Association of serum asprosin with blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community: a cross-sectional study

Association of serum asprosin with blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community: a cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Association of serum asprosin with blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community: a cross-sectional study Yiwei Zhang, Hui Jing, Chunfan Niu, LiJing Ma, Xiaofeng Qu, Jing Yang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5332568/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective To probe the serum asprosin levels in community-dwelling individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to verify their association with blood pressure. Methods From November 2019 to July 2021, detailed information was systematically collected from 498 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a community health service station located in southeastern Shanxi Province. Blood pressure measurements taken on the same day, laboratory indices, and serum asprosin concentrations were recorded. The systematization of participants was done by their blood pressure measurements into two categories: normotensive and hypertensive. The variance in indices between these two sets were analysed through the application of t-tests, χ2 tests, and non-parametric tests.We assessed how levels of asprosin correlate with elevated blood pressure prevalance utilizing logistic regression,. Results The group with elevated blood pressure demonstrated significantly exalted levels of asprosin in comparison to the normotensive group (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals with asprosin levels exceeding 367.0 pg/ml were at a higher risk of developing elevated blood pressure compared to those with asprosin levels below 293.1 pg/ml, and the odds ratio (95% CI) was 3.130 (1.888–5.190) (P < 0.001). Conclusions Exalted serum asprosin levels are correlated with an heightened risk of hypertension among community-dwelling individuals with T2DM. Asprosin blood pressure Diabetes type 2 Figures Figure 1 Background Hypertension represents a material hazard factor for macroangiopathy in individuals with T2DM. Relative to non-diabetic individuals with normotension, diabetic patients with normotension exhibit a twofold likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases, while those diabetes patients with hypertension face a fourfold heightened risk [ 1 ] . Rigorous blood pressure management can mitigate the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all macrovascular complications by 44%, 21%, and 34%, respectively [ 2 ] . The Registration Study on the Treatment Status of Hypertensive Outpatients in China [ 3 ] revealed that melely 14.9% of patients with hypertensive diabetes controled their blood pressure effectively. Currently, the risk factors leading to exaltation of blood pressure in diabetic patients stay incompletely understood. Asprosin, produced by white adipose tissue and detectable in various tissues including cardiac myocytes [ 4 ] , comes into play in modulating glucose and lipid metabolism, appetite, inflammatory responses, autophagy, and oxidative stress. Research indicates that asprosin exerts a systemic effect, promoting cardiovascular damage through metabolic dysregulation (e.g., obesity, diabetes, blood lipid abnormality), which manifests as increased blood pressure and the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) [ 5 ] . This research aims to elucidate the connection betwixt serum asprosin levels and blood pressure by analysing data from clinical trials of T2DM patients living in community. Information and methodology Research participants Spanning from November 2019 through July 2021, a systematic collection of clinical data was conducted involving 498 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a community health service center located in southeastern Shanxi Province. These participants were also the subjects of a preceding study (Xu et al., 2022) [ 6 ] . Inclusion criteria were based on the WHO's 1999 diagnostic criteria for T2DM [ 7 ] , necessitating patients to have comprehensive clinical records and the ability to engage in the research. Exclusion criteria encompassed type 1 diabetes mellitus, diabetes due to other endocrine disorders, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, serious liver or kidney issues, serious infections, malignancies; mental illness or communicative impairments that precluded cooperation with the study. It had been approved by the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University's Ethics Committee (approval number: 2019[K056]), with all participants providing written informed consent. Definition of smoking Smoking [8]: Defined as individuals who either smoke presently or maintain a regular smoking pattern (at least a single cigarette daily for over a year), encompassing those who have since ceased smoking. Research methods Collection of General Information: On the day of examination, patients' height, weight, abdominal perimeter, and blood pressure were meticulously taken. The body mass index (BMI) was a formulaic calculation using BMI = weight (kg) / height 2 (m 2 ). Serum biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),were gauged exercising an automated biochemical analyzer (Beckman, USA). Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were reckoned via high-performance liquid chromatography (Roche 501, Switzerland). Determination of Serum Asprosin: Subjects underwent an 8–10 hour fast, followed by the collection of venous blood specimens the following morning. An intense 15-minute centrifugation at 3000 rpm was applied to these specimens,succeeded by examining the supernatant to measure serum asprosin concentrations. The samples were conserved at a temperature of -80°C until analysis. Quantitating serum asprosin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique (Hepeng (Shanghai) Biotechnology Co., LTD.),with procedures rigorously adhered to as per the kit and instrument guidelines. Duplications in dual-hole were conducted to ensure batch consistency,resulting in an inter-batch discrepancy below 11% and an intra-batch variance under 8%. Stratification by Serum Asprosin Tertiles: Individuals suffering from T2DM were divided into three tertiles in accordance with their serum asprosin levels: T1 (asprosin 367.0 pg/ml), to evaluate the association between asprosin concentrations and elevated blood pressure risk. Definition of Blood Pressure Categories: According to the 2010 revision of the Chinese Hypertension Prevention and Treatment Guidelines, the normotensive group (NBP) was characterized by a systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 90 mmHg. The hypertensive group (HBP) was characterised by an SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. Statistical Analysis: The SPSS 22.0 software facilitated the statistical analysis. Measurement data,following a normal distribution,were emerged as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and the t-test was employed to investigate the dissimilarity between the groups. Date adhering to a non-normal distribution were presented as median (Q1, Q3), utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing the intergroup. Comparisons across multi-group utilized one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA),succeeded by post-hoc pairwise comparisons with the LSD test, assuming variance homogeneity. The χ 2 test was employable to analyze categorical data,which were presented in terms of frequencies (percentages). To dig the relationship between serum asprosin concentrations and assorted clinical parameters,Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were utilised. Logistic regression analysis was exploitable to figure out 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and the odds ratio (OR) regarding how serum asprosin levels influence the likelihood of elevated blood pressure. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The clinical data and biochemical indexes of each group were compared after grouping according to blood pressure level Within the community cohort of 498 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, 193 were male (38.8%) and 305 were female (61.2%), presenting an average age of 58.1 ± 13.6 years. Diabetes median duration was documented at 11 years (spanning an interquartile range from 5 to 17 years), and 306 patients (61.4%) disclosed previous instances of hypertension.Antihypertensive medications were administered to 284 patients(57.0%). The cohort was divided into 279 patients in the NBP category and 219 in the HBP category. Upon comparing clinical data between the NBP and HBP groups, it was observed that the HBP group exhibited a longer disease duration, older age, and elevated levels of systolic,diastolic blood pressure, creatinine (CRE), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) levels, alongside notably elevated serum asprosin levels (P<0.05) (Table 1). Post categorization by serum asprosin level tertiles, a comparison was made of the general data, biochemical indicators, and blood pressure across these groups. As the asprosin level rose, SBP increased (P<0.05), while DBP showed an increasing trend (P<0.05). (Table 2) ROC analysis of employing serum asprosin as an indicator for blood pressure in type 2 diabetes mellitus sufferers The capacity of serum asprosin to predict blood pressure levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus sufferers was appraised through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.The area under the curve was 0.672 (95% CI: 0.625-0.719, P<0.001), with an optimal threshold value of 347.5 pg/ml achieving a sensitivity of 56.6% and specificity of 69.5% (P < 0.001, Figure 1). Correlation analysis of serum asprosin and hypertension A correlation analysis was carried out to inspect the connection between serum asprosin levels and elevated blood pressure. After making adjustments for gender, age, smoking status, BMI, duration of diabetes, antihypertensive therapy, HbA1c,eGFR,and LDL-C, with elevated blood pressure as the dependent variable and serum asprosin levels as the independent variable, logistic regression analysis indicated that incremental asprosin levels were prominently associated with elevated blood pressure risk.[odds ratio (OR) 1.006 (95% CI: 1.003-1.008), P<0.001]. Furthermore, upon adjusting for the same covariates but considering serum asprosin tertiles as the independent variable, it was found that, compared with those with asprosin below 293.1 pg/ml,blood pressure rose markedly within the 293.1-367.0 pg/ml group and the group surpassing 367.0 pg/ml[OR 1.793 (95% CI: 1.116-2.881), P=0.016; and OR 3.130 (95% CI: 1.888-5.190), P<0.001], respectively. Discussion In the aetiology of hypertension, factors such as atherosclerosis, vascular endothelial damage, insulin resistance, RAAS activation, and heightened sympathetic nervous system activity contribute to varying extents. Recent investigations have demonstrated that a reduction in serum asprosin levels offers protective cardiovascular effects on vascular endothelial functions through anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-intimal hyperplasia post-injury actions, and enhanced insulin sensitivity [ 9 ] . Presently, there exists a notable lack of information on how serum asprosin correlates with blood pressure in people afflicted with T2DM. Research indicates that serum asprosin levels, which are pathologically increased in metabolic conditions like diabetes and obesity, exhibit a positive correlation with blood pressure [ 10 , 11 ] . The current research indicates that an increase in serum asprosin levels corresponds to an elevated risk of hypertension. The connection between serum asprosin and carotid atherosclerosis remains primarily exploratory at the cross-sectional research phase. This study identified that patients with T2DM exhibiting high blood pressure (HBP) had greater serum asprosin concentrations compared to those without high blood pressure (NBP),and prior correlation analysis established that serum asprosin levels are positive link with blood pressure [ 6 ] . This implies that serum asprosin might contribute to hypertension development among T2DM patients. Animal models have revealed that asprosin facilitates the release of liver glycogen and the substantial accumulation of excess lipid metabolites through the activation of the G-protein-cAMP-protein kinase A signalling axis [ 12 ] . This exacerbates metabolic dysregulation, promotes atherosclerosis, and gives rise to increased blood pressure. Clinical research has established that serum asprosin not only involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM but also may elevates the probability of microvascular and macrovascular complications in these patients [ 13 ] . The results of this study indicate that, after controlling for variables such as sex, age, smoking status, BMI, diabetes duration, antihypertensive treatment, HbA1c, eGFR, and LDL-C, participants in the second and third tertiles (T2 and T3) exhibited significantly higher risks of elevated blood pressure compared to those in the first tertile (T1), identifying elevated serum asprosin levels as a risk factor for hypertension. This underlines the importance of early monitoring of serum asprosin levels, which may mitigate the genesis and evolution of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that asprosin triggers the secretion of pro-inflammatory markers such as NF-κB, IL-6, and phosphorylated IκB by mediating the TLR4/JNK signalling pathway in insulinoma and human islet cells [ 14 , 15 ] , elucidating its connection to inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a known contributor to the pathogenesis of T2DM, hypertension, and atherosclerosis [ 16 ] , suggesting that asprosin could influence blood pressure elevation through a pro-inflammatory response. The research comes with a set of limitations. Firstly, it adopts a cross-sectional design with a relatively modest sample size. Secondly, owing to regional variations, sample size constraints, population characteristics, and other factors, the potential causal association between levels of serum asprosin and elevated blood pressure necessitates validation through future prospective research. Lastly, the participants in this study were characterised by a comparatively long duration of diabetes, with approximately half reporting hypertension and undergoing antihypertensive treatment. Such factors introduce potential confounders, warranting further scrutiny in comprehensive, multi-institutional prospective studies. Conclusion Higher concentrations of serum asprosin are recognized as an independent risk factor to heightened blood pressure among elderly community-dwelling individuals with type 2 diabetes.As the level of serum asprosin rose, so did the likelihood of developing hypertension. Declarations Conflict of interests None declared. Funding This research received financial support from the China International Medical Exchange Foundation (Z-2017-26-2202-4), the Shanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2024ZYYC047) and Key research project of Shanxi Provincial Federation of Social Sciences(SSKLZDKT2024298). Author Contribution Y.Z. and H.J. analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. C.N., L.M., X.Q. and J.Y. contributed to the materials and data collection and the interpretation of the results. L.X. and S.W. designed the study and revised the manuscript. All authors read and authorized the final manuscript. References Stratton I, Manley S, Holman R. Hypertension in Diabetes Study IV. Therapeutic requirements to maintain tight blood pressure control Hypertension in Diabetes Study Group[J]. Diabetologia, 1996, 39: 1554–1561. Group UPDS. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38[J]. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ, 1998, 317:703-713. HU Da-yi. National survey of blood pressure control rate in Chinese hypertensive outpatients-China STATUS[J].Chin J Cardiol, 2010,38(03): 230–238. Kocaman N, Kuloğlu T. Expression of asprosin in rat hepatic, renal, heart, gastric, testicular and brain tissues and its changes in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus model[J]. Tissue Cell. 2020;66:101397. Zhiming Zhu. Cardiometabolic diseases: concept, challenge and clinical practice[J].Chin J Cardiol, 2021, 49(7): 650–655. LinxinXu, JunfangCui, Mina Li, et al. Mellitus in the Community: A Cross-Sectional Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Association Between Serum Asprosin and Diabetic Diabetes Study[J].Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2022, 15:1877–1884. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation[J]. Diabet Med, 1998, 15:539–553. Yang Minjing, Zhang Yonghui, Liu jielin, et al. Analysis of contributory factors to elderly carotid atherosclerosis in community. Jouurnal of Capital Medical University.2013,34(6):868–871. Wang Y, Qu H, Xiong X, et al. Plasma asprosin concentrations are increased in individuals with glucose dysregulation and correlated with insulin resistance and first-phase insulin secretion[J]. Mediat Inflamm, 2018, 20: 9471583. Chen PY, Qin L, Li G, Wang Z, Dahlman JE,et al. Endothelial TGF-β signalling drives vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis[J].Nat Metab, 2019 ,1(9):912–926. Li X, Liao M, Shen R, Zhang L, Hu H,et al. Plasma Asprosin Levels Are Associated with Glucose Metabolism, Lipid, and Sex Hormone Profiles in Females with Metabolic-Related Diseases[J]. Mediators Inflamm, 2018, 2018:7375294. Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, et al. Asprosin, a fasting-induced glucogenic protein hormone[J]. Cell, 2016, 165: 566–579. Yuan M, Li W, Zhu Y, et al. Asprosin: A Novel Player in Metabolic Diseases(Review). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)[J], 2020,11: 64. Zhang X, Jiang H, Ma X, et al. Increased serum level and impaired response to glucose fluctuation of asprosin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. J Diabetes Investig, 2020, 11:349–355. Wang Y, Qu H, Xiong X, et al. Plasma asprosin concentrations are increased in individuals with glucose dysregulation and correlated with insulin resistance and first-phase insulin secretion[J]. Mediat Inflamm, 2018, 2018: 9471583. Yang W, Li Y, Wang JY, et al. Circulating levels of adipose tissue-derived inflammatory factors in elderly diabetes patients with carotid atherosclerosis: a retrospective study[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2018, 17:75. Tables Table 1. Comparison of clinical data between groups with normal and high blood pressure［x±s，M（Q 1 ，Q 3 ），n（%）］ Characteristics Total NBP (n= 279) HBP (n=219) χ2 /t/Z值 P value Age（y） 56.91±13.83 59.90±12.50 -2.241 0.025 *Duration（y） 10(4,16) 13(7,17) -1.983 0.047 BMI，kg/cm2 25.99±4.16 26.32±3.99 -0.890 0.374 SBP（mmHg） 122.70±9.05 152.26±15.04 -25.67 0.000 DBP（mmHg） 75.52±9.48 85.42±10.59 -10.97 0.000 *AST(IU/L) 18(14,24) 18(14,24) -0.222 0.824 *ALT(IU/L) 18(12,27) 18(12,26) -0.358 0.720 *TG（mmol/L） 1.62(1.08,2.43) 1.68(1.23,2.45) -0.936 0.349 TC（mmol/L） 4.55±1.13 4.71±1.27 -1.415 0.157 HDL-C（mmol/L） 0.95±0.23 0.98±0.25 -1.069 0.285 LDL-C（mmol/L） 2.66±0.82 2.72±0.90 -0.730 0.018 FPG（mmol/L） 8.56±3.17 8.31±2.94 0.874 0.315 HbA1c (%) 9.15±2.12 9.14±2.05 0.085 0.886 * CRE（µmol/L） 64（54,79） 68（58.88） -3.075 0.002 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 145.73±31.85 136.11±33.31 3.277 0.122 Asprosin (pg/ml) 310.41±90.80 367.38±90.44 -6.961 <0.001 Smoking 129(46.2%) 83(37.9%) 11.60 0.001 Antihypertensive treatmen 138(49.5%) 153(69.9%) 9.839 0.002 Note: Continuous data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, while count data is expressed as a percentage. * The skewed distribution is represented as the median (25th, 75th). BMI–Body Mass Index; SBP–Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP–Diastolic Blood Pressure; AST–Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT–Alanine Aminotransferase; TG–triglycerides; TC–total cholesterol; HDL-C–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C–low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG–fasting blood glucose; PPG–blood glucose at 2 hours after meals; HbA1c– glycosylated haemoglobin; CRE–creatinine; eGFR–estimated glomerular filtration rate; Table 2. Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors between different serum Asprosin level［x±s，M（Q 1 ，Q 3 ）］ Characteristics Asprosin T1 (n= 166) Asprosin T2 (n= 167) Asprosin T3(n=165 ) P value Age（y） 55.16±12.70 58.50±14.44 60.70±13.05 0.001 *Duration（y） 12.5(5.0,18.0) 10.0(5.0,17.0) 11(6.0,16.0) 0.000 BMI（kg/m2） 25.72±3.77 26.32±4.31 26.38±4.15 0.268 SBP（mmHg） 129.95±16.89 135.19±17.75 142.0±20.33 <0.001 DBP（mmHg） 78.96±10.61 80.11±11.90 80.55±10.82 0.407 *AST(IU/L) 17(13,21) 18(14,24) 20(15,28) 0.008 *ALT(IU/L) 15(11,22) 18(12,27) 22(14,34) 0.001 *TG（mmol/L） 1.4(1.0,2.2) 1.7(1.3,2.6) 2.3(1.5,3.6) 0.304 TC（mmol/L） 4.56±1.05 4.62±1.35 4.68±1.15 0.634 HDL-C（mmol/L） 0.98±0.25 0.94±0.21 0.97±0.27 0.164 LDL-C（mmol/L） 2.70±0.80 2.66±0.96 2.70±0.80 0.892 FPG（mmol/L） 8.31±3.12 8.65±2.92 8.40±3.17 0.580 HbA1c (%) 8.85±2.15 9.28±1.93 9.32±2.14 0.075 * CRE（µmol/L） 58.0 (49.0,67.0) 67(57,87) 74(62,90) <0.001 eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2) 149.15±27.37 147.45±29.35 127.77±36.79 <0.001 Note: Continuous data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, while count data is expressed as a percentage. * The skewed distribution is represented as the median (25th, 75th). BMI–Body Mass Index; SBP–Sistolic Blood Pressure; DBP–Diastolic Blood Pressure; AST– Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT–Alanine Aminotransferase; TG–triglycerides; TC–total cholesterol; HDL-C–high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C–low density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG–fasting blood glucose; HbA1c–glycosylated haemoglobin; CRE–creatinine; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; Table 3. Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for blood pressure according to asprosin quartiles ASPROSIN OR(95%CI) P value Quartiles of Asprosin T1 (＜293.1 pg/ml) 1 (reference) T2 (293.1–367.0 pg/ml) 1.793 (1.116 - 2.881) 0.016 T3 (＞367.0 pg/ml ) 3.130 (1.888 - 5.190) 0.000 P value for trend 0.000 Data are expressed as OR (95% CIs) +P value, unless stated otherwise. Adjusted OR is the odds ratio calculated using binary logistic regression analysis after adjustments for gender、age、duration、BMI、smoking、Antihypertensive treatmen 、HbA1c、LDL-C、eGFR. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5332568","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":370618607,"identity":"ea28d5eb-697c-4417-ad00-6f3499ead041","order_by":0,"name":"Yiwei Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yiwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":370618608,"identity":"427a48b5-6c03-4d0e-b863-4e55bcbc7e0e","order_by":1,"name":"Hui 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mellitus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5332568/v1/717ccb1729df79ee3c8295ce.png"},{"id":69083315,"identity":"3278bf07-88ab-4ec6-9553-2d22feb6322b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-15 12:21:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":540926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5332568/v1/f480c519-bb59-468c-9ef0-202b5afdad01.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association of serum asprosin with blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community: a cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eHypertension represents a material hazard factor for macroangiopathy in individuals with T2DM. Relative to non-diabetic individuals with normotension, diabetic patients with normotension exhibit a twofold likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases, while those diabetes patients with hypertension face a fourfold heightened risk \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Rigorous blood pressure management can mitigate the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all macrovascular complications by 44%, 21%, and 34%, respectively \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The Registration Study on the Treatment Status of Hypertensive Outpatients in China \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e revealed that melely 14.9% of patients with hypertensive diabetes controled their blood pressure effectively. Currently, the risk factors leading to exaltation of blood pressure in diabetic patients stay incompletely understood. Asprosin, produced by white adipose tissue and detectable in various tissues including cardiac myocytes \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, comes into play in modulating glucose and lipid metabolism, appetite, inflammatory responses, autophagy, and oxidative stress. Research indicates that asprosin exerts a systemic effect, promoting cardiovascular damage through metabolic dysregulation (e.g., obesity, diabetes, blood lipid abnormality), which manifests as increased blood pressure and the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This research aims to elucidate the connection betwixt serum asprosin levels and blood pressure by analysing data from clinical trials of T2DM patients living in community.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Information and methodology","content":"\u003ch2\u003eResearch participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanning from November 2019 through July 2021, a systematic collection of clinical data was conducted involving 498 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a community health service center located in southeastern Shanxi Province. These participants were also the subjects of a preceding study (Xu et al., 2022) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Inclusion criteria were based on the WHO's 1999 diagnostic criteria for T2DM \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, necessitating patients to have comprehensive clinical records and the ability to engage in the research. Exclusion criteria encompassed type 1 diabetes mellitus, diabetes due to other endocrine disorders, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, serious liver or kidney issues, serious infections, malignancies; mental illness or communicative impairments that precluded cooperation with the study. It had been approved by the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University's Ethics Committee (approval number: 2019[K056]), with all participants providing written informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eDefinition of smoking\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoking [8]: Defined as individuals who either smoke presently or maintain a regular smoking pattern (at least a single cigarette daily for over a year), encompassing those who have since ceased smoking.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResearch methods\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollection of General Information: On the day of examination, patients' height, weight, abdominal perimeter, and blood pressure were meticulously taken. The body mass index (BMI) was a formulaic calculation using BMI = weight (kg) / height\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). Serum biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),were gauged exercising an automated biochemical analyzer (Beckman, USA). Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were reckoned via high-performance liquid chromatography (Roche 501, Switzerland).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetermination of Serum Asprosin: Subjects underwent an 8–10 hour fast, followed by the collection of venous blood specimens the following morning. An intense 15-minute centrifugation at 3000 rpm was applied to these specimens,succeeded by examining the supernatant to measure serum asprosin concentrations. The samples were conserved at a temperature of -80°C until analysis. Quantitating serum asprosin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique (Hepeng (Shanghai) Biotechnology Co., LTD.),with procedures rigorously adhered to as per the kit and instrument guidelines. Duplications in dual-hole were conducted to ensure batch consistency,resulting in an inter-batch discrepancy below 11% and an intra-batch variance under 8%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStratification by Serum Asprosin Tertiles: Individuals suffering from T2DM were divided into three tertiles in accordance with their serum asprosin levels: T1 (asprosin \u0026lt; 293.1 pg/ml), T2 (asprosin 293.1 ~ 367.0 pg/ml), and T3 (asprosin \u0026gt; 367.0 pg/ml), to evaluate the association between asprosin concentrations and elevated blood pressure risk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDefinition of Blood Pressure Categories: According to the 2010 revision of the Chinese Hypertension Prevention and Treatment Guidelines, the normotensive group (NBP) was characterized by a systolic blood pressure (SBP) \u0026lt; 140 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) \u0026lt; 90 mmHg. The hypertensive group (HBP) was characterised by an SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical Analysis: The SPSS 22.0 software facilitated the statistical analysis. Measurement data,following a normal distribution,were emerged as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and the t-test was employed to investigate the dissimilarity between the groups. Date adhering to a non-normal distribution were presented as median (Q1, Q3), utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing the intergroup. Comparisons across multi-group utilized one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA),succeeded by post-hoc pairwise comparisons with the LSD test, assuming variance homogeneity. The χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test was employable to analyze categorical data,which were presented in terms of frequencies (percentages). To dig the relationship between serum asprosin concentrations and assorted clinical parameters,Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were utilised. Logistic regression analysis was exploitable to figure out 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and the odds ratio (OR) regarding how serum asprosin levels influence the likelihood of elevated blood pressure. P \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe clinical data and biochemical indexes of each group were compared after grouping according to blood pressure level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the community cohort of 498 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, 193 were male (38.8%) and 305 were female (61.2%), presenting an average age of 58.1 \u0026plusmn; 13.6 years. Diabetes median duration was documented at 11 years (spanning an interquartile range from 5 to 17 years), and 306 patients (61.4%) disclosed previous instances of hypertension.Antihypertensive medications were administered to 284 patients(57.0%). The cohort was divided into 279 patients in the NBP category and 219 in the HBP category. Upon comparing clinical data between the NBP and HBP groups, it was observed that the HBP group exhibited a longer disease duration, older age, and elevated levels of systolic,diastolic blood pressure, creatinine (CRE), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) levels, alongside notably elevated serum asprosin levels (P\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost categorization by serum asprosin level tertiles, a comparison was made of the general data, biochemical indicators, and blood pressure across these groups.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the asprosin level rose, SBP increased (P\u0026lt;0.05), while DBP showed an increasing trend (P\u0026lt;0.05). (Table 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eROC analysis of employing serum asprosin as an indicator for blood pressure in type 2 diabetes mellitus sufferers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;capacity\u0026nbsp;of serum asprosin\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;predict\u0026nbsp;blood pressure\u0026nbsp;levels\u0026nbsp;in type 2 diabetes mellitus\u0026nbsp;sufferers\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;appraised\u0026nbsp;through\u0026nbsp;receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.The area under the curve was 0.672 (95% CI: 0.625-0.719, P\u0026lt;0.001), with an optimal threshold value of 347.5 pg/ml achieving a sensitivity of 56.6% and specificity of 69.5% (P \u0026lt; 0.001, Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation analysis of serum asprosin and hypertension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA correlation analysis was carried out to inspect the connection between serum asprosin levels and elevated blood pressure. After making adjustments for gender, age, smoking status, BMI, duration of diabetes, antihypertensive therapy, HbA1c,eGFR,and LDL-C, with elevated blood pressure as the dependent variable and serum asprosin levels as the independent variable, logistic regression analysis indicated that incremental asprosin levels were prominently associated with elevated blood pressure risk.[odds ratio (OR) 1.006 (95% CI: 1.003-1.008), P\u0026lt;0.001]. Furthermore, upon adjusting for the same covariates but considering serum asprosin tertiles as the independent variable, it was found that, compared with those with asprosin below 293.1 pg/ml,blood pressure rose markedly within the 293.1-367.0 pg/ml group and the group surpassing 367.0 pg/ml[OR 1.793 (95% CI: 1.116-2.881), P=0.016; and OR 3.130 (95% CI: 1.888-5.190), P\u0026lt;0.001], respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the aetiology of hypertension, factors such as atherosclerosis, vascular endothelial damage, insulin resistance, RAAS activation, and heightened sympathetic nervous system activity contribute to varying extents. Recent investigations have demonstrated that a reduction in serum asprosin levels offers protective cardiovascular effects on vascular endothelial functions through anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-intimal hyperplasia post-injury actions, and enhanced insulin sensitivity \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Presently, there exists a notable lack of information on how serum asprosin correlates with blood pressure in people afflicted with T2DM. Research indicates that serum asprosin levels, which are pathologically increased in metabolic conditions like diabetes and obesity, exhibit a positive correlation with blood pressure \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The current research indicates that an increase in serum asprosin levels corresponds to an elevated risk of hypertension. The connection between serum asprosin and carotid atherosclerosis remains primarily exploratory at the cross-sectional research phase. This study identified that patients with T2DM exhibiting high blood pressure (HBP) had greater serum asprosin concentrations compared to those without high blood pressure (NBP),and prior correlation analysis established that serum asprosin levels are positive link with blood pressure \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This implies that serum asprosin might contribute to hypertension development among T2DM patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal models have revealed that asprosin facilitates the release of liver glycogen and the substantial accumulation of excess lipid metabolites through the activation of the G-protein-cAMP-protein kinase A signalling axis \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This exacerbates metabolic dysregulation, promotes atherosclerosis, and gives rise to increased blood pressure. Clinical research has established that serum asprosin not only involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM but also may elevates the probability of microvascular and macrovascular complications in these patients \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The results of this study indicate that, after controlling for variables such as sex, age, smoking status, BMI, diabetes duration, antihypertensive treatment, HbA1c, eGFR, and LDL-C, participants in the second and third tertiles (T2 and T3) exhibited significantly higher risks of elevated blood pressure compared to those in the first tertile (T1), identifying elevated serum asprosin levels as a risk factor for hypertension. This underlines the importance of early monitoring of serum asprosin levels, which may mitigate the genesis and evolution of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that asprosin triggers the secretion of pro-inflammatory markers such as NF-κB, IL-6, and phosphorylated IκB by mediating the TLR4/JNK signalling pathway in insulinoma and human islet cells \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, elucidating its connection to inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a known contributor to the pathogenesis of T2DM, hypertension, and atherosclerosis \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, suggesting that asprosin could influence blood pressure elevation through a pro-inflammatory response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research comes with a set of limitations. Firstly, it adopts a cross-sectional design with a relatively modest sample size. Secondly, owing to regional variations, sample size constraints, population characteristics, and other factors, the potential causal association between levels of serum asprosin and elevated blood pressure necessitates validation through future prospective research. Lastly, the participants in this study were characterised by a comparatively long duration of diabetes, with approximately half reporting hypertension and undergoing antihypertensive treatment. Such factors introduce potential confounders, warranting further scrutiny in comprehensive, multi-institutional prospective studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eHigher concentrations of serum asprosin are recognized as an independent risk factor to heightened blood pressure among elderly community-dwelling individuals with type 2 diabetes.As the level of serum asprosin rose, so did the likelihood of developing hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone declared.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received financial support from the China International Medical Exchange Foundation (Z-2017-26-2202-4), the Shanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2024ZYYC047) and Key research project of Shanxi Provincial Federation of Social Sciences(SSKLZDKT2024298).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eY.Z. and H.J. analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. C.N., L.M., X.Q. and J.Y. contributed to the materials and data collection and the interpretation of the results. L.X. and S.W. designed the study and revised the manuscript. All authors read and authorized the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStratton I, Manley S, Holman R. Hypertension in Diabetes Study IV. Therapeutic requirements to maintain tight blood pressure control Hypertension in Diabetes Study Group[J]. Diabetologia, 1996, 39: 1554\u0026ndash;1561.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGroup UPDS. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38[J]. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ, 1998, 317:703-713.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHU Da-yi. National survey of blood pressure control rate in Chinese hypertensive outpatients-China STATUS[J].Chin J Cardiol, 2010,38(03): 230\u0026ndash;238.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKocaman N, Kuloğlu T. Expression\u0026ensp;of\u0026ensp;asprosin\u0026ensp;in rat hepatic, renal, heart, gastric, testicular and brain tissues and its changes in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus model[J]. Tissue Cell. 2020;66:101397.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhiming Zhu. Cardiometabolic diseases: concept, challenge and clinical practice[J].Chin J Cardiol, 2021, 49(7): 650\u0026ndash;655.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLinxinXu, JunfangCui, Mina Li, et al. Mellitus in the Community: A Cross-Sectional Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Association Between Serum Asprosin and Diabetic Diabetes Study[J].Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2022, 15:1877\u0026ndash;1884.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation[J]. Diabet Med, 1998, 15:539\u0026ndash;553.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang Minjing, Zhang Yonghui, Liu jielin, et al. Analysis of contributory factors to elderly carotid atherosclerosis in community. Jouurnal of Capital Medical University.2013,34(6):868\u0026ndash;871.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang Y, Qu H, Xiong X, et al. 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Cell, 2016, 165: 566\u0026ndash;579.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYuan M, Li W, Zhu Y, et al. Asprosin: A Novel Player in Metabolic Diseases(Review). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)[J], 2020,11: 64.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang X, Jiang H, Ma X, et al. Increased serum level and impaired response to glucose fluctuation of asprosin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. J Diabetes Investig, 2020, 11:349\u0026ndash;355.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang Y, Qu H, Xiong X, et al. Plasma asprosin concentrations are increased in individuals with glucose dysregulation and correlated with insulin resistance and first-phase insulin secretion[J]. Mediat Inflamm, 2018, 2018: 9471583.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang W, Li Y, Wang JY, et al. 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Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2018, 17:75.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComparison of clinical data between groups with normal and high blood pressure［x\u0026plusmn;s，M（Q\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e，Q\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e），n（%）］\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"565\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 75.9292%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNBP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n= 279)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHBP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=219)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 /t/Z值\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge（y）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.91\u0026plusmn;13.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.90\u0026plusmn;12.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Duration（y）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(4,16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(7,17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI，kg/cm2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.99\u0026plusmn;4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.32\u0026plusmn;3.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBP（mmHg）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.70\u0026plusmn;9.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.26\u0026plusmn;15.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-25.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBP（mmHg）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.52\u0026plusmn;9.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.42\u0026plusmn;10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*AST(IU/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(14,24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(14,24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*ALT(IU/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(12,27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(12,26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*TG（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62(1.08,2.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68(1.23,2.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTC（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71\u0026plusmn;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDL-C（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLDL-C（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026plusmn;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFPG（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u0026plusmn;3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.31\u0026plusmn;2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHbA1c (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.15\u0026plusmn;2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.14\u0026plusmn;2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* CRE（\u0026micro;mol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64（54,79）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68（58.88）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eeGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145.73\u0026plusmn;31.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136.11\u0026plusmn;33.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsprosin (pg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310.41\u0026plusmn;90.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367.38\u0026plusmn;90.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129(46.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83(37.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntihypertensive treatmen\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.7168%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138(49.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22.3009%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153(69.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.7522%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.1593%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Continuous data is expressed as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation, while count data is expressed as a percentage. * The skewed distribution is represented as the median (25th, 75th). BMI\u0026ndash;Body Mass Index; SBP\u0026ndash;Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP\u0026ndash;Diastolic Blood Pressure; AST\u0026ndash;Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT\u0026ndash;Alanine Aminotransferase; TG\u0026ndash;triglycerides; TC\u0026ndash;total cholesterol; HDL-C\u0026ndash;high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C\u0026ndash;low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG\u0026ndash;fasting blood glucose; PPG\u0026ndash;blood glucose at 2 hours after meals; HbA1c\u0026ndash; glycosylated haemoglobin; CRE\u0026ndash;creatinine; eGFR\u0026ndash;estimated glomerular filtration rate;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComparison of cardiovascular risk factors between different serum Asprosin level［x\u0026plusmn;s，M（Q\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e，Q\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e）］\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"547\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsprosin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026nbsp;(n= 166)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsprosin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2 (n= 167)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsprosin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;T3(n=165 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge（y）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.16\u0026plusmn;12.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.50\u0026plusmn;14.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.70\u0026plusmn;13.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Duration（y）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5(5.0,18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0(5.0,17.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(6.0,16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI（kg/m2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.72\u0026plusmn;3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.32\u0026plusmn;4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.38\u0026plusmn;4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBP（mmHg）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.95\u0026plusmn;16.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.19\u0026plusmn;17.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.0\u0026plusmn;20.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBP（mmHg）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.96\u0026plusmn;10.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.11\u0026plusmn;11.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.55\u0026plusmn;10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*AST(IU/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(13,21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(14,24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(15,28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*ALT(IU/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(11,22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(12,27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(14,34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*TG（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4(1.0,2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7(1.3,2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3(1.5,3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTC（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u0026plusmn;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026plusmn;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u0026plusmn;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDL-C（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLDL-C（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026plusmn;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u0026plusmn;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026plusmn;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFPG（mmol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.31\u0026plusmn;3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65\u0026plusmn;2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.40\u0026plusmn;3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHbA1c (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.85\u0026plusmn;2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28\u0026plusmn;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.32\u0026plusmn;2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u0026nbsp;CRE（\u0026micro;mol/L）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0 (49.0,67.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(57,87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74(62,90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.3577%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eeGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.8905%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.15\u0026plusmn;27.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.45\u0026plusmn;29.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.2555%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.77\u0026plusmn;36.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.2409%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Continuous data is expressed as mean\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;standard deviation, while count data is expressed as a percentage. * The skewed distribution is represented as the median (25th, 75th). BMI\u0026ndash;Body Mass Index; SBP\u0026ndash;Sistolic Blood Pressure; DBP\u0026ndash;Diastolic Blood Pressure; AST\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT\u0026ndash;Alanine Aminotransferase; TG\u0026ndash;triglycerides; TC\u0026ndash;total cholesterol; HDL-C\u0026ndash;high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C\u0026ndash;low density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG\u0026ndash;fasting blood glucose; HbA1c\u0026ndash;glycosylated haemoglobin; CRE\u0026ndash;creatinine; eGFR\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;estimated glomerular filtration rate;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAdjusted ORs and 95% CIs for blood pressure according to asprosin quartiles\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"460\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASPROSIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuartiles of Asprosin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1 (＜293.1 pg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2 (293.1\u0026ndash;367.0 pg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.793 (1.116 - 2.881)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3 (＞367.0 pg/ml )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.130 (1.888 - 5.190)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value for trend\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as OR (95% CIs) +P value, unless stated otherwise. Adjusted OR is the odds ratio calculated using binary logistic regression analysis after adjustments for gender、age、duration、BMI、smoking、Antihypertensive treatmen 、HbA1c、LDL-C、eGFR.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Asprosin, blood pressure, Diabetes, type 2","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5332568/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5332568/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo probe the serum asprosin levels in community-dwelling individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to verify their association with blood pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom November 2019 to July 2021, detailed information was systematically collected from 498 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a community health service station located in southeastern Shanxi Province. Blood pressure measurements taken on the same day, laboratory indices, and serum asprosin concentrations were recorded. The systematization of participants was done by their blood pressure measurements into two categories: normotensive and hypertensive. The variance in indices between these two sets were analysed through the application of t-tests, χ2 tests, and non-parametric tests.We assessed how levels of asprosin correlate with elevated blood pressure prevalance utilizing logistic regression,.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe group with elevated blood pressure demonstrated significantly exalted levels of asprosin in comparison to the normotensive group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals with asprosin levels exceeding 367.0 pg/ml were at a higher risk of developing elevated blood pressure compared to those with asprosin levels below 293.1 pg/ml, and the odds ratio (95% CI) was 3.130 (1.888\u0026ndash;5.190) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExalted serum asprosin levels are correlated with an heightened risk of hypertension among community-dwelling individuals with T2DM.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association of serum asprosin with blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the community: a cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-15 12:05:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5332568/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"433e3b63-5370-40b4-9b19-7cf7ea710162","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 15th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-15T12:05:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-15 12:05:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5332568","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5332568","identity":"rs-5332568","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}