High data rate 4x2 photonic crystal encoder using irregular hexagon ring resonator

High data rate 4x2 photonic crystal encoder using irregular hexagon ring resonator | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article High data rate 4x2 photonic crystal encoder using irregular hexagon ring resonator Wafa Mehrez, Monia Najjar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4618785/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Computational Electronics → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ultra-fast and highly compact optoelectronic devices are highly needed for optical communication systems. One of the primary devices used in such systems is the optical encoder. In this paper, we present a 4x2 encoder realized using a new photonic crystal (PhC) ring resonator design. The proposed encoder consists of four inputs, two outputs, and two irregular hexagonal-shaped ring resonators. The structure is formed by silicon rods surrounded by air with square lattice pho-tonic crystal structure. The photonic band gap and performance parameters are analyzed using plane wave expansion (PWE) and Finite Difference Time (FDTD) methods. Our simulation results demonstrate that the normalized transmission values less than 25% and more significant than 50% are supposed to be logic states 0 and 1, respectively. The encoder’s maximum response time, contrast ratio, and footprint are 161fs, 13, 7dB, and 204.8µm2, respectively. Furthermore , the encoder can be used in optical systems with a bit rate of around 6.2Tbps, which is a very suitable device for high-speed networks. 4x2 encoder Photonic crystal(PhC) Optical device Point and line defects Photonic integrated circuits Photonic band gap(PBG) FDTD PWE Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Computational Electronics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 24 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 21 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4618785","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":321855573,"identity":"4a114eaf-5bc8-4949-abc1-71cfc32f5fd4","order_by":0,"name":"Wafa Mehrez","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHijNfIDxAYjLR7wWtgRmAxCXjRQtbBJgmpAG3fbeYx8+/GFI7G9jflb5NcdOho2B+eGjG3i0mJ05lzxzBg9D4oxjbGa3ZbclAx3GZmycg0/LjRxjZh4JhtyG+w1mtyW3MQO18LBJ49Vy/40x8x8Dhtz5x9i/FUtuqydCyw0eY2aGBIbcDcd4zBg/bjtMhJYzOcaMPQck6jce4ymWZtx2nIeNmZBfjp8xZvjxx8ZY7hj7xo8/t1Xb87M3P3yMTwsUgGOEgRkcR8yElSMA4w9SVI+CUTAKRsGIAQBZ+kMRonrtdgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tunis El Manar, National Engineering School of Tunis","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wafa","middleName":"","lastName":"Mehrez","suffix":""},{"id":321855575,"identity":"1ead6211-ee7d-4bab-99ff-d3e096203d4c","order_by":1,"name":"Monia Najjar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tunis El Manar, National Engineering School of Tunis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Monia","middleName":"","lastName":"Najjar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-21 17:41:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4618785/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4618785/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-025-02345-y","type":"published","date":"2025-06-04T15:57:06+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84242486,"identity":"da4aa58d-abcb-4988-8a03-959add1c472b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 16:08:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1919147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PaperWAFAMehrez.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4618785/v1_covered_b4b83cd4-218a-4c79-82ca-63b7d2d6bde4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"High data rate 4x2 photonic crystal encoder using irregular hexagon ring resonator","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-computational-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jcel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Computational Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/10825)","snPcode":"10825","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10825/3","title":"Journal of Computational Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"4x2 encoder, Photonic crystal(PhC), Optical device, Point and line defects, Photonic integrated circuits, Photonic band gap(PBG), FDTD, PWE","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4618785/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4618785/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Ultra-fast and highly compact optoelectronic devices are highly needed for optical communication systems. One of the primary devices used in such systems is the optical encoder. In this paper, we present a 4x2 encoder realized using a new photonic crystal (PhC) ring resonator design. The proposed encoder consists of four inputs, two outputs, and two irregular hexagonal-shaped ring resonators. The structure is formed by silicon rods surrounded by air with square lattice pho-tonic crystal structure. The photonic band gap and performance parameters are analyzed using plane wave expansion (PWE) and Finite Difference Time (FDTD) methods. Our simulation results demonstrate that the normalized transmission values less than 25% and more significant than 50% are supposed to be logic states 0 and 1, respectively. The encoder’s maximum response time, contrast ratio, and footprint are 161fs, 13, 7dB, and 204.8µm2, respectively. 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