Risk Assessment of Unesco World Heritage Site And Its Preparedness Under Changing Climate Scenarios

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Soraganvi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761905/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Pattadkal Village in Badami taluk at Bagalkot district of Karnataka state of India is a world heritage site designated by UNESCO for having cultural and historical significance. Under changing climatic scenario the world is being subjected to extreme climatic conditions and pollution. It is imperative that, we need to protect such sites from extreme events resulting into damage or deterioration of such monuments. The Pattadkal lies on the banks of Malprabha River. Due to construction of dams upstream and also extreme rainfall events in the area, the river is being subjected to flood conditions resulting in damage to large stretches of agricultural lands and villages in northern Karnataka especially in Bagalkot district. Therefore, in this study, flood plain analysis of Malaprabha River in Bagalkot district is taken up, using geospatial tools. Various thematic maps are integrated to study the flow pattern of the river and also Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes in the landscapes around the heritage site in previous years. The monuments in the site are geotagged and a database of the temples and architectural monuments is prepared. Previous year’s satellite maps are utilized to study the historical flood events and damages caused is assessed. The flood risk analysis and LULC changes in the area are observed using satellite images, ground truthing and available geospatial and other secondary tools. The probability of recurrence of such events in future is forecasted and preparedness to such events and precautions and measures to be taken will be suggested. The following methodology is framed with specific objective to identify the risk and threats concerning the heritage site for the future preparedness. The current study area selected, the Pattadkal a UNESCO world heritage site, its extent is to be demarked by the Geospatial tools referring the toposheets, satellite images and also by ground truth data. The extent will be digitized using QGIS software and the necessary at-tributes are updated for each generated layer. Further, considering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain km (based on the extent) is demarked to study the changes, encroachments, dis-appearance of artifacts/monuments if any over a period by using spatio-temporal change assessment technique using satellite images and Google earth tool to observe the changes in landscapes. The LRI of Pattadkal village was started to arrange site-specific cadastral level information helpful for farmer level planning and growth of the area. The basic information on soils, characteristics, geographic distribution, and classification. The soil based thematic maps and soil map, land suitability for several crops and land use maps. The objectives of the Study area, the Pattadkal village covering an area of 988.91 ha are detailed characterization of the Current Land use at parcel level in the village, geotagging of monuments, Buffer zoning,Village level digital land resources database us using remote sensing and GIS. The outcomes from the study shows maps, graphs and tables indicates sustainable planning. land use land cover heritage site flood risk sustainable planning remote sensing and GIS Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 1. Introduction The Pattadkal is situated on the banks of the Malaprabha River. The town is in Bagalkot district. Pattadkal is a testament to the architectural prowess of the Cha-lukya dynasty. The city was earlier called Pattada Kisuvolal, which translates to ‘City of Crown Rubies’. There are 10 major temples in Pattadkal, all dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temples contain elements of both South Indian (Dravidian) and North Indian (Nagara) styles of architecture. The timeless beauty and historical relevance of these temples saw them acquire the status of a world heritage site in 1987. Four temples are constructed in the traditional Dravidian style of architecture, with another 4 temples containing elements of Nagara architecture. The remaining two temples are a confluence of both architectural styles. The entire city resonates with the power of Shiva and draws several thousand tourists to it every year. The detailed information about the global positioning system (GPS) such as space segment, receiver, source of error and its application. GPS is available within the cell phones; the mobile internet would give information very specific to user to be sent to his phone based on his location (Ajai). The importance of the planning of infrastructure such as site investigation, regional planning, utility planning, material inventory, environmental impact assessment, survey and monitoring, disaster management. The chapter emphasizes the importance of preventive measures in conservation to protect cultural heritage from various natural disasters. It argues that preventing decay or damage is the most effective form of conservation. The discussion highlights the value of interdisciplinary communication and collaboration among professionals involved in historic architectural and museum conservation projects shown in [1].The study by Rulli and Rosso (2002) investigates the influence of land use changes on flood occurrence and severity in the Bisagno River, located in Thyrrenian Liguria, N.W. Italy, using a Mon-te Carlo simulation approach. The study employs high-resolution land-use maps to simulate different scenarios for the years 1878 (pre-industrial), 1930 (intermediate), and 1980 current shown in [2]. The study addresses the increasing global trend of catastrophic normality due to extreme climate change and underscores the importance of "preventive conservation" in cultural preservation. The focus is on creating risk maps to predict vulnerabilities in cultural heritage, particularly in Taiwan where such concepts are relatively new showing in [3].This study focuses on developing expertise for public based flood mapping and flood risk estimation in urbanizing areas, specifically applied to Eldoret Municipality in Kenya. The methodology integrates the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis techniques to model and predict flood risk areas shown in [4].The pa-per presents a methodological framework that leverages remote sensing data and GIS analysis to gather valuable information on natural and anthropogenic hazards, aiming to assess overall risk for cultural heritage (CH) sites and monuments in the Paphos district shown in [5]. Ecotourism, as defined, focuses on the harmonious integration of environmental protection, local community benefits, and education. With its emphasis on cultural, traditional, and natural beauty, ecotourism presents opportunities for sustainable tourism development. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) plays a crucial role in achieving this by facilitating management-based planning and mapping utilities to create an environment conducive to sustainable travel and tourism explained in [6].To formulate an effective growth management plan, understanding dynamic land use and land cover (LULC) changes is crucial. This study investigates these changes over four decades (1990-2020) and employs a GIS-integrated approach using the cellular automata Markov chain model within TerrSet software to predict LULC for 2030 in the MRBC area shown in [7]. The study investigates the hydrodynamic responses of a watershed in the Krishna basin, focusing on the impact of climate changes and land use/land cover (LULC) changes, particularly due to dam construction. The research employs the open-source soil and water assessment tool QSWAT to link meteorological factors with land-surface hydrology shown in [8].Increased urbanization, economic growth, and long-term climate variability have heightened the vulnerability of both the UK and China to urban and river flooding, posing significant risks to people and property. This paper reviews the current flooding challenges in these countries and the measures they are taking to address these issues shown in [9].The study proposes a comprehensive framework for analyzing the attribution of urban flooding to historical anthropogenic climate impacts, using a combination of real (historical) and counterfactual (natural) simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) general circulation models (GCMs) shown in [10].The study aims to address the challenges of monitoring cultural heritage sites and monuments in Cyprus, particularly those located in remote and inaccessible areas. Traditional onsite observation methods, which involve data collection, periodic observations, and multivariate risk assessment analysis, are time-consuming and expensive. To overcome these limitations, the study proposes the integration of satellite remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in [11]. The construction of the Alamatti Dam under the Upper Krishna Project has led to significant submergence of Bagalkot and several surrounding villages, impacting the local landscape, land use, and livelihoods. The relocation of affected popula-tions to Navanagar has helped mitigate some of the immediate social impacts, but the broader environmental and land-use changes in [12]. Monitoring cultural heritage sites and monuments in Cyprus presents significant challenges due to their remote locations and the limitations of traditional on-site observation methods. The integration of satellite remote sensing and GIS offers a promising solution to these challenges, enabling comprehensive monitoring and risk assessment in [13]. 1.1 Study Area The Badami Town is a taluk Headquarter. The Badami town is a taluk in which pattadkal village is located. It situated in Bagalkot District. It is pinpointed at a latitude of 15 0 53 l 31.675 ll -15 0 56 l 44.544 ll North and at a longitude of 75 0 38 l 59.974 ll - 75 0 41 l 55.469 ll East and is at an altitude of 570.01 mts from mean sea level. The drainage network is dense and oblong in shape. The major rivers flowing in the district are Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and their tributaries and Malaprabha confluences river Krishna near Kudalasangama. Location map of Pattadkal Village shown in Fig. 1. Satellite image of Pattadkal Village shown in Fig. 2. 1.2 Description of Problem There are numerous risks and dangers threatening the cultural heritage, such as sprawling, changes in landscapes, extreme climate events damaging heritage sites, illegal encroachments, deterioration, neglect, destruction of or alteration to heritage, pollution, and disappearance. However, addressing the threats to heritage sites were commenced with different approaches, one in that is specifically concerned to protect/preparedness due to climate extreme events. Karnataka has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites that are popular destinations and major tourist attractions- Hampi and Pattakadal. Hampi boasts of the ruins from the Vijayanagar Empire and is an ancient village located in North Karnataka, along the banks of the river Tungabhadra. Pattakadal on the other hand was built in the 18th century by the Chalukya dynasty and is a marvelous group of monuments in Indo-Aryan design. Other than these, Karnataka boasts of more than 25 other heritage sites like Badami, Mysore, Belur, Sringeri, etc. One among the UNESCO world heritage site is the Pattadakal, in Bagalkot, Karnataka situated on the Malaprabha river banks where the river course follows meander type. According to the Archaeological Survey of India officials claimed this is the third time (2019) that the UNESCO world heritage site has been submerged. They also said that no damage has been caused to the temples due to the flood water. However, the road to Pattadkal and other villages having Chalukyan age structures is cut off due to the flood. These monuments were submerged during a similar flood in 2009 and 2018 the historic site had turned into a cattle-shed for villagers. Specifically viewing to those extreme events and the associated risk and damages to the heritage sites this study framed with technical approach to provide the flood risk. 1.2 Objective In view of historical flood events, damages and the associated risk at the Pattada-kal world heritage site identified by UNESCO, and also disappearance of the Cha-lukyan age structures assessed by the specific objectives framed as follows: 1. To delineate the heritage site extents: The Pattadakal heritage site extent is demarked by the Geospatial tools by ground trothing. 2. To assess the changes in Landscapes of heritage sites: Considering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain km (based on the extent) the changes in landscapes observed by spatio-temporal techniques using satellite images, ground truthing and available secondary tools. 3. Geotagging the existing artifacts/monuments: The artifacts/monuments within the extents are geotagged and digitalized for proper documentation representing the heritage sites. 4. Current Land use of heritage site: To Know the existing land use land cover of Pattadkal village. 4. To evaluate a heritage site exposing to the flood risk events: The Pattadkal site is located on the banks of the Malaprabha river, based on the extents historically flooded events and the damages are assessed. Further, evaluated the probable occurrence by reproducing historical events and their associated damages and risk to the heritage sites are reported. 5. Proposal for construction of flood Protection Barrier to divert flood. 2. Methodology The spatial data and ground truth data were collected and GIS tools were used to geo-reference, create, and visualize the various requisite patterns with respect to time. The study framework developed integrating geospatial application/tools with the mathematical modeling to address the changes in landscapes around the Pattadkal UNESCO world heritage site. Initially, the study commenced by delineating the heritage site extents. The current study selected the Pattadkal UNESCO world heritage site, its extent is to be demarked by the Geospatial tools referring the toposheets (based on the year wise), satellite images and also by ground truthing. The extent is digitized using QGIS software (Open Source) and the necessary attributes were up-dated for each generated layer. Further, considering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain km (based on the extent) is demarked to conduct chang-es/encroachments/dis-appearance of artifacts/monuments if any over the period by using spatio-temporal change assessment technique using satellite images (also Google earth tool) to observe the changes in landscapes. Thereafter, the artifacts/monuments within the extents are geotagged and digitalized with the help of ground truthing and available secondary tools. As the study requires ground truth data field visits and data collection required by using GPS with camera to geotag heritage buildings existed, artifacts/monuments, other important elements if any etc. automatically. Once the Heritage site extents and changes in landscapes or interventions observed and recorded from the field visits, the next step is to evaluate a heritage site exposing to the flood risk events: The Pattadakal site is located on the banks of the Malaprabha river, based on the extents historically flooded events and the damages are assessed. Further, evaluated the probable occurrence by reproducing historical events and their associated damages and risk to the heritage sites are reported. The below Figure 3 demonstrates the flowchart process for demarking, geotagging, and assessment of changes in landscapes assessment for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site. 2.1 Data Used Please note that the spatial data and other parameters of the study area collected are as follows. 1. Survey of India (SOI) Topo sheet: E43V12 of 1:50,000 scale. 2. ASTER data, along with the multi- temporal remote sensing data of IRS 1C/1D and P6 LISS-III. 3. Satellite data such as Digital Globe’s Quick Bird Image (0.65m), Landsat series Multispectral sensor (57.5 m), thematic mapper plus (28.5 m) sensor and Sentinal-2 sensor (10m) was used. 4. Multi- temporal remote sensing data of IRS 1C/1D and P6 LISS-III 5. Survey of India Toposheets of 1:50000 and 1:25000 scale was used to generate base layer of city boundary. 6. City municipal boundary was collected from municipal department. 7. Census data collected from the directorate of census operation, Bagalkot region. 8. Ground control points to register and geo-correct remote sensing data was by handheld pre calibrated GPS, survey of India Toposheet, google earth and Bhu-van using software such as Auto Cad and ArcGIS. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. To delineate the heritage site extents: The Pattadakal heritage site extent is demarked by the Geospatial tools by ground truthing Approximately 5 Hectares of land covering the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site. To delineate the Pattadkal heritage site extents shown in Fig. 4. 3.2. To assess the changes in Landscapes of heritage sites Considering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain 4 km (based on the extent) the changes in landscapes observed by spatio-temporal techniques using satellite images, ground truthing and available secondary tools. Landscapes Assessment Boundary for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site with Buffer Zone of 4km for the Pattadkal UNESCO world heritage site shown in Fig. 5. 3.3. Geotagging the existing artifacts/monuments: The artifacts/monuments within the extents are geotagged and digitalized for proper documentation representing the heritage sites. Buffer Zone of 2km for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site. Geotagging the existing Lat/Long of artifacts/monuments of the Pattadkal Village shown in Table1.Geotagging for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site shown in Fig. 6. Table 1: Geotagging the existing Lat/Long of artifacts/monuments of the Pattadkal Village Si.No Monument name Latitude Longitude 1 Virupaksha Temple 15°56'57.45"N 75°48'58.50"E 2 Kadasiddeshwara Temple 15°57'1.92"N 75°48'58.00"E 3 Jambulinga temple 15°57'0.92"N 75°48'57.64"E 4 Galaganatha Temple 15°56'58.70"N 75°48'57.14"E 5 Chandrashekara Temple 15°56'58.93"N 75°48'57.22"E 6 Nandi Mantapa 15°56'57.49"N 75°48'59.62"E 7 Mallikarjuna Temple 15°56'58.07"N 75°48'56.83"E 8 Mahadwara Mantapa 15°56'57.49"N 75°49'0.31"E 9 Sri Sangameshwara Gudi 15°56'59.57"N 75°48'58.43"E 10 Dilapidated Temples and Monuments 15°56'58.54"N 75°48'59.86"E 11 Sri Papanaatha Gudi 15°56'51.40"N 75°48'59.35"E 3.4. Current Land use of heritage site: Current Land use of Pattadkal Village shown in Fig. 7. Current Land Use classification Analysis of the Pattadkal Village shown in Table. 2. Table 2: Current land use classification Analysis of the Pattadkal Village SI No LAND USE AREA(Ha) 1 Bajra(Bj) 61.72 2 Bajra,Groundnut(Bj,Gn) 10.33 3 Habitation(Hb) 6.29 4 Hillock(Hl) 327.78 5 Maize(Mz) 109.23 6 Maize,Groundnut (Mz,Gn) 14.18 7 Not Available (NA) 33.62 8 Road(Rd) 16.19 9 River(Rv) 47.65 10 Sugarcane(Sc) 312.28 11 Sugarcane,Maize(Sc,Mz) 4.89 12 Sunflower(Sf) 4.38 13 Sunflower,Groundnut(Sf,Gn) 2.32 14 Sorghum(Sg) 10.32 TOTAL AREA 961.18 3.5. To evaluate a heritage site exposing to the flood risk events: The Pattadakal site is located on the banks of the Malaprabha river, based on the extents historically flooded events and the damages are assessed. Further, evaluated the probable occurrence by reproducing historical events and their associated dam-ages and risk to the heritage sites are reported. To analyze the inflow and outflow data of the Malaprabha Reservoir. HEC-RAS is a software application used for simulating water flow and is typically used for river and reservoir studies. Malaprabha Reservoir inflow and outflow data are in Cusecs from 23-Jul-2019 to 01-Sep-19 shown in Fig 8. Maximum Water surface elevation at Pattadkal site during 1.10 Cusecs water flow in river using HEC-RAS model shown in Fig 9. 3.6. Proposal for River Bank stabilization work: The river usually cause severe river bank erosion problems along the Agriculture and inhabited areas resulting in loss of land and crop land due to heavy rainfall and malaprabha river water sedimentation in riverbeds, the problem of flood getting worse every year. The construction of spur, boulder pitching work at vulnerable portion of the river banks to overcome this problem. Proposal of 0.5 km River Bank stabilization work shown in Fig 10. 4. Conclusions The preservation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the face of climate change is a multifaceted challenge requiring coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels. By implementing comprehensive risk assessments, adaptive management strategies, and fostering a culture of resilience, we can safeguard these irreplaceable treasures for future generations. The integration of scientific research, traditional knowledge and innovative technologies will be pivotal in building a sustainable approach to heritage conservation in a changing climate. Understanding these percentages aids in strategic urban and rural planning, ensuring balanced development and sustainability.The comprehensive study of the Pattadakal UNESCO World Heritage Site has revealed critical insights into the site's extent, landscape changes, geotagging of artifacts, current land use, flood risk exposure, and necessary riverbank stabilization efforts.Delineation of Heritage Site Extents: Utilizing geospatial tools and ground truthing, we successfully demarcated approximately 5 hectares of the heritage site. This precise delineation is essential for preservation and management efforts.Landscape Changes Assessment: By establishing a 4 km buffer zone and employing spatio-temporal techniques, satellite imagery, and ground truthing, we observed significant changes in the landscape surrounding the heritage site. This information is vital for monitoring and mitigating adverse impacts on the site's environment.Geotagging of Artifacts/Monuments: The geotagging and digitization of artifacts and monuments within a 2 km buffer zone have provided a robust framework for documentation and heritage management. This geospatial documentation ensures that the locations of significant cultural artifacts are precisely recorded and preserved. Current Land Use Analysis: The land use classification analysis of Pattadkal Village highlighted diverse uses, including agriculture, habitation, and natural features. This data informs sustainable land use planning and helps in balancing development with conservation efforts. Flood Risk Evaluation: The study of the site's exposure to flood risks, using historical data and HEC-RAS modeling, emphasized the vulnerability of the heritage site to flooding from the Malaprabha River. This assessment is crucial for developing effective flood management strategies to protect the site. River Bank Stabilization Proposal: The proposed river bank stabilization work addresses severe erosion issues and aims to safeguard agricultural land and inhabited areas. Implementing these measures will enhance the site's resilience to future flooding events and prevent further land loss. Overall, this study underscores the importance of integrating advanced geospatial techniques, rigorous ground truthing, and historical data analysis for the effective management and preservation of heritage sites. The insights gained and the proposed interventions will contribute significantly to the sustainable conservation of the Pattadakal UNESCO World Heritage Site, ensuring its protection for future generations. An flood hit Pattadakal at Badami Taluk, in Karnataka's Bagalkot on Aug 11, 2019 shown in Fig. 11 . An aerial view of flood hit Pattadakal at Badami Taluk, in Karnataka's Bagalkot on Aug 11, 2019 shown in Fig. 12 . River Bank stabilization work at Assam shown in Fig. 13 . Declarations The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper . Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Funding: The authors declared that they have no funding from any source. Author's Contribution: Manju Kumar P: Conceptualization; Methodology; Investigation; Visualization; Writing- original draft, review and editing Veena S. Soraganvi : Supervision; Formal analysis; Visualization; Writing- review and editing Acknowledgement: Dr Lingadevaru D C Team lead at Karnataka state remote sensing application centre Bangalore. Bagalkote Town planning Department authority and Tourism Department. Data Availability Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work the Manju Kumar P used ChatGPT tool in order to help with generating text, organizing ideas, and refining language. The OpenAI's, ChatGPT provided suggestions and content that were reviewed, edited, and incorporated by the Manju Kumar P to produce the final version of this document. The Manju Kumar P remains responsible for the overall content and accuracy of the work.After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication. Website 1. https://soildirectorate.assam.gov.in/information-services/information 2.https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/heritage-sites-hampi-pattadakal-besieged-by-water-753728.html 3. https://www.nrsc.gov.in/ 4. https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ 5. https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/ References Ragheb, G., El-Shimy, H., & Ragheb, A. (2016). Land for poor: towards sustainable master plan for sensitive redevelopment of slums. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 417-427.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.056 Rodríguez-Lora, J. A., Rosado, A., & Navas-Carrillo, D. (2021). Le Corbusier’s urban planning as a cultural legacy. An approach to the case of Chandigarh. Designs, 5(3), 44.https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5030044 Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Yousef, W. (2012). Modelling the smart city performance. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2012.660325 Viegas, C. V., Saldanha, D. 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Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0910-6_8 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4761905","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331453337,"identity":"b414c93a-87e8-4010-b061-7c055850d3b6","order_by":0,"name":"Manju Kumar P","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACA4YDUNaDAgbGfhAjoYBYLQkGDIwzGyAMAgBZy4YDEGNwAt32sweKec4cjuafffbghwQDG9nN51cnfnhgwCDPL3YAqxazM3kJxjw3DufOOJeXLJFgkGa87cbbzUAGg+HM2QnYtRzIMTDm+XA4t+EMjwFQ5eHEbTfObgBpSTC4jUPL+TcQLfPP8Bj/SDD4n7h5xtnNP/BquQGyBeiwDWd4zICGH0jcwN+7Db8tN94YGM45k5678QxfmkWCQbLxjBu824AMCdx+OZ9jZvDmmHXuvDO8h298qLCT7e8/u/nmjwobeX5p7FqAgA0aBzxQvgRYpQQu5SDA/ABVC/8BfKpHwSgYBaNgBAIA+fNrM5mnXKgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Basaveshwar Engineering College Bagalkot","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manju","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"P","suffix":""},{"id":331453338,"identity":"7b4382d9-d2ef-4ae4-b3ef-4316dc56c622","order_by":1,"name":"Veena S. Soraganvi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Basaveshwar Engineering College Bagalkot","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Veena","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Soraganvi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-18 10:36:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761905/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761905/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63298773,"identity":"39d49875-cf4f-4a64-8223-1f6c798cf273","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":445165,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation map of Pattadkal Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1LOCATION.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/140ae3a8b8d5c9c322ce1f24.png"},{"id":63299734,"identity":"831ccdf1-03e7-4441-8221-39b8a3ed3589","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:56:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":939732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSatellite image of Pattadkal \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2SATTELITE.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/d3030bac6f0f578dee4e550d.png"},{"id":63299931,"identity":"69630e9c-ec5b-4362-8936-cb426d964ebc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 16:04:50","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":286635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart shows brief methodology of the study\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3FLOWCHART.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/ade064800a8928532a2cccbb.png"},{"id":63298774,"identity":"205bd9ec-cf84-4f7f-9f3f-edc5c4039369","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1732470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTo delineate the Pattadkal heritage site extents\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4DELINEATEOFPATTADKAL.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/c81a0e981b6165019a72e63a.png"},{"id":63298770,"identity":"cf9687d4-78b9-4fd8-bec5-ad7b24514f7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1118927,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBuffer Zone of 4km for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5BUFFERZONE.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/04271f9736226a81230b60b4.png"},{"id":63298780,"identity":"da4bb175-63b3-45c3-8180-ce0c9849127e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2529604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeotagging for the Pattadkal UNESCO world heritage site\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6GEOTAGGING.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/b326a9f0f124d2604ef68431.png"},{"id":63299736,"identity":"7bb5bfbf-f852-408d-ae5a-7077eafe136e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:56:49","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4930145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCurrent Land use of Pattadkal Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7CURRENTLANDUSE.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/6b8e20a2a38008cdd4aa65a9.png"},{"id":63299930,"identity":"b034ece1-9af0-44f7-beeb-f4a98d889fc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 16:04:50","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78073,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMalaprabha Reservoir inflow and outflow data are in Cusecs from 23-Jul-2019 \u0026nbsp;to 01-Sep-19.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8GRAPHICAL.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/446523fb843423725e2a19fa.png"},{"id":63299738,"identity":"21c735ed-49f5-4ffa-bd41-f4431a570adf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:56:49","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2103888,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMaximum Water surface elevation at Pattadkal site during 1.10 Cusecs water flow in river using HEC-RAS model.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9HECRASMODEL.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/8a5def32282174aa7465fd98.png"},{"id":63299739,"identity":"f599783b-fe9d-4b85-b1a2-e9cb88277242","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:56:49","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2913619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProposal of 0.5 km River Bank stabilization work\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10PROPOSAL.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/b214bc0063e4cd553cc11ba3.png"},{"id":63298782,"identity":"c464d13f-bafd-44c2-8b40-6db2bb92aa4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":287745,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn flood hit Pattadakal at Badami Taluk, in Karnataka's Bagalkot on Aug 11, 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11FLOODHIT.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/6fc16766d50cb6e5c6657ed7.png"},{"id":63298779,"identity":"209b495d-1f96-4870-829c-6aaa2cb63dc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1045749,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn aerial view of flood hit Pattadakal at Badami Taluk, in Karnataka's Bagalkot on Aug 11, 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12AERIALVIEW.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/5a0ee7173f57b86947aeb984.png"},{"id":63298777,"identity":"2ca6915f-fc75-4c9a-8571-b875eb608bed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 15:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1432292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRiver Bank stabilization work at Assam.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13RIVERBANKSTABILIZATION.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/4f6761c4862380ce975c9899.png"},{"id":64051454,"identity":"81dfdfc6-4bc8-45c6-b763-7cab3f2824a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-05 16:25:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":27874579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4761905/v1/015c544a-f756-47ed-9b57-698cf878c876.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Risk Assessment of Unesco World Heritage Site And Its Preparedness Under Changing Climate Scenarios","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The Pattadkal is situated on the banks of the Malaprabha River. The town is in Bagalkot district. Pattadkal is a testament to the architectural prowess of the Cha-lukya dynasty. The city was earlier called Pattada Kisuvolal, which translates to \u0026lsquo;City of Crown Rubies\u0026rsquo;. There are 10 major temples in Pattadkal, all dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temples contain elements of both South Indian (Dravidian) and North Indian (Nagara) styles of architecture. The timeless beauty and historical relevance of these temples saw them acquire the status of a world heritage site in 1987. Four temples are constructed in the traditional Dravidian style of architecture, with another 4 temples containing elements of Nagara architecture. The remaining two temples are a confluence of both architectural styles. The entire city resonates with the power of Shiva and draws several thousand tourists to it every year. The detailed information about the global positioning system (GPS) such as space segment, receiver, source of error and its application. GPS is available within the cell phones; the mobile internet would give information very specific to user to be sent to his phone based on his location (Ajai). The importance of the planning of infrastructure such as site investigation, regional planning, utility planning, material inventory, environmental impact assessment, survey and monitoring, disaster management. The chapter emphasizes the importance of preventive measures in conservation to protect cultural heritage from various natural disasters. It argues that preventing decay or damage is the most effective form of conservation. The discussion highlights the value of interdisciplinary communication and collaboration among professionals involved in historic architectural and museum conservation projects shown in [1].The study by Rulli and Rosso (2002) investigates the influence of land use changes on flood occurrence and severity in the Bisagno River, located in Thyrrenian Liguria, N.W. Italy, using a Mon-te Carlo simulation approach. The study employs high-resolution land-use maps to simulate different scenarios for the years 1878 (pre-industrial), 1930 (intermediate), and 1980 current shown in [2]. The study addresses the increasing global trend of catastrophic normality due to extreme climate change and underscores the importance of \u0026quot;preventive conservation\u0026quot; in cultural preservation. The focus is on creating risk maps to predict vulnerabilities in cultural heritage, particularly in Taiwan where such concepts are relatively new showing in [3].This study focuses on developing expertise for public based flood mapping and flood risk estimation in urbanizing areas, specifically applied to Eldoret Municipality in Kenya. The methodology integrates the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis techniques to model and predict flood risk areas shown in [4].The pa-per presents a methodological framework that leverages remote sensing data and GIS analysis to gather valuable information on natural and anthropogenic hazards, aiming to assess overall risk for cultural heritage (CH) sites and monuments in the Paphos district shown in [5]. Ecotourism, as defined, focuses on the harmonious integration of environmental protection, local community benefits, and education. With its emphasis on cultural, traditional, and natural beauty, ecotourism presents opportunities for sustainable tourism development. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) plays a crucial role in achieving this by facilitating management-based planning and mapping utilities to create an environment conducive to sustainable travel and tourism explained in [6].To formulate an effective growth management plan, understanding dynamic land use and land cover (LULC) changes is crucial. This study investigates these changes over four decades (1990-2020) and employs a GIS-integrated approach using the cellular automata Markov chain model within TerrSet software to predict LULC for 2030 in the MRBC area shown in [7]. The study investigates the hydrodynamic responses of a watershed in the Krishna basin, focusing on the impact of climate changes and land use/land cover (LULC) changes, particularly due to dam construction. The research employs the open-source soil and water assessment tool QSWAT to link meteorological factors with land-surface hydrology shown in [8].Increased urbanization, economic growth, and long-term climate variability have heightened the vulnerability of both the UK and China to urban and river flooding, posing significant risks to people and property. This paper reviews the current flooding challenges in these countries and the measures they are taking to address these issues shown in [9].The study proposes a comprehensive framework for analyzing the attribution of urban flooding to historical anthropogenic climate impacts, using a combination of real (historical) and counterfactual (natural) simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) general circulation models (GCMs) shown in [10].The study aims to address the challenges of monitoring cultural heritage sites and monuments in Cyprus, particularly those located in remote and inaccessible areas. Traditional onsite observation methods, which involve data collection, periodic observations, and multivariate risk assessment analysis, are time-consuming and expensive. To overcome these limitations, the study proposes the integration of satellite remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in [11]. The construction of the Alamatti Dam under the Upper Krishna Project has led to significant submergence of Bagalkot and several surrounding villages, impacting the local landscape, land use, and livelihoods. The relocation of affected popula-tions to Navanagar has helped mitigate some of the immediate social impacts, but the broader environmental and land-use changes in [12]. Monitoring cultural heritage sites and monuments in Cyprus presents significant challenges due to their remote locations and the limitations of traditional on-site observation methods. The integration of satellite remote sensing and GIS offers a promising solution to these challenges, enabling comprehensive monitoring and risk assessment in [13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Badami Town is a taluk Headquarter. \u0026nbsp;The Badami town is a taluk in which pattadkal village is located. It situated in Bagalkot District. It is pinpointed at a latitude of 15\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 53\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e 31.675\u003csup\u003ell\u003c/sup\u003e -15\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e 44.544\u003csup\u003ell\u003c/sup\u003e North and at a longitude of 75\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 38\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e 59.974\u003csup\u003ell\u003c/sup\u003e - 75\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 41\u003csup\u003el\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e55.469\u003csup\u003ell\u003c/sup\u003e East and is at an altitude of 570.01 mts from mean sea level. The drainage network is dense and oblong in shape. The major rivers flowing in the district are Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and their tributaries and Malaprabha confluences river Krishna near Kudalasangama. Location map of Pattadkal Village shown in Fig. 1. Satellite image of Pattadkal Village shown in Fig. 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Description of Problem\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are numerous risks and dangers threatening the cultural heritage, such as sprawling, changes in landscapes, extreme climate events damaging heritage sites, illegal encroachments, deterioration, neglect, destruction of or alteration to heritage, pollution, and disappearance. However, addressing the threats to heritage sites were commenced with different approaches, one in that is specifically concerned to protect/preparedness due to climate extreme events. Karnataka has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites that are popular destinations and major tourist attractions- Hampi and Pattakadal. Hampi boasts of the ruins from the Vijayanagar Empire and is an ancient village located in North Karnataka, along the banks of the river Tungabhadra. Pattakadal on the other hand was built in the 18th century by the Chalukya dynasty and is a marvelous group of monuments in Indo-Aryan design. Other than these, Karnataka boasts of more than 25 other heritage sites like Badami, Mysore, Belur, Sringeri, etc. One among the UNESCO world heritage site is the Pattadakal, in Bagalkot, Karnataka situated on the Malaprabha river banks where the river course follows meander type. According to the Archaeological Survey of India officials claimed this is the third time (2019) that the UNESCO world heritage site has been submerged. They also said that no damage has been caused to the temples due to the flood water. However, the road to Pattadkal and other villages having Chalukyan age structures is cut off due to the flood. These monuments were submerged during a similar flood in 2009 and 2018 the historic site had turned into a cattle-shed for villagers. Specifically viewing to those extreme events and the associated risk and damages to the heritage sites this study framed with technical approach to provide the flood risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2 Objective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn view of historical flood events, damages and the associated risk at the Pattada-kal world heritage site identified by UNESCO, and also disappearance of the Cha-lukyan age structures assessed by the specific objectives framed as follows:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. To delineate the heritage site extents: The Pattadakal heritage site extent is demarked by the Geospatial tools by ground trothing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. To assess the changes in Landscapes of heritage sites: Considering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain km (based on the extent) the changes in landscapes observed by spatio-temporal techniques using satellite images, ground truthing and available secondary tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Geotagging the existing artifacts/monuments: The artifacts/monuments within the extents are geotagged and digitalized for proper documentation representing the heritage sites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. Current Land use of heritage site: To Know the existing land use land cover of Pattadkal village.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. To evaluate a heritage site exposing to the flood risk events: The Pattadkal site is located on the banks of the Malaprabha river, based on the extents historically flooded events and the damages are assessed. Further, evaluated the probable occurrence by reproducing historical events and their associated damages and risk to the heritage sites are reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. Proposal for construction of flood Protection Barrier to divert flood.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tMethodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe spatial data and ground truth data were collected and GIS tools were used to geo-reference, create, and visualize the various requisite patterns with respect to time. The study framework developed integrating geospatial application/tools with the mathematical modeling to address the changes in landscapes around the Pattadkal UNESCO world heritage site. Initially, the study commenced by delineating the heritage site extents. The current study selected the Pattadkal UNESCO world heritage site, its extent is to be demarked by the Geospatial tools referring the toposheets (based on the year wise), satellite images and also by ground truthing. The extent is digitized using QGIS software (Open Source) and the necessary attributes were up-dated for each generated layer. Further, considering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain km (based on the extent) is demarked to conduct chang-es/encroachments/dis-appearance of artifacts/monuments if any over the period by using spatio-temporal change assessment technique using satellite images (also Google earth tool) to observe the changes in landscapes. Thereafter, the artifacts/monuments within the extents are geotagged and digitalized with the help of ground truthing and available secondary tools. As the study requires ground truth data field visits and data collection required by using GPS with camera to geotag heritage buildings existed, artifacts/monuments, other important elements if any etc. automatically. Once the Heritage site extents and changes in landscapes or interventions observed and recorded from the field visits, the next step is to evaluate a heritage site exposing to the flood risk events: The Pattadakal site is located on the banks of the Malaprabha river, based on the extents historically flooded events and the damages are assessed. Further, evaluated the probable occurrence by reproducing historical events and their associated damages and risk to the heritage sites are reported. The below Figure 3 demonstrates the flowchart process for demarking, geotagging, and assessment of changes in landscapes assessment for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 \u0026nbsp; Data Used\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the spatial data and other parameters of the study area collected are as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Survey of India (SOI) Topo sheet: E43V12 of 1:50,000 scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ASTER data, along with the multi- temporal remote sensing data of IRS 1C/1D and \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;P6 LISS-III.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Satellite data such as Digital Globe\u0026rsquo;s Quick Bird Image (0.65m), Landsat series Multispectral sensor (57.5 m), thematic mapper plus (28.5 m) sensor and Sentinal-2 sensor (10m) was used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Multi- temporal remote sensing data of IRS 1C/1D and P6 LISS-III\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Survey of India Toposheets of 1:50000 and 1:25000 scale was used to generate base layer of city boundary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; City municipal boundary was collected from municipal department. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Census data collected from the directorate of census operation, Bagalkot region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Ground control points to register and geo-correct remote sensing data was by handheld pre calibrated GPS, survey of India Toposheet, google earth and Bhu-van using software such as Auto Cad and ArcGIS.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. To delineate the heritage site extents:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Pattadakal heritage site extent is demarked by the Geospatial tools by ground truthing Approximately 5 Hectares of land covering the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site. To delineate the Pattadkal heritage site extents shown in Fig. 4.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. To assess the changes in Landscapes of heritage sites\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain 4 km (based on the extent) the changes in landscapes observed by spatio-temporal techniques using satellite images, ground truthing and available secondary tools. Landscapes Assessment Boundary for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site with Buffer Zone of 4km for the Pattadkal UNESCO world heritage site shown in Fig. 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. Geotagging the existing artifacts/monuments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artifacts/monuments within the extents are geotagged and digitalized for proper documentation representing the heritage sites. Buffer Zone of 2km for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site. Geotagging the existing Lat/Long of artifacts/monuments of the Pattadkal Village shown in Table1.Geotagging for the Pattadakal UNESCO world heritage site shown in Fig. 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Geotagging the existing Lat/Long of artifacts/monuments of the Pattadkal Village\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSi.No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonument name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLatitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVirupaksha Temple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;57.45\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;58.50\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKadasiddeshwara Temple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;57\u0026apos;1.92\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;58.00\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJambulinga temple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;57\u0026apos;0.92\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;57.64\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGalaganatha Temple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;58.70\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;57.14\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChandrashekara Temple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;58.93\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;57.22\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNandi Mantapa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;57.49\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;59.62\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMallikarjuna Temple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;58.07\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;56.83\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMahadwara Mantapa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;57.49\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;49\u0026apos;0.31\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSri Sangameshwara Gudi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;59.57\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;58.43\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDilapidated Temples and Monuments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;58.54\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;59.86\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.496746203904555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.91323210412148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSri Papanaatha Gudi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.945770065075923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026deg;56\u0026apos;51.40\u0026quot;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.644251626898047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026deg;48\u0026apos;59.35\u0026quot;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4. Current Land use of heritage site:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrent Land use of Pattadkal Village shown in Fig. 7. Current Land Use classification Analysis of the Pattadkal Village shown in Table. 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Current land use classification Analysis of the Pattadkal Village\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"385\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSI No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLAND USE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAREA(Ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBajra(Bj)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBajra,Groundnut(Bj,Gn)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabitation(Hb)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHillock(Hl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaize(Mz)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaize,Groundnut (Mz,Gn)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Available (NA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoad(Rd)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRiver(Rv)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugarcane(Sc)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugarcane,Maize(Sc,Mz)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSunflower(Sf)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSunflower,Groundnut(Sf,Gn)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.03896103896104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum(Sg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.532467532467532%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"72.53886010362694%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTOTAL AREA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.46113989637306%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;961.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5. To evaluate a heritage site exposing to the flood risk events:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Pattadakal site is located on the banks of the Malaprabha river, based on the extents historically flooded events and the damages are assessed. Further, evaluated the probable occurrence by reproducing historical events and their associated dam-ages and risk to the heritage sites are reported. To analyze the inflow and outflow data of the Malaprabha Reservoir. HEC-RAS is a software application used for simulating water flow and is typically used for river and reservoir studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalaprabha Reservoir inflow and outflow data are in Cusecs from 23-Jul-2019 to 01-Sep-19 shown in Fig 8. Maximum Water surface elevation at Pattadkal site during 1.10 Cusecs water flow in river using HEC-RAS model shown in Fig 9.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.6. Proposal for River Bank stabilization work:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe river usually cause severe river bank erosion problems along the Agriculture and inhabited areas resulting in loss of land and crop land due to heavy rainfall and malaprabha river water sedimentation in riverbeds, the problem of flood getting worse every year. The construction of spur, boulder pitching work at vulnerable portion of the river banks to overcome this problem. Proposal of 0.5 km River Bank stabilization work shown in Fig 10.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe preservation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the face of climate change is a multifaceted challenge requiring coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels. By implementing comprehensive risk assessments, adaptive management strategies, and fostering a culture of resilience, we can safeguard these irreplaceable treasures for future generations. The integration of scientific research, traditional knowledge and innovative technologies will be pivotal in building a sustainable approach to heritage conservation in a changing climate. Understanding these percentages aids in strategic urban and rural planning, ensuring balanced development and sustainability.The comprehensive study of the Pattadakal UNESCO World Heritage Site has revealed critical insights into the site's extent, landscape changes, geotagging of artifacts, current land use, flood risk exposure, and necessary riverbank stabilization efforts.Delineation of Heritage Site Extents: Utilizing geospatial tools and ground truthing, we successfully demarcated approximately 5 hectares of the heritage site. This precise delineation is essential for preservation and management efforts.Landscape Changes Assessment: By establishing a 4 km buffer zone and employing spatio-temporal techniques, satellite imagery, and ground truthing, we observed significant changes in the landscape surrounding the heritage site. This information is vital for monitoring and mitigating adverse impacts on the site's environment.Geotagging of Artifacts/Monuments: The geotagging and digitization of artifacts and monuments within a 2 km buffer zone have provided a robust framework for documentation and heritage management. This geospatial documentation ensures that the locations of significant cultural artifacts are precisely recorded and preserved. Current Land Use Analysis: The land use classification analysis of Pattadkal Village highlighted diverse uses, including agriculture, habitation, and natural features. This data informs sustainable land use planning and helps in balancing development with conservation efforts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlood Risk Evaluation: The study of the site's exposure to flood risks, using historical data and HEC-RAS modeling, emphasized the vulnerability of the heritage site to flooding from the Malaprabha River. This assessment is crucial for developing effective flood management strategies to protect the site. River Bank Stabilization Proposal: The proposed river bank stabilization work addresses severe erosion issues and aims to safeguard agricultural land and inhabited areas. Implementing these measures will enhance the site's resilience to future flooding events and prevent further land loss. Overall, this study underscores the importance of integrating advanced geospatial techniques, rigorous ground truthing, and historical data analysis for the effective management and preservation of heritage sites. The insights gained and the proposed interventions will contribute significantly to the sustainable conservation of the Pattadakal UNESCO World Heritage Site, ensuring its protection for future generations. An flood hit Pattadakal at Badami Taluk, in Karnataka's Bagalkot on Aug 11, 2019 shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. An aerial view of flood hit Pattadakal at Badami Taluk, in Karnataka's Bagalkot on Aug 11, 2019 shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. River Bank stabilization work at Assam shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared that they have no funding from any source.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026apos;s Contribution:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManju Kumar P:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization; Methodology; Investigation; Visualization; Writing- original draft, review and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVeena S. Soraganvi\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Supervision; Formal analysis;\u0026nbsp;Visualization; Writing- review and editing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDr Lingadevaru D C Team lead at Karnataka state remote sensing application centre Bangalore.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBagalkote Town planning Department authority and Tourism Department.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the preparation of this work the Manju Kumar P used ChatGPT tool in order to help with generating text, organizing ideas, and refining language. The OpenAI\u0026apos;s, ChatGPT provided suggestions and content that were reviewed, edited, and incorporated by the Manju Kumar P to produce the final version of this document. The Manju Kumar P remains responsible for the overall content and accuracy of the work.After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWebsite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. https://soildirectorate.assam.gov.in/information-services/information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/heritage-sites-hampi-pattadakal-besieged-by-water-753728.html\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. https://www.nrsc.gov.in/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRagheb, G., El-Shimy, H., \u0026amp; Ragheb, A. (2016). Land for poor: towards sustainable master plan for sensitive redevelopment of slums. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 417-427.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.056\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez-Lora, J. A., Rosado, A., \u0026amp; Navas-Carrillo, D. (2021). Le Corbusier\u0026rsquo;s urban planning as a cultural legacy. An approach to the case of Chandigarh. Designs, 5(3), 44.https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5030044\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., \u0026amp; Yousef, W. (2012). Modelling the smart city performance. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2012.660325\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eViegas, C. V., Saldanha, D. L., Bond, A., Ribeiro, J. L. D., \u0026amp; Selig, P. M. (2013). Urban land planning: The role of a Master Plan in influencing local temperatures. Cities, 35, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.05.006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTian, L., \u0026amp; Shen, T. (2011). Evaluation of plan implementation in the transitional China: A case of Guangzhou city master plan. Cities, 28(1), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2010.07.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBonazza, A., \u0026amp; Sardella, A. (2023). Climate change and cultural heritage: Methods and approaches for damage and risk assessment addressed to a practical application. Heritage, 6(4), 3578-3589. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6040190\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeilden, B. M. (1986). Protection of our cultural heritage against natural disasters. In Protecting historic architecture and museum collections from natural disasters (pp. 15-37). Butterworth-Heinemann.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-409-90035-4.50006-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgapiou, A., Lysandrou, V., Alexakis, D. D., Themistocleous, K., Cuca, B., Argyriou, A., \u0026amp; Hadjimitsis, D. G. (2015). Cultural heritage management and monitoring using remote sensing data and GIS: The case study of Paphos area, Cyprus. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChandel, R. S., Rai, P. K., Kanga, S., \u0026amp; Singh, R. (2023). An Assessment and Management of Ecotourism Based on Water and LULC: A Geospatial Approach of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. In River Conservation and Water Resource Management (pp. 233-251). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2605-3_12\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManju Kumar, P., Soraganvi, V. S., Basavaraj, D. B., \u0026amp; Lingadevaru, D. C. (2023, July). Reservoir Induced Spatio-Temporal Changes in Land-Use/Land-Cover Pattern of Bagalkot Due to Submergence Using Remote Sensing and GIS. In International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (pp. 93-105). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0910-6_8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"land use land cover, heritage site, flood risk, sustainable planning, remote sensing and GIS","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761905/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761905/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pattadkal Village in Badami taluk at Bagalkot district of Karnataka state of India is a world heritage site designated by UNESCO for having cultural and historical significance. Under changing climatic scenario the world is being subjected to extreme climatic conditions and pollution. It is imperative that, we need to protect such sites from extreme events resulting into damage or deterioration of such monuments. The Pattadkal lies on the banks of Malprabha River. Due to construction of dams upstream and also extreme rainfall events in the area, the river is being subjected to flood conditions resulting in damage to large stretches of agricultural lands and villages in northern Karnataka especially in Bagalkot district. Therefore, in this study, flood plain analysis of Malaprabha River in Bagalkot district is taken up, using geospatial tools. Various thematic maps are integrated to study the flow pattern of the river and also Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes in the landscapes around the heritage site in previous years. The monuments in the site are geotagged and a database of the temples and architectural monuments is prepared. Previous year\u0026rsquo;s satellite maps are utilized to study the historical flood events and damages caused is assessed. The flood risk analysis and LULC changes in the area are observed using satellite images, ground truthing and available geospatial and other secondary tools. The probability of recurrence of such events in future is forecasted and preparedness to such events and precautions and measures to be taken will be suggested. The following methodology is framed with specific objective to identify the risk and threats concerning the heritage site for the future preparedness. The current study area selected, the Pattadkal a UNESCO world heritage site, its extent is to be demarked by the Geospatial tools referring the toposheets, satellite images and also by ground truth data. The extent will be digitized using QGIS software and the necessary at-tributes are updated for each generated layer. Further, considering the Pattadakal heritage site, a buffer of certain km (based on the extent) is demarked to study the changes, encroachments, dis-appearance of artifacts/monuments if any over a period by using spatio-temporal change assessment technique using satellite images and Google earth tool to observe the changes in landscapes. The LRI of Pattadkal village was started to arrange site-specific cadastral level information helpful for farmer level planning and growth of the area. The basic information on soils, characteristics, geographic distribution, and classification. The soil based thematic maps and soil map, land suitability for several crops and land use maps. The objectives of the Study area, the Pattadkal village covering an area of 988.91 ha are detailed characterization of the Current Land use at parcel level in the village, geotagging of monuments, Buffer zoning,Village level digital land resources database us using remote sensing and GIS. The outcomes from the study shows maps, graphs and tables indicates sustainable planning.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Risk Assessment of Unesco World Heritage Site And Its Preparedness Under Changing Climate Scenarios","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-26 15:48:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761905/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9c8a7d87-5827-4993-8e98-2f4cefcc63cf","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-05T16:17:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-26 15:48:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4761905","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4761905","identity":"rs-4761905","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}