Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A by reusable Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite: Optimization by response surface methodology

Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A by reusable Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite: Optimization by response surface methodology | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A by reusable Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite: Optimization by response surface methodology Nader Bahramifar, Saeed Aghel, habibollah younesi, mehdi tanha ziyarati This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4312421/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Environmental Research → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The removal of bisphenol A (BPA) as an estrogenic endocrine disrupting contaminant has recently been a topic of interest and debate among environmental scientists. In the present work, photodegradation of BPA in an aqueous solution was studied using Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /TiO 2 nanocomposite under ultraviolet A (UVA) and solar light sources. The as-synthesized materials were characterized by UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), zeta potential measurement techniques. Based on XRD and VSM, the Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /TiO 2 nanocomposite structure contained an anatase TiO 2 phase and showed a superparamagnetic behavior (12.07 emu/g). Based on the DRS spectra and bandgap computation, the direct bandgap energy of Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /TiO 2 was 3.01 eV. The Photocatalytic degradation of BPA was performed by the response surface methodology to study the influence of operational factors on the degradation process. Maximum removal of 55% BPA was obtained at a pH of 8, a photocatalyst dosage of 1.0 g/l, and a BPA concentration of 100 mg/l after 220 min UVA irradiation time. It is anticipated that the as-synthesized photocatalyst is expected to be used in both ultraviolet and solar light. The findings showed that Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /TiO 2 was recycled five times to attain 50% degradation of BPA and the photocatalytic activity did not decrease noticeably after five photocatalytic cycles. Furthermore, the ability to use solar energy, as well as the ease with which it may be implemented, makes photocatalysis an appealing possibility for the treatment of phenolic wastewater. Bisphenol A photodegradation TiO2 wastewater treatment Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Full Text Additional Declarations Tables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files highlight.docx graphicalabstract4TIFF.tif Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Environmental Research → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 27 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 25 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 25 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4312421","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":306719802,"identity":"8f63f614-6f9f-4e74-8c2b-2fa26ddb140b","order_by":0,"name":"Nader Bahramifar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQY2EMXD3sDA+ICB4QAJWngOMDAbkKSFAaiFTYIoLebSzc8eV9Rsk+FhP/usmqfmjhw/A/PDRzfwaLGcc8zc8Myx2zw8POlmt3mOPTOWbGAzNs7Bo8XgRoIZUNFtHnuGNCDJdjhxwwEeNmn8WtK/STb8A9rC/4ytmOcfUVpyzCQb24BaJNLYmHnbiNFy50yZZGMfSMszZsm5fYeNJZsJ+eV2+zbJhm+37Xn40xg/vPl2WI6fvfnhY3xaUAATD4hkJlY5CDD+IEX1KBgFo2AUjBgAAN+jStJ0y4knAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2733-4057","institution":"Tarbiat Modares University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nader","middleName":"","lastName":"Bahramifar","suffix":""},{"id":306719803,"identity":"17faea64-0bad-4f43-95f9-268ba254519f","order_by":1,"name":"Saeed Aghel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tarbiat Modares 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Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/b216350a345e18795a47fd60.jpg"},{"id":58152810,"identity":"d6ab68e4-7d5a-4e21-89c8-ea95cc900da1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD pattern of (A)Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, (B)Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and (C)Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/bbbb36de5d3b66d56337cfa0.jpg"},{"id":58154562,"identity":"a50c07ed-4e29-4017-aae6-b10eb80fb4ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:39:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88967,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAbsorption spectrum and Kubelka–Munk elaboration of (a)TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and (b) Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/8aa143bfa170a270e68a22db.jpg"},{"id":58152816,"identity":"abb04bcf-0085-4c81-bf4e-669e91772320","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146943,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (a, b), Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (c, d) and Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (e, f).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/149b72f1b5a38abc540565ff.jpg"},{"id":58152820,"identity":"6b11b73b-385a-46f4-8f01-ebe3ed6867d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58573,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe hysteresis curve of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (a), Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (b) and Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (c).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/cc0b475241d54c4d784532bb.jpg"},{"id":58152823,"identity":"34e0b6fc-8a0a-40a0-abaa-3d18fb097174","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003epH of point of zero charge (pH\u003csub\u003ePZC\u003c/sub\u003e) of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Zeta potential of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in water\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/83235ed223370f95a910a635.jpg"},{"id":58152814,"identity":"336091d2-b54f-453a-b382-1ab22d1c861f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) predicted versus actual amounts, (b) Normal probability plot of the residual, (C) residual amount versus run and (d) residual amount versus predicted value diagram for BPA photodegradation efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/582ac554241f5024ee7a0c97.jpg"},{"id":58153734,"identity":"2dd1cc3e-3832-4de1-b25d-ee506f932580","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:31:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33987,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAcid-base equilibrium of bisphenol A\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/6d7438c3dcf6342411f112df.jpg"},{"id":58154563,"identity":"667bbbd3-917b-4ddc-b077-bd6b869268be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:39:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":152164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethree-dimensional graphs for photodegradation of BPA by Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, (a) interaction effect of photocatalyst dose and pH; (b) interaction effect of UV exposure time and photocatalyst dose; (c) interaction effect of UV exposure time and pH\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/15531c0ba450e2c6c6e253fa.jpg"},{"id":58153733,"identity":"ba9a515a-d7eb-4ee8-a3ae-28d06115a760","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:31:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62598,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ephotodegradation of BPA in presence of solar light (a) and under UV light (b).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/9a05c3715dbd566b7259f339.jpg"},{"id":58152822,"identity":"ccd154ed-ae44-4b08-8040-a086a80a29ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41413,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReuse of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for BPA removal efficiency\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/3cd0b0025d2452e2a0638342.jpg"},{"id":76488286,"identity":"1073ad0a-7f81-43eb-bae1-a9b5dd40a5b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 16:13:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1311281,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptfinal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1_covered_04b62929-0368-49b9-a075-548528d29758.pdf"},{"id":58152811,"identity":"e64318f9-0955-4934-9ebc-382dee743338","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"highlight.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/523fac211a212cb5d5715671.docx"},{"id":58155374,"identity":"dad82ca8-3c6f-4b6a-b9e6-7606730394cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:47:59","extension":"tif","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":311262,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"graphicalabstract4TIFF.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/54faa4bd16e5c3fadf29284d.tif"},{"id":58152817,"identity":"e65c108b-4b50-4471-9647-2961a1b121e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 20:23:59","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4312421/v1/1cbeeb6d18d69b8607a68549.docx"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A by reusable Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite: Optimization by response surface methodology","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-environmental-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"IJER","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Environmental Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/41742)","snPcode":"41742","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ijer/default2.asp...\n","title":"International Journal of Environmental Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Bisphenol A, photodegradation, TiO2, wastewater treatment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4312421/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4312421/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe removal of bisphenol A (BPA) as an estrogenic endocrine disrupting contaminant has recently been a topic of interest and debate among environmental scientists. In the present work, photodegradation of BPA in an aqueous solution was studied using Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite under ultraviolet A (UVA) and solar light sources. The as-synthesized materials were characterized by UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), zeta potential measurement techniques. Based on XRD and VSM, the Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite structure contained an anatase TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase and showed a superparamagnetic behavior (12.07 emu/g). Based on the DRS spectra and bandgap computation, the direct bandgap energy of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was 3.01 eV. The Photocatalytic degradation of BPA was performed by the response surface methodology to study the influence of operational factors on the degradation process. Maximum removal of 55% BPA was obtained at a pH of 8, a photocatalyst dosage of 1.0 g/l, and a BPA concentration of 100 mg/l after 220 min UVA irradiation time. It is anticipated that the as-synthesized photocatalyst is expected to be used in both ultraviolet and solar light. The findings showed that Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was recycled five times to attain 50% degradation of BPA and the photocatalytic activity did not decrease noticeably after five photocatalytic cycles. Furthermore, the ability to use solar energy, as well as the ease with which it may be implemented, makes photocatalysis an appealing possibility for the treatment of phenolic wastewater.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A by reusable Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite: Optimization by response surface methodology","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-11 20:23:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4312421/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-05-27T07:36:01+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-25T16:10:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-25T07:46:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Environmental Research","date":"2024-04-23T09:47:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-environmental-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"IJER","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Environmental Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/41742)","snPcode":"41742","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ijer/default2.asp...\n","title":"International Journal of Environmental Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"133d647a-2d98-44be-b2b1-6ec09b8b78ed","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T16:10:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4312421","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00735-x","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-environmental-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Environmental Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-11 15:57:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 11th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-11 20:23:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00735-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00735-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4312421","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4312421","identity":"rs-4312421","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}