The role of anticipatory postural adjustments in a vertical jump after a one-step motion

The role of anticipatory postural adjustments in a vertical jump after a one-step motion | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The role of anticipatory postural adjustments in a vertical jump after a one-step motion Kiyohiro Konno, Tokiya Noshiro, Atsushi Itaya, Tomohiro Kizuka, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6652218/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Preparatory actions prior to the intended movements significantly contribute to better performance. Preceding posture control, which is known as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), is crucial for utilizing energy without loss in the main movements. Therefore, the present study attempted to clarify the role of APAs in vertical jumps with preparatory actions such as one-step motion. We defined APAs as the onset of activation or deactivation of postural muscles preceding the main movement (thrust) in a vertical jump. Our results revealed that preceding muscle activities of the erector spinae (ES) and gastrocnemius medialis (GAM) were associated with increasesin the center of mass (COM) velocity, range of COM anterior‒posteriorsway (COM y range) and ankle joint angle. These COM and joint angles can be effective factors in determining the jump height. The results indicate that APAs contribute to stabilizing posture and generating a reaction force for main movements, which could play a role in high performance. It is suggested that APAs are essential in converting the horizontal energy of one-step preparatory motion into vertical energy during the thrust phase for higher jumps. Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Motor control/Motor neuron Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Sensorimotor processing/Reflexes anticipatory postural adjustments feedforward control jump performance electromyography 3D motion analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction Our body movements perform better when accompanied by preparatory actions, such as one-step motion and countermovements. Previous studies comparing jump height in countermovement jumps (CMJs) and vertical jumps with pre-step motion have shown that the kinetic energy generated in the pre-step motion is utilized during the thrust phase of the vertical jump 1 . A vertical jump, which involves lifting the body vertically against gravity, requires significant force exertion from the lower limbs compared with other movements. Therefore, employing jump techniques with preparatory actions is effective for achieving high performance in sports that require higher jumps, such as spiking in volleyball and rebounding in basketball. When humans move their bodies to another location, they create a new posture after disrupting the original posture 2 . This means that the posture becomes unstable when the body is in motion. Such instability is induced by external and internal constraints (perturbations), such as gravity acting on the body and internal forces from muscle contractions 2 . When executing intended movements, the central nervous system predicts the perturbations accompanying the movement and maintains postural equilibrium. This feedforward postural control by the central nervous system is known as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), which are generated based on individual experience and adapted through motor learning 3 . APAs are generally defined as the activity of postural muscles generating forces of equal magnitude in the opposite direction to the perturbations preceding the intended movement 4,5 . Furthermore, APAs preceding voluntary movements that move the entire body are suggested to not only stabilize posture but also generate a reaction force for the movement 6 . For example, previous studies investigating APAs in vertical jumps reported that the earlier the timing of deactivation of the soleus (SOL) and activation of the tibialis anterior (TA) preceding thrust, the greater the velocity of the center of mass (COM) in the forward direction 7 . This COM velocity in the forward direction is converted in an upward direction by braking at foot contact, indicating that APAs contribute to the reaction force for the main movement 8,9 . Therefore, APAs are considered important factors reflecting the level of motor skill proficiency and contributing to high performance. However, previous studies on APAs have been limited to tasks involving single movements from a static position. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effect of APAs on jump performance (jump height) using a vertical jump after a one-step motion. We first test whether the jump height is greater in the vertical jump after a one-step motion (dynamic‒dynamic: d-d condition) than in the vertical jump from a static position (static‒dynamic: s-d condition). We speculate that APAs preceding thrusts indirectly affect jump height in the d-d condition. Even though the APAs preceding thrust influence the COM velocity in the forward direction, no direct relationship with jump height has been found 7,9 . Thus, they suggested that “counter movements” play a critical role in jump height. Considering the influence of postural muscle activity preceding thrust (SOL deactivation and TA activation) on jump height via forward COM velocity reported by Pellec and Maton (1999), APAs may indirectly affect jump height through other factors. A previous study on a vertical jump after a step motion reported that the horizontal energy generated by the step affects the increase in the ground reaction force during the thrust phase 1 . Furthermore, a study on long jumps reported that horizontal energy decreases and vertical energy increases from foot contact to take-off 10 . This energy conversion is suggested to be significantly influenced by the forward rotation of the shank caused by ankle joint rotation 10 . Additionally, it has been reported that the impact at foot contact increases when the COM is positioned posteriorly, which affects the generation of greater vertical energy 11 . Based on these findings, we formulate the following hypotheses: the jump height is significantly greater in the d-d condition than in the s-d condition; the kinetic energy generated during the transition from the step to thrust and the impact at foot contact affect the jump height in the d-d condition; and APAs preceding the thrust indirectly influence the jump height. To verify these hypotheses, we first set two conditions: a vertical jump from a static position (s-d condition) and a vertical jump after a one-step motion (d-d condition). We then compared jump height between the two conditions to examine the effectiveness of jump techniques with preparatory actions. We then examined the relationships among jump height, COM variables, the change rate in the ankle joint angle (ankle angle rate) and APAs, which are effective factors for jump height, and APAs to examine the influence of APAs on factors affecting jump height. 2. Results The participants performed two conditions: a vertical jump from a static position (s-d condition) and a vertical jump after a one-step motion (d-d condition) (Fig. 1). To measure the kinematics and kinetics data during the trials, 37 reflective markers were attached to the whole body of each participant via the plug-in gait model (Fig. 1B). Electromyographic (EMG) data during the trials were collected via electromyography (Fig. 1B). The activation and deactivation of each muscle in the d-d condition were detected based on thresholds defined in previous studies (Fig. 2). In this study, muscle activities preceding the thrust were defined as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). All the results are reported as the means ± standard deviations. The effective approach for jump height and the effective factors for jump height A paired t test revealed that the jump height in the d-d condition was significantly greater than that in the s-d condition (s-d condition: 51.77 ± 4.97 cm, d-d condition: 54.27 ± 5.21 cm, p < 0.01, d = -1.13; Fig. 3). The results indicate that the presence of a step positively affects the jump height. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis are shown in Tables 1 and 2. In the d‒d condition, jump height has significant positive correlations with COM velocity and the range of COM anterior‒posterior sway (COM y range) (COM velocity: p < 0.01, r = 0.77, Fig. 4; COM y range: p < 0.01, r = 0.68, Fig. 4). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between jump height and the ankle angle ( p = 0.04, ρ = 0.56; Fig. 4). Table 1. Relationships between jump height and COM variables using Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the s-d condition. S-d condition Jump height (cm) Pearson’s correlation coefficient p r COM trajectory length (mm) 0.26 -0.32 COM velocity (mm/s) 0.09 0.47 COM y range (mm) 0.58 0.16 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient p ρ COM x range (mm) 0.16 0.39 * Significance of the correlation coefficients between variables ( p < 0.05) Table 2. Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (A) Relationships among jump height, COM variables and ankle angle rate. (B) Relationships between the ankle angle rate and COM variables. Relationships between effective factors for jump height and APAs The results of the Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis are shown in Table 3. A significant negative correlation was observed between the COM velocity and the onset of activation of the erector spinae (ES act) (Pearson: p < 0.01, r = -0.67; Spearman: p < 0.05, ρ = -0.54; Fig. 5). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between the COM y range and ES act (Pearson: p < 0.01, r = -0.76; Spearman: p = 0.02, ρ = -0.63; Fig. 5). These results indicate that the earlier the onset of ES activation before the thrust, the greater the COM velocity and the wider the COM y range. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between the ankle angle rate and the onset of deactivation of the gastrocnemius medialis (GAM deact) ( p = 0.03, ρ = -0.62; Fig. 5). This result suggests that the earlier deactivation of the GAM begins before the thrust, the greater the change in the ankle joint angle from heel contact to take-off. Table 3. Results of Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis on the relationships between effective factors for jump height and APAs. (A) The relationship between the COM velocity and the COM y range with muscle activities preceding the main movement was determined using Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (B) The relationship between the ankle angle rate and muscle activity preceding the main movement was determined using Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. A. D-d condition COM velocity (mm/s) COM y range (mm) Pearson’s correlation coefficient p r p r RF deact (ms) 0.35 -0.30 0.20 -0.40 VL deact (ms) 0.22 -0.39 0.41 -0.26 BF act (ms) 0.52 -0.19 0.58 -0.16 BF deact (ms) 0.60 0.16 0.99 < -0.01 TA act (ms) 0.17 -0.39 0.39 -0.25 SOL act (ms) 0.27 -0.32 0.18 -0.38 SOL deact (ms) 0.16 -0.42 0.06 -0.54 GAL act (ms) 0.62 -0.15 0.07 -0.50 GAL deact (ms) 0.24 -0.35 0.07 -0.52 GAM act (ms) 0.77 -0.09 0.22 -0.35 ES act (ms) 0.01* -0.67 < 0.01* -0.76 ES deact (ms) 0.44 -0.23 0.13 -0.43 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient p ρ p ρ RF act (ms) 0.80 -0.08 0.18 -0.40 VL act (ms) 0.46 -0.21 0.22 -0.35 GAM deact (ms) 0.41 -0.26 0.13 -0.46 B. D-d condition Ankle angle rate (deg/s) Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient p ρ RF act (ms) 0.90 0.04 RF deact (ms) 0.78 -0.09 VL act (ms) 0.81 -0.73 VL deact (ms) 0.28 -0.34 BF act (ms) 0.94 -0.24 BF deact (ms) 0.89 0.44 TA act (ms) 0.28 -0.31 SOL act (ms) 0.39 -0.25 SOL deact (ms) 0.55 -0.18 GAL act (ms) 0.71 -0.11 GAL deact (ms) 0.55 -0.18 GAM act (ms) 0.75 -0.10 GAM deact (ms) 0.03* -0.62 ES act (ms) 0.03* -0.59 ES deact (ms) 0.52 -0.19 * Significance of the correlation coefficients between variables ( p < 0.05) 3. Discussion The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a jumping style after a one-step motion and the effect of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) on jump performance in vertical jump with a one-step. First, a paired t test of jump height revealed that the jumping style with a one-step was an effective approach for enhancing jump performance. Then, for the d-d condition, the COM velocity, COM y range and ankle angle rate were shown to be effective factors for jump height. Additionally, earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM as APA variables affected the COM velocity, COM y range, and ankle angle rate. These results are discussed below, considering the possibility that APAs affect jump height in the d-d conditions. A comparison of the jump height between the two conditions used in this study revealed that the jump height in the d-d condition was significantly greater than that in the s-d condition (Fig. 3 ). This finding indicates that the participants in this study achieved a greater jump height after a one-step motion than without it. This result suggests that the energy generated by the step approach is utilized for vertical energy conversion. It has been reported that jump height is determined by the vertical COM velocity at take-off (vertical energy) 12 . The stretch‒shortening cycle (SSC) mechanism of the muscle‒tendon complex greatly contributes to the acquisition of this COM velocity. Previous studies have also revealed that muscles have an optimal length at which they exert maximum tension (length‒tension relationship) 13,14 and a force‒velocity relationship where the tension exerted by the muscle is inversely proportional to its shortening velocity 15,16 . Therefore, the tendon regulates the length changes of the muscle‒tendon complex, which keeps the contraction speed of the muscle fibers themselves slow and minimizes the length changes of the muscles 17 . Owing to these mechanisms, the elastic energy stored in the tendon greatly contributes to the acquisition of the COM velocity at take-off. Thus, the elastic energy stored in the Achilles tendon is important for acquiring the vertical COM velocity at take-off in SSC movements during the jumping motion. Therefore, jumping after a one-step motion in this study effectively increased the jump height, and the step approach may influence the elastic energy stored in the Achilles tendon. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between jump height and COM velocity under d-d conditions (Fig. 4 A). This result indicates that a high COM velocity from the onset of the thrust to take-off is important for increasing the jump height. Since kinetic energy depends on mass and velocity (K = 1/2 * mv 2 ), an increase in the COM velocity leads to an increase in energy. Additionally, previous studies on spike jumps in volleyballs reported that the horizontal energy generated by the step approach stretches the muscle‒tendon complex at the thrust 1 . This stretching enhances muscle tension and consequently increases the ground reaction force. Therefore, it is suggested that the increase in the ground reaction force due to the increase in the COM velocity resulted in a greater jump height. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that jump height was significantly positively correlated with the COM y range and ankle angle rate (Fig. 4 B, C). Previous studies on single-leg take-off in long jumps have reported that horizontal energy decreases and vertical energy increases from foot contact to take-off 10 . This energy conversion is particularly suggested to involve forward rotation of the shank 10 . The forward rotation observed in previous studies was assumed to be the ankle joint's dorsiflexion. It has been reported that this dorsiflexion also affects the conversion of horizontal energy to vertical energy in studies on vertical jumps with a step 18 . Furthermore, when the COM is positioned posteriorly and the leg angle at foot contact is large, the vertical energy is increased due to the increase in the impact at foot contact 11 . Therefore, it is suggested that in the d-d condition, the COM was positioned posteriorly, and the ankle joint was dorsiflexed just before foot contact. This positioning increases the COM y range from the start of the thrust to take-off and increases the ankle angle rate from foot contact to take-off. Taken together, these findings suggest that the COM velocity, COM y range and ankle angle rate are effective factors for increasing the jump height in a vertical jump with one-step. To examine whether APAs affect effective factors for jump height, Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis were conducted. The results revealed that ES act has significant positive correlations with the COM velocity and COM y range (Fig. 5 A, B). Since one participant deviated from the others, a Spearman's rank correlation analysis was also conducted to confirm whether this participant influenced the results. Significant correlations were also observed in Spearman's rank correlation analysis, indicating that this participant did not influence the results. A significant negative correlation was also observed between the ankle angle rate and the GAM score (Fig. 5 C). These results indicate that earlier muscle activity influences the increase in the COM velocity, the increase in the COM y range and the increase in the ankle angle rate. The earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM observed in this study may have two roles, as follows. The first role is to stabilize the COM. Previous studies have reported that muscle activity in the back and lower limb posterior is observed before the deltoid muscle, which is the main muscle involved in rapid arm-raising tasks 4 . Such preactivation of muscles plays a role in predicting and minimizing perturbations generated by voluntary movements 2 . The preactivation of ES observed in the d-d condition is due to the predicted perturbation of the body tilting forward due to the main movement, which maintains body equilibrium during the main movement by arching the upper body backward (moving the COM backward) in advance. Additionally, in this study, foot contact just before the thrust started from the heel in a vertical jump occurred after a one-step motion. If GAM activation was observed before the thrust in such foot contact, cocontraction of the TA and GAM would occur. This muscle control mechanism reduces the joint degrees of freedom, which is effective for maintaining a static stance. However, it has been reported that this mechanism hinders efficiency in movements that require quick and smooth joint coordination, such as jumping movements 19 . Therefore, reciprocal inhibition, where GAM deactivation (relaxation) occurs along with TA activation (contraction), is considered important. Thus, earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM may play a role in stabilizing posture during the main movement. The second role is to generate recoil. Previous studies that have examined the role of APAs in tasks such as rising on the tiptoe and CMJ have reported that the expression of APAs observed before the main movement (SOL deactivation and TA activation) affects the amount of backward movement of the center of pressure (COP) 8,9 . It has also been reported that the backward movement of the COP creates a discrepancy with the COM. This discrepancy influences the subsequent forward COM velocity 20,21 . Therefore, in a vertical jump with the step approach, earlier ES activation may cause the upper body to tilt backward, which moves the COM backward and influences the subsequent forward COM velocity. With respect to the onset of deactivation of the GAM, previous studies have reported that the impact at foot contact influences the increase in vertical energy at take-off 11 . In this study, GAM deactivation was observed just before heel contact in the d-d condition. This is considered to have increased the dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint just before heel contact and subsequently increased the impact at foot contact. Therefore, these findings suggest that in the vertical jump with one-step motion in this study, APAs play two roles: stabilizing the COM and generating recoil, influencing effective factors. As a result, a higher jump height was achieved. Our study revealed that APAs influence jump height through other factors in the vertical jump after a one-step motion. These results suggest that body equilibrium compensating for perturbations (upper body tilting forward) caused by thrust and energy conversion, utilizing the energy generated by the step approach for jumping, is involved. To further confirm these relationships, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between the center of gravity (CoG) and the external work (time integral of the external force) from a step approach to a vertical jump via multiple force plates. Additionally, this study did not include specific athletic characteristics in the selection criteria for participants. Therefore, this study provides basic knowledge of APAs for sports that use a vertical jump with one-step. However, since APAs improve through repeated practice of specific movement tasks, APA patterns may differ depending on athletic characteristics 22 . We believe that future studies need to investigate sport-specific APAs that target specific athletes. 4. Conclusion In this study, it was suggested that a vertical jump after a one-step motion is an effective approach for achieving higher jump heights. The COM velocity, COM y range and ankle angle rate in a vertical jump after a one-step motion were shown to be effective factors in increasing jump height. Furthermore, it was revealed that APAs, which are earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM, influence the effective factors for jump height. The results obtained in this study contribute to predictive postural strategies for vertical jumps with preparatory movements. Therefore, our results provide valuable insights for expanding the scope of APA research. 5. Methods Participants Fourteen men participated in this experiment (age: 25.6 ± 1.9 years, height: 176.3 ± 5.6 cm, body mass: 76.3 ± 16.8 kg, mean ± standard deviation [SD], including 13 with the right dominant leg). The participants had no neurological disorders and possessed normal sensorimotor abilities. To determine the sample size, an a priori analysis was conducted using G*Power software, and the number of participants was decided based on the results of this analysis 23 . Informed consent was obtained, and the experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba (approval number: Tai024-3). Experimental setup The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1 . To measure EMG data during the trials, an electromyograph (multichannel telemetry system, WEB7000, Nihon Kohden Corporation) was used, with data sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz. Reusable wireless surface active electrodes were used to record EMG data, which were attached to the muscle bellies of the ES, RF, VL, BF, TA, GAL, GAM and SOL on the dominant side of each participant. The electrode placement for each muscle was based on previous studies 24 . To reduce skin contact resistance during electrode placement, the attachment sites were shaved, abraded with a skin preparation gel for biological signal monitoring (SkinPure, YZ-0019, Nihon Kohden Corporation) and disinfected with alcohol before the electrodes were attached. To measure the kinematic and kinetic data of the participants during the trials, six infrared cameras (Vicon, Vicon Motion Systems) were set up, and an optical reflective motion capture system (Nexus, Vicon Motion Systems) was used. A total of 37 reflective markers were attached to the whole body of each participant based on the plug-in gait model, with data sampled at a rate of 240 Hz. The x-axis was set to the frontal plane, the y-axis to the sagittal plane and the z-axis to the vertical plane for displacement data, whereas the x-axis was set to the flexion‒extension angle, the y-axis to the abduction‒adduction angle and the z-axis to the rotation angle for angle data. To synchronize the EMG data and kinematic data in this experiment, a force plate (SS-FP40AO, Sports Sensing, size: 400 mm × 400 mm × 110 mm) was used. The force plate signal was connected to the external stimulus input port of the electromyograph, with data sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz. The force plate signal was input to the PC for motion analysis applications via an A/D converter (32 Ch analog interface, Four Assist), with data sampled at a rate of 1200 Hz. Experimental procedure In this experiment, the participants performed two conditions: a vertical jump from a stationary state (s-d condition) and a vertical jump after a one-step motion (d-d condition) (Fig. 1 ). For the s-d condition, participants were instructed to place their dominant foot on the force plate and stand still with their feet shoulder width apart. Upon receiving a signal from the examiner, they were to remain stationary for at least 2 seconds before performing a maximal vertical jump, aiming to land in the same position as they took off. For the d-d condition, participants were instructed to perform a one-step approach with their nondominant foot from a designated starting position upon receiving the cue from the examiner. The second step involved landing on the force plate, followed by a vertical jump with both feet on the third step. The participants were instructed to land in the same position as they took off and maintain a quiet stance for at least 2 seconds after landing. Additionally, they were instructed to ensure that the landing positions of both feet during the second and third steps were as parallel as possible. Before the experiment was conducted, the participants were given sufficient time to warm, during which the starting position for the one-step approach in the d-d condition was set for each participant. The two conditions in this experiment were performed for 10 trials each (a total of 20 trials). A 5-minute rest period was provided between each condition. During each trial, any trial where the participants did not remain stationary for 2 seconds or where the landing position of the dominant foot or the take-off position did not fall within the force plate was considered invalid, and additional trials were conducted to compensate. Data analysis Analysis of kinematic and kinetic data Identification of the onset of the main movement Kinematic and kinetic data were smoothed using a fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 20 Hz 25 . The vertical component data obtained from the force plate were used to identify take-off (< 30 N). When vertical jumping is the task, the initiation of the main movement corresponds to take-off 7,9 . Previous studies defined the initiation of the main movement as the point at which the vertical component of the ground reaction force exceeded the body weight after unloading, based on the body weight during quiet stance. However, upon observing the ground reaction force data during vertical jumping, the take-off begins immediately after the value reaches its minimum (unloading motion). Therefore, in this study, the initiation of the main movement (t0) was defined as the next data point after the minimum value in the z-axis displacement data of the COM, traced back from take-off. Jump height For the z-axis COM displacement data, the 1-second window with the smallest standard deviation within the 2-second quiet stance period was identified, and the average value for that window was calculated. The difference between the maximum value in the time series data and this average value was defined as the jump height 26 . COM variables The COM trajectory length was calculated from the x-, y- and z-axis time series data of the COM displacement using the following formula: COM trajectory length \(\:={\sum\:}_{i=1}^{n}\:\surd\:(\) x i – x i−1 ) 2 + (y i – y i−1 ) 2 + (z i – z i−1 ) 2 where n is the number of time series data points from t0 to take-off, i is the i -th data point and x, y and z are the values of the COM on the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis, respectively. The COM velocity was calculated by dividing the COM trajectory length by the time required from t0 to take-off. The difference between the maximum and minimum values in the x-axis COM displacement data from t0 to take-off was defined as the COM medial‒lateral sway range (COM x range). Similarly, the difference in the y-axis COM displacement data was calculated and defined as the COM y range 27 . Ankle angle rate For the d-d condition, the heel contact was defined as the point at which the heel displacement data of the dominant foot reached its minimum value when it was traced back from take-off. In the x-axis ankle joint angle displacement data of the dominant foot, the change in the ankle joint angle from heel contact to take-off was calculated. The ankle angle rate was then determined by dividing the change in the ankle joint angle by the time required from heel contact to take-off. Analysis of the EMG data The onset of activation/deactivation as APAs The muscle activity potential data for each trial were processed using a band-pass filter (15–500 Hz) and then full-wave rectified. Furthermore, based on previous studies, the data were smoothed using a fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 50 Hz 26 . To set the baseline values for muscle activity potentials, the 500 ms window with the smallest standard deviation within the 2-second quiet stance period was identified for each muscle, and the average value for that window was calculated. To identify muscle activity preceding the main movement, the threshold was set at the first point where the muscle activity potential exceeded or fell below 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) of the baseline value and lasted for 25 ms 23 . To evaluate the APA variables for each muscle in the d-d condition, the threshold defined in this study was used to detect the point where the muscle activity potential exceeded or fell below the threshold preceding t0. The point closest to t0 among the detected points for each muscle was subsequently defined as the onset of activation or deactivation (Fig. 2 ). Statistics All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver.29 (SPSS Inc., IL, US). To evaluate the normality of each variable defined in this study, the Shapiro‒Wilk normality test was conducted. To compare the differences in jump height between the s-d condition and the d-d condition, a two-tailed paired t test was performed. Additionally, Cohen's d was calculated as the effect size for the paired t test, with d ≤ 0.2 defined as small, 0.2 ≤ d ≤ 0.8 as medium and d ≥ 0.8 as large. To investigate the relationships among kinematic, kinetic and APA variables in the s-d condition and the d-d condition, Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted for parametric data, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis was conducted for nonparametric data. The significance level for all the statistical analyses was set at 0.05. Declarations Declarations of interest None. Author Contribution K.K.: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing—originaldraft. T.N.: analysis, methodology, reviewing and editing, investigation. 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Wrist kinematics differ in expert and novice tennis players performing the backhand stroke: implications for tennis elbow. J. Biomechonics . 27, 509–516 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)90062-0 (1994). Cook, T. & Cozzens, B. Human solutions for locomotion: the initiation of gait. In: Herman RM, Grillner S, Stein PSG, Stuart DG (eds) Neural control of locomotion. Plenum, New York, 65–76 (1976). Brenière, Y., Cuong Do, M. & Bouisset, S. Are dynamic phenomena prior to stepping essential to walking? J Mot Behav 19, 62–76 (1987). Akbaş, A., Marszałek, W., Bacik, B. & Juras, G. Two aspects of feedforward control during a fencing lunge: early and anticipatory postural adjustments. Front Hum Neurosci 15, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.638675 (2021). Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.G. & Buchner, A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175–191 (2007). Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Disselhorst-Klug, C. & Rau, G. Development of recommendations for semg sensors and sensor placement procedures. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology . 10, 361–374 (2000). Klous, M., Mikulic, P. & Latash, M. L. Early postural adjustments in preparation to whole-body voluntary sway. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 22, 110–116 (2012). Ben-David, C., Ostraich, B. & Riemer, R. Passive knee exoskeleton increases vertical jump height. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 30, 1796–1805 (2022). Konno, K., Itaya, A., Kizuka, T. & Ono, S. The effects of pressure on anticipatory postural adjustments during a jump shot in basketball. Gait Posture 114, 215–221 (2024). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6652218","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":459459167,"identity":"de457ea2-6bbf-4c83-97d0-712a9bda581e","order_by":0,"name":"Kiyohiro Konno","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tsukuba","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kiyohiro","middleName":"","lastName":"Konno","suffix":""},{"id":459459169,"identity":"90c1ebf4-36a8-47b3-aa36-7dfea3b024fb","order_by":1,"name":"Tokiya Noshiro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tsukuba","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tokiya","middleName":"","lastName":"Noshiro","suffix":""},{"id":459459171,"identity":"ab486cf2-e3ca-454f-86ed-03291c08300f","order_by":2,"name":"Atsushi Itaya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University of Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Atsushi","middleName":"","lastName":"Itaya","suffix":""},{"id":459459173,"identity":"04ab424e-e8d2-432c-b38a-b4d8fd2d43ba","order_by":3,"name":"Tomohiro Kizuka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tsukuba","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tomohiro","middleName":"","lastName":"Kizuka","suffix":""},{"id":459459175,"identity":"e5e60d01-8023-4465-92cd-ee0775ad73c1","order_by":4,"name":"Seiji Ono","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tsukuba","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seiji","middleName":"","lastName":"Ono","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-13 06:53:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6652218/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6652218/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42943-9","type":"published","date":"2026-03-09T16:00:08+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83193582,"identity":"c47cc9dd-4a76-4983-9579-4b9589f305e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-21 04:29:11","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1146168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental setup. (A) Participants stood at the designated starting positions for each condition (s-d and d-d conditions). Upon the cue from the examiner, they performed a vertical jump with both feet, with only the dominant foot contacting the force plate. (B) Placements of wireless surface active electrodes and reflective markers on each participant during the experiment. Eight electrodes were attached to the back and lower limbs on the dominant side of the erector spinae (ES), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius lateralis (GAL), gastrocnemius medialis (GAM) and soleus (SOL)). Reflective markers were placed at 37 locations on the whole body based on the plug-in gait model. (C) Vertical jumps from a static position (s-d condition): The vertical component of the ground reaction force was used to identify take-off (\u0026lt; 30 N). The onset of the thrust (t0) was defined as the next data point following the minimum value in the z-axis displacement data of the COM, identified by tracing backward in time from the moment of take-off. (D) Vertical jumps after a one-step motion (d-d condition): The method for identifying take-off and t0 was the same as that in the s-d condition. Additionally, heel contact was defined as the minimum value in the z-axis displacement data of the reflective marker attached to the heel of the dominant foot, identified by tracing backward in time from the moment of take-off.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6652218/v1/509dbe754639bac08b78226e.png"},{"id":83240983,"identity":"d4759d4e-8c6e-4c58-9788-ff1dffcfbef8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-21 15:52:44","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIdentification of APAs in the d-d condition via representative examples. To set the baseline values for the EMG data, the 500 ms window with the smallest standard deviation during the 2 s static position was identified for each of the EMG data, and the average value of that window was calculated. To identify muscle activity preceding the thrust, the threshold was set at the first point exceeding or falling below 2.5 SD of the baseline value and lasting for 25 ms. Using this threshold, the point exceeding or falling below the threshold before t0 was detected, and the point closest to t0 among the detected points for each muscle was defined as the onset of activation or deactivation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2newnew.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6652218/v1/272bfafa5d47164ac559ff65.png"},{"id":83241547,"identity":"fa10c340-8786-4ffa-8465-01690f6e1d31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-21 15:55:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14459,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of jump height between conditions. A paired\u003cem\u003e t\u003c/em\u003e test was used to compare jump height between conditions. The significance level was set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3newnew.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6652218/v1/642a72f4ea0e164f101f3825.png"},{"id":83192983,"identity":"0cedad4b-79cc-48f8-95fb-5e1ffe31d397","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-21 04:13:12","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47416,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffective factors for jump height in the d-d condition. (A) The relationship between jump height and COM velocity was determined using Pearson’s correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (B) The relationship between jump height and the COM y range was determined using Pearson’s correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (C) The relationship between jump height and ankle angle rate was determined using Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. The significance level was set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6652218/v1/6ee560ef2cdcbb09e8bee9a1.png"},{"id":83193201,"identity":"a5652cb9-50f6-463f-b999-831dc7586d95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-21 04:21:12","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationships between APAs and effective factors for jump height in the d-d condition. (A) The relationship between the COM velocity and ES act was determined using Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (B) The relationship between the COM y range and ES act was determined using Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (C) Relationships between the ankle angle rate and the GAM deact using Spearman's rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. The significance level was set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6652218/v1/b53234024bbacec1b743dc57.png"},{"id":104739530,"identity":"0ac5d536-a3ad-4ef7-b3fa-fb9c0b02ddeb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 16:08:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2051452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6652218/v1/f07553a1-c2c0-42a5-b11a-b7bce276860d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The role of anticipatory postural adjustments in a vertical jump after a one-step motion","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur body movements perform better when accompanied by preparatory actions, such as one-step motion and countermovements. Previous studies comparing jump height in countermovement jumps (CMJs) and vertical jumps with pre-step motion have shown that the kinetic energy generated in the pre-step motion is utilized during the thrust phase of the vertical jump\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. A vertical jump, which involves lifting the body vertically against gravity, requires significant force exertion from the lower limbs compared with other movements. Therefore, employing jump techniques with preparatory actions is effective for achieving high performance in sports that require higher jumps, such as spiking in volleyball and rebounding in basketball.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen humans move their bodies to another location, they create a new posture after disrupting the original posture\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. This means that the posture becomes unstable when the body is in motion. Such instability is induced by external and internal constraints (perturbations), such as gravity acting on the body and internal forces from muscle contractions\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. When executing intended movements, the central nervous system predicts the perturbations accompanying the movement and maintains postural equilibrium. This feedforward postural control by the central nervous system is known as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), which are generated based on individual experience and adapted through motor learning\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. APAs are generally defined as the activity of postural muscles generating forces of equal magnitude in the opposite direction to the perturbations preceding the intended movement\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, APAs preceding voluntary movements that move the entire body are suggested to not only stabilize posture but also generate a reaction force for the movement\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, previous studies investigating APAs in vertical jumps reported that the earlier the timing of deactivation of the soleus (SOL) and activation of the tibialis anterior (TA) preceding thrust, the greater the velocity of the center of mass (COM) in the forward direction\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e. This COM velocity in the forward direction is converted in an upward direction by braking at foot contact, indicating that APAs contribute to the reaction force for the main movement\u003csup\u003e8,9\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, APAs are considered important factors reflecting the level of motor skill proficiency and contributing to high performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, previous studies on APAs have been limited to tasks involving single movements from a static position. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effect of APAs on jump performance (jump height) using a vertical jump after a one-step motion. We first test whether the jump height is greater in the vertical jump after a one-step motion (dynamic‒dynamic: d-d condition) than in the vertical jump from a static position (static‒dynamic: s-d condition). We speculate that APAs preceding thrusts indirectly affect jump height in the d-d condition. Even though the APAs preceding thrust influence the COM velocity in the forward direction, no direct relationship with jump height has been found\u003csup\u003e7,9\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, they suggested that \u0026ldquo;counter movements\u0026rdquo; play a critical role in jump height. Considering the influence of postural muscle activity preceding thrust (SOL deactivation and TA activation) on jump height via forward COM velocity reported by Pellec and Maton (1999), APAs may indirectly affect jump height through other factors. A previous study on a vertical jump after a step motion reported that the horizontal energy generated by the step affects the increase in the ground reaction force during the thrust phase\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, a study on long jumps reported that horizontal energy decreases and vertical energy increases from foot contact to take-off\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. This energy conversion is suggested to be significantly influenced by the forward rotation of the shank caused by ankle joint rotation\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, it has been reported that the impact at foot contact increases when the COM is positioned posteriorly, which affects the generation of greater vertical energy\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. Based on these findings, we formulate the following hypotheses: the jump height is significantly greater in the d-d condition than in the s-d condition; the kinetic energy generated during the transition from the step to thrust and the impact at foot contact affect the jump height in the d-d condition; and APAs preceding the thrust indirectly influence the jump height. To verify these hypotheses, we first set two conditions: a vertical jump from a static position (s-d condition) and a vertical jump after a one-step motion (d-d condition). We then compared jump height between the two conditions to examine the effectiveness of jump techniques with preparatory actions. We then examined the relationships among jump height, COM variables, the change rate in the ankle joint angle (ankle angle rate) and APAs, which are effective factors for jump height, and APAs to examine the influence of APAs on factors affecting jump height.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe participants performed two conditions: a vertical jump from a static position (s-d condition) and a vertical jump after a one-step motion (d-d condition) (Fig. 1). To measure the kinematics and kinetics data during the trials, 37 reflective markers were attached to the whole body of each participant via the plug-in gait model (Fig. 1B). Electromyographic (EMG) data during the trials were collected via electromyography (Fig. 1B). The activation and deactivation of each muscle in the d-d condition were detected based on thresholds defined in previous studies (Fig. 2). In this study, muscle activities preceding the thrust were defined as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). All the results are reported as the means \u0026plusmn; standard deviations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effective approach for jump height and the effective factors for jump height\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test revealed that the jump height in the d-d condition was significantly greater than that in the s-d condition (s-d condition: 51.77 \u0026plusmn; 4.97 cm, d-d condition: 54.27 \u0026plusmn; 5.21 cm, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01, \u003cem\u003ed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= -1.13; Fig. 3). The results indicate that the presence of a step positively affects the jump height.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman\u0026apos;s rank correlation analysis are shown in Tables 1 and 2. In the d‒d condition, jump height has significant positive correlations with COM velocity and the range of COM anterior‒posterior sway (COM y range) (COM velocity: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;r\u003c/em\u003e = 0.77, Fig. 4; COM y range: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.68, Fig. 4). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between jump height and the ankle angle (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.04,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.56; Fig. 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRelationships between jump height and COM variables using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman\u0026apos;s rank correlation analysis in the s-d condition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"340\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-d condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJump height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM trajectory length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM velocity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM y range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM x range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Significance of the correlation coefficients between variables (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman\u0026apos;s rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (A) Relationships among jump height, COM variables and ankle angle rate. (B) Relationships between the ankle angle rate and COM variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships between effective factors for jump height and APAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman\u0026apos;s rank correlation analysis are shown in Table 3. A significant negative correlation was observed between the COM velocity and the onset of activation of the erector spinae (ES act) (Pearson: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;r\u003c/em\u003e = -0.67; Spearman: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05, \u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e = -0.54; Fig. 5). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between the COM y range and ES act (Pearson: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = -0.76; Spearman:\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u003c/em\u003e = 0.02, \u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e = -0.63; Fig. 5). These results indicate that the earlier the onset of ES activation before the thrust, the greater the COM velocity and the wider the COM y range. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between the ankle angle rate and the onset of deactivation of the gastrocnemius medialis (GAM deact) (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.03,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e = -0.62; Fig. 5). This result suggests that the earlier deactivation of the GAM begins before the thrust, the greater the change in the ankle joint angle from heel contact to take-off.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eResults of Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman\u0026apos;s rank correlation analysis on the relationships between effective factors for jump height and APAs. (A) The relationship between the COM velocity and the COM y range with muscle activities preceding the main movement was determined using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman\u0026apos;s rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition. (B) The relationship between the ankle angle rate and muscle activity preceding the main movement was determined using Spearman\u0026apos;s rank correlation analysis in the d-d condition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-d condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM velocity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm/s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM y range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRF deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVL deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; -0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTA act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOL act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOL deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAL act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAL deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAM act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eES act (ms)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRF act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVL act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAM deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-d condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnkle angle rate (deg/s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRF act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRF deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVL act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVL deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTA act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOL act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOL deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAL act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAL deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAM act (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGAM deact (ms)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.62\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eES act (ms)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.59\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES deact (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Significance of the correlation coefficients between variables (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a jumping style after a one-step motion and the effect of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) on jump performance in vertical jump with a one-step. First, a paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test of jump height revealed that the jumping style with a one-step was an effective approach for enhancing jump performance. Then, for the d-d condition, the COM velocity, COM y range and ankle angle rate were shown to be effective factors for jump height. Additionally, earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM as APA variables affected the COM velocity, COM y range, and ankle angle rate. These results are discussed below, considering the possibility that APAs affect jump height in the d-d conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comparison of the jump height between the two conditions used in this study revealed that the jump height in the d-d condition was significantly greater than that in the s-d condition (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This finding indicates that the participants in this study achieved a greater jump height after a one-step motion than without it. This result suggests that the energy generated by the step approach is utilized for vertical energy conversion. It has been reported that jump height is determined by the vertical COM velocity at take-off (vertical energy)\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. The stretch‒shortening cycle (SSC) mechanism of the muscle‒tendon complex greatly contributes to the acquisition of this COM velocity. Previous studies have also revealed that muscles have an optimal length at which they exert maximum tension (length‒tension relationship)\u003csup\u003e13,14\u003c/sup\u003e and a force‒velocity relationship where the tension exerted by the muscle is inversely proportional to its shortening velocity\u003csup\u003e15,16\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, the tendon regulates the length changes of the muscle‒tendon complex, which keeps the contraction speed of the muscle fibers themselves slow and minimizes the length changes of the muscles\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e. Owing to these mechanisms, the elastic energy stored in the tendon greatly contributes to the acquisition of the COM velocity at take-off. Thus, the elastic energy stored in the Achilles tendon is important for acquiring the vertical COM velocity at take-off in SSC movements during the jumping motion. Therefore, jumping after a one-step motion in this study effectively increased the jump height, and the step approach may influence the elastic energy stored in the Achilles tendon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between jump height and COM velocity under d-d conditions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA). This result indicates that a high COM velocity from the onset of the thrust to take-off is important for increasing the jump height. Since kinetic energy depends on mass and velocity (K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/2 * mv\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), an increase in the COM velocity leads to an increase in energy. Additionally, previous studies on spike jumps in volleyballs reported that the horizontal energy generated by the step approach stretches the muscle‒tendon complex at the thrust\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. This stretching enhances muscle tension and consequently increases the ground reaction force. Therefore, it is suggested that the increase in the ground reaction force due to the increase in the COM velocity resulted in a greater jump height. The results of Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that jump height was significantly positively correlated with the COM y range and ankle angle rate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB, C). Previous studies on single-leg take-off in long jumps have reported that horizontal energy decreases and vertical energy increases from foot contact to take-off\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. This energy conversion is particularly suggested to involve forward rotation of the shank\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. The forward rotation observed in previous studies was assumed to be the ankle joint's dorsiflexion. It has been reported that this dorsiflexion also affects the conversion of horizontal energy to vertical energy in studies on vertical jumps with a step\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, when the COM is positioned posteriorly and the leg angle at foot contact is large, the vertical energy is increased due to the increase in the impact at foot contact\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, it is suggested that in the d-d condition, the COM was positioned posteriorly, and the ankle joint was dorsiflexed just before foot contact. This positioning increases the COM y range from the start of the thrust to take-off and increases the ankle angle rate from foot contact to take-off. Taken together, these findings suggest that the COM velocity, COM y range and ankle angle rate are effective factors for increasing the jump height in a vertical jump with one-step.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine whether APAs affect effective factors for jump height, Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis were conducted. The results revealed that ES act has significant positive correlations with the COM velocity and COM y range (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA, B). Since one participant deviated from the others, a Spearman's rank correlation analysis was also conducted to confirm whether this participant influenced the results. Significant correlations were also observed in Spearman's rank correlation analysis, indicating that this participant did not influence the results. A significant negative correlation was also observed between the ankle angle rate and the GAM score (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eC). These results indicate that earlier muscle activity influences the increase in the COM velocity, the increase in the COM y range and the increase in the ankle angle rate. The earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM observed in this study may have two roles, as follows.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first role is to stabilize the COM. Previous studies have reported that muscle activity in the back and lower limb posterior is observed before the deltoid muscle, which is the main muscle involved in rapid arm-raising tasks\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e. Such preactivation of muscles plays a role in predicting and minimizing perturbations generated by voluntary movements\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The preactivation of ES observed in the d-d condition is due to the predicted perturbation of the body tilting forward due to the main movement, which maintains body equilibrium during the main movement by arching the upper body backward (moving the COM backward) in advance. Additionally, in this study, foot contact just before the thrust started from the heel in a vertical jump occurred after a one-step motion. If GAM activation was observed before the thrust in such foot contact, cocontraction of the TA and GAM would occur. This muscle control mechanism reduces the joint degrees of freedom, which is effective for maintaining a static stance. However, it has been reported that this mechanism hinders efficiency in movements that require quick and smooth joint coordination, such as jumping movements\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, reciprocal inhibition, where GAM deactivation (relaxation) occurs along with TA activation (contraction), is considered important. Thus, earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM may play a role in stabilizing posture during the main movement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second role is to generate recoil. Previous studies that have examined the role of APAs in tasks such as rising on the tiptoe and CMJ have reported that the expression of APAs observed before the main movement (SOL deactivation and TA activation) affects the amount of backward movement of the center of pressure (COP)\u003csup\u003e8,9\u003c/sup\u003e. It has also been reported that the backward movement of the COP creates a discrepancy with the COM. This discrepancy influences the subsequent forward COM velocity\u003csup\u003e20,21\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, in a vertical jump with the step approach, earlier ES activation may cause the upper body to tilt backward, which moves the COM backward and influences the subsequent forward COM velocity. With respect to the onset of deactivation of the GAM, previous studies have reported that the impact at foot contact influences the increase in vertical energy at take-off\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, GAM deactivation was observed just before heel contact in the d-d condition. This is considered to have increased the dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint just before heel contact and subsequently increased the impact at foot contact. Therefore, these findings suggest that in the vertical jump with one-step motion in this study, APAs play two roles: stabilizing the COM and generating recoil, influencing effective factors. As a result, a higher jump height was achieved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study revealed that APAs influence jump height through other factors in the vertical jump after a one-step motion. These results suggest that body equilibrium compensating for perturbations (upper body tilting forward) caused by thrust and energy conversion, utilizing the energy generated by the step approach for jumping, is involved. To further confirm these relationships, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between the center of gravity (CoG) and the external work (time integral of the external force) from a step approach to a vertical jump via multiple force plates. Additionally, this study did not include specific athletic characteristics in the selection criteria for participants. Therefore, this study provides basic knowledge of APAs for sports that use a vertical jump with one-step. However, since APAs improve through repeated practice of specific movement tasks, APA patterns may differ depending on athletic characteristics\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. We believe that future studies need to investigate sport-specific APAs that target specific athletes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was suggested that a vertical jump after a one-step motion is an effective approach for achieving higher jump heights. The COM velocity, COM y range and ankle angle rate in a vertical jump after a one-step motion were shown to be effective factors in increasing jump height. Furthermore, it was revealed that APAs, which are earlier muscle activities of the ES and GAM, influence the effective factors for jump height. The results obtained in this study contribute to predictive postural strategies for vertical jumps with preparatory movements. Therefore, our results provide valuable insights for expanding the scope of APA research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParticipants\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourteen men participated in this experiment (age: 25.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9 years, height: 176.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6 cm, body mass: 76.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.8 kg, mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation [SD], including 13 with the right dominant leg). The participants had no neurological disorders and possessed normal sensorimotor abilities. To determine the sample size, an a priori analysis was conducted using G*Power software, and the number of participants was decided based on the results of this analysis\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e. Informed consent was obtained, and the experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba (approval number: Tai024-3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExperimental setup\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental setup is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. To measure EMG data during the trials, an electromyograph (multichannel telemetry system, WEB7000, Nihon Kohden Corporation) was used, with data sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz. Reusable wireless surface active electrodes were used to record EMG data, which were attached to the muscle bellies of the ES, RF, VL, BF, TA, GAL, GAM and SOL on the dominant side of each participant. The electrode placement for each muscle was based on previous studies\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e. To reduce skin contact resistance during electrode placement, the attachment sites were shaved, abraded with a skin preparation gel for biological signal monitoring (SkinPure, YZ-0019, Nihon Kohden Corporation) and disinfected with alcohol before the electrodes were attached. To measure the kinematic and kinetic data of the participants during the trials, six infrared cameras (Vicon, Vicon Motion Systems) were set up, and an optical reflective motion capture system (Nexus, Vicon Motion Systems) was used. A total of 37 reflective markers were attached to the whole body of each participant based on the plug-in gait model, with data sampled at a rate of 240 Hz. The x-axis was set to the frontal plane, the y-axis to the sagittal plane and the z-axis to the vertical plane for displacement data, whereas the x-axis was set to the flexion‒extension angle, the y-axis to the abduction‒adduction angle and the z-axis to the rotation angle for angle data. To synchronize the EMG data and kinematic data in this experiment, a force plate (SS-FP40AO, Sports Sensing, size: 400 mm \u0026times; 400 mm \u0026times; 110 mm) was used. The force plate signal was connected to the external stimulus input port of the electromyograph, with data sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz. The force plate signal was input to the PC for motion analysis applications via an A/D converter (32 Ch analog interface, Four Assist), with data sampled at a rate of 1200 Hz.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExperimental procedure\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, the participants performed two conditions: a vertical jump from a stationary state (s-d condition) and a vertical jump after a one-step motion (d-d condition) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). For the s-d condition, participants were instructed to place their dominant foot on the force plate and stand still with their feet shoulder width apart. Upon receiving a signal from the examiner, they were to remain stationary for at least 2 seconds before performing a maximal vertical jump, aiming to land in the same position as they took off. For the d-d condition, participants were instructed to perform a one-step approach with their nondominant foot from a designated starting position upon receiving the cue from the examiner. The second step involved landing on the force plate, followed by a vertical jump with both feet on the third step. The participants were instructed to land in the same position as they took off and maintain a quiet stance for at least 2 seconds after landing. Additionally, they were instructed to ensure that the landing positions of both feet during the second and third steps were as parallel as possible. Before the experiment was conducted, the participants were given sufficient time to warm, during which the starting position for the one-step approach in the d-d condition was set for each participant. The two conditions in this experiment were performed for 10 trials each (a total of 20 trials). A 5-minute rest period was provided between each condition. During each trial, any trial where the participants did not remain stationary for 2 seconds or where the landing position of the dominant foot or the take-off position did not fall within the force plate was considered invalid, and additional trials were conducted to compensate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of kinematic and kinetic data\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification of the onset of the main movement\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinematic and kinetic data were smoothed using a fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 20 Hz\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e. The vertical component data obtained from the force plate were used to identify take-off (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 N). When vertical jumping is the task, the initiation of the main movement corresponds to take-off\u003csup\u003e7,9\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies defined the initiation of the main movement as the point at which the vertical component of the ground reaction force exceeded the body weight after unloading, based on the body weight during quiet stance. However, upon observing the ground reaction force data during vertical jumping, the take-off begins immediately after the value reaches its minimum (unloading motion). Therefore, in this study, the initiation of the main movement (t0) was defined as the next data point after the minimum value in the z-axis displacement data of the COM, traced back from take-off.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJump height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the z-axis COM displacement data, the 1-second window with the smallest standard deviation within the 2-second quiet stance period was identified, and the average value for that window was calculated. The difference between the maximum value in the time series data and this average value was defined as the jump height\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOM variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe COM trajectory length was calculated from the x-, y- and z-axis time series data of the COM displacement using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOM trajectory length \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:={\\sum\\:}_{i=1}^{n}\\:\\surd\\:(\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ex\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; x\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u0026minus;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e + (y\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; y\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u0026minus;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e + (z\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; z\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u0026minus;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e is the number of time series data points from t0 to take-off, \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e is the \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e-th data point and x, y and z are the values of the COM on the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis, respectively. The COM velocity was calculated by dividing the COM trajectory length by the time required from t0 to take-off. The difference between the maximum and minimum values in the x-axis COM displacement data from t0 to take-off was defined as the COM medial‒lateral sway range (COM x range). Similarly, the difference in the y-axis COM displacement data was calculated and defined as the COM y range\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkle angle rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the d-d condition, the heel contact was defined as the point at which the heel displacement data of the dominant foot reached its minimum value when it was traced back from take-off. In the x-axis ankle joint angle displacement data of the dominant foot, the change in the ankle joint angle from heel contact to take-off was calculated. The ankle angle rate was then determined by dividing the change in the ankle joint angle by the time required from heel contact to take-off.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of the EMG data\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe onset of activation/deactivation as APAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe muscle activity potential data for each trial were processed using a band-pass filter (15\u0026ndash;500 Hz) and then full-wave rectified. Furthermore, based on previous studies, the data were smoothed using a fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 50 Hz\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e. To set the baseline values for muscle activity potentials, the 500 ms window with the smallest standard deviation within the 2-second quiet stance period was identified for each muscle, and the average value for that window was calculated. To identify muscle activity preceding the main movement, the threshold was set at the first point where the muscle activity potential exceeded or fell below 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) of the baseline value and lasted for 25 ms\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e. To evaluate the APA variables for each muscle in the d-d condition, the threshold defined in this study was used to detect the point where the muscle activity potential exceeded or fell below the threshold preceding t0. The point closest to t0 among the detected points for each muscle was subsequently defined as the onset of activation or deactivation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver.29 (SPSS Inc., IL, US). To evaluate the normality of each variable defined in this study, the Shapiro‒Wilk normality test was conducted. To compare the differences in jump height between the s-d condition and the d-d condition, a two-tailed paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test was performed. Additionally, Cohen's \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e was calculated as the effect size for the paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test, with \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.2 defined as small, 0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.8 as medium and \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.8 as large. To investigate the relationships among kinematic, kinetic and APA variables in the s-d condition and the d-d condition, Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis was conducted for parametric data, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis was conducted for nonparametric data. The significance level for all the statistical analyses was set at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeclarations of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eK.K.: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing\u0026mdash;originaldraft. T.N.: analysis, methodology, reviewing and editing, investigation. A.I.: supervision, reviewing and editing, validation, conceptualization. T.K.: supervision, conceptualization, validation. S.O.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, visualization, supervision, writing\u0026mdash;reviewing and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSheppard, J. M., Cronin, J., Gabbett, T. \u0026amp; Etxebarria, N\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e Relative importance of strength, power, and anthropometric measures to jump performance of elite volleyball players. \u003cem\u003eJ Strength Cond Res\u003c/em\u003e 22, 758\u0026ndash;765 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a8440 (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMassion, J. Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination. \u003cem\u003eProgress in Neurobiology.\u003c/em\u003e 38, 35\u0026ndash;56 https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(92)90034-c (1992).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAruin, A. S. Enhancing anticipatory postural adjustments: a novel approach to balance rehabilitation. \u003cem\u003eJ Nov Physiother\u003c/em\u003e 06, https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7025.1000e144 (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBelenkiy, V. E., Gurfinkel, V. S., Paltsev, E. I. Control elements of voluntary movements. \u003cem\u003eBiofizika.\u003c/em\u003e 12, 135\u0026ndash;141 (1967).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCordo, P. J. \u0026amp; Nashner, L. M. Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. \u003cem\u003eJ Neurophysiol.\u003c/em\u003e 47, 287\u0026ndash;302 (1982).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBouisset, S. \u0026amp; Do, M. C. Posture, dynamic stability, and voluntary movement. \u003cem\u003eNeurophysiologie Clinique\u003c/em\u003e. 38, 345\u0026ndash;362 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2008.10.001 (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePellec, A. L. \u0026amp; Maton, B. Anticipatory postural adjustments are associated with single vertical jump and their timing is predictive of jump amplitude. \u003cem\u003eExp Brain Res\u003c/em\u003e. 129, 551\u0026ndash;558 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050925 (1999).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePellec, A. L. \u0026amp; Maton, B. Initiation of a vertical jump: the human body\u0026rsquo;s upward propulsion depends on control of forward equilibrium. \u003cem\u003eNeuroscience Letters\u003c/em\u003e. 323, 183\u0026ndash;186 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00129-5 (2002).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIto, T., Azuma, T. \u0026amp; Yamashita, N. Anticipatory control related to the upward propulsive force during the rising on tiptoe from an upright standing position. \u003cem\u003eEur J Appl Physiol.\u003c/em\u003e 92, 186\u0026ndash;195 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1088-3 (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSado, N., Yoshioka, S. \u0026amp; Fukashiro, S. Pelvic elevation induces vertical kinetic energy without losing horizontal energy during running single-leg jump for distance. \u003cem\u003eEur J Sport Sci.\u003c/em\u003e 23, 1146\u0026ndash;1154 https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2070779 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRamos, C. D., Ramey, M., Wilcox, R. R. \u0026amp; McNitt-Gray, J. L. Generation of linear impulse during the takeoff of the long jump. \u003cem\u003eJ Appl Biomech.\u003c/em\u003e 35, 52\u0026ndash;60 https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2017-0249 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOddsson, L., Terauds, J., Gowitzke, B. \u0026amp; Holt, L. 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Wrist kinematics differ in expert and novice tennis players performing the backhand stroke: implications for tennis elbow. \u003cem\u003eJ. Biomechonics\u003c/em\u003e. 27, 509\u0026ndash;516 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)90062-0 (1994).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCook, T. \u0026amp; Cozzens, B. Human solutions for locomotion: the initiation of gait. In: Herman RM, Grillner S, Stein PSG, Stuart DG (eds) \u003cem\u003eNeural control of locomotion. Plenum, New York,\u003c/em\u003e 65\u0026ndash;76 (1976).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBreni\u0026egrave;re, Y., Cuong Do, M. \u0026amp; Bouisset, S. Are dynamic phenomena prior to stepping essential to walking? \u003cem\u003eJ Mot Behav\u003c/em\u003e 19, 62\u0026ndash;76 (1987).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkbaş, A., Marszałek, W., Bacik, B. \u0026amp; Juras, G. 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Early postural adjustments in preparation to whole-body voluntary sway. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Electromyography and Kinesiology.\u003c/em\u003e 22, 110\u0026ndash;116 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBen-David, C., Ostraich, B. \u0026amp; Riemer, R. Passive knee exoskeleton increases vertical jump height. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering\u003c/em\u003e 30, 1796\u0026ndash;1805 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKonno, K., Itaya, A., Kizuka, T. \u0026amp; Ono, S. The effects of pressure on anticipatory postural adjustments during a jump shot in basketball. \u003cem\u003eGait Posture\u003c/em\u003e 114, 215\u0026ndash;221 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"anticipatory postural adjustments, feedforward control, jump performance, electromyography, 3D motion analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6652218/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6652218/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePreparatory actions prior to the intended movements significantly contribute to better performance. Preceding posture control, which is known as anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), is crucial for utilizing energy without loss in the main movements. Therefore, the present study attempted to clarify the role of APAs in vertical jumps with preparatory actions such as one-step motion. We defined APAs as the onset of activation or deactivation of postural muscles preceding the main movement (thrust) in a vertical jump. Our results revealed that preceding muscle activities of the erector spinae (ES) and gastrocnemius medialis (GAM) were associated with increasesin the center of mass (COM) velocity, range of COM anterior‒posteriorsway (COM y range) and ankle joint angle. These COM and joint angles can be effective factors in determining the jump height. The results indicate that APAs contribute to stabilizing posture and generating a reaction force for main movements, which could play a role in high performance. It is suggested that APAs are essential in converting the horizontal energy of one-step preparatory motion into vertical energy during the thrust phase for higher jumps.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The role of anticipatory postural adjustments in a vertical jump after a one-step motion","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-21 04:13:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6652218/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-12T04:01:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T23:20:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-09T17:17:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-03T09:49:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"262009181784111186608108247514799886116","date":"2025-06-01T09:41:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"328688298811260900719374846430169276817","date":"2025-05-30T19:54:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"294500465821584327071375661543458333247","date":"2025-05-30T18:25:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"35133763104535109221821876071600323668","date":"2025-05-30T16:50:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T16:40:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-29T09:54:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-16T10:20:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-16T04:21:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-05-13T06:39:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a62003c0-78ab-47d4-9c44-a252154a936d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":48810618,"name":"Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Motor control/Motor neuron"},{"id":48810619,"name":"Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Sensorimotor processing/Reflexes"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:04:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6652218","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42943-9","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-09 16:00:08","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-21 04:13:07","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-42943-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42943-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6652218","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6652218","identity":"rs-6652218","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}