables marketed in Kuwait. 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Food Chemistry, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 9–12, Nerich V, Monnet E, Etienne A, et al. Geographical variations of inflammatory bowel disease in France: a study based on national health insurance data, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2006, vol. 12 3(pg. 218-226) Ogwuebgu MOC, Muhanga, W (2005), Investigation of lead concentration in the blood of the people in the Copper Belt province of Zambia, Journal of Environment,(1):pp66-75. Orisakwa O E, Ashomuga R, Obi E, Afonne OJ, Anishi CE, Dioka CE,(2004) Impact of effluent from car battery manufacturing plant on water, soil and food qualities in Newi, Nigeria, Archives Environment Health, 59(1):pp31-36 Parveen, Z., M. I. Khuhro, and N. Rafiq. ( 2003) Market basket survey for lead, cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc in fruits and vegetables. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1260–1264, Prabhat Kumar Rai , Sang Soo Lee , Ming Zhang , Yiu Fai Tsang, Ki-Hyun Kim,(2019),Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management, Environmental International, Vol 125 2019,pp365-385 McCluggage, D (1991), Heavy metal poisoning, NCS Magazine, The Bird Co, USA. (www.cockatials.org/articles/Diseasees/metals.html). Rossman TG, Waalkes MP.(2003): Special issue: metals and human cancer. Mutation Research; 533:pp 1-2. Sobukola, O. P., O. M. Adeniran, A. A. Odedairo, and O. E. Kajihausa.(2010): Heavy metal levels of some fruits and leafy vegetables from selected markets in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 389–393, Saracoglu, S., M. Tuzen, and M. Soylak. (2009) Evaluation of trace element contents of dried apricot samples from Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 167, no. 1–3, pp. 647–652, Simon Szreter,(2004): Industrialization and health, British Medical Bulletin,69(1), pp,75-86. Turkdogan, M.K et al. (2003), Heavy Metals in Soil, Vegetables and Fruits in the Endemic Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Region of Turkey, April 2003, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13(3):175-9, DOI:10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00156-4 Verma, S. and Dubey, R.S. (2003) Lead Toxicity Induce Lipid Peroxidation and Alters the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Growing Rice Plants. Plant Science, 164, 645-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452 (03)00022-0 Waalkes, M.P. and Rehm, S. (1994) Cadmium and Prostate Cancer. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 43, 251-269.https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399409531920 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3644698","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277721719,"identity":"088d7526-511e-4bdc-ac70-bf3bb3ff16f9","order_by":0,"name":"Biman Gati Gupta","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA2Y4k/kAA2MDiCZWCw8DWwKRWmAMHgYeA4gWQsCcnTvxc8Gvw3n27Ge+SfzcYSPHwM57AK8Wy2bezdIz+w4X8/DkbpPsPZNmzMDMl4DfYYd5N0jz9hxO7GHI3SbB23Y4sYGZx4CQls2/wVr43zyT/Euklm3SPD+AWiRy2KSJsgXol23WvA3pxTw3nhlby7alGbMR0mLOf3bzbZ4/1nns/ckPb75ts5Hj5z+DXwsYMLYxJAApFgkQh42wehD4A9bC/IE41aNgFIyCUTDSAABS60JZlrTuwwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Elitte College of Engineering, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Biman","middleName":"Gati","lastName":"Gupta","suffix":""},{"id":277721720,"identity":"247ab100-dc8c-4919-80b9-fc3dcdcef636","order_by":1,"name":"Rishika Mukhopadhyay","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Elitte College of Engineering, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rishika","middleName":"","lastName":"Mukhopadhyay","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-11-21 15:14:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644698/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644698/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52398952,"identity":"615e0862-a401-40ff-a1d6-43003a167f89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":665629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe toxic metal contamination in food crops and the mechanisms of their entrance (through stomata/cuticle) with resulting effects on biota and humans.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3644698/v1/51f18cd0e7f041380cbccafa.png"},{"id":52399519,"identity":"d52b0c0b-c9c4-4f5f-94b9-9a0c86013751","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:20:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe concentration of different heavy metals in soils collected from agricultural land in the vicinity of the bleaching and dyeing units. Respective concentrations have been represented in proportionate to increased or decreased levels expressed in folds.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3644698/v1/7a220172664e2c4050cfdc92.png"},{"id":52398745,"identity":"ff2450c1-7b6e-4d1b-9cd1-787ef9412195","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:04:28","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePb and Zn concentrations in fruits, vegetables and plants are shown either in higher or lower order (fold) respectively against WHO/FAO and IS:10500:1993 standards.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3644698/v1/bd9594843c7b8460804569bf.png"},{"id":52399856,"identity":"ab6a8c65-bd3b-49cd-a11b-2c6a398d2242","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:28:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1190842,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3644698/v1/9b2949fe-baa5-45ba-a081-93a5221750fc.pdf"},{"id":52398749,"identity":"835db322-9702-451b-a102-feebb03d0df0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:04:29","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1695781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterial1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3644698/v1/ca64c99e0a5bbe0aa685b515.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Metals Health Nexus: Research, Impact, Review, and Sustainable Remediation","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eExposure to toxic metals is a commonly known hazard issue.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVegetable and fruit samples contained lead, cadmium, and nickel higher than the standard limit, while zinc is less than expected.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThere was an intense connection between the absorptions of toxic chemicals/metals in aquaplanes and Agro products.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe agricultural land and Agro-products in the region have noteworthy concentrations of potentially heavy metals.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIt could be connected with higher prevalence and/or susceptibility to GI disorders, Gastroenterology, ulcers, and cancer associated with poor socioeconomic background.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRemediation process through Eco-planning and nanoparticle techniques\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLarge quantity wastewater from the textile and garment industries is released into the environment, without any treatment. During the multiple steps of process operations, wastewater is generated with a variety of chemicals (Kumaraswamy, 1999, Gupta et al., 2004). Metals including cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), nickel(Ni), arsenic(As), and lead (Pb) are a hazardous group of chemicals for humans (Rossman and Waalkes, 2003) which are found in raw effluent, soil, fruits, and vegetable and humans through the food chain.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgricultural growth has been negatively affected due to the accumulation of toxic metals As a result, these affect the production and class of soil, surface water, and agro-products like vegetables, fruits, and crops because lead, Nickel, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Chromium are venomous stated by Hellawell, 1986; Breekle, and Kahle, 1992. The uptake of toxic metals by agri-products from hazardous soil and water is of inordinate apprehension for humans, animals, and aquatic biota in water bodies. Because settling metals get concentrated in vegetables, fruits, and foliage, which pretenses health risks to users, as stated by Al Jassir et al., 2005; Fytianos, et al., 2001; Sobukola, et al., 2010; Husain, et al., 1995; Mohamed, 2000; Saracoglu, et al., 2009; Parveen, et al., 2003; Cui, et al., 2004.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe accessibility of a substantial amount of human resources with knowledge of sewing, knitting, etc. of clothes battered with meager socio-economic situations in these regions only the many ecological risk issues related to the growth of this type of harmful units as well suffering from an upper G.I syndrome and ulcers, kidney and other complaints stated by Longo, 1998. The research steered aims to examine the presence of toxic metals in raw wastewater, surface water, agricultural land, and products, to determine contamination and its impact on health through regular consumption, in gastroenterology and G.I disorder and verified through a survey at the site and also organizing an online structured questionnaire throughout India and other countries.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe conducted the present study in the four seasons: summer, rainy, autumn, and winter. \u0026nbsp;Effluent has been extracted from 36 units, and 4 samples have been obtained from various spots near the current canal located in the region. Samples were gathered in distinct seasons during both years. Our analysis included physicochemical testing of all samples collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;All collection, preservation, testing, and observation of wastewater, surface water, and underground water samples have been conducted per the APHA (2005) standard, while the FAO (2017) standard has been followed for agricultural products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA verbal questionnaire-based survey cum observation was done to study the health situation of the villagers of the cluster due to the intake of contaminated vegetables and fruits. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Informed consent has been obtained from all participants involved in the study”.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObservations on health problems and other ethical\u0026nbsp;approvals\u0026nbsp;were given by the ethics committee of HOD, Ecological Studies,\u0026nbsp;Kalyani University (KU)\u0026nbsp;and H.O.D, Environmental Management, IISWBM, Calcutta University,(CU) India that approved the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe verbal field observation was conducted by Biman Gati Gupta, KU, and Abir das, IISWBM, CU, with the format from the villagers/ local inhabitants without the name of the respondent for privacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is also stated that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u0026nbsp;(Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. 2004)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther,\u0026nbsp;experimental research and field studies, on plant (either cultivated or wild)material- fruits (papaya, guava, etc., and vegetables), including the collection of plant material from local village markets have complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 showcases the acceptable thresholds for toxic metals, such as lead (Pb), nickel ( Ni), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), etc., in soil and other Agro-based goods, according to the WHO/FAO standards of 2001 and 2007 (Adu et al., 2012). Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 provide estimates of the accumulated levels of the toxic metals Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cd in wastewater, surface water, \u0026nbsp;deep tube well, and agricultural land. Table 6 displays the metals present in fruits and vegetables. - 31 samples were gathered within two years. The samples comprised 36 items, including canal water (9), raw effluent (8), surface water (5), deep tube well water (2), soil (6), and 6 obtained\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table: 1: Safe Permissible Limit of Heavy Metals in Fruits, Vegetables, Water, and Soil as FAO /WHO standard 2001, 2007 and IS: 10500:1993\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.905405405405407%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.736486486486488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits/Veg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( \u0026nbsp;mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22972972972973%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.682432432432432%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.837837837837839%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePapaya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuava\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffluent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIS:10500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.905405405405407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.736486486486488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22972972972973%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.682432432432432%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.837837837837839%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.905405405405407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.736486486486488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22972972972973%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.682432432432432%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.837837837837839%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.905405405405407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.736486486486488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22972972972973%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.682432432432432%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.837837837837839%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.905405405405407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.736486486486488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22972972972973%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.682432432432432%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.837837837837839%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.905405405405407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.736486486486488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22972972972973%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60-780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.682432432432432%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.837837837837839%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.905405405405407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.736486486486488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.22972972972973%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.682432432432432%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.837837837837839%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.304054054054054%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNd= not detectable, Source a=Adue et.al 2012\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eTable 2: Pb concentration in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026amp; year \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanal Water \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffluent (mg/l)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePond water \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTube well water \u0026nbsp;(mg/l) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*S-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0..38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.067226890756302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.974789915966387%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.798319327731093%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*S-12, 13 indicates sample of the 1st year and 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e year. As per WHO safe limits of Pb concentration in canal water, Effluent, Pond water, tube well water, and soil were very significantly higher (39-fold, 7-fold, 7-fold, 10-fold, ). Further, Mean Pb concentration was found in canal water \u0026gt; soil\u0026gt; effluent ˃ Pond \u0026ge; tube well water. Again, Pb level increases from year 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year to 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e year in canal water (0.03 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l), effluent (0.07mg/l to 1.84 mg/l), and tube well water (0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l), and soil (from 1.16mg/kg to 90.80 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Content of Nickel in the effluent, canal water, pond, and tube well water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanal water (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffluent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epond\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTube well (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.80960548885077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.638078902229847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs per the sample in Year 2012,13, Mean Ni in Effluent, canal, pond water, and soil was significantly Higher 4-fold, 3-fold, normal, and 2-fold) and lower in Tube well water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Content of Zinc in the effluent, canal water, pond, tube well water, and soil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanal water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffluent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePond\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTube well\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*S-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e980.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.54684512428298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.061185468451242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.208413001912046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs per WHO limits mean Zn level in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil were very significantly lower (8- fold, 21-fold, 111- fold, 3- fold, 2- fold). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Content of \u0026nbsp;Cadmium (Cd) \u0026nbsp;in Soil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.8099173553719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample/ year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.8099173553719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS -12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.8099173553719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.8099173553719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.8099173553719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.8099173553719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs per WHO standard, the Concentration of Cd in Soil was lower ( 9 fold)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Metal concentration papaya and coconut water, guava, coix grass and water hyacinth for the year 2013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"606\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetal \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePapaya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoconut water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuava\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoix grass mg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.520661157024794%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Hyacinth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.520661157024794%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.520661157024794%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.520661157024794%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.537190082644628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.520661157024794%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePb levels significantly higher (2-fold, 1.5-fold, 42-fold, 2- fold, 9- fold) , \u0026nbsp; safe limits of Cd \u0026nbsp;in Guava were\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificantly \u0026nbsp;higher ( 7- fold, ), \u0026nbsp;Safe limit of Cr in Guava was normal and Safe limit of Zn \u0026nbsp;in Papaya\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoconut water and Coix grass was significantly Lower 50- fold, 8 \u0026ndash;fold, 8 \u0026ndash; fold.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003efrom fruits and vegetables. Pb was found to accumulate at significantly higher levels in canal water, effluent, pond water, tube well water, and soil (38.9x, 6.7x, 7.1x, 2.1x, and 16.2x). The average accumulation of Pb was higher in canal water compared to soil, which was higher than in wastewater, pond, and deep tube well water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concentration of Pb in canal water increased from 0.105 mg/L to 0.151 mg/L, while in the effluent it increased from 0.08 mg/L to 0.17 mg/L. The concentration of Pb in tube well water increased from 0.007 mg/L to 0.058 mg/L between the first and second years. - Ni was found 4.1 times, 3.1 times, and 19 times higher than normal in the effluent, surface water, and agricultural land, respectively, as well as in the pond and deep tube well water. The zinc levels in the wastewater, canal, pond, tube well water, and soil are significantly below the WHO standard. The soil sample exhibited a Cd level below nine times. Therefore, the hierarchy of heavy metal levels in the soil is as trails: Pb \u0026gt; Ni \u0026gt; Zn \u0026gt; Cd. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePapaya, coconut water, guava, long grass, and Water hyacinth have Pb levels exceeding WHO\u0026apos;s safe limits. The level of Cd detected in Guava was significantly elevated. - The level of Guava Cr was within normal range, whereas Papaya, Coconut water, and long grass exhibited Zn levels far below the FAO/WHO standards.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8 presents the customary health hazard evaluation. The concentrations (mg/L) of various metals in Guava are presented in Table 9, whereas Table 10 pertains to coconut water. The survey results of the disease profile due to metal intake are in Table 11, and the survey results of the socioeconomic condition are in Table 12. Further Figure. 1. shows the toxic metal contamination in food crops and the mechanisms of their entrance, Figure 2. Highlighted the concentration of different heavy metals in soils. Figure 3 shows Lead and Zinc levels in fruits, vegetables, and plants compared to the WHO/FAO and IS:10500:1993 safe limits. All tables and figures are available in the Tables and Figures section.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":" 4. Statistical study","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe statistical examination was organized by the SPSS program (version 11) and evaluated by leading a one-way investigation of variance (ANOVA) monitored by Duncan’s manifold range test at a 5% level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that the absorption of carcinogenic metals (Pb, Ni, and Cd) in soil and fruits, vegetables, and plants is high, while the concentration of nutrient Zn is low. People in the study region consume these Agro-products listed above regularly. They belong to low-income groups and education levels as per a socio-economic study in this area. Likewise, animals consume long grass and water hyacinths. It shows that the locals consumed toxic metals are the greatest hazard in the inorganic form engrossed in intake by daily food, fruits, water, and air-breathing (Ferner,2001) and a low level of zinc nutrient intake. Therefore, it’s been studied that apart from other issues such as kidney, joint, and reproductive system dysfunction, neurological disorder, and severe harm to the gastrointestinal tract, ulcers and cancer (Ogwuebgu and Muhanga, 2005, McCluggage, 1991, INECAR, 2000), were found in the study's area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The study found that Lead units were most commonly found in the pattern of canal Pb water, followed by Pb soil, Pb effluent, Pb pond, and finally, Pb tube well water. In the canal, As per WHO norms, Pb soil 90.80 mg/kg is 18 times higher. The effluent released from BD industries flows into the nearby canal and agricultural land (O.E. Orisakwe et al., 2012). The concentration of lead in the raw effluent has exceeded the safe limit set by IS: 10500, 1993 by 18 times, which is 0.1mg/l.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- An ascending trend was observed in the estimated Ni units found in canal water, ranging from 0.05mg/l to 0.07mg/l. As a result, the Ni concentration in the soil experienced a magnification from 0 to 34.20 mg/kg, culminating in 34.75 mg/kg in the subsequent two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe soil's Ni concentration was 3 mg/kg, surpassing the limit stated in IS:10500(1993) by a factor of 12. - The zinc concentration in canal water varies from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/L, falling below the IS: 10500:1993 discharge limit of 15.0 mg/L. The soil displayed an average Zn concentration of 428.5 mg/kg, with a range of 54.26-948.4 mg/kg, which is lower than the WHO recommended standard of 760 mg/kg. Low Zn levels have been discovered in fruits and vegetables. Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 depict the heavy metal concentration in soil, fruits, and vegetables. According to the research findings presented in Table 6, papaya, guava, and coconut water exhibit elevated levels of heavy metals (Pb and Ni), whereas zinc displays reduced levels. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorkers in both industrialized and developing countries have been exposed to lead in mines, smelters, metalwork, textile mills, BD units, and tanneries. Lead that is disseminated in the air and from the waste of factories can end up in the soil and water, and eventually be disbursed by humans. Children are more susceptible to gastrointestinal problems, abdominal pains, the signs of a nervous breakdown, and issues concentrating.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLead was labeled as a possible social carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1987. Evidence of lead-causing cancer is now clear, with potential side effects including lung, stomach, and glioma cancers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concentration of carcinogenic metals (Pb, Ni, and Cd) was high in soil and fruits, vegetables, and plants, but Zn was low.. People in the study region consume these Agro-products listed above regularly. As per a socio-economic study in this region, they pertain to low-income brackets and educational levels. Animals ingest lengthy grass and water hyacinth. The ingestion of food, air, and water are the main fonts of toxic metals, which pose a significant threat to the community. Insufficient zinc intake is evident according to (Ferner, 2001). Thus, the research indicates that the study area experienced a range of health issues, including kidney, joint, and reproductive system dysfunction, neurological illness, and severe harm to the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, ulcers and cancer were also identified as health concerns in the area (Ogwuebgu and Muhanga, 2005, McCluggage, 1991, INECAR, 2000).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.1 Management of toxic metals in the soil–crop arrangement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo protect the health of people everywhere, food safety is a necessity. However, it is being threatened by toxic metals from human-made sources such as wastewater irrigation, sludge application, and industrial effluents. Eliminating toxic metals from soil could avert the binge of carcinogenic metals in the soil–plant system, as anthropogenic causes of toxic metals loom it. There is a thorough understanding of how toxic metals move from the soil to crops. Efforts should reduce metal concentrations in the soil to sojourn them from getting into crops. Remediation tools should be eco-friendly, swift, and economical. Physical, biological, ecological, and chemical methods can remediate heavy metals in soil (Fig.1). Developments in nanotechnology may help to restore metal pollutants. Incorporating human health risk assessment with geospatial know-how, the H-G concept is employed to gauge geographical indicators, rapidly determine apprehensive soil sites, and construct applicable amelioration. To protect the health of people everywhere, food safety is a necessity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Health Risk Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.1 Metals in Papaya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean concentrations of different metals (mg/kg) in papaya samples showed that the metal concentrations in papaya varied in the following order: Na \u0026gt; Fe \u0026gt; Al \u0026gt;Zn \u0026gt; Pb (P\u0026lt;0.05), which finds concordance with the order of metallic concentrations in the soil where papaya was grown. The concentration factors of different metals of papaya were estimated as Pb (0.012), Fe (5.1), and Zn (0.012). The vegetable was devoid of any load of Cr and Cd but the mean concentrations of Pb, Fe, and Al were found to be 5, 1.6 fold, and 1.05 fold higher than the maximum permissible limits of metals in vegetables for human consumption as prescribed by FAO/WHO (2011) (Table 7). The health risk quotients for Pb are estimated as per the Hakanson model (Hakanson, 1980) to be 8.78 for adults and 7.28 for children which are far exceeding the threshold level of 1.00 as per USEPA (2002) considering the daily consumption of papaya by adults (25-55 years) and child between 13-15 years of age (Table 8). These results can be also corroborated by the findings of several other studies (Tripathy et al., 1997; Maihara and F\u0026aacute;varo, 2006; Chary et al., 2008; Chary et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2008; Antonious, and Kochhar, 2009; Volpe et al., 2009, Chauhan and Chauhan, 2014.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7: Concentrations of different metals in green papaya\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd.Dev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAO/WHO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.760391198044008%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFold higher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.647921760391197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8: Health risk (HRI) assessment due to metals in Papaya\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.16025641025641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.653846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ Adult\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.423076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ Child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDDI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.33974358974359%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.16025641025641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Pb concentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.653846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.423076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.33974358974359%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0. 003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.16025641025641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026nbsp; Al concentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.653846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.423076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.33974358974359%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.16025641025641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal HRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.653846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.423076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.33974358974359%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.16025641025641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ Standard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.653846153846153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.423076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.33974358974359%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.461538461538462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDDI=Daily dietary Index, DIM=Daily intake of metal , HRI= Health risk index, Adult=55 year\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on US EPA(2002) and Hakanson (1980) for HQ and US EPA (2012) for HRI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.2 Metals in Guava\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean concentration of different metals (mg/kg) in guava samples(Table 9) showed that there appeared a significant variation in different metal concentrations in the following order: Na \u0026gt;Al, Fe \u0026gt; \u0026nbsp;Zn \u0026gt;Pb (P\u0026lt;0.05) which is closely similar to papaya and that is consistent with the order of metallic concentrations in the soil where guava was grown.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9 : Concentrations (mg/L) of different metals in Guava \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS1 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS2 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS3 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS5 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS6 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.48729792147806%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.48729792147806%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. dev.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.782909930715935%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAO/WHO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.704387990762125%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.785219399538107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.942263279445726%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean concentrations of different metals also show that guava is found to be laced with a higher concentration of Pb (4 fold) and Al (1.15 fold). Considering the maximum allowable concentration as per FAO/WHO (2011). The concentration factors of different metals in guava showed that the metallic transfer and concentration were encountered for Fe (3.78) followed by Zn (0.017) and Pb (0.009). Further, it was noticed that guava accumulated more Zn but less Pb and Fe compared to papaya. The health hazard quotients calculated based on the Hakanson model (Hakanson, 1980) for adults in the age group of 25\u0026mdash;55 years and children under the age group of 12\u0026mdash;15 years have been estimated as 1.15 and 1.78, respectively, both exceeding the threshold level (i.e.1.00) of human risk considering the daily intake of metal contaminated guava as per USEPA (2002). These show that guava, which is popularly considered equivalent to apples to poor people, is not fit for consumption. The study results are matching with the similar type of work by Biego,1998, Wang et al.,2005, Sato et al.,2005, Melo,2009, Singh et al.,2010, and Youssef and Eissa, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.3 Metals in Coconut Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coconut samples grown were found to be contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn, which can be traced to the metal-contaminated source soil they were grown. The concentration factors of different metals of coconut water with that of soil have been estimated as Pb (0.004), Zn (0.003), and Cd (0.107). The mean concentration of different metals (mg/kg) in coconut water samples (Table 10) showed that there appeared a significant variation in different metal concentrations in the following order: Zn \u0026gt; \u0026nbsp;Pb \u0026gt; Cd (P \u0026lt; 0.05), which is like papaya and guava. The findings are consistent with the order of metallic concentrations in the soil where coconut was grown. The coconut water was found to be additionally contaminated with Cd, but devoid of Al.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 10: Concentrations (mg/L) of different metals in coconut\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewater collected from local area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"387\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetails (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermissible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard FAO,2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher/Lower(Fold)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt par\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(8.33) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42377260981912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.54780361757106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess nutrient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.087855297157624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.940568475452196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess nutrient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote :\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003elimits of permissible concentration as per FAO/WHO,2002\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean concentrations (mg/L) of Pb (0.19), and Cd (0.01) present in coconut water samples (Table 10) are higher than the permissible limit for drinking water as per IS: 10500 (2012) and WHO (2003). Compared to the permissible limits of metals for coconut water prescribed by FAO/ WHO (2002) the metal loads are 3.8 and 3.3 fold higher for Pb and Cd, respectively, as shown in Table 10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe heavy metal hazard quotients arising because of contamination of Pb in coconut water are 3.2 for adults and 2.7 for children, which exceed the permissible metal concentration limit as prescribed by the Hakanson model (Hakanson, 1980). Considering all vegetables and fruits, it shows that Pb papaya\u0026gt; Pb guava\u0026gt; Pb coconut and Zn papaya\u0026gt; Zn guava \u0026gt;Zn papaya. The findings show that coconut water is not suitable for drinking. The result of the study is matching with work by Subramanian et al. (1988); Dekov et al. (1998); Caeiro et al. (2005); Buccolieri et al. (2006); Cuculic et al. (2009); Braun et al.(2009). The diseases are related to socioeconomic factors, hygiene, and exposure to microorganisms. The exact role of each of the factors is so far inconclusive Aamodt, G, et al.,2008). Several studies show a variable geographic distribution within countries (Armitage EL, et al.(2004), Baumgart DC, and Carding SR (2007), Nerich V, et al. (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis region is industrializing rapidly, resulting in a surge of health issues. Rapid economic growth will be analyzed as \u0026lsquo;four Ds\u0026rsquo;: disruption, deprivation, disease, and demise. To address these issues, society must be mobilized to create new structures and eco-plan the area to act as a force of improvement and remedy the consequences. Urban areas must be adequately invested in to have a proper preventative health set-up and regulatory system, as well as a humane social safety system. (S.Szreter,2004).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Health Status","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field observation/ survey reveals the villagers are suffering from digestive problems, vomiting, and discoloration of teeth because of intake of contaminated vegetables, fruits, and water, Major gastrointestinal (GI) problems vary from digestive problems to hepatitis with the major prevalence of GI problems (40%). The health status based on the observation/survey is given in Table 11.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 11: \u003cstrong\u003eDisease profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"425\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerial no\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWaterborne diseases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Yes (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemarks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDigestive problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated to Gastroenterology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.32%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated to Gastroenterology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDysentery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.61%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated to Gastroenterology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTyphoid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated to Gastroenterology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHepatitis/liver trouble\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated to Gastroenterology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.42%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated to Gastroenterology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.35294117647059%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscoloration of teeth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.764705882352942%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.01%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated to Gastroenterology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar results have been found in Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other parts of India. Previous studies have dealt with the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancer (Turkdogan et al., 2002) as well as cancer of the pancreas, urinary bladder, or prostate (Waalkes and Rehm, 1994). Lead, cadmium and chromium could be seen gathered in the shoots and roots of plants at low, medium, and higher concentrations (Verma and Dubey, 2003; the Same results were also got by (Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Rasul Jameel Ali, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"8. Socio-economic Condition of the BD Industrial Region","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the survey, we found that 41.09% are residents of the area and 58.91% are drifted from adjoining areas. Migrated laborers filled up the opening of manpower requirement in the cluster as a sufficient workforce is not available in the area and some residents were unwilling to do this kind of hazardous job. Among the respondent 78.08%, and 17.08% respectively from age groups of 21-40 years and ˃55 years. 89.04% and 10.96% are literate and illiterate respectively, out of 89.04%, lower school level from class I-IV (45.20%) have been completed and 42.46% have completed intermediate school level studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is clear from the study that 56% of the inhabitants are engaged in textile (B \u0026amp; D), knitting, printing, and other B\u0026amp;D-related activities, 32% are occupied in other trades of steel furniture, industries of small steel items, grocery shop, wooden furniture, etc. and 12% are involved as auto, bus, minibus driver and automobile jobs. 1.36%, 86.32%, and 12.32% of villagers having annual income \u0026le;Rs.36, 000, \u0026ge; Rs. 60,000 ($870), and \u0026ge;Rs.1, 20,000 ($1740) respectively against annual per capita income of Rs.74,380($1065) of India (MSPI,2015) and appended in Table 12.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 12: Socioeconomic profile based on survey\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticulars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetails\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther information\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;84.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale: 15.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal: 41.09%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMigrated:58.91 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026mdash;40yrs: 78.08%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;50 -55 yr: 17.08%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiteracy rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiterate : 89.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate: 10.96%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Literacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClass I\u0026mdash;IV: 45.28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClass V\u0026mdash;X:25.00 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClass X-XII: 12.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher Education: 6.85 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalance NA : 10.95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTextile \u0026nbsp;Bleaching and dyeing: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 56.00 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent small business : 32.00%, \u0026nbsp;Automobile \u0026amp; 0thers \u0026nbsp;: 12.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnual Income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;Rs. 36,000/- : 1.36 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; Rs.60,000/- : 86.32%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;1,20,000/- \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; : 12.32%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"9. Remedial Measure","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1 Eco-Textile Park\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026rsquo;s essential to take immediate action to move the current units to a planned industrial estate with a limited size of 200-400 units and include a common effluent treatment plant, with pre-treatment, secondary treatment, and membrane-based treatment with water reuse, and eco-planning of the region to get quality water for reducing metal contamination in Agro-products, the hazardous impact on human health and saving of a million gallons of underground water resources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.2 Nanoparticle techniques\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNanoparticles (NPs) are currently a captivating field of study for nourishing soil fertility as part of Agro-nanotechnology and for plummeting the bioavailability of heavy metals (Shalaby et al., 2016); Nano-tools for soil remediation is cost-effective. NPs and green chemicals are used for the normal growth of agriculture and human well-being (Rai et al., 2018a). In addition, Rai P.K et al. (2019) stated that nano-sensors can be engaged in food safety assessments, especially in measuring pollution in agricultural produce (Kuswandi and others, 2017). Technologies for decreasing the risk of metal-permeated wastewater and sludge to food crops must be produced, as displayed in the example of pesticide formulation via various nano-technologies or formulations (Hazra et al., 2017). Upon adsorption, biochar nano sheets unusually condensed the bioavailability of carcinogenic metals in wheat production in contaminated soil near industrial establishments (Yousaf et al., 2018). In contrast, silica NPs stopped gene activity associated with the production of Cd transporters (OsHMA3) in rice, thus causing a rise in Cd toxicity (Cui et al., 2017). Therefore, a clear understanding of the outcome and opposed effects of NPs on the environment and food crops is required.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"10. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMetal pollution is caused by wastewater from small-scale textile and small-bleaching industries in the textile manufacturing region on the soil, canal, and aquatic environments. Regional water and soil resources have been contaminated severely, leading to cancer-causing effects on fruits and vegetables in the BD industrial region. Toxic vegetables like papaya, guava, and coconut consumed daily are causing gastrointestinal issues to economically backward people. An observation/study revealed that over half (55%) of the 25-45-year-olds in the industrial region, migrants, and its hinterland suffer from gastroenterology, GI disorders, ulcers, and heartburn. Necessary action is required with nanoparticle techniques and eco-planning of the region to save a million gallons of underground water resources and restore the ecology of the region. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFAO; Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIS:10500: Indian standard no.10500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAPHA: American Public Health Association, USA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Competing interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Financial or non–financial, the author states that he has no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Author’s contribution\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRM and B.G. Gupta, the authors, contributed to collecting all the samples and designing or analyzing, and interpreting data in the research. RM has also been involved in drafting and editing the manuscript. BGG, the author has approved the version to be published. The authors are ensuring the accountability, accuracy, and integrity of the content of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor’s information:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. G. Gupta, Ph.D., Professor and Head of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Elitte College of Engineering, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad University of Technology. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRishika Mukhopadhyay, Assistant Professor, Dept. of the Civil and Environmental Engineering, Elitte College of Engineering, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad University of Technology. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. G. Gupta, sincerely acknowledges the significant contribution of Mrs. R. Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, in guiding the data analysis, design, and drafting of the manuscript, helping in laboratory work at Ellite College of Engineering, MAKA University of Technology, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Ph.D., Professor \u0026amp; HOD for using Laboratory Facilities of Ecological Engineering in Kalyani University, K. M Agrawal, Ph.D., IISWBM, Calcutta University, Professor, Environment Management for assisting in Survey Work and Jayanta Kumar Patra, Ph..D., Associate Professor, Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University, Republic of Korea for overall editing of the article and finally Professor Daniel B. Oerther, BCEE/S, DLAAS, FAAN Member’s occupation Executive Director AAEES | Chair Missouri Hazardous Waste Management Commission | Treasurer EWB-USA | Trustee CI for encouraging me to write the articles.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdu AA, Aderinola OJ, Kusemiju V( 2012): Heavy metals concentration in Garden Lettuce grown along Badagry expressway, Lagos, Transnat, J.Sci, Technol,2( 7), pp115-130,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAllen, S.E., H.W. Grimshaw and A.P. Rowland (1986): Chemical analysis, methods in plant ecology. In: Blackwell Scientific Publication (Eds.: P.D. Moore and S.B. Chapman). 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(2004) Incidence of juvenile-onset Crohn\u0026rsquo;s disease in Scotland: association with northern latitude and affluence, Gastroenterology, 2004, vol. 127 4(pg. 1051-1057)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashdar Abuzed Sadee, and Rasul Jameel Ali,(2023), Determination of heavy metals in edible vegetables and a human health risk assessment, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring \u0026amp; Management, Volume 19,,2023,,100761, ISSN 2215-1532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100761.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhutta, Zulfiqar A.( October 2004): \u0026quot;Beyond Informed Consent.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBulletin of the World Health Organization\u003c/em\u003e 82 (771-777).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaumgart DC, Carding SR. Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology, Lancet, 2007, vol. 369 9573(pg. 1627-1640)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBreekle, S W. and H. 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(2009) Evaluation of trace element contents of dried apricot samples from Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 167, no. 1\u0026ndash;3, pp. 647\u0026ndash;652,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimon Szreter,(2004): Industrialization and health, British Medical Bulletin,69(1), pp,75-86.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTurkdogan, M.K et al. (2003), Heavy Metals in Soil, Vegetables and Fruits in the Endemic Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Region of Turkey, April 2003, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13(3):175-9, DOI:10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00156-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVerma, S. and Dubey, R.S. (2003) Lead Toxicity Induce Lipid Peroxidation and Alters the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Growing Rice Plants. Plant Science, 164, 645-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452 (03)00022-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWaalkes, M.P. and Rehm, S. (1994) Cadmium and Prostate Cancer. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 43, 251-269.https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399409531920\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Wastewater, Toxic metals, Fruits and vegetables, Health risk, Gastroenterology, Remediation, Eco-planning, Nanoparticle.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644698/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644698/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Heavy metal presence in the environment is a recognized risk factor for various gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses globally. Over the course of two years, we conducted an investigation in the Calcutta textile industrial region, which has been producing textiles for over a century. We examined toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni) in the waste of small-scale BD units and how it affected soil, fruit, and other Agro-samples. The inhabitants in the area were experiencing gastrointestinal sickness, which prompted our study. People in that region and its hinterland use surface water and intake daily Agro-products which contain 2 to 40 times higher (Pb, Cd, Ni) lead, cadmium, and nickel than the standard limit of WHO/FAO while nutrient (zinc) was found at 50 times lower than expected. The region’s soil samples tested positive for potentially heavy metals, suggesting a risk of GI disorders, ulcers, and cancer. This is also verified by observations/surveys for 2 years with local people.","manuscriptTitle":"Metals Health Nexus: Research, Impact, Review, and Sustainable Remediation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-11 06:04:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644698/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ce63f649-8262-4655-8b3a-aaa570915470","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29262416,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":29262417,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":29262418,"name":"Health sciences/Gastroenterology"},{"id":29262419,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"},{"id":29262420,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-11T06:04:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-11 06:04:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3644698","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3644698","identity":"rs-3644698","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}