Heavy Metals Accumulation in Different Organs of Poultry and Hypothetical Risk Analysis: Evidence from Experimental Feeding with Assorted Metal Feed

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J. M. Morshed, Md. Samrat Mohay Menul Islam, A. H. Rashadul Hossain, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4210575/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study evaluated the growth performance of experimental chickens and concentration of heavy metals accumulated in their various organs such as muscle, bone, liver, kidney and lung. Eight groups of chickens C0 to C7 were fed diets containing Pb, Cr and Cd in different amounts and concentrations. Pb and Cd were absent in the feed given to C0 group chickens. But in 7 experimental groups C1 to C7 the range of each metal was found between 0.72 ± 0.20 to 46.14 ± 21.20 mgkg-1. Cr was measured at 0.88 ± 0.47mgkg-1 in group C0 whereas the concentration range of this metal in C1 and C7 was (1.77 ± 0.91–45.90 ± 20.08) mgkg-1. Cd concentrations ranged from 0.90 ± 0.53 mgkg-1 to 40.46 ± 12.25mgkg-1 in groups C1 to C7. No consistent variation in chicken feed intake rate was observed with increasing concentration of HMs. At the end of experiment, it was observed that the growth performance of chickens decreased from group C0 to C7. The study showed that feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased gradually from group C0 to C7. Bone has the highest concentrations of Pb and Cd compared to other organs. However, the highest amount of Cr was found in the liver. Heavy metal concentrations were progressively increased in all groups by increasing concentrations of the same metal in feed. Nevertheless, in histological section, other organs than brain such as liver, kidney, intestine, skin and lung were more or less affected by heavy metal consumption. Hypothetical health risk analysis suggested that THQ and TR values were increasing with increasing HM concentration. Adulteration Heavy Metals Poultry Feed Bioaccumulation Toxicity Health Risk Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Over 50% of Bangladesh's population works directly or indirectly in agriculture and livestock farming [ 1 ]. One important strategy to increase farming expansion and reduce undernourishment among Bangladeshi citizens is through the poultry industry [ 2 ]. The value of farm animals is expected to rise in this industry quite rapidly [ 3 ]. Bangladesh's climate is ideal for the growth of the poultry sector, which is essential to the production of meat and eggs [ 1 ]. The 1980s marked the beginning of Bangladesh's commercial poultry production journey [ 4 ]. The annual growth rate of the chicken population increased from 0.7 to 4 percent between 1990 and 2005 [ 5 ]. Between 1995 and 2007, there was a noticeable increase in the average yearly growth rate (15–20%) [ 2 ]. However, from early 2007 to June 2008, the poultry population's growth rate was hindered by avian influenza. After that, even if the unfavorable circumstance was lessened, it reappeared in October 2011 and persisted until March 2012. Consequently, at that time, the industry of chicken production was severely impacted [ 6 ]. However, given the current state of affairs, Bangladesh's poultry business is in a promising position to quicken GDP growth [ 7 ]. Between 1995 and 2005, the average person consumed 59 eggs, up from 21 in 1995 [ 4 ]. About 27% of Bangladesh's entire animal protein supply comes from chicken farms, which may provide 37% of the country's total meat production [ 8 ]. Up until 2025, it is anticipated that annual consumption levels of chicken meat and eggs will rise by 26% and 41%, respectively, per person. The most important component of raising chickens is feeding them. Out of 6.57 million tons of commercial feed produced in 2020, 4.45 million tons of poultry feed were produced by Bangladesh's feed factories. A blend of various grains enhanced with high protein makes up poultry feed. A variety of components are used by the poultry feed businesses to formulate their diets. The primary sources of protein in feed include oilseed cakes, wheat, barley, sorghum, soybean meal, peas, beans, canola meal, etc. On the other hand, certain Bangladeshi feed industries make large profits by using low-quality raw materials. Eggs and chicken flesh, which contain protein, fat, and minerals, are vital food items for human growth [ 9 ]. However, all dangerous substances, such as heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic, manganese, etc., must be absent from this cuisine. In nature, two varieties of chicken are typically found: domestic and farm. There are two sorts of farm chickens: layer chickens and broiler chickens. Broilers provide meat, whereas layers provide eggs [ 10 ]. Hazardous heavy metals may be present in both meat and eggs [ 10 , 11 ]. While some elements are thought to be more advantageous to human health than others—manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel, potassium, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium, etc.—and shortfall or overexposure to these elements may be the reason for metabolic issues [ 12 ]. For optimal metabolic processes in the body, daily diets must contain the appropriate amount of these metals. Information about the metals found in different meals can be found in a daily diet list [ 13 ]. Zinc is a crucial metal in the human diet. Zinc deficiency can lead to weakened immunity, skin lesions, impaired taste and smell perception, delayed wound healing, and appetite loss. Overdoses of zinc can be detrimental to health and can also result in sexual dysfunction and stunted growth in men [ 14 ]. The main nutrients that the human body needs are manganese, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. The human body has 99 percent calcium in its teeth and bones, and its body weight is made up of about 96 percent oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen [ 15 ]. One percent of the weight of an individual is likely made up of phosphorus [ 16 ]. However, several metals are regarded as extremely dangerous heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, mercury, etc [ 17 ]. However, the use of pesticides, the occasional dumping of household waste and the open disposal of industrial waste all contribute to the persistence of heavy metal, a very dangerous pollutant, in the environment [ 18 ]. These often have lengthy biological half-lives and are not biodegradable [ 14 ]. In addition to causing environmental pollution, toxic metals have been linked to several serious illnesses, including lung disease, liver disease, cancer, heart disease, hypertension, and renal failure [ 19 ]. While some chicken feed is imported from other developing nations worldwide, the majority of the feed is produced in Bangladesh by numerous enterprises utilizing various raw materials, some of which may include hazardous metals [ 20 ] [ 21 ]. Because the hens were fed tainted feed and water, these metals were found in various areas of the finished poultry products. People who consume these completed products will experience a variety of illnesses [ 14 ] [ 20 ].This study aims to establish a bio-accumulation pattern of heavy metal in different organs of poultry from heavy metal mixed feed in different group of culture system. The specific objectives were to detect heavy metal concentrations in chicken feed, to determine the concentration of heavy metals accumulated by different body part of the chicken and histopathological change in tissue. Materials and Methodology Collection and Adulteration of Poultry Feed with Heavy Metals The starter and grower poultry feeds were gathered from the Chattogram city region local market. In order to conduct the study, the feed was then kept in the BCSIR Laboratories in Chattogram.Using distilled water, all of the glassware was soaked in water and detergent for 48 hours while being repeatedly rung out. The glassware was then ringed with a solution of strong hydrochloric acid (200 mL), de-ionized water (520 mL), and hydrogen peroxide (80 mL) [ 22 ]. They were then thoroughly cleaned with de-ionized water and thoroughly dried to prevent contamination.A total of seven heavy metal solutions were prepared to contaminate poultry feed and divided into eight doses to be administered to eight groups of birds (such as C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7). One group, namely C0, received only feed without artificial metals. However, two types of forage were collected for the eight groups, called starter and grower. Seven weights of three salts (Table 2.1 ) such as lead nitrate, cadmium chloride and chromium nitrate were placed in seven 100 mL volumetric flasks to prepare seven solutions containing seven individual metal concentrations. A total of seven measuring bottles were used to prepare seven solutions. A little deionized water was added to the salt mixture. All bottles were shaken vigorously and water deionized until the salt mixture was completely dissolved. Thus, seven solutions were prepared for bird feeding adulteration as solution AS, BS, CS, DS, ES, FS and GS. Table 2.1 Weight (g) of different metal salts to prepare seven solutions to contaminate starter & grower feed. Solutions Starter Feed Grower Feed Lead Nitrate Cadmium Chloride Chromium Nitrate Lead Nitrate Cadmium Chloride Chromium Nitrate A S 0.0059 0.0087 0.0252 0.0053 0.0052 0.0299 B S 0.0121 0.0161 0.0511 0.0132 0.0161 0.0649 C S 0.0245 0.0251 0.1026 0.0207 0.0232 0.1086 D S 0.0511 0.0558 0.2566 0.0501 0.0461 0.2521 E S 0.1012 0.1474 0.5574 0.0897 0.1024 0.5028 F S 0.2027 0.2149 1.0956 0.1876 0.2002 1.0061 G S 0.5879 0.5676 2.5983 0.4811 0.5114 2.5014 Seven weights of three salts (Table 2.1 ) such as lead nitrate, cadmium chloride and chromium nitrate were combined and placed in a 100 mL volumetric flask to prepare seven solutions containing seven individual metal concentrations. A total of seven measuring bottles were used to prepare seven solutions. A little deionized water was added to the salt mixture. All bottles were shaken vigorously and the water deionized until the salt mixture was completely dissolved. Thus, seven solutions were prepared for adulteration of bird feed, such as solutions AG, BG, CG, DG, EG, FG and GG. Solution AS was injected with a 5 ml disposable syringe into the separated feed portion of poultry S1, and then solution BS, CS, DS, ES, FS and GS were injected into the separated feed portions named S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7, respectively. All foods were dried in an oven at 75°C for 3–4 hours. Seven portions of starter poultry feed were then crushed into small particles so that the metals could be homogeneously mixed with the feed and packed into seven individual poly bags.Solution AG was injected with a 5 mL disposable syringe into divided poultry starter ratio G1, and then solution BG, CG, DG, EG, FG, and GG were injected into divided portions named G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, and G7 respectively. All foods were dried in an oven at 75°C for 3–4 hours. Seven portions of starter poultry feed were then crushed into small particles so that the metals could be homogeneously mixed with the feed and packed into seven individual poly bags. Determination of Moisture Content of Poultry Feed Moisture was determined with a moisture machine (MAC 50, RADWAG, Wagi electronic, Made in Poland, S/N-416769/14) after artificial contamination of poultry feed with toxic metals (Pb, Cr and Cd). Cultivation of Poultry Chicken A total of 24 day-old bird species were collected from the hatchery. They were divided into eight groups such as C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. The poultry house was properly furnished so that the chicken could be reared in a suitable environment without difficulty. The house was also designed with eight chambers for eight individual groups of chickens. The chickens were divided into compartments so that each compartment could contain 3 species. Chamber 1 contained group C1, while chambers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 contained chicken groups C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C0. All chickens were marked for identification for the final experiments. Feeding Techniques Initially, the starter was assigned to group C0 without artificial metal contamination. However, from group C1, which was previously contaminated with toxic metals (Pb, Cd and Cr), an initial sample S1 was taken, followed by groups C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7, samples S2, S3, S4, S5 ., S6 and S7 were taken respectively. It was mentioned that the concentration of toxic metals in the starter feed gradually increased from S1 to S7. However, initial food was given to eight groups of chickens from day 1 to day 22. Then, all groups of chickens received 23–28 a day farmer food samples. In general, the C0 group was always taken without a contaminated farmer. On the other hand, there are food samples that are contaminated with toxic metals called G1. G2. G3. G4. G5.G6 and G7 were assigned to groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. After 28 days, the total feed consumption of individual chicken groups was calculated and the final result was recorded. C0 = Poultry feed collected directly from the market was applied to chickens (Blank); C1 = Chickens were fed manually mixed low concentration heavy metal (Pb, Cd & Cr) poultry feed; C2 = Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C1 but less than C3; C3 = Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C2 but less than C4; C4 = Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C3 but less than C5; C5 = Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C4 but less than C6; C6 = Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C5 but less than C7; C7 = The highest concentration of the same heavy metal mixed feed was applied to chicken. Monitoring of Chicken’s Weight The first weight of all chicken groups was recorded after collection from the hatchery. Then, the weight of all chickens was recorded every 7 days from the first day to evaluate the adverse effect of heavy metals on their growth factor. The final weight was taken after 28 days. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded [ 23 ]. Histopathology of Different organs of Chicken Collection of organs The experimental chickens of different groups were slaughtered after 28 days with a sharp stainless steel knife, and their organs such as liver, lungs, kidneys, skin, intestines, and brain were collected. Histopathological Technique Paraffin technique The tissue was fixed and embedded in wax. This made the tissue tough and the parts were much easier to cut. Sections were then stained and examined under a light microscope [ 24 ]. The steps in the paraffin technique were: a) Fixation and Trimming: It is a process by which the components of cells and tissues are fixed in a physical and partly chemical state, so that they can withstand subsequent treatment with various reagents with minimal loss, distortion and degradation. During fixation, a reaction occurs between the fixing agent (for example, formaldehyde) and the proteins in the tissue. The main function of these aldehyde fixatives was to crosslink amino groups in proteins by forming methylene bridges (-CH 2 -) in the case of formaldehyde or by C 5 H 10 crosslinking in the case of glutaraldehyde. However, after fixation, the tissue was properly trimmed to achieve the proper size and orientation of the tissue. This step was also important to achieve a sample size compatible with subsequent histological procedures such as embedding and sectioning. b) Tissue processing : The goal of tissue processing was to remove all extractable water from the tissue and replace it with a support medium that provides sufficient rigidity to allow the tissue to be cut without damage or distortion. i. Dehydration : Dehydration was a crucial stage in using ethanol to get rid of any last vestiges of water. This stage involved transferring the tissue through a series of ethyl alcohol baths that increased in concentration over time: 50%, 70%, 90%, 95%, and 100%. For a maximum of half an hour, tissue blocks with a thickness of 1 mm were immersed in ethanol. ii. Clearing : As a cleaning agent, xylene was employed to get rid of the alcohol and made the wax miscible. The tissue is now clean and transparent. iii. Infiltration : To take the place of the xylene and penetrate the tissue, melted paraffin wax was added. iv. Embedding : Embedding involvesplacing the tissue or sampleinto a mass of embedding medium using a mold. Because the tissue blocks were very thin, a carrier medium wasrequiredtoembed the tissue blocks. Paraffin was used as a supporting or embedding medium. c) Sectioning : The tissue was cut into 4–5 mm thick pieces from paraffin blocks. A disposable blade was used which was replaced after a limited number of blocks. d) Staining : Staining was used to color certain features of a sample before examining it under a light microscope. Hematoxylin (basic stain) and eosin (acid stain) have been used as biological stains in histology to show the general structure of the tissue. Determination of Heavy Metals in poultry feed and Chicken organs Sample Preparation a) Preparation of Poultry Feed : Eight (eight) bunches of nourishment tests were dried in a broiler at 105 ◦ C till a target weight was reached. For every set of nourishment tests, about 2g of initially polluted material was transferred to a measuring tool and mixed with a 3:2 (v/v) concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid mixture. The material was then allowed to rest for the night. The experiments were warmed for three hours at 70 ◦C in a water shower. After processing, the bolster tests were allowed to cool before being placed in a 25 mL volumetric jar manufactured up to the stamp at that time using refined water [ 25 ]. b) Preparation of Broiler Chicken Organs : The various organs, including the kidneys, liver, lung, and muscle, were dried in an oven at 105°C until a predetermined weight was reached. Subsequently, two grams of every dried sample were put into a beaker along with a 3:2 (v/v) solution of concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid [ 18 ]. When the mixture turned clear, the digesting process was halted. The samples were moved into a 25 mL volumetric flask, and distilled water was added to fill the container to the brim [ 26 ]. Thermo Scientific Ice 3000, USA, provided an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for the analysis of heavy metals, including Pb, Cr, and Cd. Preparation of Sample Blank In a 25 mL volumetric flask, a solution of nitric acid and sulfuric acid was added in a 3:2 (v/v) ratio. The solution was then topped off with distilled water. When doing a heavy metal analysis, this solution served as a blank. The preparation of working standard solutions in various concentrations 1000ppm of standard solutions (Sigma Aldrich) of lead, cadmium and chromium were purchased from the local market of Bangladesh. Initially, 10 milliliters of each metal's stock solution (1000 parts per million) were added to 100 milliliter volumetric flasks and topped off with deionized water. Working standards were prepared using these respective metal solutions as an intermediary solution. Five separate volumetric flasks containing 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 mL of the intermediate solution were filled with 10 mL of nitric acid each. Deionized water was used to bring the volume up to par. Preparation of Calibration curve using Standard Solution Prior to determining the metal concentration, the concentration of each element was plotted against the absorbance of the working standard solution to create the calibration curve. Once a metal solution or standard solution had been added to the spectrometer flame to a specified concentration, the calibration curve for each particular metal was created. The concentration range for the calibration curve's charting was adhered to when creating the reference solution. It thereby filled the sample's ideal absorption range. After obtaining three separate absorption measurements, the average absorption value was noted. To obtain absorbance within the anticipated range, the analyte was diluted. The calibration curve was used to calculate the metal's unknown concentration. The concentration and absorbance of the working standard solutions were measured to verify the calibration curve once the instrument's sensitivity was determined. Measurement of Metal Concentration An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model: Thermo Scientific, iCE 3000, USA) was used to measure the prepared sample that contained several metals together with a blank solution. The metals in the solution were burned to become free atoms in the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The free atoms then absorbed ultraviolet or visible light at a certain wavelength and changed from the ground state to a higher electronic energy state. Certain radiations were thereby automatically decreased. Estimated Daily Intake Based on estimations of EDI, THQ, HI, and TR, the health hazards associated with ingestion of metal residues in poultry tissues and liver were evaluated. The following equation was used to determine the EDI [ 27 ]: \(\text{E}\text{D}\text{I}=\frac{FIR\times CM}{WAB}\) ………….E (1) where CM is the metal concentration (µg/g) in each sample. FIR is the food ingestionrate. A 60 kg body weight individual consumes 17.33 g of chicken meat on average, according to the "Report of the household income and expenditure survey 2016" [ 28 ]and 0.1 g/day liver tissue in Egypt (Assumption). Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) Food consumption-related non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals is usually evaluated based on the target hazard quotient (THQ), which was determined using the following formula [ 29 ]: \(THQ=\frac{EF\times ED\times FIR\times CM}{RfD\times WAB\times ATN}\times 10\) −3 ………….E (2) where CM is the metal concentration in food samples (mg/kg-fw), RfD is the oral reference dose (mg/kg-bw/day), WAB is the body weight of the consumers (adult: 60 kg), EF is the exposure frequency (365 days/year), ED is the exposure duration (70 years equivalent to the average human life time), and AT is the averaging time for non-carcinogens (365 days/year × number of exposure years, assuming 70 years). Reference dose (RfD) refers to a dosage at which a consumer may be continuously exposed to this level for an extended amount of time without contracting an infection. RFDs for Pb, Cd and Cr are 0.0035 mg/kg-bw/day, 0.00083 mg/kg-bw/day 0.0083 mg/kg-bw/day, respectively, according to recommendations made by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives [ 30 ]. THQ greater than 1 is considered unacceptable for food. Hazard index In this study, a cumulative health risk was evaluated by summing the THQ value of an individual metal and was expressed in the hazard index (HI) as follows [ 31 ]: HI = THQ (toxicant 1) + THQ (toxicant 2)…………+ THQ (toxicant n) ………….E (3) The greater the level of concern is directly related to the higher value of HI. Target Cancer Risk (TR) Target cancer risk was used to indicate the carcinogenic risk of heavy metal residues in poultry edibles. It was estimated, according to [ 32 ], as the following equation: TR = \(\frac{EF\times ED\times FIR\times CM\times Cfo}{WAB\times ATN}\) ×10 − 3 ………….E (4) where TR is the target cancer risk; ED is exposure duration, which equals 70 years for the cancer risk suggested by the USEPA; EF is exposure frequency (365 days/year); FIR is the food ingested rate (g/day); CM is the concentration of metal in poultry meat (µg/g); Cfo is the carcinogenic potency slope, oral (mg/kg body weight/day). The CPSo values are 6.3, 0.0085, and 0.5 for Cd, Pb, Cr, respectively [ 30 – 33 ]. Due to different cancer risk range, the characteristics of the cancer risk have been qualitatively categorized as ≤ 10 − 6 (very low risk), from 10 − 6 < to < 10 − 4 (low risk), from ≤ 10 − 4 to < 10 − 3 (moderate risk), from 10 − 3 ≤ to < 10 − 1 (high risk), and ≥ 10 − 1 (very high risk) [ 31 ]. Results and Discussion Heavy Metals Accumulation Several forms of manually contaminated poultry feed, such as C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, were fed to the eight experimental groups of chicken, and their levels of heavy metals were measured. Lead was found in none of the experimental groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, but not in C0. The amounts of this metal were 0.72 ± 0.20, 1.52 ± 0.11, 2.66 ± 0.66, 4.34 ± 0.06, 10.58 ± 3.83, 18.21 ± 4.54, and 46.14 ± 21.20 mgkg -1 , respectively (Table 3.1 ). Additionally, cadmium was not detected in C0. However, various cadmium concentrations were recorded in C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, with values of 0.90 ± 0.53, 1.40 ± 0.07, 2.03 ± 0.03, 2.63 ± 1.37, 9.18 ± 2.84, 22.67 ± 9.15, and 40.46 ± 12.25 mgkg -1 , respectively (Table 3.1 ). Conversely, chromium was obtained as follows: 0.88 ± 0.47, 1.77 ± 0.91, 2.29 ± 0.54, 2.96 ± 0.95, 3.64 ± 0.30, 10.86 ± 4.86, 24.37 ± 1.40, and 45.90 ± 20.08 mgkg -1 from C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively (Table 3.1 ). It was observed that C0 was solely displayed the Cr concentration. On the other hand, it was also noted that Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations climbed progressively from C0 to C7 (Table 3.1 ). Non-essential metals like lead and cadmium directly affect human and poultry health [ 34 ]. The European Commission recommends 5 mgkg -1 of Pb and 0.5 mgkg -1 of Cd, respectively. On the other hand, 0.1mgkg -1 is the maximum amount of chromium that is allowed in feed, under WHO guidelines [ 35 ]. Table 3.1 Heavy Metal Concentration in Manually Adulterated Feed &Total Feed Consumption (g) per birds EG The Concentration of Heavy Metals (mgkg − 1 ) Duration Pb Cd Cr Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 C0 0 0 0.88 ± 0.47 c 125 ± 23.51 d 525.00 ± 39.00 b 1331.25 ± 53.55 a 2792.50 ± 209.08 b C1 0.72 ± 0.20 b 0.90 ± 0.53 c 1.77 ± 0.91 c 148.33 ± 42.52 cd 615.00 ± 70.88 ab 1548.33 ± 142.51 a 3495 ± 278.25 a C2 1.52 ± 0.11 b 1.40 ± 0.07 c 2.29 ± 0.54 c 163.33 ± 20.82 bcd 580.00 ± 20.00 ab 1446.67 ± 53.46 a 3351.67 ± 118.71 a C3 2.66 ± 0.66 b 2.03 ± 0.03 c 2.96 ± 0.95 c 118.33 ± 2.89 d 558.33 ± 32.53 ab 1408.33 ± 138.95 a 3341.67 ± 411.04 a C4 4.34 ± 0.06 b 2.63 ± 1.37 c 3.64 ± 0.30 c 188.33 ± 27.54 bc 648.33 ± 50.08 a 1398.33 ± 88.93 a 3310.00 ± 119.48 a C5 10.58 ± 3.83 b 9.18 ± 2.84 c 10.86 ± 4.86 bc 183.33 ± 37.86 bc 601.67 ± 80.83 ab 1328.33 ± 46.86 a 3277.33 ± 55.15 ab C6 18.21 ± 4.54 b 22.67 ± 9.15 b 24.37 ± 1.40 b 251.67 ± 47.52 a 651.67 ± 93.05 a 1485.00 ± 317.53 a 3400.00 ± 550.61 a C7 46.14 ± 21.20 a 40.46 ± 12.25 a 45.90 ± 20.08 a 205.00 ± 15.00 ab 631.6 ± 18.44 a 1298.33 ± 55.95 a 3223.33 ± 115.76 ab Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. Following a week, each group's intake of tainted food varied from 125 ± 23.51 to 251.67 ± 47.52 g. C6 and C0 consumed the largest and least amounts of contaminated feed, respectively, while the next day the birds' intake of the same meal was recorded at 525 ± 39 to 651.67 ± 93.05 g. It was observed that the groups C0 and C6 had the lowest and largest quantities taken. Conversely, following 21 days, the range of contaminated feed ingested was (1331.25 ± 53.55–1548.33 ± 142.51) g. Groups C0 and C1 were given the least and most contaminated feed, respectively. Additionally, over the course of the 28-day experiment, the average feed consumption per bird in each group varied from (2792.50 ± 209.08–3495 ± 278.25) g. Group C0 drank the least amount of the feed, whereas Group C1 consumed the most. While group C3 consumed 3341.67 ± 411.04 g of tainted feed, group C2 consumed 3351.67 ± 118.71 g. However, 3310 ± 119.48, 3277.33 ± 55.15, 3400 ± 550.61, and 3223.33 ± 115.76 g of tainted feed were given to groups C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. (Table 3.1 ). Regarding the weekly intake of tainted feed, it was noted that group C1 consumed the most feed during the second week, while groups C0 and C6 consumed the least amount (Table 3.3 ). Groups C7 and C1 were given the least amount of contaminated feed (666.67 ± 40.41 g) and most amounts (933.33 ± 77.67 g) in the third week, respectively. Furthermore, during the fourth week, group C0 consumed a low quantity of contaminated feed (1461.25 ± 199.43 g), but group C5 consumed a considerable quantity (1949 ± 43.51 g) of the same feed (Table 3.2 ). Birds in the experimental groups consumed varying amounts of feed containing heavy metals. It was observed that the pace at which contaminated feed was consumed did not progressively alter as the concentration of heavy metals increased (Table 3.1 & Table 3.2 ). Table 3.2 Per Week Feed Consumption (g) & Total Weight Gain (g) EG Duration Duration 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 C0 125.00 ± 23.51 d 400.00 ± 16.10 b 806.25 ± 39.45 abc 1461.25 ± 199.43 b 38.75 ± 2.50 146.25 ± 13.77 ab 457.50 ± 65.38 ab 961.25 ± 146.82 a 1552.50 ± 245.41 a C1 148.33 ± 42.52 cd 466.67 ± 47.26 a 933.33 ± 77.67 a 1946.67 ± 142.24 a 40.00 ± 5.00 156.67 ± 20.21 ab 501.667 ± 57.74 a 1021.67 ± 83.86 a 1560.00 ± 124.90 a C2 163.33 ± 20.82 bcd 416.67 ± 25.17 ab 866.67 ± 34.03 ab 1905.00 ± 164.16 a 40.00 ± 5.00 131.67 ± 28.43 b 375.00 ± 42.72 bc 915.00 ± 102.10 a 1468.33 ± 79.74 a C3 118.33 ± 2.89 d 440.00 ± 30.00 ab 850.00 ± 138.92 abc 1933.33 ± 284.27 a 36.67 ± 2.89 145.00 ± 10.00 ab 456.667 ± 46.46 ab 935.00 ± 97.34 a 1450.00 ± 13.23 a C4 188.33 ± 27.54 bc 460.00 ± 30.41 ab 750.00 ± 55.67 abc 1911.67 ± 190.42 a 43.33 ± 5.77 165.00 ± 13.23 a 440.00 ± 119.06 ab 961.67 ± 50.58 a 1446.67 ± 27.54 a C5 183.33 ± 37.86 bc 418.33 ± 45.09 ab 726.67 ± 41.93 bc 1949.00 ± 43.51 a 43.33 ± 2.89 156.67 ± 11.55 ab 450.00 ± 35.00 ab 885.00 ± 5.00 a 1400.00 ± 52.20 a C6 251.67 ± 47.52 a 400.00 ± 45.83 b 833.33 ± 225.46 abc 1915.00 ± 234.47 a 43.33 ± 2.89 145.00 ± 13.23 ab 375.00 ± 40.00 bc 713.333 ± 90.05 b 1150.00 ± 189.93 b C7 205.00 ± 15.00 ab 426.67 ± 5.03 ab 666.67 ± 40.41 c 1925.00 ± 61.29 a 36.67 ± 7.64 136.67 ± 12.58 ab 300.00 ± 50.74 c 575.00 ± 101.49 b 925.00 ± 135.28 b Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. Table 3.3 Per Week Weight Gain (g) & Percentage of increasing weight of chicken EG Duration Duration 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 C0 146.25 ± 13.77 ab 350.00 ± 54.47 ab 650.00 ± 94.78 a 941.25 ± 152.56 a 277.23 ± 21.60 a 1046.88 ± 160.52 ab 2306.25 ± 364.36 a 3784.38 ± 611.30 a C1 156.67 ± 20.21 ab 385.00 ± 52.68 a 676.67 ± 38.19 a 923.33 ± 97.51 a 299.67 ± 101.28 a 1154.17 ± 144.88 a 2454.17 ± 209.29 a 3800.00 ± 309.49 a C2 131.67 ± 28.43 b 335.00 ± 39.05 ab 620.00 ± 67.27 a 888.33 ± 33.29 a 231.48 ± 75.84 a 837.50 ± 119.24 bc 2187.50 ± 246.22 a 3570.83 ± 188.05 a C3 145.00 ± 10.00 ab 348.33 ± 37.86 ab 623.33 ± 107.86 a 986.67 ± 27.54 a 297.02 ± 41.36 a 1050.00 ± 114.56 ab 2245.83 ± 250.42 a 3533.33 ± 36.08 a C4 165.00 ± 13.23 a 370.00 ± 27.84 a 635.00 ± 32.79 a 855.00 ± 30.00 ab 382.5 ± 20.46 a 991.67 ± 288.40 ab 2295.83 ± 112.04 a 3508.33 ± 71.08 a C5 156.67 ± 11.55 ab 336.67 ± 28.43 ab 591.67 ± 24.66 ab 851.67 ± 25.66 ab 362.04 ± 24.90 a 1016.67 ± 81.33 ab 2104.17 ± 14.43 a 3391.67 ± 137.69 a C6 145.00 ± 13.23 ab 273.33 ± 30.55 b 483.33 ± 62.92 bc 710.00 ± 129.33 b 334.72 ± 22.35 a 829.17 ± 93.82 bc 1675.00 ± 219.02 b 2766.67 ± 469.26 b C7 136.67 ± 12.58 ab 200.00 ± 49.24 c 411.67 ± 57.52 c 550.00 ± 82.61 c 278.57 ± 42.12 a 658.33 ± 118.15 c 1345.83 ± 244.42 b 2220.83 ± 327.00 b Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. Following a 28-day treatment period, the average weight of chickens from groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 was measured and found to be 1552.5 ± 245.41, 1560 ± 124.90, 1468.33 ± 79.74, 1450 ± 13.23, 1446.67 ± 27.54, 1400 ± 52.20, 1150 ± 189.93, and 925 ± 135.28 g. Group C7 had the lowest weight of chicken, whereas group C1 had the highest weight. It was observed that when the concentration of heavy metals increased, the weight of chicken declined steadily from group C0 to C7 (Table 3.2 ). Following a week, the growth rate of chicken was determined to be 277.23 ± 21.60 percent in group C0. In group C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, the corresponding growth rates were 299.67 ± 101.28, 231.48 ± 75.84, 297.02 ± 41.36, 382.5 ± 20.46, 362.04 ± 24.90, 334.72 ± 22.35, and 278.57 ± 42.12 percent (Table 3.3 ). After 14 days, the growth rate of chicken was recorded as follows: 1046.88 ± 160.52, 1154.17 ± 144.88, 837.50 ± 119.24, 1050.00 ± 114.56, 991.67 ± 288.40, 1016.67 ± 81.33, 829.17 ± 93.82 and 658.33 ± 118.15 percent, for groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. Group C1 had the greatest growth rate, while group C7 had the lowest growth rate (Table 3.3 ). The growth rate of chicken, on the other hand, was 2306.25 ± 364.36 percent from group C0 after 21 days of treatment, followed by 2454.17 ± 209.29, 2187.50 ± 246.22, 2245.83 ± 250.42, 2295.83 ± 112.04, 2104.17 ± 14.43, 1675.00 ± 219.02, and 1345.83 ± 244.42 percent from groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. Once more, after 28 days of nursing, the growth rates were determined to be 3784.38 ± 611.30, 3800.00 ± 309.49, 3570.83 ± 188.05, 3533.33 ± 36.08, 3508.33 ± 71.08, 3391.67 ± 137.69, 2766.67 ± 469.26, and 2220.83 ± 327.00 percent in groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. It was observed that C1 had the highest growth rate among the treatment groups, whereas C7 had the lowest growth rate (Table 3.3 ). Over the course of the experiment, all treated groups' total growth performance grew steadily (Table 3.2 &Table 3.3 ). However, after the whole study period, such as day 28 or the fourth week, the growth performance dropped from group C0 to C7 (Table 3.2 & Table 3.3 ). Eight experimental groups (C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7) had average total feed conversion ratios of 1.81 ± 0.14, 2.24 ± 0.08, 2.29 ± 0.0.19, 2.30 ± 0.28, 2.29 ± 0.06, 2.34 ± 0.10, 2.96 ± 0.06, and 3.53 ± 0.44 after 28 days of treatment. C0 and C7 had the lowest and highest total values of FcR, respectively, and these groups differed statistically from the other experimental groups. In addition, group C6 was unique from the others. The analysis showed that from group C0 to group C7, the overall FcR value grew gradually. However, Table 3.4 shows that the FcR differences for groups C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 were statistically similar. The chicken's low growth performance indicates the highest FcR. On the other hand, it was shown that elevating the amount of heavy metals in the feed that the various chicken experimental groups received increased the FcR. (Table 3.4 ). Conversely, following the fourth week, the weekly FcR was progressively raised for all experimental groups except C3. On the other hand, C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 showed statistically equivalent differences in weekly FcR. On the other hand, weekly FcR values for experimental groups C0, C6, and C7 were statistically different (Table 3.4 ). Table 3.4 Average Total Feed Conversion Ratio & Average per Week Feed Conversion Ratio EG Duration Duration Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week C0 0.85 ± 0.14 e 1.16 ± 0.16 c 1.41 ± 0.19 b 1.81 ± 0.14 d 0.85 ± 0.14 d 1.16 ± 0.17 b 1.26 ± 0.17 c 1.56 ± 0.13 d C1 0.94 ± 0.19 de 1.23 ± 0.03 c 1.52 ± 0.06 b 2.24 ± 0.08 c 0.94 ± 0.19 cd 1.22 ± 0.08 b 1.38 ± 0.10 c 2.11 ± 0.11 c C2 1.26 ± 0.13 bc 1.56 ± 0.23 bc 1.59 ± 0.13 b 2.29 ± 0.19 c 1.26 ± 0.13 ab 1.25 ± 0.16 b 1.41 ± 0.11 bc 2.15 ± 0.23 c C3 0.82 ± 0.04 e 1.23 ± 0.06 c 1.51 ± 0.01 b 2.30 ± 0.28 c 0.82 ± 0.04 d 1.27 ± 0.07 b 1.37 ± 0.02 c 1.96 ± 0.31 c C4 1.14 ± 0.08 cd 1.54 ± 0.37 bc 1.45 ± 0.02 b 2.29 ± 0.06 c 1.14 ± 0.08 bc 1.24 ± 0.05 b 1.37 ± 0.02 c 2.23 ± 0.15 c C5 1.17 ± 0.23 cd 1.34 ± 0.14 c 1.50 ± 0.06 b 2.34 ± 0.10 c 1.17 ± 0.23 bc 1.24 ± 0.10 b 1.21 ± 0.02 c 2.29 ± 0.05 c C6 1.73 ± 0.19 a 1.73 ± 0.06 b 2.07 ± 0.19 a 2.96 ± 0.06 b 1.73 ± 0.19 bc 1.46 ± 0.06 b 1.70 ± 0.26 a 2.72 ± 0.16 b C7 1.50 ± 0.03 ab 2.15 ± 0.36 a 2.30 ± 0.35 a 3.53 ± 0.44 a 1.50 ± 0.03 a 2.23 ± 0.60 a 1.63 ± 0.13 ab 3.55 ± 0.48 a Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. Table 3.5 displays the amount of Pb found in the experimental hens' muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung, among other organs. It was observed that adding more of the same metal to the used feed progressively increased the amount of Pb deposited in the various organs. But in contrast to other organs, the highest concentration of lead was deposited in bone. For all organs whose value was not statistically comparable to that of other groups, experimental group C7 yielded the greatest concentration of lead. Again, in the case of every organ listed above, this metal was not derived from group C0. However, Pb was also absent from C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4 in the lung and kidney cases. In the case of muscle, Pb values were shown to be statistically different in C4, C6, and C7, but equivalent values were discovered in C3 and C5. Table 3.5 deposition of heavy metals in different organs of experimental poultry group EG Concentration of Cd in Feed (mg/kg) Deposition of chromium in several organs on dry basis (mgkg − 1 ) Muscle Bone Liver Kidney Lung C0 <BDL <BDL <BDL <BDL <BDL <BDL C1 0.90 ± 0.53 c 0.31 ± 0.17 de 0.65 ± 0.05 ef 1.09 ± 0.09 e <BDL 0.10 ± 0.03 d C2 1.40 ± 0.07 c 0.41 ± 0.06 de 0.81 ± 0.19 ef 1.91 ± 1.43 f <BDL 0.16 ± 0.03 d C3 2.03 ± 0.03 c 0.69 ± 0.19 cde 1.12 ± 0.20 de 3.50 ± 0.63 d <BDL 0.19 ± 0.12 d C4 2.63 ± 1.37 c 0.95 ± 0.27 cd 1.81 ± 0.28 d 4.11 ± 0.82 d <BDL 0.25 ± 0.07 d C5 9.18 ± 2.84 c 1.26 ± 0.15 c 5.66 ± 0.47 c 6.49 ± 0.50 c 2.63 ± 0.22 c 0.87 ± 0.26 c C6 22.67 ± 9.15 b 3.93 ± 1.05 b 11.12 ± 1.00 b 20.62 ± 0.65 b 5.12 ± 0.65 b 1.62 ± 0.003 b C7 40.46 ± 12.25 a 6.57 ± 0.31 a 20.72 ± 0.54 a 43.36 ± 0.63 a 8.72 ± 0.45 a 2.22 ± 0.45 a A - 0.05 - 0.5 1 - F - 0.05 - 0.5 - - B 0.5 0.05 - 0.5 - - G - 0.05 - 0.5 1 - EG Concentration of Cr in Feed (mg/kg) Deposition of chromium in several organs on dry basis (mgkg − 1 ) Muscle Bone Liver Kidney Lung C0 0.88 ± 0.47 c 0.23 ± 0.04 f 0.41 ± 0.01 f <BDL <BDL <BDL C1 1.77 ± 0.91 c 0.37 ± 0.05 f 0.60 ± 0.05 ef 0.32 ± 0.02 ef <BDL 0.39 ± 0.07 fg C2 2.29 ± 0.54 c 0.59 ± 0.03 ef 0.93 ± 0.03 ef 0.55 ± 0.03 ef <BDL 0.63 ± 0.03 ef C3 2.96 ± 0.95 c 0.97 ± 0.04 e 1.43 ± 0.05 e 0.68 ± 0.02 e <BDL 0.96 ± 0.04 e C4 3.64 ± 0.30 c 1.66 ± 0.03 d 2.61 ± 0.30 d 1.47 ± 0.06 d 3.91 ± 0.16 c 1.74 ± 0.02 d C5 10.86 ± 4.86 bc 3.21 ± 0.31 c 5.45 ± 0.39 c 3.43 ± 0.19 c 4.66 ± 1.28 bc 3.69 ± 0.25 c C6 24.37 ± 1.40 b 5.48 ± 0.34 b 7.80 ± 1.24 b 5.57 ± 0.26 b 5.78 ± 1.34 b 5.64 ± 0.45 b C7 45.90 ± 20.08 a 10.49 ± 0.63 a 15.82 ± 0.53 a 11.19 ± 0.83 a 12.66 ± 0.58 a 12.96 ± 0.56 a D - 1 - 1 - - E 0.1 - - - - - EG Concentration of Pb in Feed (mg/kg) Deposition of lead in several organs on dry basis (mgkg − 1 ) Muscle Bone Liver Kidney Lung C0 <BDL <BDL <BDL <BDL <BDL <BDL C1 0.72 ± 0.20 b 0.26 ± 0.01 f 1.14 ± 0.11 b 0.25 ± 0.01 f <BDL <BDL C2 1.52 ± 0.11 b 0.37 ± 0.05 f 1.36 ± 0.98 b 0.89 ± 0.04 e <BDL <BDL C3 2.66 ± 0.66 b 0.76 ± 0.04 e 2.18 ± 1.75 b 1.61 ± 0.10 d <BDL <BDL C4 4.34 ± 0.06 b 2.24 ± 0.03 d 2.80 ± 0.56 b 3.44 ± 0.30 c <BDL <BDL C5 10.58 ± 3.83 b 4.74 ± 0.07 c 12.66 ± 2.02 b 3.79 ± 0.14 c 3.04 ± 0.07 c 0.39 ± 0.09 c C6 18.21 ± 4.54 b 8.03 ± 0.46 b 16.71 ± 7.36 b 4.64 ± 0.35 b 4.25 ± 0.26 b 1.51 ± 0.01 b C7 46.14 ± 21.20 a 18.24 ± 0.36 a 41.40 ± 25.88 a 6.67 ± 0.59 a 9.30 ± 0.31 a 2.57 ± 0.07 a A - 0.1 - - - - B 5 0.1 - - - - C - 0.1 - - - - EG = Experimental Group; A = Export Inspection Council India, 2017; B = EC, 2006; C = Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2015; D = WHO/FAO, 2011; E = WHO; F = FAO/WHO, 2002; G = Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009. Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance. The Pb content in bone varied from 0 to 41.40 ± 25.88 mgkg -1 . The amount in C0 was the lowest, and the amount in C7 was the largest. The liver's Pb content ranged from 0 to 6.67 ± 0.59 mgkg-1. In the case of liver, groups C0 and C1 displayed statistically identical Pb values, while groups C2, C3, C6, and C7 displayed statistically divergent Pb values. Moreover, Pb readings in experimental groups C4 and C5 were found to be statistically similar. Group C7 had the highest Pb concentrations in the kidney and lung, measuring 9.30 ± 0.31 mgkg -1 and 2.57 ± 0.07 mgkg -1 respectively. These values were statistically different from those of the other groups. Furthermore, different Pb values were observed in C5 and C6 for both organs (Table 3.5 ). According to FAO/WHO, 2002 guidelines, the acceptable level of Pb in chicken organs is 0.1 mgkg -1 . Export Inspection Council India, 2017. Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2015, European Communities, 2006 ‍and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009 recommends a maximum Pb level of 0.1 mgkg -1 (Table 3.5 ). According to the calculations, the content of chromium in muscle was 0.23 ± 0.04 mgkg -1 , 0.37 ± 0.05 mgkg -1 , 0.59 ± 0.03 mgkg -1 , 0.97 ± 0.04 mgkg -1 , 1.66 ± 0.03 mgkg -1 , 3.21 ± 0.31 mgkg -1 , 5.48 ± 0.34 mgkg -1 , and 10.49 ± 0.63 mgkg -1 , in that order. Compared to the other organs, the amount of Cr deposited in bone was the highest. In bone, Cr concentrations ranged from 0.41 ± 0.01 mgkg -1 to 15.82 ± 0.53 mgkg -1 , with C7 and C0 having the highest and lowest values, respectively. Cr was not discovered in group C0 in the liver, kidney, or lung, though. Furthermore, in the renal example, the concentration of Cr was not acquired from C0, C1, C2, or C3. Group C7 had the greatest Cr content in their livers (11.19 ± 0.83 mgkg -1 ). Conversely, with regard to the kidney, the concentration of Cr was found to be 3.91 ± 0.16 mgkg -1 , 4.66 ± 1.28 mgkg -1 , 5.78 ± 1.34 mgkg -1 , and 12.66 ± 0.58 mgkg -1 for groups C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively (Table 3.5 ). In groups C6 and C7, the variation in Cr concentrations was statistically different. However, concerning the lung, the concentration of Cr was determined to be 0.39 ± 0.07 mgkg -1 in C1, 0.63 ± 0.03 mgkg -1 in C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, 0.96 ± 0.04 mgkg -1 , 1.74 ± 0.02 mgkg -1 , 3.69 ± 0.25 mgkg -1 , 5.64 ± 0.45 mgkg -1 , and 12.96 ± 0.56 mgkg -1 , respectively. According to a report, the values of Cr in muscle, bone, liver, and lung were shown to differ in C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7. However, as the concentration of the same metal in utilized poultry feed increased the content of Cr rose progressively. According to WHO/FAO, 2011 guidelines, the maximum limit of Cr in chicken muscle and liver is 1.0 mgkg -1 (Table 3.5 ) [ 36 ]. Moreover, a maximum of 1.0 mgkg -1 of chromium may pose a risk to consumers [ 37 ]. The results revealed that the concentration of Cd in the muscle for group C1 was 0.31 ± 0.17 mgkg -1 , while the values for C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were 0.41 ± 0.06 mgkg -1 , 0.69 ± 0.19 mgkg -1 , 0.95 ± 0.27 mgkg -1 , 1.26 ± 0.15 mgkg -1 , 3.93 ± 1.05 mgkg -1 , and 6.57 ± 0.31 mgkg -1 respectively. Conversely, bone contained cadmium in concentrations ranging from 0 to 20.72 ± 0.54 mgkg -1 . Group C1 had a low concentration of cadmium (0.65 ± 0.05 mgkg -1 ), while group C7 had a high concentration. It was noted that none of the organs in group C0—including the muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung—had any cadmium. Furthermore, in the renal case, cadmium was not detected in groups C1, C2, C3, or C4. However, the amounts of this metal in the liver for C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were 1.09 ± 0.09 mgkg -1 , 1.91 ± 1.43 mgkg -1 , 3.50 ± 0.63 mgkg -1 , 4.11 ± 0.82 mgkg -1 , 6.49 ± 0.50 mgkg -1 , 20.62 ± 0.65 mgkg -1 , and 43.36 ± 0.63 mgkg -1 , respectively. Regarding the kidney, the values for C5, C6, and C7 were 2.63 ± 0.22 mgkg -1 , 5.12 ± 0.65 mgkg -1 , and 8.72 ± 0.45 mgkg -1 , in that order. In contrast, the lung group C1 had cadmium measurements of 0.10 ± 0.03 mgkg-1, which were followed by groups C2 and C3 with 0.16 ± 0.03 mgkg -1 and 0.19 ± 0.12 mgkg -1 , C4 with 0.25 ± 0.07 mgkg -1 , C5 with 0.87 ± 0.26 mgkg -1 , C6 with 1.62 ± 0.003 mgkg -1 , and C7 with 2.22 ± 0.45 mgkg -1 . It was observed that, for every organ, including muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung, the varying cadmium values in groups C5, C6, and C7 were statistically different. However, in the case of muscle and bone, the varying values of cadmium in groups C1 and C2 were statistically similar, while the cadmium concentrations obtained from groups C3 and C4 were nearly same in the case of these two organs. On the other hand, in the liver, the variations in cadmium between C3 and C4 were statistically equivalent. However, in the case of the lung, the cadmium values in groups C1, C2, C3, and C4 were likewise comparable. It was noted that increasing the quantity of the same metal in poultry feed administered to several experimental chicken groups resulted in an increase in the concentration of cadmium in multiple groups (Table 3.5 ). According to the recommendations of Export Inspection Council India, 2017, FAO/WHO, 2002, European Communities, 2006 and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009, the acceptable level of Cd in chicken muscle and liver is 0.05 mgkg -1 respectively. Again 1.0 mgkg -1 Cd in kidney is recommended by European Communities, 2006 and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009 (Table 3.5 ). Histopathology of Chicken Moderate smooth muscular hypertrophy in the intestine. Infiltration of inflammatory cells that is modest and chronic. Fluid accumulation in the muscle and submucosa layers. Severe muscle layer hypertrophy with mucosal and submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration (Fig. 3.1 a). Large-scale cell de-epithelialization in the lungs. The accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space. Chronic inflammatory cells have invaded the stroma in varying degrees. Hypertrophy and enlargement of the arteries. hypertrophy and blocked blood vessels. The accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space (Fig. 3.1 b). The liver showed blocked and dilated blood vessels. Infiltrating chronic inflammatory cells into the perivascular region. A hydrophic change has occurred in the hepatocyte in the periphery (Fig. 3.1 c). Vascular dilatation and fluid accumulation in the renal tubules. Furthermore, transitional cells shed. Long-term inflammatory cell infiltration is mild (Fig. 3.1 d). The histological segment of the brain revealed no detectable changes ( Fig. 3.1 e ) . A buildup of fat beneath the skin. Subepithelial cells produce little blisters. Lead, cadmium, and chromium were found to be harmful to chickens at all concentrations, with varied effects on their various organs (Fig. 3.1 f). Non-Carcinogenic & Carcinogenic Risk Assessment Hypothetical risk analysis provides us an insight of associated risk (non-Carcinogenic & carcinogenic) of consumption of heavy metal in edible poultry organ (muscle and liver). Values of THQ were only greater than 1 for group C6 & C7 for Cadmium in body muscle. Cadmium has higher THQ values because of its minimum reference oral dose. Chromium showed THQ greater than 1 only for group C7 in muscle (Fig. 3.2 ).Hazard Index in poultry liver was nearly same for all experimental groups with increasing metal concentration of heavy metals. But in poultry muscle with increasing metal concentration, associated hazard index value increased significantly. Poultry Muscle shows rapid augmentation in Hazard index with increasing amount metals in feed (Fig. 3.3 ). Cancer Risk associated with chromium both muscle and liver were high. For liver, group C6 to c7 were high. For other groups, risk was moderate to negligible. Cancer risk associated with Lead in poultry muscle and liver in all group were negligible. Cancer risk associated with Cadmium in poultry muscle in group C5 to C7 was highand for other groups (without control) were moderate. Risk with the consumption of poultry liver was high (without control). Apparently, associated non-carcinogenic risk for Cadmium in muscle was found to be higher than other two metals (Fig. 3.4 ). Multiple Linear Regressions In this study, feed were mixed with heavy metals in different concentration and were fed to different experimental group to investigates how metals get accumulated in different poultry organs. Feed mixed with known metal concentration (dependent variable) got deposited in 5 target organ (independent variable) in different pattern. So, a mixed model of multiple linear regression (one dependent variable and multiple independent variable) were appliedto elucidate the deposition pattern of heavy metals in those target organ and presented in Fig. 3.5 a(Cd), Fig. 3.5 b(Cr) and Fig. 3.5 c(Pb). Cd and Pbdeposition were higher than other organs while Cr was highest in liver. Conclusion Eggs and poultry are essential foods that provide humans with the protein, fat and minerals they need to thrive. The majority of chicken feed is produced in Bangladesh by multiple businesses using a variety of raw materials, some of which may contain toxic metals, while others are imported from developing countries around the world. These metals were discovered in various parts of whole poultry products because chickens were fed contaminated feed. The present study determined how feed containing heavy metals affects the growth rate of poultry birds and the amount of heavy metals deposited in their various organs. A gradual increase in heavy metal content resulted in a gradual decrease in chicken weight from C0 to C7 groups during the 28-day treatment period. Additionally, the data show that overall FcR values increased steadily from group C0 to group C7. This indicates that different chicken experimental groups were fed heavy metal concentrations, which increased FCR. Besides, the continuous increase of these metals in poultry feed has led to a gradual increase in the levels of Pb, Cr and Cd in various organs. Experimental group C7 had the highest concentration of said heavy metals for several organs. Moreover, according to the histology section, damage was observed in various organs of the experimental chickens. Permissible value of Pb in poultry feed is 5.0 mgkg-1 while that of chicken meat is 0.1 mgkg-1. The Cr content of chicken meat in the C0 group was determined to be within the recommended range, while liver, kidney and lung of the same group contained no Cr. Furthermore, all groups from C4 to C7 had meat and liver with higher values than Cr [Table 13]. Additionally, all groups except group C0 had higher Cd than indicated in poultry feed and meat. It should be noted that higher levels of this metal were found in chicken meat and liver [Table 14], based on the permissible limit of Cd in feed. To save the land, air and water of our ecosystem, it should be completely non-toxic and everyone should take precautions. More research is needed to develop pollutant free and environmentally friendly chicken feed using local raw materials. Declarations Acknowledgement The authors would like to express gratitude to the Chairman of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and to the Director of BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories for giving permission and providing all the facilities during research work. The authors would also like to thank the staff of the BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories especially for their help and cooperation in carrying out the study. Competing Interest Information The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Author Contribution Information A. J. M. Morshed : Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization ; Md. Samrat Mohay Menul Islam : Formal Analysis, Data Curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization; Dipankar Chakraborty : Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation,Writing – review & editing; A. H. Rashadul Hossain : Formal Analysis, Investigation, Supervision,Data Curation,Writing – review & editing; Tasmina Afroz Chowdhury : Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation; Banani Roy: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation ; Suman Das: Formal Analysis, Data Curation. References Rabbani G, Ahmad B (2021) Production and profitability of small scale broiler farming in selected areas of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT) 11:69–73 Da Silva CA, Ranking M (2013) Contract farming for inclusive market access. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Raihan S, Mahmud N (2008) Trade and poverty linkages: A case study of the poultry industry in Bangladesh. 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Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 13:17–21 Radu-Rusu CG, Pop IM, Albu A, et al (2013) Transferability of certain heavy metals from hens feed to table eggs laid within different rearing systems. Mertz W (1981) The Essential Trace Elements. Science 213:1332–1338. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7022654 Zaman Chowdhury MA, Abir M, Nesha M, et al (2022) Assessment of toxic heavy metals and trace elements in poultry feeds, consumer chickens and eggs in Bangladesh. Asian Australas J Biosci Biotechnol 6:128–141. https://doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v6i3.57715 Th Hussain R (2012) Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) contents in livers of chicken available in the local markets of Basrah city, Iraq. Basrah Journal of veterinary research 11:43–51 Berdanier CD, Dwyer JT, Feldman EB (2007) Handbook of nutrition and food. CRC press Erdman Jr JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH (2012) Present knowledge in nutrition. John Wiley & Sons Nielsen FH (1982) Ultra Trace Elements in Human Nutrition AR Diss. Inc, NewYork 379–404 Oforka NC, Osuji LC, Onwuachu UI (2012) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in muscles and internal organs of chickens raised in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences 3:406–411 Ghimpețeanu O-M, Țoca C, Furnaris F, Militaru M (2014) Evaluation of heavy metals contamination and assessment of mineral nutrients in poultry liver using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Rehman KU, Andleeb S, Mahmood A, et al (2012) Assessment of heavy metals in different tissues of broilers and domestic layers. Global Veterinaria 9:32–37 Nnaji JC, Uzairu A, Gimba C, Kagbu JA (2011) Heavy metal risks in integrated chicken-fish farming. Sharif L, Massadeh A, Dalal’eh R, Hassan M (2005) Copper and mercury levels in Local Jordanian and Imported Sheep meat and organs. Bulgeria Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8:255–265 Mwale M, Mupangwa JF, Mapiye C, et al (2008) Growth performance of guinea fowl keets fed graded levels of baobab seed cake diets. International journal of poultry science 7:429–432 Dolka I, Sapierzynski R, Bielecki W, et al (2012) Histopathology in diagnosis of broiler chicken and layer diseases–review of cases 1999-2010. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 15: Okeke OR, Ujah II, Okoye PAC, et al (2015) Assessment of the heavy metal levels in feeds and litters of chickens rose with in Awka Metropolis and its environs. IOSR J Appl Chem 8:60–63 Shakya PR, Shrestha P, Tamrakar CS, Bhattarai PK (2006) Studies and determination of heavy metals in waste tyres and their impacts on the environment. Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 7:7 Shaheen N, Ahmed MdK, Islam MdS, et al (2016) Health risk assessment of trace elements via dietary intake of ‘non-piscine protein source’ foodstuffs (meat, milk and egg) in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:7794–7806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-6013-2 STATISTICS BBO BBS (2018) Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh. Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Dhaka Faostat FAO (2017) Available online: http://www. fao. org/faostat/en/# data. QC (accessed on January 2018) Zheng L, Zhang Q, Li Z, et al (2020) Exposure risk assessment of nine metal elements in Chongqing hotpot seasoning. RSC advances 10:1971–1980 EPA U (1989) Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated fish and shellfish. Guidance Manual for Assessing Human Healt h Risks from Chemically Contaminated Fish and Shellfish Standard, OoWRa, Washington Epa U (2018) Regional screening levels (RSLs)-generic tables. Last updated september Ullah AA, Maksud MA, Khan SR, et al (2017) Dietary intake of heavy metals from eight highly consumed species of cultured fish and possible human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Toxicology Reports 4:574–579 Chowdhury AI, Alam MR (2024) Health effects of heavy metals in meat and poultry consumption in Noakhali, Bangladesh. Toxicol Rep 12:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.01.008 Iqbal H, Shafique M, Muhammad J (2023) Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Poultry Feed and Poultry Products Joint FAO (2011) WHO food standards programme codex committee on contaminants in foods. In: Fifth Session [displayed 10 February 2014]. Available at ftp://ftp. fao. org/codex/meetings/CCCF/cccf5/cf05_INF. pdf Choi YY (2011) International/national standards for heavy metals in food. Government Laboratory (Australia) 1–13 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4210575","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":287089737,"identity":"96bafb67-e0a1-4524-8867-e0fa769671d6","order_by":0,"name":"A. J. M. Morshed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCA2AyAYjYgLQEAz+YW0CKFskGENeAsF0wLQwMBmAz8GjhbzyduuHjnro8fvYEtgc//ljkG59fnfjhgQGDPL/YAaxaJA6c3XZzxrPDxZI9D9gNe9skLLfdeLtZAugww5mzE3B45ey22zwHDiRuuJHAJs3YIGFgduPsBpCWBIPb2LXIQ7TUJe4HaWH4I2FgPOPs5h/4tBhAtDAnAk0GamGTMDDg792G1xZDsF8OHE6cceZhO8gvBhI3eLdZJBhI4PSL3I2z2258ADqsvz35GDDE6gz4+89uvvmjwkaeXxqH9yUOwFiMDVARsEoJ7MpBgL8BQ+QApqpRMApGwSgY0QAABSRrVd6dPbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"J. M.","lastName":"Morshed","suffix":""},{"id":287089738,"identity":"4d29a732-b84d-438a-bce6-1e7cb27979d9","order_by":1,"name":"Md. Samrat Mohay Menul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Samrat Mohay Menul","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":287089739,"identity":"cfadc15f-72bb-4e23-840e-1da1b568366c","order_by":2,"name":"A. H. Rashadul Hossain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"H. Rashadul","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":287089740,"identity":"f3da057f-4657-4a5c-8542-22c6a1d9c5cd","order_by":3,"name":"Dipankar Chakraborty","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dipankar","middleName":"","lastName":"Chakraborty","suffix":""},{"id":287089741,"identity":"e89df527-ee2a-43af-aee1-60d00481a395","order_by":4,"name":"Tasmina Afroz Chowdhury","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tasmina","middleName":"Afroz","lastName":"Chowdhury","suffix":""},{"id":287089742,"identity":"4a420420-3990-4c2c-b765-5691a9ed8616","order_by":5,"name":"Banani Roy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Army Medical College Chattogram","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Banani","middleName":"","lastName":"Roy","suffix":""},{"id":287089743,"identity":"536b5b3f-51df-4a3d-acc4-e7f0afe2a7f5","order_by":6,"name":"Suman Das","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suman","middleName":"","lastName":"Das","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-03 07:05:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4210575/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4210575/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54275361,"identity":"c2c12deb-3e78-4f34-a61a-199e9da01296","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 07:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15727161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4210575/v1/e4f13b8524c259187d1cbd51.png"},{"id":54275357,"identity":"cb302f55-c764-4cf9-81bd-c7acfc31f9a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 07:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.2\u003c/strong\u003e Target Hazard Quotient of Different Experimental Groups of Poultry\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4210575/v1/b240f24ea1ec248d857d44a6.png"},{"id":54276201,"identity":"17ac8d21-7758-49e6-92aa-292d9ad1a388","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 07:52:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7190,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.3 \u003c/strong\u003eHazard Index of Different Experimental Groups of Poultry\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4210575/v1/a53491f6532093e18cad3f74.png"},{"id":54276202,"identity":"c5c97e68-d076-4b59-8268-97da1a45372e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 07:52:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18301,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.4 \u003c/strong\u003eHypothetical Cancer Risk Analysis of Three Carcinogenic Metals of Two Edible Parts of Experimental Poultry Group\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4210575/v1/d62218464b4a1c379835eb67.png"},{"id":54275362,"identity":"0af38dee-74ad-49a0-99a0-a74b60691c1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 07:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":398947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4210575/v1/6dbaae9d0378b0207fe79883.png"},{"id":59365840,"identity":"ef0832bd-b4d0-441a-943c-776f1d5f08b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-30 23:31:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":30776092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4210575/v1/7d5c7baf-a785-4a16-b115-0be56e8d783d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Heavy Metals Accumulation in Different Organs of Poultry and Hypothetical Risk Analysis: Evidence from Experimental Feeding with Assorted Metal Feed","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver 50% of Bangladesh's population works directly or indirectly in agriculture and livestock farming [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. One important strategy to increase farming expansion and reduce undernourishment among Bangladeshi citizens is through the poultry industry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The value of farm animals is expected to rise in this industry quite rapidly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Bangladesh's climate is ideal for the growth of the poultry sector, which is essential to the production of meat and eggs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The 1980s marked the beginning of Bangladesh's commercial poultry production journey [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The annual growth rate of the chicken population increased from 0.7 to 4 percent between 1990 and 2005 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Between 1995 and 2007, there was a noticeable increase in the average yearly growth rate (15\u0026ndash;20%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. However, from early 2007 to June 2008, the poultry population's growth rate was hindered by avian influenza. After that, even if the unfavorable circumstance was lessened, it reappeared in October 2011 and persisted until March 2012. Consequently, at that time, the industry of chicken production was severely impacted [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, given the current state of affairs, Bangladesh's poultry business is in a promising position to quicken GDP growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Between 1995 and 2005, the average person consumed 59 eggs, up from 21 in 1995 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. About 27% of Bangladesh's entire animal protein supply comes from chicken farms, which may provide 37% of the country's total meat production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Up until 2025, it is anticipated that annual consumption levels of chicken meat and eggs will rise by 26% and 41%, respectively, per person. The most important component of raising chickens is feeding them. Out of 6.57\u0026nbsp;million tons of commercial feed produced in 2020, 4.45\u0026nbsp;million tons of poultry feed were produced by Bangladesh's feed factories. A blend of various grains enhanced with high protein makes up poultry feed. A variety of components are used by the poultry feed businesses to formulate their diets. The primary sources of protein in feed include oilseed cakes, wheat, barley, sorghum, soybean meal, peas, beans, canola meal, etc. On the other hand, certain Bangladeshi feed industries make large profits by using low-quality raw materials. Eggs and chicken flesh, which contain protein, fat, and minerals, are vital food items for human growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. However, all dangerous substances, such as heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic, manganese, etc., must be absent from this cuisine. In nature, two varieties of chicken are typically found: domestic and farm. There are two sorts of farm chickens: layer chickens and broiler chickens. Broilers provide meat, whereas layers provide eggs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Hazardous heavy metals may be present in both meat and eggs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. While some elements are thought to be more advantageous to human health than others\u0026mdash;manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel, potassium, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium, etc.\u0026mdash;and shortfall or overexposure to these elements may be the reason for metabolic issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. For optimal metabolic processes in the body, daily diets must contain the appropriate amount of these metals. Information about the metals found in different meals can be found in a daily diet list [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Zinc is a crucial metal in the human diet. Zinc deficiency can lead to weakened immunity, skin lesions, impaired taste and smell perception, delayed wound healing, and appetite loss. Overdoses of zinc can be detrimental to health and can also result in sexual dysfunction and stunted growth in men [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The main nutrients that the human body needs are manganese, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. The human body has 99 percent calcium in its teeth and bones, and its body weight is made up of about 96 percent oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. One percent of the weight of an individual is likely made up of phosphorus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. However, several metals are regarded as extremely dangerous heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, mercury, etc [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the use of pesticides, the occasional dumping of household waste and the open disposal of industrial waste all contribute to the persistence of heavy metal, a very dangerous pollutant, in the environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These often have lengthy biological half-lives and are not biodegradable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to causing environmental pollution, toxic metals have been linked to several serious illnesses, including lung disease, liver disease, cancer, heart disease, hypertension, and renal failure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. While some chicken feed is imported from other developing nations worldwide, the majority of the feed is produced in Bangladesh by numerous enterprises utilizing various raw materials, some of which may include hazardous metals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Because the hens were fed tainted feed and water, these metals were found in various areas of the finished poultry products. People who consume these completed products will experience a variety of illnesses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].This study aims to establish a bio-accumulation pattern of heavy metal in different organs of poultry from heavy metal mixed feed in different group of culture system. The specific objectives were to detect heavy metal concentrations in chicken feed, to determine the concentration of heavy metals accumulated by different body part of the chicken and histopathological change in tissue.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCollection and Adulteration of Poultry Feed with Heavy Metals\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe starter and grower poultry feeds were gathered from the Chattogram city region local market. In order to conduct the study, the feed was then kept in the BCSIR Laboratories in Chattogram.Using distilled water, all of the glassware was soaked in water and detergent for 48 hours while being repeatedly rung out. The glassware was then ringed with a solution of strong hydrochloric acid (200 mL), de-ionized water (520 mL), and hydrogen peroxide (80 mL) [\u003cspan\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. They were then thoroughly cleaned with de-ionized water and thoroughly dried to prevent contamination.A total of seven heavy metal solutions were prepared to contaminate poultry feed and divided into eight doses to be administered to eight groups of birds (such as C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7). One group, namely C0, received only feed without artificial metals. However, two types of forage were collected for the eight groups, called starter and grower.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeven weights of three salts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e2.1\u003c/span\u003e) such as lead nitrate, cadmium chloride and chromium nitrate were placed in seven 100 mL volumetric flasks to prepare seven solutions containing seven individual metal concentrations. A total of seven measuring bottles were used to prepare seven solutions. A little deionized water was added to the salt mixture. All bottles were shaken vigorously and water deionized until the salt mixture was completely dissolved. Thus, seven solutions were prepared for bird feeding adulteration as solution AS, BS, CS, DS, ES, FS and GS.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (g) of different metal salts to prepare seven solutions to contaminate starter \u0026amp; grower feed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolutions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStarter Feed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrower Feed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLead Nitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCadmium Chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChromium Nitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLead Nitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCadmium Chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChromium Nitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeven weights of three salts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e2.1\u003c/span\u003e) such as lead nitrate, cadmium chloride and chromium nitrate were combined and placed in a 100 mL volumetric flask to prepare seven solutions containing seven individual metal concentrations. A total of seven measuring bottles were used to prepare seven solutions. A little deionized water was added to the salt mixture. All bottles were shaken vigorously and the water deionized until the salt mixture was completely dissolved. Thus, seven solutions were prepared for adulteration of bird feed, such as solutions AG, BG, CG, DG, EG, FG and GG.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution AS was injected with a 5 ml disposable syringe into the separated feed portion of poultry S1, and then solution BS, CS, DS, ES, FS and GS were injected into the separated feed portions named S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7, respectively. All foods were dried in an oven at 75\u0026deg;C for 3\u0026ndash;4 hours. Seven portions of starter poultry feed were then crushed into small particles so that the metals could be homogeneously mixed with the feed and packed into seven individual poly bags.Solution AG was injected with a 5 mL disposable syringe into divided poultry starter ratio G1, and then solution BG, CG, DG, EG, FG, and GG were injected into divided portions named G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, and G7 respectively. All foods were dried in an oven at 75\u0026deg;C for 3\u0026ndash;4 hours. Seven portions of starter poultry feed were then crushed into small particles so that the metals could be homogeneously mixed with the feed and packed into seven individual poly bags.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of Moisture Content of Poultry Feed\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture was determined with a moisture machine (MAC 50, RADWAG, Wagi electronic, Made in Poland, S/N-416769/14) after artificial contamination of poultry feed with toxic metals (Pb, Cr and Cd).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCultivation of Poultry Chicken\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA total of 24 day-old bird species were collected from the hatchery. They were divided into eight groups such as C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. The poultry house was properly furnished so that the chicken could be reared in a suitable environment without difficulty. The house was also designed with eight chambers for eight individual groups of chickens. The chickens were divided into compartments so that each compartment could contain 3 species. Chamber 1 contained group C1, while chambers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 contained chicken groups C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C0. All chickens were marked for identification for the final experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eFeeding Techniques\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitially, the starter was assigned to group C0 without artificial metal contamination. However, from group C1, which was previously contaminated with toxic metals (Pb, Cd and Cr), an initial sample S1 was taken, followed by groups C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7, samples S2, S3, S4, S5 ., S6 and S7 were taken respectively. It was mentioned that the concentration of toxic metals in the starter feed gradually increased from S1 to S7. However, initial food was given to eight groups of chickens from day 1 to day 22. Then, all groups of chickens received 23\u0026ndash;28 a day farmer food samples. In general, the C0 group was always taken without a contaminated farmer. On the other hand, there are food samples that are contaminated with toxic metals called G1. G2. G3. G4. G5.G6 and G7 were assigned to groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. After 28 days, the total feed consumption of individual chicken groups was calculated and the final result was recorded. C0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Poultry feed collected directly from the market was applied to chickens (Blank); C1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chickens were fed manually mixed low concentration heavy metal (Pb, Cd \u0026amp; Cr) poultry feed; C2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C1 but less than C3; C3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C2 but less than C4; C4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C3 but less than C5; C5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C4 but less than C6; C6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chickens were fed the same heavy metals mixed feed at a higher concentration than C5 but less than C7; C7\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;The highest concentration of the same heavy metal mixed feed was applied to chicken.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMonitoring of Chicken\u0026rsquo;s Weight\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe first weight of all chicken groups was recorded after collection from the hatchery. Then, the weight of all chickens was recorded every 7 days from the first day to evaluate the adverse effect of heavy metals on their growth factor. The final weight was taken after 28 days. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded [\u003cspan\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHistopathology of Different organs of Chicken\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCollection of organs\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe experimental chickens of different groups were slaughtered after 28 days with a sharp stainless steel knife, and their organs such as liver, lungs, kidneys, skin, intestines, and brain were collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHistopathological Technique\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eParaffin technique\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe tissue was fixed and embedded in wax. This made the tissue tough and the parts were much easier to cut. Sections were then stained and examined under a light microscope [\u003cspan\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The steps in the paraffin technique were:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ea) Fixation and Trimming: It is a process by which the components of cells and tissues are fixed in a physical and partly chemical state, so that they can withstand subsequent treatment with various reagents with minimal loss, distortion and degradation. During fixation, a reaction occurs between the fixing agent (for example, formaldehyde) and the proteins in the tissue. The main function of these aldehyde fixatives was to crosslink amino groups in proteins by forming methylene bridges (-CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-) in the case of formaldehyde or by C\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e crosslinking in the case of glutaraldehyde. However, after fixation, the tissue was properly trimmed to achieve the proper size and orientation of the tissue. This step was also important to achieve a sample size compatible with subsequent histological procedures such as embedding and sectioning.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb) Tissue processing\u003c/strong\u003e: The goal of tissue processing was to remove all extractable water from the tissue and replace it with a support medium that provides sufficient rigidity to allow the tissue to be cut without damage or distortion.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ei. Dehydration\u003c/strong\u003e: Dehydration was a crucial stage in using ethanol to get rid of any last vestiges of water. This stage involved transferring the tissue through a series of ethyl alcohol baths that increased in concentration over time: 50%, 70%, 90%, 95%, and 100%. For a maximum of half an hour, tissue blocks with a thickness of 1 mm were immersed in ethanol.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eii. Clearing\u003c/strong\u003e: As a cleaning agent, xylene was employed to get rid of the alcohol and made the wax miscible. The tissue is now clean and transparent.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eiii. Infiltration\u003c/strong\u003e: To take the place of the xylene and penetrate the tissue, melted paraffin wax was added.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eiv. Embedding\u003c/strong\u003e: Embedding involvesplacing the tissue or sampleinto a mass of embedding medium using a mold. Because the tissue blocks were very thin, a carrier medium wasrequiredtoembed the tissue blocks. Paraffin was used as a supporting or embedding medium.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec) Sectioning\u003c/strong\u003e: The tissue was cut into 4\u0026ndash;5 mm thick pieces from paraffin blocks. A disposable blade was used which was replaced after a limited number of blocks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed) Staining\u003c/strong\u003e: Staining was used to color certain features of a sample before examining it under a light microscope. Hematoxylin (basic stain) and eosin (acid stain) have been used as biological stains in histology to show the general structure of the tissue.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of Heavy Metals in poultry feed and Chicken organs\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) Preparation of Poultry Feed\u003c/strong\u003e: Eight (eight) bunches of nourishment tests were dried in a broiler at 105\u003csup\u003e◦\u003c/sup\u003eC till a target weight was reached. For every set of nourishment tests, about 2g of initially polluted material was transferred to a measuring tool and mixed with a 3:2 (v/v) concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid mixture. The material was then allowed to rest for the night. The experiments were warmed for three hours at 70 ◦C in a water shower. After processing, the bolster tests were allowed to cool before being placed in a 25 mL volumetric jar manufactured up to the stamp at that time using refined water [\u003cspan\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb) Preparation of Broiler Chicken Organs\u003c/strong\u003e: The various organs, including the kidneys, liver, lung, and muscle, were dried in an oven at 105\u0026deg;C until a predetermined weight was reached. Subsequently, two grams of every dried sample were put into a beaker along with a 3:2 (v/v) solution of concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid [\u003cspan\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. When the mixture turned clear, the digesting process was halted. The samples were moved into a 25 mL volumetric flask, and distilled water was added to fill the container to the brim [\u003cspan\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Thermo Scientific Ice 3000, USA, provided an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for the analysis of heavy metals, including Pb, Cr, and Cd.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of Sample Blank\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn a 25 mL volumetric flask, a solution of nitric acid and sulfuric acid was added in a 3:2 (v/v) ratio. The solution was then topped off with distilled water. When doing a heavy metal analysis, this solution served as a blank.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe preparation of working standard solutions in various concentrations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000ppm of standard solutions (Sigma Aldrich) of lead, cadmium and chromium were purchased from the local market of Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitially, 10 milliliters of each metal\u0026apos;s stock solution (1000 parts per million) were added to 100 milliliter volumetric flasks and topped off with deionized water. Working standards were prepared using these respective metal solutions as an intermediary solution. Five separate volumetric flasks containing 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 mL of the intermediate solution were filled with 10 mL of nitric acid each. Deionized water was used to bring the volume up to par.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of Calibration curve using Standard Solution\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrior to determining the metal concentration, the concentration of each element was plotted against the absorbance of the working standard solution to create the calibration curve.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a metal solution or standard solution had been added to the spectrometer flame to a specified concentration, the calibration curve for each particular metal was created. The concentration range for the calibration curve\u0026apos;s charting was adhered to when creating the reference solution. It thereby filled the sample\u0026apos;s ideal absorption range. After obtaining three separate absorption measurements, the average absorption value was noted. To obtain absorbance within the anticipated range, the analyte was diluted. The calibration curve was used to calculate the metal\u0026apos;s unknown concentration. The concentration and absorbance of the working standard solutions were measured to verify the calibration curve once the instrument\u0026apos;s sensitivity was determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement of Metal Concentration\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model: Thermo Scientific, iCE 3000, USA) was used to measure the prepared sample that contained several metals together with a blank solution. The metals in the solution were burned to become free atoms in the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The free atoms then absorbed ultraviolet or visible light at a certain wavelength and changed from the ground state to a higher electronic energy state. Certain radiations were thereby automatically decreased.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eEstimated Daily Intake\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on estimations of EDI, THQ, HI, and TR, the health hazards associated with ingestion of metal residues in poultry tissues and liver were evaluated. The following equation was used to determine the EDI [\u003cspan\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\\(\\text{E}\\text{D}\\text{I}=\\frac{FIR\\times CM}{WAB}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.E (1)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere CM is the metal concentration (\u0026micro;g/g) in each sample. FIR is the food ingestionrate. A 60 kg body weight individual consumes 17.33 g of chicken meat on average, according to the \u0026quot;Report of the household income and expenditure survey 2016\u0026quot; [\u003cspan\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]and 0.1 g/day liver tissue in Egypt (Assumption).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTarget Hazard Quotient (THQ)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood consumption-related non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals is usually evaluated based on the target hazard quotient (THQ), which was determined using the following formula [\u003cspan\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e\\(THQ=\\frac{EF\\times ED\\times FIR\\times CM}{RfD\\times WAB\\times ATN}\\times 10\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;3\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.E (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere CM is the metal concentration in food samples (mg/kg-fw), RfD is the oral reference dose (mg/kg-bw/day), WAB is the body weight of the consumers (adult: 60 kg), EF is the exposure frequency (365 days/year), ED is the exposure duration (70 years equivalent to the average human life time), and AT is the averaging time for non-carcinogens (365 days/year \u0026times; number of exposure years, assuming 70 years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference dose (RfD) refers to a dosage at which a consumer may be continuously exposed to this level for an extended amount of time without contracting an infection. RFDs for Pb, Cd and Cr are 0.0035 mg/kg-bw/day, 0.00083 mg/kg-bw/day 0.0083 mg/kg-bw/day, respectively, according to recommendations made by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives [\u003cspan\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. THQ greater than 1 is considered unacceptable for food.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHazard index\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this study, a cumulative health risk was evaluated by summing the THQ value of an individual metal and was expressed in the hazard index (HI) as follows [\u003cspan\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;THQ (toxicant 1)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;THQ (toxicant 2)\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;+ THQ (toxicant n) \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.E (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe greater the level of concern is directly related to the higher value of HI.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTarget Cancer Risk (TR)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTarget cancer risk was used to indicate the carcinogenic risk of heavy metal residues in poultry edibles. It was estimated, according to [\u003cspan\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], as the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTR\u003c/em\u003e= \u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\\(\\frac{EF\\times ED\\times FIR\\times CM\\times Cfo}{WAB\\times ATN}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.E (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere TR is the target cancer risk; ED is exposure duration, which equals 70 years for the cancer risk suggested by the USEPA; EF is exposure frequency (365 days/year); FIR is the food ingested rate (g/day); CM is the concentration of metal in poultry meat (\u0026micro;g/g); Cfo is the carcinogenic potency slope, oral (mg/kg body weight/day). The CPSo values are 6.3, 0.0085, and 0.5 for Cd, Pb, Cr, respectively [\u003cspan\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDue to different cancer risk range, the characteristics of the cancer risk have been qualitatively categorized as \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e (very low risk), from 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e (low risk), from \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e (moderate risk), from 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026le; to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (high risk), and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (very high risk) [\u003cspan\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHeavy Metals Accumulation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral forms of manually contaminated poultry feed, such as C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, were fed to the eight experimental groups of chicken, and their levels of heavy metals were measured. Lead was found in none of the experimental groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, but not in C0. The amounts of this metal were 0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20, 1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11, 2.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66, 4.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06, 10.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.83, 18.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.54, and 46.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.20 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, cadmium was not detected in C0. However, various cadmium concentrations were recorded in C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, with values of 0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53, 1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07, 2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03, 2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37, 9.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84, 22.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.15, and 40.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.25 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, chromium was obtained as follows: 0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47, 1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91, 2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54, 2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95, 3.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30, 10.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.86, 24.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40, and 45.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.08 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e from C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e). It was observed that C0 was solely displayed the Cr concentration. On the other hand, it was also noted that Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations climbed progressively from C0 to C7 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e). Non-essential metals like lead and cadmium directly affect human and poultry health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The European Commission recommends 5 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of Pb and 0.5 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of Cd, respectively. On the other hand, 0.1mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e is the maximum amount of chromium that is allowed in feed, under WHO guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavy Metal Concentration in Manually Adulterated Feed \u0026amp;Total Feed Consumption (g) per birds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Concentration of Heavy Metals (mgkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.51\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e525.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1331.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2792.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;209.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e615.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70.88\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1548.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;142.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3495\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;278.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.82\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e580.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1446.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.46 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3351.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;118.71 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e558.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.53\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1408.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;138.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3341.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;411.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.54\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1398.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;88.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3310.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.86\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.86\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e601.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;80.83\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1328.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3277.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55.15\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.54\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e651.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1485.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;317.53\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3400.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;550.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e631.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1298.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3223.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;115.76\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eMeans containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing a week, each group's intake of tainted food varied from 125\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.51 to 251.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.52 g. C6 and C0 consumed the largest and least amounts of contaminated feed, respectively, while the next day the birds' intake of the same meal was recorded at 525\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39 to 651.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93.05 g. It was observed that the groups C0 and C6 had the lowest and largest quantities taken. Conversely, following 21 days, the range of contaminated feed ingested was (1331.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.55\u0026ndash;1548.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;142.51) g. Groups C0 and C1 were given the least and most contaminated feed, respectively. Additionally, over the course of the 28-day experiment, the average feed consumption per bird in each group varied from (2792.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;209.08\u0026ndash;3495\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;278.25) g. Group C0 drank the least amount of the feed, whereas Group C1 consumed the most. While group C3 consumed 3341.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;411.04 g of tainted feed, group C2 consumed 3351.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;118.71 g. However, 3310\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.48, 3277.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55.15, 3400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;550.61, and 3223.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;115.76 g of tainted feed were given to groups C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding the weekly intake of tainted feed, it was noted that group C1 consumed the most feed during the second week, while groups C0 and C6 consumed the least amount (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e). Groups C7 and C1 were given the least amount of contaminated feed (666.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.41 g) and most amounts (933.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;77.67 g) in the third week, respectively. Furthermore, during the fourth week, group C0 consumed a low quantity of contaminated feed (1461.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;199.43 g), but group C5 consumed a considerable quantity (1949\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43.51 g) of the same feed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e). Birds in the experimental groups consumed varying amounts of feed containing heavy metals. It was observed that the pace at which contaminated feed was consumed did not progressively alter as the concentration of heavy metals increased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer Week Feed Consumption (g) \u0026amp; Total Weight Gain (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.51\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e806.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.45\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1461.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;199.43\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.77\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e457.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;65.38\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e961.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;146.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1552.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;245.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42.52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e933.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;77.67 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1946.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;142.24\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e501.667\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1021.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1560.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;124.90\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.82\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e416.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.17\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e866.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1905.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;164.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.43\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42.72\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e915.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1468.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;79.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e850.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;138.92\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1933.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;284.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e456.667\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.46\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e935.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;97.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1450.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.54\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.41\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55.67\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1911.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;190.42\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.06\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e961.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1446.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.54\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.86\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e418.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.09\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e726.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.93\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1949.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e885.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1400.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e833.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;225.46\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1915.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;234.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.23\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.00\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e713.333\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;90.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1150.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;189.93\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e666.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.41\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1925.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.58\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.74\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e575.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e925.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;135.28\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eMeans containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer Week Weight Gain (g) \u0026amp; Percentage of increasing weight of chicken\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.77\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.47\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e650.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;94.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e941.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;152.56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1046.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;160.52\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2306.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;364.36 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3784.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;611.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e676.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e923.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;97.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101.28 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1154.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;144.88 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2454.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;209.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3800.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;309.49 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.43\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e620.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e888.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75.84 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e837.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.24\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2187.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;246.22 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3570.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;188.05 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e348.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.86\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e623.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e986.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.54\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.36 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1050.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;114.56\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2245.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;250.42 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3533.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e635.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e855.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.46 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e991.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;288.40\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2295.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;112.04 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3508.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.43\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e591.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e851.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.90 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1016.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;81.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2104.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.43 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3391.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;137.69 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.23\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.92\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e710.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;129.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.35 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e829.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93.82\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1675.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;219.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2766.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;469.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.58\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49.24\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e411.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e550.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;82.61\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42.12 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e658.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;118.15\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1345.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;244.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2220.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;327.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eMeans containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing a 28-day treatment period, the average weight of chickens from groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 was measured and found to be 1552.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;245.41, 1560\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;124.90, 1468.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;79.74, 1450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.23, 1446.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.54, 1400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.20, 1150\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;189.93, and 925\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;135.28 g. Group C7 had the lowest weight of chicken, whereas group C1 had the highest weight. It was observed that when the concentration of heavy metals increased, the weight of chicken declined steadily from group C0 to C7 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e). Following a week, the growth rate of chicken was determined to be 277.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.60 percent in group C0. In group C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, the corresponding growth rates were 299.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101.28, 231.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75.84, 297.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.36, 382.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.46, 362.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.90, 334.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.35, and 278.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42.12 percent (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e). After 14 days, the growth rate of chicken was recorded as follows: 1046.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;160.52, 1154.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;144.88, 837.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.24, 1050.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;114.56, 991.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;288.40, 1016.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;81.33, 829.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93.82 and 658.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;118.15 percent, for groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. Group C1 had the greatest growth rate, while group C7 had the lowest growth rate (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e). The growth rate of chicken, on the other hand, was 2306.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;364.36 percent from group C0 after 21 days of treatment, followed by 2454.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;209.29, 2187.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;246.22, 2245.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;250.42, 2295.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;112.04, 2104.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.43, 1675.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;219.02, and 1345.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;244.42 percent from groups C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. Once more, after 28 days of nursing, the growth rates were determined to be 3784.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;611.30, 3800.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;309.49, 3570.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;188.05, 3533.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.08, 3508.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.08, 3391.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;137.69, 2766.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;469.26, and 2220.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;327.00 percent in groups C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively. It was observed that C1 had the highest growth rate among the treatment groups, whereas C7 had the lowest growth rate (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e). Over the course of the experiment, all treated groups' total growth performance grew steadily (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp;Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e). However, after the whole study period, such as day 28 or the fourth week, the growth performance dropped from group C0 to C7 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight experimental groups (C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7) had average total feed conversion ratios of 1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14, 2.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08, 2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0.19, 2.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28, 2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06, 2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10, 2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06, and 3.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44 after 28 days of treatment. C0 and C7 had the lowest and highest total values of FcR, respectively, and these groups differed statistically from the other experimental groups. In addition, group C6 was unique from the others. The analysis showed that from group C0 to group C7, the overall FcR value grew gradually. However, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.4\u003c/span\u003e shows that the FcR differences for groups C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 were statistically similar. The chicken's low growth performance indicates the highest FcR. On the other hand, it was shown that elevating the amount of heavy metals in the feed that the various chicken experimental groups received increased the FcR. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.4\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, following the fourth week, the weekly FcR was progressively raised for all experimental groups except C3. On the other hand, C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 showed statistically equivalent differences in weekly FcR. On the other hand, weekly FcR values for experimental groups C0, C6, and C7 were statistically different (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Total Feed Conversion Ratio \u0026amp; Average per Week Feed Conversion Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eMeans containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e displays the amount of Pb found in the experimental hens' muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung, among other organs. It was observed that adding more of the same metal to the used feed progressively increased the amount of Pb deposited in the various organs. But in contrast to other organs, the highest concentration of lead was deposited in bone. For all organs whose value was not statistically comparable to that of other groups, experimental group C7 yielded the greatest concentration of lead. Again, in the case of every organ listed above, this metal was not derived from group C0. However, Pb was also absent from C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4 in the lung and kidney cases. In the case of muscle, Pb values were shown to be statistically different in C4, C6, and C7, but equivalent values were discovered in C3 and C5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edeposition of heavy metals in different organs of experimental poultry group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration of Cd in Feed (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposition of chromium in several organs on dry basis (mgkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration of Cr in Feed (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposition of chromium in several organs on dry basis (mgkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.86\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration of Pb in Feed (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeposition of lead in several organs on dry basis (mgkg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;BDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.02 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.54\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.36 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.88\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eEG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Experimental Group; A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Export Inspection Council India, 2017; B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;EC, 2006; C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2015; D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;WHO/FAO, 2011; E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;WHO; F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;FAO/WHO, 2002; G\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009. Means containing same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pb content in bone varied from 0 to 41.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.88 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. The amount in C0 was the lowest, and the amount in C7 was the largest. The liver's Pb content ranged from 0 to 6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59 mgkg-1. In the case of liver, groups C0 and C1 displayed statistically identical Pb values, while groups C2, C3, C6, and C7 displayed statistically divergent Pb values. Moreover, Pb readings in experimental groups C4 and C5 were found to be statistically similar. Group C7 had the highest Pb concentrations in the kidney and lung, measuring 9.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. These values were statistically different from those of the other groups. Furthermore, different Pb values were observed in C5 and C6 for both organs (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e). According to FAO/WHO, 2002 guidelines, the acceptable level of Pb in chicken organs is 0.1 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Export Inspection Council India, 2017. Australia New Zealand Food Authority, 2015, European Communities, 2006 \u0026zwj;and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009 recommends a maximum Pb level of 0.1 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the calculations, the content of chromium in muscle was 0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 5.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 10.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, in that order. Compared to the other organs, the amount of Cr deposited in bone was the highest. In bone, Cr concentrations ranged from 0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 15.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, with C7 and C0 having the highest and lowest values, respectively. Cr was not discovered in group C0 in the liver, kidney, or lung, though. Furthermore, in the renal example, the concentration of Cr was not acquired from C0, C1, C2, or C3. Group C7 had the greatest Cr content in their livers (11.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). Conversely, with regard to the kidney, the concentration of Cr was found to be 3.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 4.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 5.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 12.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for groups C4, C5, C6, and C7, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn groups C6 and C7, the variation in Cr concentrations was statistically different. However, concerning the lung, the concentration of Cr was determined to be 0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in C1, 0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7, 0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 5.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 12.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. According to a report, the values of Cr in muscle, bone, liver, and lung were shown to differ in C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7. However, as the concentration of the same metal in utilized poultry feed increased the content of Cr rose progressively. According to \u003cb\u003eWHO/FAO, 2011\u003c/b\u003e guidelines, the maximum limit of Cr in chicken muscle and liver is 1.0 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, a maximum of 1.0 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of chromium may pose a risk to consumers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results revealed that the concentration of Cd in the muscle for group C1 was 0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, while the values for C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were 0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 6.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. Conversely, bone contained cadmium in concentrations ranging from 0 to 20.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Group C1 had a low concentration of cadmium (0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), while group C7 had a high concentration. It was noted that none of the organs in group C0\u0026mdash;including the muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung\u0026mdash;had any cadmium. Furthermore, in the renal case, cadmium was not detected in groups C1, C2, C3, or C4. However, the amounts of this metal in the liver for C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were 1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 4.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 6.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 20.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 43.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Regarding the kidney, the values for C5, C6, and C7 were 2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 5.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 8.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, in that order. In contrast, the lung group C1 had cadmium measurements of 0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mgkg-1, which were followed by groups C2 and C3 with 0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, C4 with 0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, C5 with 0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, C6 with 1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and C7 with 2.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. It was observed that, for every organ, including muscle, bone, liver, kidney, and lung, the varying cadmium values in groups C5, C6, and C7 were statistically different. However, in the case of muscle and bone, the varying values of cadmium in groups C1 and C2 were statistically similar, while the cadmium concentrations obtained from groups C3 and C4 were nearly same in the case of these two organs. On the other hand, in the liver, the variations in cadmium between C3 and C4 were statistically equivalent. However, in the case of the lung, the cadmium values in groups C1, C2, C3, and C4 were likewise comparable. It was noted that increasing the quantity of the same metal in poultry feed administered to several experimental chicken groups resulted in an increase in the concentration of cadmium in multiple groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e). According to the recommendations of Export Inspection Council India, 2017, FAO/WHO, 2002, European Communities, 2006 and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009, the acceptable level of Cd in chicken muscle and liver is 0.05 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. Again 1.0 mgkg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e Cd in kidney is recommended by European Communities, 2006 and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2009 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHistopathology of Chicken\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate smooth muscular hypertrophy in the intestine. Infiltration of inflammatory cells that is modest and chronic. Fluid accumulation in the muscle and submucosa layers. Severe muscle layer hypertrophy with mucosal and submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003ea). Large-scale cell de-epithelialization in the lungs. The accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space. Chronic inflammatory cells have invaded the stroma in varying degrees. Hypertrophy and enlargement of the arteries. hypertrophy and blocked blood vessels. The accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003eb). The liver showed blocked and dilated blood vessels. Infiltrating chronic inflammatory cells into the perivascular region. A hydrophic change has occurred in the hepatocyte in the periphery (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003ec). Vascular dilatation and fluid accumulation in the renal tubules. Furthermore, transitional cells shed. Long-term inflammatory cell infiltration is mild (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003ed). The histological segment of the brain revealed no detectable changes \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003ee\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. A buildup of fat beneath the skin. Subepithelial cells produce little blisters. Lead, cadmium, and chromium were found to be harmful to chickens at all concentrations, with varied effects on their various organs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003ef).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNon-Carcinogenic \u0026amp; Carcinogenic Risk Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothetical risk analysis provides us an insight of associated risk (non-Carcinogenic \u0026amp; carcinogenic) of consumption of heavy metal in edible poultry organ (muscle and liver). Values of THQ were only greater than 1 for group C6 \u0026amp; C7 for Cadmium in body muscle. Cadmium has higher THQ values because of its minimum reference oral dose. Chromium showed THQ greater than 1 only for group C7 in muscle (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e).Hazard Index in poultry liver was nearly same for all experimental groups with increasing metal concentration of heavy metals. But in poultry muscle with increasing metal concentration, associated hazard index value increased significantly. Poultry Muscle shows rapid augmentation in Hazard index with increasing amount metals in feed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e). Cancer Risk associated with chromium both muscle and liver were high. For liver, group C6 to c7 were high. For other groups, risk was moderate to negligible. Cancer risk associated with Lead in poultry muscle and liver in all group were negligible. Cancer risk associated with Cadmium in poultry muscle in group C5 to C7 was highand for other groups (without control) were moderate. Risk with the consumption of poultry liver was high (without control). Apparently, associated non-carcinogenic risk for Cadmium in muscle was found to be higher than other two metals (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultiple Linear Regressions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, feed were mixed with heavy metals in different concentration and were fed to different experimental group to investigates how metals get accumulated in different poultry organs. Feed mixed with known metal concentration (dependent variable) got deposited in 5 target organ (independent variable) in different pattern. So, a mixed model of multiple linear regression (one dependent variable and multiple independent variable) were appliedto elucidate the deposition pattern of heavy metals in those target organ and presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003ea(Cd), Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003eb(Cr) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003ec(Pb). Cd and Pbdeposition were higher than other organs while Cr was highest in liver.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEggs and poultry are essential foods that provide humans with the protein, fat and minerals they need to thrive. The majority of chicken feed is produced in Bangladesh by multiple businesses using a variety of raw materials, some of which may contain toxic metals, while others are imported from developing countries around the world. These metals were discovered in various parts of whole poultry products because chickens were fed contaminated feed. The present study determined how feed containing heavy metals affects the growth rate of poultry birds and the amount of heavy metals deposited in their various organs. A gradual increase in heavy metal content resulted in a gradual decrease in chicken weight from C0 to C7 groups during the 28-day treatment period. Additionally, the data show that overall FcR values increased steadily from group C0 to group C7. This indicates that different chicken experimental groups were fed heavy metal concentrations, which increased FCR. Besides, the continuous increase of these metals in poultry feed has led to a gradual increase in the levels of Pb, Cr and Cd in various organs. Experimental group C7 had the highest concentration of said heavy metals for several organs. Moreover, according to the histology section, damage was observed in various organs of the experimental chickens. Permissible value of Pb in poultry feed is 5.0 mgkg-1 while that of chicken meat is 0.1 mgkg-1. The Cr content of chicken meat in the C0 group was determined to be within the recommended range, while liver, kidney and lung of the same group contained no Cr. Furthermore, all groups from C4 to C7 had meat and liver with higher values than Cr [Table\u0026nbsp;13]. Additionally, all groups except group C0 had higher Cd than indicated in poultry feed and meat. It should be noted that higher levels of this metal were found in chicken meat and liver [Table\u0026nbsp;14], based on the permissible limit of Cd in feed. To save the land, air and water of our ecosystem, it should be completely non-toxic and everyone should take precautions. More research is needed to develop pollutant free and environmentally friendly chicken feed using local raw materials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express gratitude to the Chairman of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and to the Director of BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories for giving permission and providing all the facilities during research work. The authors would also like to thank the staff of the BCSIR Chattogram Laboratories especially for their help and cooperation in carrying out the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting Interest Information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contribution Information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA. J. M. Morshed\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Visualization\u003cstrong\u003e; Md. Samrat Mohay Menul Islam\u003c/strong\u003e: Formal Analysis, Data Curation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Visualization; \u003cstrong\u003eDipankar Chakraborty\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation,Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing; \u003cstrong\u003eA. H. Rashadul Hossain\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Formal Analysis, Investigation, Supervision,Data Curation,Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing; \u003cstrong\u003eTasmina Afroz Chowdhury\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation; \u003cstrong\u003eBanani Roy:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFormal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation\u003cstrong\u003e; Suman Das:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFormal Analysis, Data Curation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRabbani G, Ahmad B (2021) Production and profitability of small scale broiler farming in selected areas of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT) 11:69\u0026ndash;73\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDa Silva CA, Ranking M (2013) Contract farming for inclusive market access. 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Government Laboratory (Australia) 1\u0026ndash;13\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adulteration, Heavy Metals, Poultry Feed, Bioaccumulation, Toxicity, Health Risk","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4210575/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4210575/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study evaluated the growth performance of experimental chickens and concentration of heavy metals accumulated in their various organs such as muscle, bone, liver, kidney and lung. Eight groups of chickens C0 to C7 were fed diets containing Pb, Cr and Cd in different amounts and concentrations. Pb and Cd were absent in the feed given to C0 group chickens. But in 7 experimental groups C1 to C7 the range of each metal was found between 0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20 to 46.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.20 mgkg-1. Cr was measured at 0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47mgkg-1 in group C0 whereas the concentration range of this metal in C1 and C7 was (1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u0026ndash;45.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.08) mgkg-1. Cd concentrations ranged from 0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53 mgkg-1 to 40.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.25mgkg-1 in groups C1 to C7. No consistent variation in chicken feed intake rate was observed with increasing concentration of HMs. At the end of experiment, it was observed that the growth performance of chickens decreased from group C0 to C7. The study showed that feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased gradually from group C0 to C7. Bone has the highest concentrations of Pb and Cd compared to other organs. However, the highest amount of Cr was found in the liver. Heavy metal concentrations were progressively increased in all groups by increasing concentrations of the same metal in feed. Nevertheless, in histological section, other organs than brain such as liver, kidney, intestine, skin and lung were more or less affected by heavy metal consumption. Hypothetical health risk analysis suggested that THQ and TR values were increasing with increasing HM concentration.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Heavy Metals Accumulation in Different Organs of Poultry and Hypothetical Risk Analysis: Evidence from Experimental Feeding with Assorted Metal Feed","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-08 07:44:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4210575/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7d4af571-f205-4b38-952c-dc27093db235","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-30T23:23:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-08 07:44:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4210575","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4210575","identity":"rs-4210575","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}