The Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Financing: A Network, Clustering, and Composite Index Approach to Global Mechanism Effectiveness

preprint OA: closed
Full text JSON View at publisher
AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-03 · read from full text

This preprint studies the persistence and effectiveness of energy efficiency (EE) financing mechanisms across countries between 2010 and 2023, using network analysis, clustering, and a composite indexing approach to characterize global financing dynamics. The authors report persistent financing patterns and identify three distinct country clusters with different levels of financing effectiveness, with North America and Europe showing stability but varying performance, while Latin America and the Middle East show declines. A major caveat is that the work is a preprint that has not been peer reviewed, and the extract provided does not specify further methodological limitations beyond that status. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

Read from the paper's body, not the abstract. Not a substitute for reading the paper. No clinical advice. How this works

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the persistence and effectiveness of energy efficiency (EE) financing mechanisms across various regions from 2010 to 2023. As climate goals become increasingly critical, understanding financing mechanisms for EE is essential. However, inconsistent policy frameworks and fragmented financing structures create challenges. This research aims to assess the persistence, effectiveness, and clustering of EE financing across countries using network analysis, clustering, and composite indexing. Key findings reveal persistent financing patterns and three distinct clusters of countries based on their financing effectiveness. Regions like North America and Europe demonstrate stability but varying performance, while Latin America and the Middle East face declines. The study provides recommendations for strengthening EE financing frameworks and suggests further areas for policy innovation and cross-country learning
Full text 21,802 characters · extracted from preprint-html · click to expand
The Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Financing: A Network, Clustering, and Composite Index Approach to Global Mechanism Effectiveness | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Financing: A Network, Clustering, and Composite Index Approach to Global Mechanism Effectiveness Abdulgaffar Muhammad, Nana Aishah Abdurrazzaq This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8606121/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the persistence and effectiveness of energy efficiency (EE) financing mechanisms across various regions from 2010 to 2023. As climate goals become increasingly critical, understanding financing mechanisms for EE is essential. However, inconsistent policy frameworks and fragmented financing structures create challenges. This research aims to assess the persistence, effectiveness, and clustering of EE financing across countries using network analysis, clustering, and composite indexing. Key findings reveal persistent financing patterns and three distinct clusters of countries based on their financing effectiveness. Regions like North America and Europe demonstrate stability but varying performance, while Latin America and the Middle East face declines. The study provides recommendations for strengthening EE financing frameworks and suggests further areas for policy innovation and cross-country learning International Economics Energy Efficiency Financing Policy Persistence Network Analysis Clustering Composite Index Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8606121","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":574844986,"identity":"3d1eb7c4-0402-4a20-b743-2fc97e2f94d9","order_by":0,"name":"Abdulgaffar Muhammad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHobDDAYM9W38zQeAPAkZorUw9kscSwBp4SFKCzOQZJzZkGMA4RIC8u1nDx4uKLBhNjhw5vOrGzUWPAzsh49uwKfF4ExewuEZBmlsBod7t1nnHAM6jCct7QZeLQw5Bod5QOjA2W3GOWxALRI8Zni1yPe/AWuRMDiQ88w45x8RWhhuQGwxkGzIYX6c20aEFoMb78B+SeCXOGbGnNsnwcNGyC/y/bmHPxf8sUlg429+/DnnW50cP/vhY/gdhgTYJMAkscpBgPkDKapHwSgYBaNg5AAA+xFJ+2VXEiMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ahmadu Bello University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulgaffar","middleName":"","lastName":"Muhammad","suffix":""},{"id":574845016,"identity":"a026f787-0c75-45fd-88f5-958f82def6a9","order_by":1,"name":"Nana Aishah Abdurrazzaq","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahmadu Bello University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nana","middleName":"Aishah","lastName":"Abdurrazzaq","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-15 02:32:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8606121/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8606121/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100408450,"identity":"ae22ff68-2632-4a05-b6ea-cc5081db0046","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:16","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2051289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"energy3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/8f9039eaeefec042d031f1cc.docx"},{"id":100408408,"identity":"9abbb4a3-44ad-40f1-ad51-893e16802d31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:05","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs8606121.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/c39711ab7bdf0c0cc9c47e7d.json"},{"id":100408644,"identity":"5a547ede-1d90-4604-98c0-7ad9c5404bdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:23","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77054,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs86061210enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/f60cf7cea136c20cb933aa26.xml"},{"id":100408441,"identity":"9db405ac-e1e0-4463-8161-e7884b858d2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:14","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":285997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/0bc36c4a0b64bc1fa6c284cd.png"},{"id":100408963,"identity":"e8c0d1b4-174d-435f-9559-a10303aed269","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:41","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/590377e61f2069d7f79f0f03.png"},{"id":100408240,"identity":"8dd73e9d-ed9f-4dd8-ab85-07bbbd416b5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:05:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":212508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/a24e3c1bc3e24a9ed6a66bd3.png"},{"id":100408786,"identity":"75302c1e-19a3-48ca-9d79-fd1055fda0f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:32","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":75840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/9d7be0da05d60005c82ffe32.png"},{"id":100421906,"identity":"17074240-e7fb-48b1-ae8c-b0cfcd71f911","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 14:01:51","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/e00c41fb6330efcc50be76d9.png"},{"id":100408403,"identity":"9c77f6cf-9c9d-42bc-a289-ba1948624c62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:05","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/71221ce1cdaf9ed55c4fe9ac.png"},{"id":100408344,"identity":"81758670-ebe9-4e43-86e3-1b3cd48c090b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:01","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":148478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/862d6ec9fc80144a0eac6b53.png"},{"id":100408239,"identity":"e505b025-836b-47d0-a20b-9ac091abccd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:05:49","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163699,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/50aa919910af215607e6df9a.png"},{"id":100421966,"identity":"439d5b7a-c91e-4769-bb7f-060c5beb6552","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 14:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":191295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/d345eb02876a24783501dd27.png"},{"id":100408886,"identity":"9e2024c6-8460-4f98-8d19-a63151072e51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:37","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":204296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/1ffc20f33a560047d0a716bd.png"},{"id":100408779,"identity":"a2d244ed-686c-4c86-9983-8380a2797ebd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:31","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/7b10e3cb657fd690afdf8985.png"},{"id":100408816,"identity":"ed3d486d-57f1-4cba-9b68-91fa2f867a88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:35","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/3a05e7a8b9dca6cb52d611f3.png"},{"id":100408143,"identity":"bc8593f7-eb06-429d-9456-7894ce382ec3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:05:35","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/e0016db9c2404b6c3add7882.png"},{"id":100408692,"identity":"199c37d7-bf9a-4b4c-b2dd-dbd6ba1ddaf2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:24","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/ea14caf8d984edfc6a381d9c.png"},{"id":100408731,"identity":"54ea5e55-60dc-451f-a01b-b29d7d0c1096","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:28","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/40ce66e68cccfbaeaa3c7b11.png"},{"id":100408810,"identity":"64766232-7c10-413d-bca9-dcd2b5e783a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:35","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/1ac249f178286c4e798a590e.png"},{"id":100408232,"identity":"3f9b6a85-d678-4c3c-b184-0a2fbb7bad87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:05:48","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/6bbbe559d45e8a212add1d2a.png"},{"id":100408350,"identity":"83cbde1f-25c8-463e-942c-a3b83747cdd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:02","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/e81043d052b1c196b60118f9.png"},{"id":100408882,"identity":"5822af72-9310-4b7e-b273-d0b7d1a7a880","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:37","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/01e23c639a703fdbed008b61.png"},{"id":100408444,"identity":"e7186743-c40f-4b53-b028-f320199231bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:15","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/790f1b799b5d96b71f5c1f81.png"},{"id":100408354,"identity":"3f5735c7-1eea-47e7-9028-6248774cab97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:02","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/a27b257eab51dcacf6f0ae45.png"},{"id":100408887,"identity":"04bfd085-4f60-48f6-9927-21487ad3f4c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:38","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43621,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/1a54191a32c802ba83d82e82.png"},{"id":100408635,"identity":"9c557403-132d-492d-a30d-465d904a5790","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:23","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/2bf13c36c4d329ac5bfd32ed.png"},{"id":100408363,"identity":"c16d4dd6-465f-4001-9791-48aa6cb3a631","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:03","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/781d25f7b014db086458c6ac.png"},{"id":100408792,"identity":"d03944e8-1ee2-4aa2-941c-b222ccfefa5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:35","extension":"xml","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":76205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs86061210structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/76b1bcad0a32f10d3c5af65c.xml"},{"id":100408899,"identity":"ae4f9502-93db-4a48-ba4f-04fc2dba9253","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:06:38","extension":"html","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1/e3040f0120c0a1f6956428f7.html"},{"id":100423802,"identity":"24052058-1777-40c8-85f5-a06daa5ca57b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 14:14:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1992007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"energy3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8606121/v1_covered_94c779ce-bb8a-4b81-9da3-57e1d8bb33d4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Financing: A Network, Clustering, and Composite Index Approach to Global Mechanism Effectiveness\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Ahmadu Bello University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Energy Efficiency, Financing, Policy Persistence, Network Analysis, Clustering, Composite Index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8606121/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8606121/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the persistence and effectiveness of energy efficiency (EE) financing mechanisms across various regions from 2010 to 2023. As climate goals become increasingly critical, understanding financing mechanisms for EE is essential. However, inconsistent policy frameworks and fragmented financing structures create challenges. This research aims to assess the persistence, effectiveness, and clustering of EE financing across countries using network analysis, clustering, and composite indexing. Key findings reveal persistent financing patterns and three distinct clusters of countries based on their financing effectiveness. Regions like North America and Europe demonstrate stability but varying performance, while Latin America and the Middle East face declines. The study provides recommendations for strengthening EE financing frameworks and suggests further areas for policy innovation and cross-country learning\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Financing: A Network, Clustering, and Composite Index Approach to Global Mechanism Effectiveness","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-16 11:04:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8606121/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3627a2fe-8e84-47a7-befb-8edc35403601","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":61228780,"name":"International Economics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-16T11:04:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-16 11:04:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8606121","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8606121","identity":"rs-8606121","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}

Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below. Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy (via DOI) is the canonical version.

My notes (saved in your browser only)

Ask this paper AI returns verbatim quotes from the full text · source: preprint-html

Answers must be backed by verbatim quotes from this paper's full text. Hallucinated quotes are dropped automatically; if no verbatim passage answers the question, we say so. How this works

Citation neighborhood (no data yet)

We don't have any in-corpus citations linked to this paper yet. This is a recent paper (2026) — citers typically take a year or two to land, and the OpenAlex reference graph may still be filling in.

Source provenance

europepmc
last seen: 2026-05-20T01:45:00.602351+00:00