Comparison of Millimeter Wave Power Amplifiers with Different Power Combining Techniques

Comparison of Millimeter Wave Power Amplifiers with Different Power Combining Techniques | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparison of Millimeter Wave Power Amplifiers with Different Power Combining Techniques Reza Bagger, Henrik Sjöland This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477515/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Four-millimetre wave power amplifiers, three-stage differential cascode with inductively coupled impedance transformers, were designed and fabricated in a 130 nm SiGe HBT BiCMOS process with f MAX = 330 GHz. The PAs, where the signal splitting/combining, number of differential pairs and transistor size in the final stage differ, are used in power/efficiency benchmarking. Balun as output impedance transformer was used in two of PAs with different transistor sizes in their third stage, 120 µm respective 160 µm. The power combiners in two other PA embodiments were realized by Parallel Combining Transformer, PCT, and Series Combining Transformer, SCT. The PAs with balun combiner achieve a PSAT of 19.3 dBm with 10.5% third stage PAE at 8.5 dB backoff from P SAT , PAE 3rd BO . For the PA with SCT combiner, P SAT was 18.3 dBm with 7% PAE 3rd BO , and the PA using PCT achieved a P SAT of 18 dBm and 6.5% PAE 3rd BO , measured at 39 GHz. The fractional bandwidths exceeded 36% for balun and SCT and 32% for PCT, respectively. The implemented SCT and PCT with their lower input impedance show lower voltage swing at collector of final stage for equivalent output power level compared with one-way combiner (balun). Also the PAs with PCT and SCT show a lower sensitivity to load impedance variations. Current and voltage combining parallel combining power combining power amplifier series combining Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3477515","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":245142062,"identity":"1f3a90b8-094c-40af-a1f8-671150c90ef0","order_by":0,"name":"Reza Bagger","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgYI9QBI8PCRooXZAKSFjRQtbBJgkpBq8/b2hx8Yd9jZzXfvfVb5NcdOho2B+eGjG3i0yJw5kCzBeCY5eeOZ42a3ZbclAx3GZmycg0eLhETCAQnGNuZkwxlpbLcltzEDtfCwSePVIv+w+QdjW32y4fxnbMWS2+qJ0CLBzAa05bCdvAQbG+PHbYeJ0MKTxmaReOZ4ggFPGrM047bjPGzMhPzCfvzxjY87qu3l248xfvy5rdqen7354WN8WsAggYEhccMBYFzygHjMhJRDgb18AzBKfxCpehSMglEwCkYWAADel0G8JB9BuQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Lund University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reza","middleName":"","lastName":"Bagger","suffix":""},{"id":245142063,"identity":"dd825e0a-22b5-4c1f-afef-39b1f73dd320","order_by":1,"name":"Henrik Sjöland","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lund University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Henrik","middleName":"","lastName":"Sjöland","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-22 13:14:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477515/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477515/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":47016935,"identity":"d7a51ef2-67fd-4dfb-9a3c-b3aa5aa3a0db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-24 08:07:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3111752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SpringerRBHSv1d1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3477515/v1_covered_b5195ab8-4276-41de-957b-f7ce7178200d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of Millimeter Wave Power Amplifiers with Different Power Combining Techniques\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Current and voltage combining, parallel combining, power combining, power amplifier, series combining","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477515/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3477515/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFour-millimetre wave power amplifiers, three-stage differential cascode with inductively coupled impedance transformers, were designed and fabricated in a 130 nm SiGe HBT BiCMOS process with f\u003csub\u003eMAX\u003c/sub\u003e = 330 GHz. The PAs, where the signal splitting/combining, number of differential pairs and transistor size in the final stage differ, are used in power/efficiency benchmarking. Balun as output impedance transformer was used in two of PAs with different transistor sizes in their third stage, 120 µm respective 160 µm. The power combiners in two other PA embodiments were realized by Parallel Combining Transformer, PCT, and Series Combining Transformer, SCT. The PAs with balun combiner achieve a PSAT of 19.3 dBm with 10.5% third stage PAE at 8.5 dB backoff from P\u003csub\u003eSAT\u003c/sub\u003e, PAE\u003csub\u003e3rd BO\u003c/sub\u003e. For the PA with SCT combiner, P\u003csub\u003eSAT\u003c/sub\u003e was 18.3 dBm with 7% PAE\u003csub\u003e3rd BO\u003c/sub\u003e, and the PA using PCT achieved a P\u003csub\u003eSAT\u003c/sub\u003e of 18 dBm and 6.5% PAE\u003csub\u003e3rd BO\u003c/sub\u003e, measured at 39 GHz. The fractional bandwidths exceeded 36% for balun and SCT and 32% for PCT, respectively. The implemented SCT and PCT with their lower input impedance show lower voltage swing at collector of final stage for equivalent output power level compared with one-way combiner (balun). 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