Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Malaria Research in Sudan Published in Scopus Database: Trends and Focus Areas (1956–2024)

Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Malaria Research in Sudan Published in Scopus Database: Trends and Focus Areas (1956–2024) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Malaria Research in Sudan Published in Scopus Database: Trends and Focus Areas (1956–2024) Riad Mohammed Abdelrahman, Taha Hussein Musa, Hassan Hussein Musa, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7267728/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Malaria, a life-threatening disease, remains a major public health challenge, particularly in Sudan, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives : To comprehensively review and explore Malaria Research in Sudan in the Scopus database and identify the cited articles from 1956 to 2024. Methods A systematic and thematic analysis was made to provide a substantial insight into the most recent progressions, tracking the growth of research on malaria in Sudan, understanding key contributions of authors, countries, and institutions, and interpreting pattern’s themes, and emerging topics. Data were analyzed using VOS viewer, Var1.6.6, and the Biblioshiny tool. The correlation analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS 25 software, and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The conflict in Sudan has led to a resurgence of malaria, and effective malaria control efforts have been severely disrupted. 252 documents were identified for analysis. There was a continuous relatively steady trend in scientific output between 1978 and 2022 1978 and 2022, and the highest peak had been seen in 2004 (17 documents). The mean total citation per article increased from 0.2 in 1990 to a peak of 3.6 in 2014, declining to a bottom of 0.3 in 2023. Out of 71 contributed countries, Sudan was the most productive country with138 (55%) of articles. Adam I. from Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, emerged as the most prolific author with high-level of metrics (n = 90, TNC = 2039, and h_index=26). Among the 105 peer reviewed journals; “Malaria Journal” was the most publishing journal (36 documents), TNC; 985, h_index of 18, and Journal Impact Factor (JIF, 2023) 2.4 score. “Malaria”, “Sudan”, and," plasmodium falciparum” are the most explored keywords by authors. Thematic mapping indicated that the emerging themes are focusing on “thrombocytopenia”, “ anopheles stephensi ”, “antibodies”, “animal”, and “non-human”. Keyword analysis did not highlight “ACT-resistant malaria” as an emerging theme or high-centrality topic. Conclusion: National and international efforts are needed for restarting malaria control. Our findings provide an overview of the global status, and potential trends in malaria in Sudan research. This information can assist researchers in exploring the knowledge structure and offer insights for future research on malaria in Sudan. Infectious Diseases Malaria Sudan Bibliometric Falciparum Thematic mapping analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted to humans by female Anopheles mosquitoes. It primarily influences people in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with limited basic resources and healthcare infrastructure, such as screened housing or medical facilities equipped for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, which are limited [ 1 ]. Parasites cause malaria and are typically distinct by recurring fever, anemia, and enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Plasmodium species , especially P. falciparum , are responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths globally. Other species, including P. vivax , P. ovale , and P. malariae , are generally associated with milder forms of the disease [ 2 ]. Other scholars reported that P. Vivax presents the highest risk to global health [ 2 ]. P. falciparum which predominantly found in Africa presented among is the most lethal species and is, while P. Vivax is the most prevalent outside of sub-Saharan Africa [ 3 ]. Infection starts when a Female Anopheles mosquito injects the parasites, in the form of sporozoites, into the human bloodstream. Then, sporozoites migrate to the liver, where they go through asexual replication for approximately 7 to 10 days. This initial stage is asymptomatic. Following this hepatic phase, the parasites, now transformed into merozoites, are released from liver cells within vesicles and subsequently travel through the heart to the pulmonary capillaries [ 4 ]. The vesicles eventually rupture, releasing the merozoites into the bloodstream, where they later attack red blood cells (erythrocytes) and multiply. As the infected erythrocytes burst, the merozoites are released and proceed to infect additional red blood cells. Clinical symptoms, such as fever, arise in synchrony with the cyclical rupture of these infected erythrocytes. This process releases both cellular and parasitic debris, including malarial pigment (hemozoin) and glycophosphatidylinositol, a molecule believed to act as the primary 'malaria toxin'[ 5 ],[ 6 ]. The Plasmodium life cycle shows the complex interactions between the parasite and the human host (Fig. 1 ). Among the species, P. falciparum has been the primary focus of research due to its association with the most severe clinical manifestations of malaria. Other human-infecting species include P. ovale (comprising two subspecies: P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri ), P. vivax, P. malariae , and P. knowlesi. While P. knowlesi can also lead to life-threatening infections, there have been rare but documented cases of severe disease and fatalities due to P. vivax , particularly involving complications such as severe respiratory distress and anemia [ 7 ]. Malaria infection during pregnancy poses significant health risk factors for pregnant women and girls, as well as for the fetus and newborn. Malaria is reported to be the main contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth and preterm birth [ 8 ]. Moreover, Malaria accounted for 61% (266,000) of deaths caused among the vulnerable groups of children under 5 years old [ 9 ]. The characteristic malarial paroxysms episodes of chills and fever typically align with the cyclical release of merozoites and other pyrogens into the bloodstream. In P. falciparum infections, this periodic pattern may be less distinct. However, infections with P. vivax , P. ovale , and P. falciparum generally exhibit a tertian periodicity, with paroxysms occurring every 48 hours, while P. malariae displays a quartan periodicity, with 72-hour intervals between episodes. Unlike P. falciparum and P. malariae , P. vivax and P. ovale have a dormant liver stage in the exoerythrocytic phase, known as hypnozoites, which can remain in the host for months or even years and reactivate to cause relapses of the blood-stage infection [ 10 ]. Recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that approximately 2.2 billion malaria cases and 12.7 million deaths have been prevented since the year 2000. Despite this progress, malaria remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in the WHO African Region. This region accounts for about 95% of malaria-related deaths, largely due to persistent gaps in access to essential prevention, diagnostic, and treatment services for those at risk [ 14 ]. Up to recent years, there have been 246 million cases and 569,000 deaths in the WHO African Region. Over the past 5 years, between 2019 and 2023, estimated malaria cases and deaths increased by 23 million and 24 000, respectively [ 14 ],[ 15 ]. Prior the humanitarian crises due to the ongoing war, only over 25.4% prevalence of malaria reported among Sudanese populations [ 16 ]. Region-specific data indicate significant variability in prevalence, particularly among pregnant women. A study conducted between July and December 2018 reported the highest prevalence in western Sudan (60.6%), followed by central (27.8%), southeast (19.9%), and northern Sudan (9.2%) [ 17 ]. However, according to recent WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region accounted for 54% of estimated cases and 58% of malaria-related deaths in 2021. Over 90% of malaria mortality is caused by P. falciparum , and the remaining 11% of cases are attributed to P. vivax (Fig. 2 ) [ 18 ],[ 19 ],[ 20 ]. In the 2024 World Malaria Report, Sudan experienced 0.16% malaria deaths per 1,000 population at risk. Between 2022 and 2023, the World Malaria Report 2022 revealed 1.3% malaria deaths in Sudan (Fig. 3 ). The primary malaria vectors in the country are Anopheles arabiensis , An. gambiae , and An. funestus . Additionally, the invasive vector An. Stephens was reported in 2019. Peak breeding seasons vary by species, occurring from March to May for P. vivax and July to November for P. falciparum [ 21 ]. However, it has been difficult to obtain sufficiently current reliable data to estimate the recent trends of the burden of malaria in Sudan due to the ongoing war. Challenges towards malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Due to the challenge of control and prevention strategies, the WHO Global Malaria Program (GMP) oversees the coordination of the WHO worldwide initiatives to control and eradicate malaria. Its activities are directed by the "Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030," which was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 and subsequently updated in 2021[ 22 ]. Facing growing financial limitations, WHO collaborated with National Malaria Programs (NMPs) and partners to develop “guiding principles” for prioritizing high-impact malaria interventions. Released in May 2024, this guidance assists malaria programs in selecting the most effective combination of interventions in resource-constrained settings. Additionally, throughout 2023 and 2024, WHO issued important technical guidance and reports on key areas, including vector control, chemoprevention, vaccines, case management, and malaria elimination [ 23 ]. The first historical efforts towards malaria control program in Sudan was initiated in Khartoum state the capital of Sudan in 1904. This early program, which developed by Dr. Andrew Balfour using retained oil and environmental management, successfully reduced malaria incidence [ 24 ],[ 25 ]. Among the arms of Sudan Ministry of Health battle against malaria, the Sudan National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) is a key institution aimed at combating malaria. The NMCP, based in Khartoum, implements various strategies including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, with a focus on community engagement and education. Key interventions include the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) [ 26 ],[ 27 ]. Research and data collection are fundamental to the National Malaria Control Program’s (NMCP) activities, enabling evidence-based decisions and policy development. The program has played a crucial role in advancing knowledge of malaria epidemiology in Sudan, with numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of various treatment protocols and control strategies [ 28 ]. In Sudan, at the level of national institutions, there are several organizations and institutions involved in malaria research, including the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (TMRI) and the Institute of Endemic Diseases at the University of Khartoum. The TMRI, located in Khartoum, focuses on advancing knowledge in tropical medicine, including malaria research. The Institute of Endemic Diseases is a research and training center for endemic diseases, including malaria, and is a platform for biomedical and clinical research [ 29 ],[ 30 ]. Drug resistance has long been and continues to be, a major challenge in malaria control, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The recent appearance of partial resistance to artemisinin in several locations worldwide poses a significant threat to the effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy, which is reported as the first line of drug use for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria in most endemic regions in Sudan [ 31 ], [ 32 ]. Drug resistance has been confirmed by scholars in P. falciparum and P. vivax , while its presence in P. malariae and P. ovale remains unclear. P. knowlesi is considered fully susceptible to current antimalarial drugs. The WHO defines drug resistance as a parasite's ability to survive or multiply despite appropriate drug treatment within tolerated doses [ 33 ]. Drug resistance arises as a result of randomly occurring genetic mutations in the parasite population. Thus, patients with hyperparasitaemia are thought to be an important source of de novo resistance [ 34 ]. Since the spread of chloroquine resistance reported in P. falciparum in early 1960s, recommendations health organizations have been made on how to respond to antimalarial resistance [ 35 ]. The global database on antimalarial drug efficacy and resistance was initiated in 2000 to centralize data and facilitate reporting on the status of antimalarial drug efficacy in malaria-endemic countries [ 36 ]. Regardless of drug resistance, populations in malaria-endemic regions should consistently use long-lasting insecticidal nets to lower their risk of infection. Since nets offer only partial protection, prioritizing the development of additional vector control methods is essential to further reduce the persistently high malaria burden [ 37 ]. In addition the site of molecular biology of insecticide resistance is the key issue in understanding and overcoming this emerging problems of malaria globally [ 38 ]. Vaccine towards Malaria Prevention and Control Malaria vaccine is one of the thoughtful spaces in tropical health research, bearing in mind the success recorded in other vaccine-preventable diseases [ 39 ]. The scientific efforts has been documented over last one and half decades with shown a significant increase in malaria vaccine research and citations, essentially pointing vaccine development, vaccine safety, and efficacy in Africa within different Plasmodium species [ 39 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes malaria vaccines as a crucial component in combating the disease. Since 2021, WHO has recommended the broad use of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine, and in 2023, it endorsed the R21/Matrix-M vaccine. These vaccines are particularly important for preventing malaria in children and are being incorporated into routine childhood immunization schedules [ 40 ]. However, scaling up malaria vaccination faces recurrent challenges with immunization, such as supply chain, waning immunity, and funding [ 41 ],[ 42 ]. Sudan is implementing malaria vaccination programs, prioritizing children in malaria-endemic areas with moderate to high transmission started in November 2024, making it the first country in WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Region to benefit [ 20 ],[ 43 ]. Historical trends of literature on malaria in Sudan Studies about malaria in Sudan started as early as 1960s. A national sample survey was conducted to estimate malaria infection prevalence, covering all states that now form the Republic of Sudan [ 44 ]. In the early 1960s the WHO recommended that a national pre-eradication survey be undertaken across the whole of Sudan to support plans for a country-wide malaria eradication program [ 45 ]. A longitudinal serological study of malaria was conducted in 1976 when Sudan was considered as part of Sudan Savana geographical area [ 46 ]. However, studies manipulated Sudan as a country started as early as 1978; an in vivo study was carried out in, using the WHO standard in vivo test for 28 days in Gezira in Northern Sudan, and for 7 days in Bor (Now in Republic of Southern Sudan) [ 47 ]. In 1980 Akood, MAS. published his PhD thesis from “London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine” about “the Use of Serology and Of Tests for Drug And Insecticide Resistance in studying Problems Of Malaria Control in the Sudan" [ 48 ]. Purpose of this study Malaria is considering a significant public health issue among others reported disease in Sudan with top 10 leading cause of morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among children and pregnant women [ 49 ]. Although advances have been made through vector control and chemoprevention, the rise of insecticide and drug resistance sustains the disease's heavy burden. This review seeks to examine Scopus-indexed studies by analyzing patterns, themes, emerging topics, trends, and potential future directions in malaria research. Although there is subnational contribution shows using qualitative methods over the past year globally [ 50 ],[ 39 ],[ 38 ],[ 51 ],[ 52 ],[ 53 ],[ 54 ],[ 55 ],[ 56 ], there is no systematic and thematic analysis focus on research on malaria in Sudan in the quantitative data but not in qualitative aspects. There is a substantial body of global and local literature on malaria studies related to Sudan; however, studies that specifically mention 'malaria' and related keywords along with 'Sudan' in the title are relatively limited. As such, a comprehensive understanding of the previously published research topics on Malaria in Sudan would be a valuable tool in evaluating the current status and future directions of Malaria prevention, control, and vaccine development toward a better understanding of the ways to control and prevention of diseases. In addition, the analysis will help promote basic, clinical, and operational research on malaria in collaboration with national and international institutions. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous qualitative analysis of studies examining malaria in Sudan. Therefore, this review will explore the published articles that have studied this issue since the country's independence in 1956 until 2024. This study examines the implications of systematic and thematic trends through bibliometric analysis to assess the growth and evaluation of research across various scientific fields. The data was collected using various metrics to assess impact and performance indicators within research policy and the broader research ecosystem. Given the rising demand for these types of analyses, particularly among policymakers and funding agencies, they are becoming increasingly crucial for evaluating research productivity and impact within the scientific literature. Bibliometric studies effectively track overall research trends and analyze connections between authors and research institutions within different research area [ 57 ],[ 58 ],[ 59 ],[ 60 ],[ 61 ]. Therefore, this study aims to examine the characteristics of the articles on malaria in Sudan indexed in the Scopus database, employing both systematic and thematic analysis as approach has gradually emerged as a valuable method for the professional community. The current investigations aim to answer the following scientific inquiries: In this review, we visualize the results obtained from Scopus database and summarize the research hotspots and development trends, and research gap. Building upon the practical consistency in exploring global trends in malaria in Sudan research using systematic and thematic analysis. The goal is to contribute to the growing scientific body of evidence in fields by tracking the growth of research in malaria in Sudan, understanding key contributions of authors, and corresponding authorship countries, and exploring changes in identifying, analyzing, and interpreting pattern’s themes, emerge topics, and authorship over time within qualitative data accessed within the field. Methods Sources of data Metadata towards exploring global malaria in Sudan research trends using Scopus databases ( https://www.scopus.com/ ). The Scopus database is a platform provides a unique advanced search world’s most trusted citation index for scientific and scholarly research used to provide researchers with a comprehensive dataset used subsequently for bibliometric analysis across many disciplines. On May 18th, 2025 we searched the Scopus database for articles on malaria in Sudan research in peer-reviewed journals indexed in the Scopus Database. A flow chart of article screening is presented in Fig. 4. Then, a Boolean search process includes the subject term search formula: Title (T) in Scopus databases related to spatial malaria in Sudan as (TITLE({Malaria} AND {Sudan} OR plasmodium OR falciparum OR vivax) AND PUBYEAR > 1955 AND PUBYEAR < 2025 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( AFFILCOUNTRY,"Sudan" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, “ar" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE,re" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, “English" ) ) )The metadata on global malaria in Sudan researches were extracted by authors on May 18th, 2025 to avoids daily updating bias since the database is still open, and the average of citation can increase per day. Once the databases were defined by authors based on the availability and data accessibility. Since Scopus indexing tends to begin in the mid‑1960s; malaria‑focused output may appear in small numbers until the 1990s. A sharp rise is expected between the 1990s and early 2000s, accelerating further from 2010 onwards, aligned with growing international attention and external funding in tropical disease research in Sudan [ 62 ],[ 63 ]. The search record on global documents associated to malaria in Sudan indexed Scopus was 252 documents after filtered by document type (review OR article) and language (English). The search was performed on May 18th, 2025, from Scopus database was collected and exported to RIS, BibTeX, and CSV format. The proposed analysis was set screen malaria in Sudan from the period was limited to the year 1956–2025. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The overall document of malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus databases was included in our analysis. The exclusion criteria including all type of reported documents such as (letter, note, conference paper, short survey, editorial, book chapter, erratum, early access, proceeding paper, and undefined) publication were excluded form Scopus), moreover non-English other records were removed due to language: Spanish, French, and Italian were excluded. A Bibliometric Analysis Descriptive statistical analysis of key metadata, time series of publications, and sources of local impact, author impact analysis, leading institutions, leading countries, and publication performance was performed using the Bibliometrix tool in R for Windows. VOS viewer [ 64 ],[ 65 ] software was utilized for visual analysis of co-authorship networks, co-occurrence of reported keywords, and citation & co-citation maps based on bibliographic data. Thematic map visualization and evaluation were conducted using Bibliometrix to carry out conceptual network analysis, factorial analysis, and social network analysis, including collaboration network analysis and country collaboration maps was analyzed using R. Studio version 4.4.3 software, and bibliometrix, an R-Package and online Analysis Platform. GraphPad Prism 9 (version 9.2.0, GraphPad Software LLC, United States), and OriginPro 2019 v9.6 was used for inference statistical analysis and to correlation between study variables. P-value at level less or equal to 0.05 was considered acceptable as statistically significant. Results Trends in Global Publication & main characteristics Figure 5 shows the descriptive summary statistics analysis of the article published on malaria in Sudan, including year, sources, annual growth, document contents, authors, and document types during the period year 1956- 2024. The final dataset comprised 252 documents, including articles and reviews published across 105 sources by 1,279 authors. Of these, 9 were single-authored, and 53.57% involved international co-authorship. Performance Analysis on malaria in Sudan associated publications Figure 6 shows the annual Number of publications and citations on malaria in Sudan-associated publications from the Scopus database from 1956–2024. There is a continuous growth trend in scientific output between 1978 and 2022. Three peaks were seen in 2004 (17 documents), 2009 (15 documents), and 2021(16 documents), drop again in 2023 (5 documents), and rise again in 2024 (8 documents). The general annual growth rate was 6.86%. (Fig. 6 A) The Mean of the Total Citation Per Article (MeanTCperArt) shows peaks in 1998, 2014, and 2016, reaching a bottom in 1990 and 2023 (Fig. 6 B). A non-significant negative correlation between the Number of articles and MeanTCperArt was observed (r = -0.221, p-value = 0.182). In contrast, a non-significant positive correlation was reported between the number of publications and MeanTCperYear (r = 0.199, p-value = 0.231). Authorship analysis Table 1 Top 10 top Authors' Local Impact based on h_index on malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus database (1956–2024) Author (n = 1279) h_index g_index m_index TNC TNP PY_start Adam I. 26 39 1.083 2039 90 2002 Elbashir M.I. 20 27 0.714 895 44 1998 Malik E.M. 14 22 0.667 506 28 2005 Theander T.G. 14 18 0.4 906 18 1991 Giha H.A. 13 19 0.5 666 19 2000 Elmardi K.A. 11 15 0.55 311 15 2006 Elghazali G. 10 15 0.345 381 15 1997 A-Elbasit I.E. 9 12 0.429 387 12 2005 Hviid l. 9 10 0.257 723 10 1991 Mohmmed A.A. 9 13 0.474 228 13 2007 TNC, Total number of citations; TNP, Total number of publications, PY_start; Publication year start. A total of 1279 authors contributed to the global research on malaria in Sudan. Documents published by ADAM I. (h_index = 26) received a high index, followed by ELBASHIR MI. (h_index = 20), and MALIK EM. (h_index = 14), respectively (Table 1 ). There was a significant positive correlation between Total Number publications & Total number of citations (r = 0.742, p-value = 0.000), a significant positive correlation between Total Number Publications and h_index (r = 0.984, p-value = 0.000), a significant positive correlation between the Total Number publications and g_index (r = 0.930, p-value = 0.000), and a significant positive correlation between the Total Number publications and the m_index (r = 0.381, p-value = 0.000). Corresponding Author's Countries and National and international Analysis An analysis of the global malaria in Sudan publication reveals contributions from 71 countries, with 53.57% international co-authorships (Fig. 5 ). Table 2 details the top 10 countries contributing to malaria in Sudan research productivity. Sudan emerges as the most prolific contributor, with 138 total publications (54.8%), including (SCP = 85) single-country publications and multi-country publications (MCP = 53). UNITED KINGDOM follows with 14 publications (5.6%), comprising (SCP = 0) and (MCP = 14). Additionally, BAHRAIN ranks among the leading contributors with 10 publications (4%), among them (SCP = 1) and (MCP = 9). There was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of publications & SCP (r = 0.993, p-value = 0.000) and the Total Number of publications & MCP (r = 0.983, p-value = 0.000). The top most cited articles are presented in Table 3 . Table 2 Countries' Scientific Production on malaria in Sudan and most cited countries associated publications from Scopus database (1956–2024) Country (n = 71) Articles Articles % SCP MCP MCP % Sudan 138 54.8 85 53 38.4 United Kingdom 14 5.6 0 14 100 Bahrain 10 4 1 9 90 Saudi Arabia 8 3.2 1 7 87.5 Kenya 5 2 0 5 100 Denmark 4 1.6 0 4 100 Sweden 3 1.2 0 3 100 Australia 2 0.8 0 2 100 Qatar 2 0.8 0 2 100 China 1 0.4 1 0 0 TNP: Number of publications; TNC: Total Number of Citations; SCP: Single Country Publication (Intra-Country Collaboration). MCP: Multiple Country Publications (Inter-Country Collaboration). Table 3 Top 10 most cited documents on Malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus database (1956 to 2024) No Author/journal Title Total Citations TC per Year Normalized TC 1. Roper C., 1996, AM J TROP MED HYG Detection of very low-level Plasmodium falciparum infections using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan[ 66 ] 163 5.43 2.44 2. Pearce R.J., 2009, PLOS MED Multiple origins and regional dispersal of resistant dhps in African Plasmodium falciparum malaria[ 67 ] 160 9.41 4.34 3. Cavanagh D.R., 1998, J IMMUNOL A Longitudinal Study of Type-Specific Antibody Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in an Area of Unstable Malaria in Sudan[ 68 ] 154 5.50 1.57 4. Babiker H.A., 1998, AM J TROP MED HYG Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal[ 69 ] 116 4.14 1.18 5. Giha H.A., 2000, IMMUNOL LETT Antibodies to variable Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocyte surface antigens are associated with protection from novel malaria infections[ 70 ] 105 4.04 2.33 6. Abdulla S., 2016, BMC MED Gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria following treatment with artemisinin combination therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data[ 71 ] 98 9.80 3.29 7. Roper C., 1998, PARASITOLOGY Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village[ 72 ] 75 2.68 0.77 8. Elmardi K.A., 2009, Malaria J Feasibility and acceptability of home-based management of malaria strategy adapted to Sudan's conditions using artemisinin-based combination therapy and rapid diagnostic test[ 73 ] 72 4.24 1.95 9. Hviid L., 1991, EUR J IMMUNOL Transient depletion of T cells with high LFA-1 expression from peripheral circulation during acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria[ 74 ] 70 2.00 1.43 10. Ageep T.B., 2009, MALARIA J Spatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control [ 75 ] 68 4.00 1.84 Top 10 journals published articles on malaria in Sudan Of 105 journals contributed to publishing 252 documents on Malaria in Sudan associated publications in the Scopus database. At the top of the first 10 sources is; “Malaria Journal” with 36 Total Publications (TNP) and 985 Total Citations (TNC), followed by “Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology” with 14 TNP and 281 TNC. (Table 4 ). There was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of publications & the Total number of citations (r = 0.860, p-value = 0.000). Table 4 Top 10 number of journals on malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus database by the number of local citations h_index (1956 to 2024) Source (n = 105) h_index g_index m_index TNC TNP PY_start JIF* Malaria Journal 18 31 0.857 985 36 2005 2.4 Annals of Tropical Medicine and parasitology 11 14 0.306 281 14 1990 4.9 Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 10 13 0.286 294 13 1991 1.9 American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 9 9 0.188 642 9 1978 1.9 Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9 12 0.391 178 17 2003 2.1 Parasites and Vectors 7 7 0.467 208 7 2011 3.0 Acta Tropica 5 5 0.2 161 5 2001 2.1 Diagnostic Pathology 5 6 0.333 65 6 2011 1.5 Saudi Medical Journal 5 8 0.192 72 9 2000 1.6 Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4 4 0.267 82 4 2011 1.4 TNP: Total Number of Publication; TNC; Total Number of Citations; PY_start; Publication year start; JIF; Journal Impact Factor *Source: Scimago Journal & Country Rank: Citation Impact 2023 https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php Analysis of top 10 relevant affiliations or Institution Influence (1956 to 2024) A total of 799 Institutions were reported. A large number of scientific Institutions provide evidence that research institutions play a crucial role in driving the research productivity on malaria in Sudan associated publications from the Scopus database in the duration1956 to 2024. “Faculty of Medicine, faculty, and the University of Khartoum” in Khartoum has the greater influence of these institutions with 348 articles, followed by the Federal Ministry of Health, 58 + 46 articles, and Tropical Medicine Research Institute within the University of Khartoum with 38 articles. (Table 5 and Fig. 7 ). Table 6 details the number of articles and citations and the total link strength of the first 20 institutions involved in malaria articles in Sudan. Table 5 Analysis of Top 10 most University influence contributed in articles on malaria in Sudan (1956–2024) Institution (n = 799) Articles University of Khartoum 348 Federal Ministry of Health 58 Ministry of Health 46 Tropical Medicine Research Institute 38 University of Gezira 34 Stockholm University 33 Mahidol University 28 New Halfa Teaching Hospital 28 University of Kassala 24 University of Edinburgh 23 Table 6 Analysis of detailed Top 20 most Institutional influence contributed in articles on malaria in Sudan based on documents’ number (1956–2024) No Institution (n = 799) Documents Citations Total Link Strength 1. "Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 30 631 22 2. "Department of biochemistry, faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 11 356 8 3. "Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 11 198 3 4. "Faculty of medical laboratory sciences, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 8 159 11 5. "Institute of endemic diseases, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 8 216 3 6. "New halfa teaching hospital, new halfa, Sudan" 8 214 5 7. "Department of immunology, Wenner Gren institute, Stockholm university, Stockholm, Sweden" 7 116 1 8. "New halfa hospital, new halfa, Sudan" 6 105 6 9. "Department of biochemistry, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 5 180 1 10. "Department of community medicine, faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 5 88 3 11. "Faculty of medicine, ribat university, Khartoum, Sudan" 5 66 7 12. "Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, sedan" 5 91 0 13. "New halfa teaching hospital, new halfa, Sudan" 5 90 3 14. "Department of biochemistry, faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 4 96 3 15. "Department of microbiology, Brigham young university, Provo, Ut, united states" 4 127 1 16. "Department of parasitology and medical entomology, institute of endemic diseases, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 4 53 4 17. "Faculty of medicine, Kassala university, Kassala, Sudan" 4 44 5 18. "Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 4 77 1 19. "Tropical medicine research institute, national Centre for research, Khartoum, Sudan" 4 118 2 20. "University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan" 4 116 1 Keywords analysis According to the co-occurrence analysis shown in Fig. 8 using VOS viewer, the total number of identified author keywords is 349, and the keyword plus is 2001. The Author keyword "malaria" appears 67 times with a total link strength (TLS) of 83, followed by "Sudan" with 64 occurrences and 90 TLS, then" plasmodium falciparum" with 31 occurrences and 38 TLS. (Fig. 8 A) In the keyword plus analysis, the words "human" occurring were 222 with 1371 TLS. The words indicated "article" occurrence total 215, with 1352 TLS, and the word "Sudan" occurring of 205, TLS 1295. (Fig. 8 B) Overlay visualization of Co-occurrence analysis of Keywords Plus over the year in Fig. 8 C shows that new and emerging topics by the end of 2011 are around the words; "cross-sectional studies," "cross-sectional study," and "non-human." Table 7 Co-occurrence of the keywords through VOS viewer Keyword Occurrences Total Link Strength Author keyword (n = 349) 1. Malaria 67 83 2. Sudan 64 90 3. Plasmodium Falciparum 31 38 4. Pregnancy 20 39 5. Severe Malaria 8 5 6. Children 7 14 7. Anemia 6 12 8. Cytokines 6 11 9. Artesunate 5 12 10. Microscopy 5 10 Keyword Plus (N = 2001) 1. Human 222 1371 2. Article 215 1352 3. Sudan 205 1295 4. Malaria 167 1022 5. Humans 164 1077 6. Female 152 1061 7. Adult 144 995 8. Plasmodium Falciparum 140 933 9. Controlled Study 118 837 10. Major Clinical Study 115 837 Thematic analysis As shown in Fig. 9 A, the thematic map was constructed based on author keywords and was mapped into four themes: niche (left top), motor (top right), emerging or declining (left bottom), and basic themes (right bottom). In motor themes, well-developed research themes are including 4 clusters. Cluster 1:” malaria,” “Sudan,” and “ plasmodium falciparum ”; Cluster 2: “microscopy,” “diagnosis,” and “Treatment”; Cluster 3: “p-vivax,” “artemether-lumefantrine,” and “mpv”: Cluster 4: “prevalence,” “risk factors,” and “mortality.” Moreover, there are basic themes in most scholarly production of malaria in Sudan research. This theme is of 4 clusters: Cluster 1 includes: “anemia” and “malaria infection”; Cluster 2: “resistance” and “combination”; Cluster 3: “ anopheles arabiensis ” and “unstable malaria”; Cluster 4: “parasitemia.” Niche themes are represented in three clusters (top left): Cluster 1 includes themes such as “severe malaria,” “msp2” (Merozoite surface protein 2), and “genetic diversity.” Cluster 2 includes “South Sudan,” “internally displaced,” and “resettled population.” Cluster 3 is of one theme: “epidemic.” The emerging theme includes 5 Clusters: Cluster 1: “ falciparum malaria” and “thrombocytopenia”; Cluster 2: “ Anopheles stephensi ”; Cluster 3: “particles”; Cluster 4: “vector control” Cluster 5: “antibodies.” In the thematic map constructed based on keyword plus in Fig. 8 B, topics are available in the 4 themes. The motor theme includes one Cluster, which constitutes: “pregnancy,” “cross-sectional study,” and “cross-sectional studies.” The Cluster in the basic theme includes topics like; “human,” “article,” and “Sudan.” The Niche theme contains 2 clusters: Cluster 1: “antimalarials,” “drug efficacy,” and “treatment outcome”; Cluster 2: “anopheles,” “mosquito control,” and “insecticide.” The emerging theme is of one Cluster: “malaria,” “animals,” and “non-human.” Discussion The ongoing conflict in Sudan has led to one of the most urgent humanitarian crises ever reported in the world, displacing millions of people, destroying the country's health systems, and leaving a fragile healthcare system. The ongoing war creates violence and instability that has further undermined access to essential medical services and resources, exacerbating public health challenges across the country. The public health challenge passing across the country are especially an evident in the resurgence of infectious diseases among displaced populations [76]. Prior to the current conflict, Sudan had made substantial progress in controlling infectious diseases, including malaria, through targeted public health interventions [77]. These achievements were the outcome of years of dedicated collaboration between national and international health organizations. However, the ongoing conflict has swiftly reversed much of this progress, disrupting malaria control programs and resulting in to increase the morbidity and mortality rates Healthcare facilities have been destroyed while healthcare workers confront immense challenges such as shortages of critical supplies, threats to their safety, and the overwhelming responsibility of providing basic care services to a population in crisis [78]. For instance, malaria, which had been steadily declining in many regions, is now spreading rapidly, especially in areas with high concentrations of displaced populations like Kassala, Gadarif, Post Sudan, and Northern state [79]. Various quantitative systematic analyses were published regarding malaria in Sudan, however, up to our knowledge, no qualitative analysis had been conducted to explore the literature manipulating this issue. This first bibliometric analysis visualizes the scientific publications, identifies emerging trends and research topics in malaria in Sudan, analyzes research collaborations, and highlights influential research groups and as well as collaborative clusters in the field. It also helps lay the groundwork for new or emerging aspects of the topic within the malaria in Sudan research areas. The scientific production on malaria in Sudan demonstrated a continuous growth trend between 1978 and 2022, with three notable peaks, the highest reaching 17 in 2004. However, a sharp decline to 5 publications was observed in 2023, likely attributable to the outbreak of armed conflict in April 2023. Despite the persistent burden of malaria in Sudan, the overall annual growth rate of scholarly publications in the Scopus database remained relatively low at 6.86%. The limited volume of scientific publications on malaria in Sudan highlights a significant research gap that warrants urgent attention. To address this shortfall, it is recommended that national research institutions, academic bodies, and funding agencies prioritize support for studies in this area. Encouraging interdisciplinary collaborations, increasing research funding, and integrating the topic into academic curricula can foster greater scholarly engagement. Moreover, creating supportive policies and infrastructure for research dissemination will be essential in promoting sustained scientific output. Enhancing research capacity in this field is critical to generating context-specific evidence that can inform effective policy and practice [80]. The citation analysis of the related documents helps confirm the identity of the most-cited articles, emphasizing their great importance among scholars. The articles published between 1956 and 2024 received 22.67 Average citations per document. The mean total citation per article increased from 0.2 in 1990 to a peak of 3.6 in 2014. However, it had started declining since then until it reached the bottom of 0.3 in 2023. The analysis does not provide strong evidence of a meaningful relationship between the number of publications and their citation impact (either per article or per year). As the number of articles increases, the average total citations per article tends to decrease slightly; however, this relationship is not statistically significant. (r = -0.221, p = 0.182). Similarly, a non-significant positive correlation was found between the number of articles and the mean total citations per year (r = 0.199, p = 0.231). This indicates a slight tendency for annual citations to increase as more articles are published, but again, the association is not statistically significant. The documents showed 53.75% International co-authorships. International co-authorships are widely encouraged by research funders in the belief that it is beneficial for scientific progress. Published collaboration between high research expenditure economies was thought to generate higher-quality research [81]. Knowing that at the global level, the share of publications representing international collaboration has gradually increased from 4.7% in 1980 to 25.7% in 2021[82], there was a higher International co-authorships in malaria in Sudan research. This reflects the high interest of the international health community in finding solutions to the problem of malaria in Sudan. ADAM I. from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan, is the most prolific and active author, with 90 articles and an h-index of 26 [83],[84],[85],[86]. There was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of Publications and the Total Number of Citations (r = 0.742, p = 0.000). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of Publications and h_index (r = 0.984, p-value = 0.000); this means that as the number of publications increases, the number of citations also tends to increase, translated as an increase in the h_index which reflects the scientific community interest in such articles. The h_index evaluates the cumulative scholarly impact of an author’s performance. It measures the quantitative (productivity) and qualitative (citations) research work as a single number, meaning that neither a few papers that are highly cited nor too many papers with very few citations will produce a high h-index. Despite the recent doubt and debate about the use of the h-index, it is still used to evaluate the cumulative scholarly impact of an author’s performance [87]. It is interesting to note that the most influential and cited malaria in Sudan articles worldwide primarily came from Sudan (138), the United Kingdom (14), and Bahrain (10), followed by Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Denmark, Sweden, Australia, Qatar, and China, respectively. Additionally, both single-country (SCP) and multiple-country publication (MCP) counts increase strongly and significantly as the total number of publications increases, with single-country publications showing a slightly stronger relationship. 5 of the 10 most cited articles were published by non-Sudanese authors. This may suggest a strong international interest in the topic, but it also highlights a potential gap in local research leadership and capacity. The number of scientific Institutions or affiliations involved (799) provides evidence that research institutions play a crucial role in driving the research productivity on malaria in Sudan associated publications from the Scopus database over the past 7 decades. The Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan, had the greatest influence among contributing institutions, with 30 articles and 631 citations. The Ministry of Health, recently renamed the Federal Ministry of Health, ranked second in terms of contribution, with a total of 104 documents. The Research Institute ranked third, contributing 38 documents on malaria in Sudan. However, since it is affiliated with the University of Khartoum, this further highlights the university’s substantial contribution to malaria research in the country. “Malaria Journal” published 36 articles, followed by, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Journal. These highlighted that overall articles were published in specialized journal. “Malaria”, “Sudan”, and," plasmodium falciparum ” are the most explored keywords by authors as per the keyword and keyword plus analysis. This finding reflects the authors concern about the key determinants of malaria in Sudan. Keyword plus analysis shows that the words; “human”, “article”, and “Sudan” were predominant. Keywords Plus is as effective as Author Keywords in terms of bibliometric analysis investigating the knowledge structure of scientific fields, but it is less comprehensive in representing an article's content [88]. High Centrality & High Density of the keyword plus “Pregnancy” and “Cross-sectional study / studies” suggests a mature and structured body of research around these topics in malaria in Sudan documents. Researchers should consider developing basic themes such as "Sudan" with more specialized analysis to move them into the motor quadrant and strengthen connections between niche themes (e.g., treatment outcomes) and broader public health issues to increase their centrality. Emerging themes in phase of Authors keyword and keyword plus suggest future research directions focusing on new and emerging topics on “thrombocytopenia”, “anopheles stephensi”, “antibodies”, “animal”, and “non-human”. Anopheles stephensi , a highly competent vector of P. falciparum and P. vivax , is considered an efficient vector of urban malaria. Until 2011, the reported distribution of An. stephensi was confined to certain countries in South-East Asia and large parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The vector has been reported from the Republic of the Sudan in 2019 [89]. Keyword analysis did not highlight “ACT-resistant malaria” as emerging theme or high centrality topic in malaria in Sudan researches. The emergence of drug-resistant malaria, including ACT resistance, is a serious public health issue in many regions, including Sudan. The strengths of this study are that it is, up to our knowledge, the only qualitative and thematic analysis of the most comprehensive literature on malaria in Sudan and it has highlighted how far the scientific research. The study also has some limitations. Here, we used the Scopus database as the only database used for the identification of publications. Hence, some publications included in other databases (e.g., WOS, PubMed, Midline, and Google Scholar) might have been neglected by authors. Due to limited access to reputable publishing platforms, researchers from countries such as Sudan often face challenges in disseminating their work through high-impact journals. As a result, a significant portion of malaria-related publications are indexed solely in Google Scholar, which may represent a limitation of our study. Also, this study only includes English-language Scopus journal articles. The exclusion of non-English language studies may have introduced selection bias, potentially omitting relevant findings published in other languages. This analysis provides a robust insight for understanding research performance focusing on malaria in Sudan research, as Scopus includes records from the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Furthermore, we encourage other scholars to merge the information and data derived from the other sources would have been heterogeneous, making the most comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field. Conclusion and future research directions An urgent and unified action by the national efforts and the international community as well is crucial. Global health organizations and non-governmental organizations must focus on restoring healthcare systems by rebuilding facilities and restarting malaria control efforts, ensuring the safety and support of healthcare workers through reliable access, adequate supplies, and protective measures. Furthermore, enhanced financial and logistical support is necessary to deliver essential medical services, and continuing and supporting the ongoing malaria immunization program started lately, will help to curb the spread of malaria and lower its death rates. Our findings provide an overview of the global status, research hotspots, and potential trends in malaria in Sudan research. This information can assist researchers in exploring the knowledge structure and understanding future trends in malaria in Sudan research. This study highlights the extent of malaria in Sudan and expands knowledge on the most prominent articles, authors, publishing journals, and countries involved in this field. This bibliometric analysis provides the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative overview of scientific research on malaria in Sudan. It reveals a steady growth in scholarly output from 1978 to 2022, followed by a sharp decline in 2023, likely due to the outbreak of armed conflict. Despite the persistent public health burden of malaria, the overall research productivity remains low, with an annual growth rate of only 6.86%, underscoring a significant research gap that calls for urgent attention and investment. The analysis identifies a strong positive correlation between publication volume and both citation count and h-index, reflecting increasing scientific interest in the field. However, citation impact per article has declined in recent years, and correlations between publication volume and citation metrics were not statistically significant. This may suggest that while output has increased, the impact has not necessarily kept pace. Notably, the main author in over half of the most influential articles was a non-Sudanese researcher, indicating a robust international interest but also exposing potential deficiencies in local research leadership and capacity. Moreover, the high international collaboration (53.75%), exceeding global averages, reflects international concern and support for addressing malaria in Sudan. However, this also emphasizes the need for strengthening domestic research infrastructure, leadership, and funding. Keyword and thematic analysis revealed that "malaria," "Sudan," and " Plasmodium falciparum " were central to current research. At the same time, emerging themes such as Anopheles stephensi, thrombocytopenia, and antibody responses point to future research priorities. The absence of a recent focus on ACT-resistant malaria is a concerning gap, considering its growing public health implications. Prominent institutions like the Faculty of Medicine and the University of Khartoum have led national research efforts, though overall institutional involvement remains fragmented. To address these challenges, it is essential to foster interdisciplinary collaboration, enhance funding, build research capacity, and create supportive policies for knowledge production and dissemination. Strengthening local expertise and infrastructure is critical to generating context-specific evidence that can inform effective malaria control strategies in Sudan. Declarations Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article Data Availability Study data are available publicly available in the Scopus database Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Author contributions Riad Mohammed Abdelrahman: Conceptualization, Methodology , Taha Hussein Musa: Conceptualization, Data curation , Hassan Hussein Musa: Conceptualization, Methodology , Sahar Ibrahim Gismallah: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft ,Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma: Conceptualization, Data curation , Eltieb Omer Ahmed: Writing – review & editing , Mohammed Jalal: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft . References “Malaria’s Impact Worldwide | Malaria | CDC.” Accessed: May 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/impact/index.html R. E. Howes et al. , “Global Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax.,” Am. J. Trop. Med. 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Sci. , vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 26–42, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.2478/JDIS-2023-0015. A. Elmugabil, I. Ahmed, L. E. Ali, M. Alorini, A. A. Mohmmed, and I. Adam, “Prevalence of and factors associated with placental malaria in the White Nile State: a cross-sectional study,” J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. , vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 817–821, May 2024, doi: 10.3855/JIDC.18466. K. A. Elmardi et al. , “Impact of malaria control interventions on malaria infection and anaemia in areas with irrigated schemes: a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan,” BMC Infect. Dis. , vol. 21, no. 1, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1186/S12879-021-06929-4. H. G. Eltahir, J. A. Bilal, E. A. Ali, and I. Adam, “No reduction in hemoglobin level in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria treated with artesunate in Central Sudan,” J. Trop. Pediatr. , vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 18–22, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1093/TROPEJ/FMW041,. I. Adam, M. M. Salih, A. A. Mohmmed, D. A. Rayis, and M. I. Elbashir, “Pregnant women carrying female fetuses are at higher risk of placental malaria infection,” PLoS One , vol. 12, no. 7, p. e0182394, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0182394. F. A. Shah and S. A. Jawaid, “The h-Index: An Indicator of Research and Publication Output,” Pakistan J. Med. Sci. , vol. 39, no. 2, p. 315, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.12669/PJMS.39.2.7398. J. Zhang, Q. Yu, F. Zheng, C. Long, Z. Lu, and Z. Duan, “Comparing keywords plus of WOS and author keywords,” J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. , vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 967–972, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1002/ASI.23437. “Vector alert: Anopheles stephensi invasion and spread.” Accessed: May 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news/item/26-08-2019-vector-alert-anopheles-stephensi-invasion-and-spread Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Abdelrahman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgYGCQYDMIPxMUSEuYFoLczGDCAWMyMBLQwgLRDAJg3WwkBAi3k788ObPwru5PG38x6rLqj4E83fDtTyo2IbTi0yh9mMrXkMnhVLHOZLuz3jjEHujMOMDYw9Z27jdhQzg5k0g8HhxIbDPGa3edsMchuAWpgZ2/BpYf8m+QOoZT5QSzFIy3zCWnjMJHiAWjYAtTCDtGwgQkuxNUjLxsM8xtI8Z4xzNwK1HMTrF/7jG2/++HM4cd75M4afeSrkcuedP3zwwY8K3FqwgwMkqh8Fo2AUjIJRgAYAVyZRYmdpwmMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-2739","institution":"Faculty of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Riad","middleName":"Mohammed","lastName":"Abdelrahman","suffix":""},{"id":494091015,"identity":"20a198fc-434e-4b23-b120-36da3492c9cc","order_by":1,"name":"Taha Hussein Musa","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-1943","institution":"School of Medicine \u0026 Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taha","middleName":"Hussein","lastName":"Musa","suffix":""},{"id":494091016,"identity":"c93dfaa8-696c-4e90-9399-97be3ac814f9","order_by":2,"name":"Hassan Hussein Musa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Sudan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hassan","middleName":"Hussein","lastName":"Musa","suffix":""},{"id":494091017,"identity":"bae77078-1876-4e65-a166-e1f3f66ab1dc","order_by":3,"name":"Sahar Ibrahim Gismallah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Public and Environmental Health, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sahar","middleName":"Ibrahim","lastName":"Gismallah","suffix":""},{"id":494091018,"identity":"66e90561-aee8-4757-a7aa-327c09eb033f","order_by":4,"name":"Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Development Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chiamaka","middleName":"Linda","lastName":"Mgbechidinma","suffix":""},{"id":494091019,"identity":"fd4b8e26-a2e0-4466-9c52-02102ae895d4","order_by":5,"name":"Eltieb Omer Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eltieb","middleName":"Omer","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":494091020,"identity":"998dfb10-b094-48ee-910a-8f0eca48bc4f","order_by":6,"name":"Mohammed Jalal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pharmacy College, Karary University, Khartoum, Sudan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"","lastName":"Jalal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-01 05:55:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7267728/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7267728/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88364099,"identity":"3b3b48df-24af-4fa7-83e4-cd894b592587","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 17:03:32","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plasmodium life cycle (Figure adapted and compiled from [11],[12],[13])\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/ceb1092f3bc973755b0d9ce9.png"},{"id":88364100,"identity":"30993bbb-63aa-4dbf-be20-04b7f51c0bcf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 17:03:32","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33787,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEstimated malaria cases and deaths in the WHO eastern Mediterranean region, 2000–2021 Extracted from the World Malaria Report 2022: \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064898\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064898\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/3049180e2539c4bdb79be19d.png"},{"id":88363564,"identity":"6ba9fddd-ddeb-4587-9e96-ab11eb7f4e6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 16:55:32","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal malaria deaths (Extracted from the World Malaria Report 2022; \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064898\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064898\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/5c8edc04234455b382ad43c3.png"},{"id":88364102,"identity":"3e64989f-c3f4-424e-a34b-153eb6e14cce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 17:03:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":223293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/3f754ea07ad783bae5e0f305.png"},{"id":88363568,"identity":"c63026ab-f737-45f6-95fc-f35c9c716b65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 16:55:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral information and the trend of Malaria publication in Sudan\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/a41c256a991acfc274470506.png"},{"id":88363574,"identity":"00e6b30b-bd10-4884-8681-988f57b86ce7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 16:55:33","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":120292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAnnual Scientific Production (A), and Annual trend of top 100 cited articles by year on malaria in Sudan indexed in Scopus (1956-2024) described by an Average Citation per Year (B)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/abf3bf439b6a19e96831ce80.png"},{"id":88364743,"identity":"59ee8009-5425-4dfc-a7a1-dd0909470056","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 17:11:33","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVisualization of the Institutional influence contributed in articles on malaria in Sudan (1956-2024)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/ce2feeb78197bdf4bf832e15.png"},{"id":88363581,"identity":"498d89f7-4282-47ef-a061-475211b1669f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 16:55:33","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":549950,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVisualization of Keyword (A), Keyword plus (B), and Overlay visualization of Co-occurrence analysis of Keywords Plus over the year(C)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/4e5adb2dd9ff1faa9a218cbc.png"},{"id":88364742,"identity":"1d426b42-c8d1-4ea4-acad-4a08f9523c32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 17:11:33","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThematic Map of Authors Keywords (A) and Keywords Plus (B)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/3a5eacd8456906fff0b17d31.png"},{"id":88365164,"identity":"c5fd4fea-ac14-4be6-9b18-068d582dca6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 17:19:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2783298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7267728/v1/73387543-bf92-4c29-a023-aa623d5f665b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSystematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Malaria Research in Sudan\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePublished\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ein Scopus Database: Trends and Focus Areas (1956–2024)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMalaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted to humans by female \u003cem\u003eAnopheles\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes. It primarily influences people in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with limited basic resources and healthcare infrastructure, such as screened housing or medical facilities equipped for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, which are limited [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParasites cause malaria and are typically distinct by recurring fever, anemia, and enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium species\u003c/em\u003e, especially \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e, are responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths globally. Other species, including \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. ovale\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP. malariae\u003c/em\u003e, are generally associated with milder forms of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther scholars reported that \u003cem\u003eP. Vivax\u003c/em\u003e presents the highest risk to global health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e which predominantly found in Africa presented among is the most lethal species and is, while \u003cem\u003eP. Vivax\u003c/em\u003e is the most prevalent outside of sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfection starts when a Female Anopheles mosquito injects the parasites, in the form of sporozoites, into the human bloodstream. Then, sporozoites migrate to the liver, where they go through asexual replication for approximately 7 to 10 days. This initial stage is asymptomatic. Following this hepatic phase, the parasites, now transformed into merozoites, are released from liver cells within vesicles and subsequently travel through the heart to the pulmonary capillaries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe vesicles eventually rupture, releasing the merozoites into the bloodstream, where they later attack red blood cells (erythrocytes) and multiply. As the infected erythrocytes burst, the merozoites are released and proceed to infect additional red blood cells. Clinical symptoms, such as fever, arise in synchrony with the cyclical rupture of these infected erythrocytes. This process releases both cellular and parasitic debris, including malarial pigment (hemozoin) and glycophosphatidylinositol, a molecule believed to act as the primary 'malaria toxin'[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Plasmodium life cycle shows the complex interactions between the parasite and the human host (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Among the species, \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e has been the primary focus of research due to its association with the most severe clinical manifestations of malaria. Other human-infecting species include \u003cem\u003eP. ovale\u003c/em\u003e (comprising two subspecies: \u003cem\u003eP. o. curtisi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. o. wallikeri\u003c/em\u003e), \u003cem\u003eP. vivax, P. malariae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP. knowlesi.\u003c/em\u003e While \u003cem\u003eP. knowlesi\u003c/em\u003e can also lead to life-threatening infections, there have been rare but documented cases of severe disease and fatalities due to \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e, particularly involving complications such as severe respiratory distress and anemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaria infection during pregnancy poses significant health risk factors for pregnant women and girls, as well as for the fetus and newborn. Malaria is reported to be the main contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth and preterm birth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, Malaria accounted for 61% (266,000) of deaths caused among the vulnerable groups of children under 5 years old [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe characteristic malarial paroxysms episodes of chills and fever typically align with the cyclical release of merozoites and other pyrogens into the bloodstream. In \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e infections, this periodic pattern may be less distinct. However, infections with \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. ovale\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e generally exhibit a tertian periodicity, with paroxysms occurring every 48 hours, while \u003cem\u003eP. malariae\u003c/em\u003e displays a quartan periodicity, with 72-hour intervals between episodes. Unlike \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. malariae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. ovale\u003c/em\u003e have a dormant liver stage in the exoerythrocytic phase, known as hypnozoites, which can remain in the host for months or even years and reactivate to cause relapses of the blood-stage infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that approximately 2.2\u0026nbsp;billion malaria cases and 12.7\u0026nbsp;million deaths have been prevented since the year 2000. Despite this progress, malaria remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in the WHO African Region. This region accounts for about 95% of malaria-related deaths, largely due to persistent gaps in access to essential prevention, diagnostic, and treatment services for those at risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Up to recent years, there have been 246\u0026nbsp;million cases and 569,000 deaths in the WHO African Region. Over the past 5 years, between 2019 and 2023, estimated malaria cases and deaths increased by 23\u0026nbsp;million and 24 000, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrior the humanitarian crises due to the ongoing war, only over 25.4% prevalence of malaria reported among Sudanese populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Region-specific data indicate significant variability in prevalence, particularly among pregnant women. A study conducted between July and December 2018 reported the highest prevalence in western Sudan (60.6%), followed by central (27.8%), southeast (19.9%), and northern Sudan (9.2%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, according to recent WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region accounted for 54% of estimated cases and 58% of malaria-related deaths in 2021. Over 90% of malaria mortality is caused by \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e, and the remaining 11% of cases are attributed to \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the 2024 World Malaria Report, Sudan experienced 0.16% malaria deaths per 1,000 population at risk. Between 2022 and 2023, the World Malaria Report 2022 revealed 1.3% malaria deaths in Sudan (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The primary malaria vectors in the country are \u003cem\u003eAnopheles arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAn. gambiae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAn. funestus\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, the invasive vector \u003cem\u003eAn. Stephens\u003c/em\u003e was reported in 2019. Peak breeding seasons vary by species, occurring from March to May for \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e and July to November for \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it has been difficult to obtain sufficiently current reliable data to estimate the recent trends of the burden of malaria in Sudan due to the ongoing war.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChallenges towards malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the challenge of control and prevention strategies, the WHO Global Malaria Program (GMP) oversees the coordination of the WHO worldwide initiatives to control and eradicate malaria. Its activities are directed by the \"Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030,\" which was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 and subsequently updated in 2021[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFacing growing financial limitations, WHO collaborated with National Malaria Programs (NMPs) and partners to develop “guiding principles” for prioritizing high-impact malaria interventions. Released in May 2024, this guidance assists malaria programs in selecting the most effective combination of interventions in resource-constrained settings. Additionally, throughout 2023 and 2024, WHO issued important technical guidance and reports on key areas, including vector control, chemoprevention, vaccines, case management, and malaria elimination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first historical efforts towards malaria control program in Sudan was initiated in Khartoum state the capital of Sudan in 1904. This early program, which developed by Dr. Andrew Balfour using retained oil and environmental management, successfully reduced malaria incidence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the arms of Sudan Ministry of Health battle against malaria, the Sudan National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) is a key institution aimed at combating malaria. The NMCP, based in Khartoum, implements various strategies including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, with a focus on community engagement and education. Key interventions include the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch and data collection are fundamental to the National Malaria Control Program’s (NMCP) activities, enabling evidence-based decisions and policy development. The program has played a crucial role in advancing knowledge of malaria epidemiology in Sudan, with numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of various treatment protocols and control strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Sudan, at the level of national institutions, there are several organizations and institutions involved in malaria research, including the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (TMRI) and the Institute of Endemic Diseases at the University of Khartoum. The TMRI, located in Khartoum, focuses on advancing knowledge in tropical medicine, including malaria research. The Institute of Endemic Diseases is a research and training center for endemic diseases, including malaria, and is a platform for biomedical and clinical research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrug resistance has long been and continues to be, a major challenge in malaria control, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The recent appearance of partial resistance to artemisinin in several locations worldwide poses a significant threat to the effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy, which is reported as the first line of drug use for the treatment of \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria in most endemic regions in Sudan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrug resistance has been confirmed by scholars in \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e, while its presence in \u003cem\u003eP. malariae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. ovale\u003c/em\u003e remains unclear. \u003cem\u003eP. knowlesi\u003c/em\u003e is considered fully susceptible to current antimalarial drugs. The WHO defines drug resistance as a parasite's ability to survive or multiply despite appropriate drug treatment within tolerated doses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrug resistance arises as a result of randomly occurring genetic mutations in the parasite population. Thus, patients with hyperparasitaemia are thought to be an important source of de novo resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince the spread of chloroquine resistance reported in \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e in early 1960s, recommendations health organizations have been made on how to respond to antimalarial resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe global database on antimalarial drug efficacy and resistance was initiated in 2000 to centralize data and facilitate reporting on the status of antimalarial drug efficacy in malaria-endemic countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegardless of drug resistance, populations in malaria-endemic regions should consistently use long-lasting insecticidal nets to lower their risk of infection. Since nets offer only partial protection, prioritizing the development of additional vector control methods is essential to further reduce the persistently high malaria burden [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition the site of molecular biology of insecticide resistance is the key issue in understanding and overcoming this emerging problems of malaria globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccine towards Malaria Prevention and Control\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaria vaccine is one of the thoughtful spaces in tropical health research, bearing in mind the success recorded in other vaccine-preventable diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The scientific efforts has been documented over last one and half decades with shown a significant increase in malaria vaccine research and citations, essentially pointing vaccine development, vaccine safety, and efficacy in Africa within different \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium\u003c/em\u003e species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes malaria vaccines as a crucial component in combating the disease. Since 2021, WHO has recommended the broad use of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine, and in 2023, it endorsed the R21/Matrix-M vaccine. These vaccines are particularly important for preventing malaria in children and are being incorporated into routine childhood immunization schedules [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. However, scaling up malaria vaccination faces recurrent challenges with immunization, such as supply chain, waning immunity, and funding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSudan is implementing malaria vaccination programs, prioritizing children in malaria-endemic areas with moderate to high transmission started in November 2024, making it the first country in WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Region to benefit [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHistorical trends of literature on malaria in Sudan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies about malaria in Sudan started as early as 1960s. A national sample survey was conducted to estimate malaria infection prevalence, covering all states that now form the Republic of Sudan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the early 1960s the WHO recommended that a national pre-eradication survey be undertaken across the whole of Sudan to support plans for a country-wide malaria eradication program [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA longitudinal serological study of malaria was conducted in 1976 when Sudan was considered as part of Sudan Savana geographical area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. However, studies manipulated Sudan as a country started as early as 1978; an in vivo study was carried out in, using the WHO standard in vivo test for 28 days in Gezira in Northern Sudan, and for 7 days in Bor (Now in Republic of Southern Sudan) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1980 Akood, MAS. published his PhD thesis from “London School of Hygiene \u0026amp; Tropical Medicine” about “the Use of Serology and Of Tests for Drug And Insecticide Resistance in studying Problems Of Malaria Control in the Sudan\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePurpose of this study\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaria is considering a significant public health issue among others reported disease in Sudan with top 10 leading cause of morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among children and pregnant women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Although advances have been made through vector control and chemoprevention, the rise of insecticide and drug resistance sustains the disease's heavy burden. This review seeks to examine Scopus-indexed studies by analyzing patterns, themes, emerging topics, trends, and potential future directions in malaria research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough there is subnational contribution shows using qualitative methods over the past year globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e], there is no systematic and thematic analysis focus on research on malaria in Sudan in the quantitative data but not in qualitative aspects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is a substantial body of global and local literature on malaria studies related to Sudan; however, studies that specifically mention 'malaria' and related keywords along with 'Sudan' in the title are relatively limited. As such, a comprehensive understanding of the previously published research topics on Malaria in Sudan would be a valuable tool in evaluating the current status and future directions of Malaria prevention, control, and vaccine development toward a better understanding of the ways to control and prevention of diseases. In addition, the analysis will help promote basic, clinical, and operational research on malaria in collaboration with national and international institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo the best of our knowledge, there is no previous qualitative analysis of studies examining malaria in Sudan. Therefore, this review will explore the published articles that have studied this issue since the country's independence in 1956 until 2024. This study examines the implications of systematic and thematic trends through bibliometric analysis to assess the growth and evaluation of research across various scientific fields. The data was collected using various metrics to assess impact and performance indicators within research policy and the broader research ecosystem. Given the rising demand for these types of analyses, particularly among policymakers and funding agencies, they are becoming increasingly crucial for evaluating research productivity and impact within the scientific literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBibliometric studies effectively track overall research trends and analyze connections between authors and research institutions within different research area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, this study aims to examine the characteristics of the articles on malaria in Sudan indexed in the Scopus database, employing both systematic and thematic analysis as approach has gradually emerged as a valuable method for the professional community. The current investigations aim to answer the following scientific inquiries:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this review, we visualize the results obtained from Scopus database and summarize the research hotspots and development trends, and research gap. Building upon the practical consistency in exploring global trends in malaria in Sudan research using systematic and thematic analysis. The goal is to contribute to the growing scientific body of evidence in fields by tracking the growth of research in malaria in Sudan, understanding key contributions of authors, and corresponding authorship countries, and exploring changes in identifying, analyzing, and interpreting pattern’s themes, emerge topics, and authorship over time within qualitative data accessed within the field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSources of data\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetadata towards exploring global malaria in Sudan research trends using Scopus databases (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.scopus.com/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.scopus.com/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The Scopus database is a platform provides a unique advanced search world’s most trusted citation index for scientific and scholarly research used to provide researchers with a comprehensive dataset used subsequently for bibliometric analysis across many disciplines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn May 18th, 2025 we searched the Scopus database for articles on malaria in Sudan research in peer-reviewed journals indexed in the Scopus Database. A flow chart of article screening is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThen, a Boolean search process includes the subject term search formula: Title (T) in Scopus databases related to spatial malaria in Sudan as (TITLE({Malaria} AND {Sudan} OR plasmodium OR falciparum OR vivax) AND PUBYEAR \u0026gt; 1955 AND PUBYEAR \u0026lt; 2025 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( AFFILCOUNTRY,\"Sudan\" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, “ar\" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE,re\" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, “English\" ) ) )The metadata on global malaria in Sudan researches were extracted by authors on May 18th, 2025 to avoids daily updating bias since the database is still open, and the average of citation can increase per day. Once the databases were defined by authors based on the availability and data accessibility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince Scopus indexing tends to begin in the mid‑1960s; malaria‑focused output may appear in small numbers until the 1990s. A sharp rise is expected between the 1990s and early 2000s, accelerating further from 2010 onwards, aligned with growing international attention and external funding in tropical disease research in Sudan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe search record on global documents associated to malaria in Sudan indexed Scopus was 252 documents after filtered by document type (review OR article) and language (English).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe search was performed on May 18th, 2025, from Scopus database was collected and exported to RIS, BibTeX, and CSV format. The proposed analysis was set screen malaria in Sudan from the period was limited to the year 1956–2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall document of malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus databases was included in our analysis. The exclusion criteria including all type of reported documents such as (letter, note, conference paper, short survey, editorial, book chapter, erratum, early access, proceeding paper, and undefined) publication were excluded form Scopus), moreover non-English other records were removed due to language: Spanish, French, and Italian were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA Bibliometric Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistical analysis of key metadata, time series of publications, and sources of local impact, author impact analysis, leading institutions, leading countries, and publication performance was performed using the Bibliometrix tool in R for Windows. VOS viewer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e] software was utilized for visual analysis of co-authorship networks, co-occurrence of reported keywords, and citation \u0026amp; co-citation maps based on bibliographic data. Thematic map visualization and evaluation were conducted using Bibliometrix to carry out conceptual network analysis, factorial analysis, and social network analysis, including collaboration network analysis and country collaboration maps was analyzed using R. Studio version 4.4.3 software, and bibliometrix, an R-Package and online Analysis Platform. GraphPad Prism 9 (version 9.2.0, GraphPad Software LLC, United States), and \u003cem\u003eOriginPro 2019 v9.6\u003c/em\u003e was used for inference statistical analysis and to correlation between study variables. P-value at level less or equal to 0.05 was considered acceptable as statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrends in Global Publication \u0026amp; main characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 5 shows the descriptive summary statistics analysis of the article published on malaria in Sudan, including year, sources, annual growth, document contents, authors, and document types during the period year 1956- 2024. The final dataset comprised 252 documents, including articles and reviews published across 105 sources by 1,279 authors. Of these, 9 were single-authored, and 53.57% involved international co-authorship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance Analysis on malaria in Sudan associated publications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the annual Number of publications and citations on malaria in Sudan-associated publications from the Scopus database from 1956\u0026ndash;2024. There is a continuous growth trend in scientific output between 1978 and 2022. Three peaks were seen in 2004 (17 documents), 2009 (15 documents), and 2021(16 documents), drop again in 2023 (5 documents), and rise again in 2024 (8 documents). The general annual growth rate was 6.86%. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mean of the Total Citation Per Article (MeanTCperArt) shows peaks in 1998, 2014, and 2016, reaching a bottom in 1990 and 2023 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA non-significant negative correlation between the Number of articles and MeanTCperArt was observed (r = -0.221, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.182). In contrast, a non-significant positive correlation was reported between the number of publications and MeanTCperYear (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.199, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.231).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop 10 top Authors\u0026apos; Local Impact based on h_index on malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus database (1956\u0026ndash;2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthor (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1279)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh_index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg_index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003em_index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePY_start\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdam I.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElbashir M.I.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalik E.M.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheander T.G.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGiha H.A.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElmardi K.A.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElghazali G.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Elbasit I.E.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHviid l.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMohmmed A.A.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTNC, Total number of citations; TNP, Total number of publications, PY_start; Publication year start.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 1279 authors contributed to the global research on malaria in Sudan. Documents published by ADAM I. (h_index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26) received a high index, followed by ELBASHIR MI. (h_index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20), and MALIK EM. (h_index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14), respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a significant positive correlation between Total Number publications \u0026amp; Total number of citations (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.742, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), a significant positive correlation between Total Number Publications and h_index (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.984, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), a significant positive correlation between the Total Number publications and g_index (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.930, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), and a significant positive correlation between the Total Number publications and the m_index (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.381, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding Author\u0026apos;s Countries and National and international Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn analysis of the global malaria in Sudan publication reveals contributions from 71 countries, with 53.57% international co-authorships (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e details the top 10 countries contributing to malaria in Sudan research productivity. Sudan emerges as the most prolific contributor, with 138 total publications (54.8%), including (SCP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85) single-country publications and multi-country publications (MCP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53). UNITED KINGDOM follows with 14 publications (5.6%), comprising (SCP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0) and (MCP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14). Additionally, BAHRAIN ranks among the leading contributors with 10 publications (4%), among them (SCP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) and (MCP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9). There was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of publications \u0026amp; SCP (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.993, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) and the Total Number of publications \u0026amp; MCP (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.983, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe top most cited articles are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountries\u0026apos; Scientific Production on malaria in Sudan and most cited countries associated publications from Scopus database (1956\u0026ndash;2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArticles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArticles %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCP %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSudan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBahrain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDenmark\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQatar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTNP: Number of publications; TNC: Total Number of Citations; SCP: Single Country Publication (Intra-Country Collaboration). MCP: Multiple Country Publications (Inter-Country Collaboration).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop 10 most cited documents on Malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus database (1956 to 2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthor/journal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Citations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTC per Year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormalized TC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoper C., 1996, AM J TROP MED HYG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetection of very low-level \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e infections using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearce R.J., 2009, PLOS MED\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple origins and regional dispersal of resistant dhps in African \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCavanagh D.R., 1998, J IMMUNOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA Longitudinal Study of Type-Specific Antibody Responses to \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in an Area of Unstable Malaria in Sudan[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBabiker H.A., 1998, AM J TROP MED HYG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGiha H.A., 2000, IMMUNOL LETT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibodies to variable \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e-infected erythrocyte surface antigens are associated with protection from novel malaria infections[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbdulla S., 2016, BMC MED\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGametocyte carriage in uncomplicated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria following treatment with artemisinin combination therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoper C., 1998, PARASITOLOGY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeasonal changes in the \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElmardi K.A., 2009, Malaria J\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeasibility and acceptability of home-based management of malaria strategy adapted to Sudan\u0026apos;s conditions using artemisinin-based combination therapy and rapid diagnostic test[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHviid L., 1991, EUR J IMMUNOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransient depletion of T cells with high LFA-1 expression from peripheral circulation during acute \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgeep T.B., 2009, MALARIA J\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito \u003cem\u003eAnopheles arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e in northern Sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTop 10 journals published articles on malaria in Sudan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf 105 journals contributed to publishing 252 documents on Malaria in Sudan associated publications in the Scopus database. At the top of the first 10 sources is; \u0026ldquo;Malaria Journal\u0026rdquo; with 36 Total Publications (TNP) and 985 Total Citations (TNC), followed by \u0026ldquo;Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology\u0026rdquo; with 14 TNP and 281 TNC. (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). There was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of publications \u0026amp; the Total number of citations (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.860, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop 10 number of journals on malaria in Sudan associated publications from Scopus database by the number of local citations h_index (1956 to 2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh_index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg_index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003em_index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePY_start\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJIF*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaria Journal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnals of Tropical Medicine and parasitology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEastern Mediterranean Health Journal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParasites and Vectors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActa Tropica\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic Pathology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaudi Medical Journal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJournal of Infection in Developing Countries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTNP: Total Number of Publication; TNC; Total Number of Citations; PY_start; Publication year start; JIF; Journal Impact Factor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e*Source: Scimago Journal \u0026amp; Country Rank: Citation Impact 2023\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of top 10 relevant affiliations or Institution Influence (1956 to 2024)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 799 Institutions were reported. A large number of scientific Institutions provide evidence that research institutions play a crucial role in driving the research productivity on malaria in Sudan associated publications from the Scopus database in the duration1956 to 2024. \u0026ldquo;Faculty of Medicine, faculty, and the University of Khartoum\u0026rdquo; in Khartoum has the greater influence of these institutions with 348 articles, followed by the Federal Ministry of Health, 58\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;46 articles, and Tropical Medicine Research Institute within the University of Khartoum with 38 articles. (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e details the number of articles and citations and the total link strength of the first 20 institutions involved in malaria articles in Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Top 10 most University influence contributed in articles on malaria in Sudan (1956\u0026ndash;2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstitution (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;799)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArticles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Khartoum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFederal Ministry of Health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinistry of Health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTropical Medicine Research Institute\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Gezira\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStockholm University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMahidol University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Halfa Teaching Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Kassala\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Edinburgh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of detailed Top 20 most Institutional influence contributed in articles on malaria in Sudan based on documents\u0026rsquo; number (1956\u0026ndash;2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstitution (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;799)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocuments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Link Strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Department of biochemistry, faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Faculty of medical laboratory sciences, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Institute of endemic diseases, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;New halfa teaching hospital, new halfa, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Department of immunology, Wenner Gren institute, Stockholm university, Stockholm, Sweden\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;New halfa hospital, new halfa, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Department of biochemistry, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Department of community medicine, faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Faculty of medicine, ribat university, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, sedan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;New halfa teaching hospital, new halfa, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Department of biochemistry, faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Department of microbiology, Brigham young university, Provo, Ut, united states\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Department of parasitology and medical entomology, institute of endemic diseases, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Faculty of medicine, Kassala university, Kassala, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Faculty of medicine, university of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Tropical medicine research institute, national Centre for research, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKeywords analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the co-occurrence analysis shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e using VOS viewer, the total number of identified author keywords is 349, and the keyword plus is 2001. The Author keyword \u0026quot;malaria\u0026quot; appears 67 times with a total link strength (TLS) of 83, followed by \u0026quot;Sudan\u0026quot; with 64 occurrences and 90 TLS, then\u0026quot; plasmodium falciparum\u0026quot; with 31 occurrences and 38 TLS. (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eA) In the keyword plus analysis, the words \u0026quot;human\u0026quot; occurring were 222 with 1371 TLS. The words indicated \u0026quot;article\u0026quot; occurrence total 215, with 1352 TLS, and the word \u0026quot;Sudan\u0026quot; occurring of 205, TLS 1295. (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eB)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverlay visualization of Co-occurrence analysis of Keywords Plus over the year in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eC shows that new and emerging topics by the end of 2011 are around the words; \u0026quot;cross-sectional studies,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;cross-sectional study,\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;non-human.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo-occurrence of the keywords through VOS viewer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccurrences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Link Strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor keyword (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;349)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSudan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlasmodium Falciparum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere Malaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCytokines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArtesunate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicroscopy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKeyword Plus (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2001)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSudan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHumans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlasmodium Falciparum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControlled Study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMajor Clinical Study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThematic analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003eA, the thematic map was constructed based on author keywords and was mapped into four themes: niche (left top), motor (top right), emerging or declining (left bottom), and basic themes (right bottom). In motor themes, well-developed research themes are including 4 clusters. Cluster 1:\u0026rdquo; malaria,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Sudan,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eplasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 2: \u0026ldquo;microscopy,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;diagnosis,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Treatment\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 3: \u0026ldquo;p-vivax,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;artemether-lumefantrine,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;mpv\u0026rdquo;: Cluster 4: \u0026ldquo;prevalence,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;risk factors,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;mortality.\u0026rdquo; Moreover, there are basic themes in most scholarly production of malaria in Sudan research. This theme is of 4 clusters: Cluster 1 includes: \u0026ldquo;anemia\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;malaria infection\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 2: \u0026ldquo;resistance\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;combination\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 3: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eanopheles arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;unstable malaria\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 4: \u0026ldquo;parasitemia.\u0026rdquo; Niche themes are represented in three clusters (top left): Cluster 1 includes themes such as \u0026ldquo;severe malaria,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;msp2\u0026rdquo; (Merozoite surface protein 2), and \u0026ldquo;genetic diversity.\u0026rdquo; Cluster 2 includes \u0026ldquo;South Sudan,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;internally displaced,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;resettled population.\u0026rdquo; Cluster 3 is of one theme: \u0026ldquo;epidemic.\u0026rdquo; The emerging theme includes 5 Clusters: Cluster 1: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003efalciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;thrombocytopenia\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 2: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 3: \u0026ldquo;particles\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 4: \u0026ldquo;vector control\u0026rdquo; Cluster 5: \u0026ldquo;antibodies.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the thematic map constructed based on keyword plus in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eB, topics are available in the 4 themes. The motor theme includes one Cluster, which constitutes: \u0026ldquo;pregnancy,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;cross-sectional study,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;cross-sectional studies.\u0026rdquo; The Cluster in the basic theme includes topics like; \u0026ldquo;human,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;article,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Sudan.\u0026rdquo; The Niche theme contains 2 clusters: Cluster 1: \u0026ldquo;antimalarials,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;drug efficacy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;treatment outcome\u0026rdquo;; Cluster 2: \u0026ldquo;anopheles,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;mosquito control,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;insecticide.\u0026rdquo; The emerging theme is of one Cluster: \u0026ldquo;malaria,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;animals,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;non-human.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ongoing conflict in Sudan has led to one of the most urgent humanitarian crises ever reported in the world, displacing millions of people, destroying the country's health systems, and leaving a fragile healthcare system. The ongoing war creates violence and instability that has further undermined access to essential medical services and resources, exacerbating public health challenges across the country.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe public health challenge passing across the country are especially an \u0026nbsp;evident in the resurgence of infectious diseases among displaced populations [76].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to the current conflict, Sudan had made substantial progress in controlling infectious diseases, including malaria, through targeted public health interventions [77].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese achievements were the outcome of years of dedicated collaboration between national and international health organizations. However, the ongoing conflict has swiftly reversed much of this progress, disrupting malaria control programs and resulting in to increase the morbidity and mortality rates\u0026nbsp;Healthcare facilities have been destroyed while healthcare workers confront immense challenges such as shortages of critical supplies, threats to their safety, and the overwhelming responsibility of providing basic care services to a population in crisis [78]. \u0026nbsp;For instance, malaria, which had been steadily declining in many regions, is now spreading rapidly, especially in areas with high concentrations of displaced populations like Kassala, Gadarif, Post Sudan, and Northern state [79].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious quantitative systematic analyses were published regarding malaria in Sudan, however, up to our knowledge, no qualitative analysis had been conducted to explore the literature manipulating this issue. This first bibliometric analysis visualizes the scientific publications, identifies emerging trends and research topics in malaria in Sudan, analyzes research collaborations, and highlights influential research groups and as well as collaborative clusters in the field. It also helps lay the groundwork for new or emerging aspects of the topic within the malaria in Sudan research areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scientific production on malaria in Sudan demonstrated a continuous growth trend between 1978 and 2022, with three notable peaks, the highest reaching 17 in 2004. However, a sharp decline to 5 publications was observed in 2023, likely attributable to the outbreak of armed conflict in April 2023. Despite the persistent burden of malaria in Sudan, the overall annual growth rate of scholarly publications in the Scopus database remained relatively low at 6.86%. The limited volume of scientific publications on malaria in Sudan highlights a significant research gap that warrants urgent attention. To address this shortfall, it is recommended that national research institutions, academic bodies, and funding agencies prioritize support for studies in this area. Encouraging interdisciplinary collaborations, increasing research funding, and integrating the topic into academic curricula can foster greater scholarly engagement. Moreover, creating supportive policies and infrastructure for research dissemination will be essential in promoting sustained scientific output. Enhancing research capacity in this field is critical to generating context-specific evidence that can inform effective policy and practice [80]. The citation analysis of the related documents helps confirm the identity of the most-cited articles, emphasizing their great importance among scholars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe articles published between 1956 and 2024 received 22.67 Average citations per document.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean total citation per article increased from 0.2 in 1990 to a peak of 3.6 in 2014. However, it had started declining since then until it reached the bottom of 0.3 in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis does not provide strong evidence of a meaningful relationship between the number of publications and their citation impact (either per article or per year). As the number of articles increases, the average total citations per article tends to decrease slightly; however, this relationship is not statistically significant. (r = -0.221, p = 0.182). Similarly, a non-significant positive correlation was found between the number of articles and the mean total citations per year (r = 0.199, p = 0.231). This indicates a slight tendency for annual citations to increase as more articles are published, but again, the association is not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe documents showed 53.75% International co-authorships. International co-authorships are widely encouraged by research funders in the belief that it is beneficial for scientific progress. Published collaboration between high research expenditure economies was thought to generate higher-quality research [81].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowing that at the global level, the share of publications representing international collaboration has gradually increased from 4.7% in 1980 to 25.7% in 2021[82], there was a higher International co-authorships in malaria in Sudan research. This reflects the high interest of the international health community in finding solutions to the problem of malaria in Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eADAM I. from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan, is the most prolific and active author, with 90 articles and an h-index of 26 [83],[84],[85],[86].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of Publications and the Total Number of Citations (r = 0.742, p = 0.000).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, there was a significant positive correlation between the Total Number of Publications and h_index (r = 0.984, p-value = 0.000); this means that as the number of publications increases, the number of citations also tends to increase, translated as an increase in the h_index which reflects the scientific community interest in such articles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe h_index evaluates the cumulative scholarly impact of an author’s performance. It measures the quantitative (productivity) and qualitative (citations) research work as a single number, meaning that neither a few papers that are highly cited nor too many papers with very few citations will produce a high h-index. Despite the recent doubt and debate about the use of the h-index, it is still used to evaluate the cumulative scholarly impact of an author’s performance [87].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is interesting to note that the most influential and cited malaria in Sudan articles worldwide primarily came from Sudan (138), the United Kingdom (14), and Bahrain (10), followed by Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Denmark, Sweden, Australia, Qatar, and China, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, both single-country (SCP) and multiple-country publication (MCP) counts increase strongly and significantly as the total number of publications increases, with single-country publications showing a slightly stronger relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 of the 10 most cited articles were published by non-Sudanese authors. This may suggest a strong international interest in the topic, but it also highlights a potential gap in local research leadership and capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of scientific Institutions or affiliations involved (799) provides evidence that research institutions play a crucial role in driving the research productivity on malaria in Sudan associated publications from the Scopus database over the past 7 decades. The Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan, had the greatest influence among contributing institutions, with 30 articles and 631 citations. The Ministry of Health, recently renamed the Federal Ministry of Health, ranked second in terms of contribution, with a total of 104 documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Research Institute ranked third, contributing 38 documents on malaria in Sudan. However, since it is affiliated with the University of Khartoum, this further highlights the university’s substantial contribution to malaria research in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Malaria Journal” published 36 articles, followed by, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Journal. These highlighted that overall articles were published in specialized journal.\u0026nbsp;“Malaria”, “Sudan”, and,\" \u003cem\u003eplasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e” are the most explored keywords by authors as per the keyword and keyword plus analysis. This finding reflects the authors concern about the key determinants of malaria in Sudan. Keyword plus analysis shows that the words; “human”, “article”, and “Sudan” were predominant. Keywords Plus is as effective as Author Keywords in terms of bibliometric analysis investigating the knowledge structure of scientific fields, but it is less comprehensive in representing an article's content [88].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh Centrality \u0026amp; High Density of the keyword plus “Pregnancy” and “Cross-sectional study / studies” suggests a mature and structured body of research around these topics in malaria in Sudan documents. Researchers should consider developing basic themes such as \"Sudan\" with more specialized analysis to move them into the motor quadrant and strengthen connections between niche themes (e.g., treatment outcomes) and broader public health issues to increase their centrality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmerging themes in phase of Authors keyword and keyword plus suggest future research directions focusing on new and emerging topics on “thrombocytopenia”, “anopheles stephensi”, “antibodies”, “animal”, and “non-human”.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e, a highly competent vector of \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. vivax\u003c/em\u003e, is considered an efficient vector of urban malaria. Until 2011, the reported distribution of \u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e was confined to certain countries in South-East Asia and large parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The vector has been reported from the Republic of the Sudan in 2019 [89].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeyword analysis did not highlight “ACT-resistant malaria” as emerging theme or high centrality topic in malaria in Sudan researches. The emergence of drug-resistant malaria, including ACT resistance, is a serious public health issue in many regions, including Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe strengths of this study are that it is, up to our knowledge, the only qualitative and thematic analysis of the most comprehensive literature on malaria in Sudan and it has highlighted how far the scientific research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study also has some limitations. Here, we used the Scopus database as the only database used for the identification of publications. Hence, some publications included in other databases (e.g., WOS, PubMed, Midline, and Google Scholar) might have been neglected by authors. Due to limited access to reputable publishing platforms, researchers from countries such as Sudan often face challenges in disseminating their work through high-impact journals. As a result, a significant portion of malaria-related publications are indexed solely in Google Scholar, which may represent a limitation of our study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, this study only includes English-language Scopus journal articles. The exclusion of non-English language studies may have introduced selection bias, potentially omitting relevant findings published in other languages. This analysis provides a robust insight for understanding research performance focusing on malaria in Sudan research, as Scopus includes records from the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Furthermore, we encourage other scholars to merge the information and data derived from the other sources would have been heterogeneous, making the most comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"Conclusion and future research directions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn urgent and unified action by the national efforts and the international community as well is crucial. Global health organizations and non-governmental organizations must focus on restoring healthcare systems by rebuilding facilities and restarting malaria control efforts, ensuring the safety and support of healthcare workers through reliable access, adequate supplies, and protective measures. Furthermore, enhanced financial and logistical support is necessary to deliver essential medical services, and continuing and supporting the ongoing malaria immunization program started lately, will help to curb the spread of malaria and lower its death rates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings provide an overview of the global status, research hotspots, and potential trends in malaria in Sudan research. This information can assist researchers in exploring the knowledge structure and understanding future trends in malaria in Sudan research.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the extent of malaria in Sudan and expands knowledge on the most prominent articles, authors, publishing journals, and countries involved in this field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis bibliometric analysis provides the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative overview of scientific research on malaria in Sudan. It reveals a steady growth in scholarly output from 1978 to 2022, followed by a sharp decline in 2023, likely due to the outbreak of armed conflict. Despite the persistent public health burden of malaria, the overall research productivity remains low, with an annual growth rate of only 6.86%, underscoring a significant research gap that calls for urgent attention and investment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis identifies a strong positive correlation between publication volume and both citation count and h-index, reflecting increasing scientific interest in the field. However, citation impact per article has declined in recent years, and correlations between publication volume and citation metrics were not statistically significant. This may suggest that while output has increased, the impact has not necessarily kept pace.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNotably, the main author in over half of the most influential articles was a non-Sudanese researcher, indicating a robust international interest but also exposing potential deficiencies in local research leadership and capacity. Moreover, the high international collaboration (53.75%), exceeding global averages, reflects international concern and support for addressing malaria in Sudan. However, this also emphasizes the need for strengthening domestic research infrastructure, leadership, and funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeyword and thematic analysis revealed that \"malaria,\" \"Sudan,\" and \"\u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e\" were central to current research. At the same time, emerging themes such as Anopheles stephensi, thrombocytopenia, and antibody responses point to future research priorities. The absence of a recent focus on ACT-resistant malaria is a concerning gap, considering its growing public health implications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProminent institutions like the Faculty of Medicine and the University of Khartoum have led national research efforts, though overall institutional involvement remains fragmented. To address these challenges, it is essential to foster interdisciplinary collaboration, enhance funding, build research capacity, and create supportive policies for knowledge production and dissemination. Strengthening local expertise and infrastructure is critical to generating context-specific evidence that can inform effective malaria control strategies in Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicting Interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy data are available publicly available in the Scopus database\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRiad Mohammed Abdelrahman:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology\u003cstrong\u003e, Taha Hussein Musa:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Data curation\u003cstrong\u003e, Hassan Hussein Musa:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Methodology\u003cstrong\u003e, Sahar Ibrahim Gismallah:\u003c/strong\u003e Formal analysis, Writing – original draft\u003cstrong\u003e,Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Data curation\u003cstrong\u003e, Eltieb Omer Ahmed:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWriting – review \u0026amp; editing\u003cstrong\u003e, Mohammed Jalal:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFormal analysis, Writing – original draft\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Malaria\u0026rsquo;s Impact Worldwide | Malaria | CDC.\u0026rdquo; Accessed: May 13, 2025. 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Dawood, \u0026ldquo;The implications of the Sudan war on healthcare workers and facilities: a health system tragedy,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConfl. Health\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1\u0026ndash;5, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1186/S13031-024-00581-W/FIGURES/1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eI. N. Hassan, N. Abuassa, and M. Ibrahim, \u0026ldquo;The Sudan conflict: A catalyst for the spread of infectious diseases in displaced populations,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Infect. Dis.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 151, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107326.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. Whitworth, S. Haining, and H. Stringer, \u0026ldquo;Enhancing research capacity across healthcare and higher education sectors: Development and evaluation of an integrated model,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBMC Health Serv. Res.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1\u0026ndash;10, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-287/FIGURES/2.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. Thelwall \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Which international co-authorships produce higher quality journal articles?,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 769\u0026ndash;788, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1002/ASI.24881.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eD. W. Aksnes and G. Sivertsen, \u0026ldquo;Global trends in international research collaboration, 1980-2021,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Data Inf. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 26\u0026ndash;42, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.2478/JDIS-2023-0015.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. Elmugabil, I. Ahmed, L. E. Ali, M. Alorini, A. A. Mohmmed, and I. Adam, \u0026ldquo;Prevalence of and factors associated with placental malaria in the White Nile State: a cross-sectional study,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Infect. Dev. Ctries.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 817\u0026ndash;821, May 2024, doi: 10.3855/JIDC.18466.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eK. A. Elmardi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Impact of malaria control interventions on malaria infection and anaemia in areas with irrigated schemes: a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBMC Infect. Dis.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 21, no. 1, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1186/S12879-021-06929-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH. G. Eltahir, J. A. Bilal, E. A. Ali, and I. Adam, \u0026ldquo;No reduction in hemoglobin level in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria treated with artesunate in Central Sudan,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Trop. Pediatr.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 18\u0026ndash;22, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1093/TROPEJ/FMW041,.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eI. Adam, M. M. Salih, A. A. Mohmmed, D. A. Rayis, and M. I. Elbashir, \u0026ldquo;Pregnant women carrying female fetuses are at higher risk of placental malaria infection,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 12, no. 7, p. e0182394, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0182394.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eF. A. Shah and S. A. Jawaid, \u0026ldquo;The h-Index: An Indicator of Research and Publication Output,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePakistan J. Med. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 315, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.12669/PJMS.39.2.7398.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJ. Zhang, Q. Yu, F. Zheng, C. Long, Z. Lu, and Z. Duan, \u0026ldquo;Comparing keywords plus of WOS and author keywords,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 967\u0026ndash;972, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1002/ASI.23437.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Vector alert: Anopheles stephensi invasion and spread.\u0026rdquo; Accessed: May 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news/item/26-08-2019-vector-alert-anopheles-stephensi-invasion-and-spread\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Malaria, Sudan, Bibliometric, Falciparum, Thematic mapping analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7267728/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7267728/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Malaria, a life-threatening disease, remains a major public health challenge, particularly in Sudan, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e: To comprehensively review and explore Malaria Research in Sudan in the Scopus database and identify the cited articles from 1956 to 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e A systematic and thematic analysis was made to provide a substantial insight into the most recent progressions, tracking the growth of research on malaria in Sudan, understanding key contributions of authors, countries, and institutions, and interpreting pattern’s themes, and emerging topics. Data were analyzed using VOS viewer, Var1.6.6, and the Biblioshiny tool. The correlation analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS 25 software, and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The conflict in Sudan has led to a resurgence of malaria, and effective malaria control efforts have been severely disrupted. 252 documents were identified for analysis. There was a continuous relatively steady trend in scientific output between 1978 and 2022 1978 and 2022, and the highest peak had been seen in 2004 (17 documents). The mean total citation per article increased from 0.2 in 1990 to a peak of 3.6 in 2014, declining to a bottom of 0.3 in 2023. Out of 71 contributed countries, Sudan was the most productive country with138 (55%) of articles. Adam I. from Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, emerged as the most prolific author with high-level of metrics (n = 90, TNC = 2039, and h_index=26). Among the 105 peer reviewed journals; “Malaria Journal” was the most publishing journal (36 documents), TNC; 985, h_index of 18, and Journal Impact Factor (JIF, 2023) 2.4 score. “Malaria”, “Sudan”, and,\" plasmodium falciparum” are the most explored keywords by authors. Thematic mapping indicated that the emerging themes are focusing on “thrombocytopenia”, “\u003cem\u003eanopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e”, “antibodies”, “animal”, and “non-human”. Keyword analysis did not highlight “ACT-resistant malaria” as an emerging theme or high-centrality topic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e National and international efforts are needed for restarting malaria control. Our findings provide an overview of the global status, and potential trends in malaria in Sudan research. This information can assist researchers in exploring the knowledge structure and offer insights for future research on malaria in Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Malaria Research in Sudan Published in Scopus Database: Trends and Focus Areas (1956–2024)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-05 16:55:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7267728/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"95271d04-c66b-4b92-81a7-6be55ab55c77","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":52473799,"name":"Infectious Diseases"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-05T16:55:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-05 16:55:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7267728","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7267728","identity":"rs-7267728","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}