Flexible, Stable and Self-Powered Two-Dimensional Layered Nanocomposites (PANI@MoS2) for Trace Ammonia Gas Detection

Flexible, Stable and Self-Powered Two-Dimensional Layered Nanocomposites (PANI@MoS2) for Trace Ammonia Gas Detection | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Flexible, Stable and Self-Powered Two-Dimensional Layered Nanocomposites (PANI@MoS2) for Trace Ammonia Gas Detection Cheng Chen, Qian Tu, Xin Zhou, Jiaxin Xu, Caihong Lv, Xianwen Ke, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4390151/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this paper, two-dimensional layered PANI@MoS 2 composite with promising energy storage and NH 3 -sensitive sensing properties has been synthesized by one-step hydrothermal and in-situ growth technique, and their joint application in supercapacitor and NH 3 sensing detection is realized. The 2D layered MoS 2 , produced by incorporating NH 4 + , possess a high specific surface area and numerous reactive sites, leading to the growth and polymerization of aniline between its layers. Because of the unique layered structure facilitating rapid reversible diffusion of charge ions, the energy storage properties of composites have been significantly improved, and the assembled asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC) can power a LED bulb for more than 20 minutes. Furthermore, due to the formation of p-n heterojunction and Schottky barrier between PANI and MoS 2 , as well as the enhancement of PANI's structure and dispersion via polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) along with nylon filter membrane, the resulting PANI-PSS@MoS 2 sensing film shows outstanding ammonia sensitivity and excellent stability. Ultimately, the sensor film and LED bulb is powered by the ASC to achieve a semi-quantitative, real-time detection of NH 3 concentration of spoiled food and exhaled gas of patients. The self-powered sensing device, utilizing PANI@MoS 2 , is anticipated to be an important candidate in flexible wearable sensing arena. Two-dimensional layered nanocomposites flexible sensing film self-powered NH3 sensor multi-function device Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Ammonia(NH 3 ) is an odourless, caustic, and extremely poisonous gas. Prolonged exposure to NH3 at a concentration over 20 parts per million(ppm) can result in permanent harm to skin, eyes, throat, and lungs [ 1 ]. NH 3 primarily emanates from industrial manufacturing, medicinal procedures, vehicle emissions, and food processing. In the field of food safety, meat spoilage is a serious problem today. Extended storage of meat can lead to microbial enzymatic reactions, specifically the decarboxylation of amino acids and the amination of chemical molecules containing carbonyl groups [ 2 ]. Thus, the degradation of food can be easly recognised by detecting NH 3 . Furthermore, numerous investigations have revealed that excessive urea in individuals with renal disease is excreted through respiratory system as NH 3 . The concentration of NH 3 in the exhaled gas of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ranges from 0.82 to 14.7 ppm [ 3 ], significantly greater than healthy individuals (about 0.5ppm). Hence, the advancement of a sensitive, highly stable, and wearable sensor for detecting small amounts of NH 3 is crucial in the domains of meat detection and renal disease diagnostics. With the continuous innovation of Internet of Things(IoT) technology and the increase in actual demand [ 4 ], another challenge for wearable electronics is the constant need for external power. Various self-powered sensing devices utilizing different energy harvesting methods such as friction electric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic have been developed in academic research [ 5 – 6 ]. However, due to the fact that these self-powered devices require specific external driving forces (friction, pressure, heat, or light energy), they are difficult to use for measuring static ambient gases, and gas sensor performance is also easily affected by their impact [ 7 ]. There is an urgent need for self-powered devices capable of continuous gas monitoring, long-distance operation, portability, immunity to interference and high security. Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted great attention as self-supplying energy storage devices in recent years due to their higher power density and energy density, fast charge-discharge time and long cycle life compared with conventional self-powered devices and traditional capacitors [ 8 ]. By integrating with gas-sensing device, the prospective applications of gas sensor can be further extended in real-world settings. Polyaniline (PANI), a typical conductive conjugated polymer, has gained significant interest in the areas of gas-sensitive sensors and supercapacitors in recent years because of its unique redox properties, controllable conductivity, high electrochemical activity, excellent biocompatibility, and mechanical flexibility [ 9 – 10 ]. However, the lack of stability of the redox sites in PANI may lead to the collapse of polymer structure after repeated charging and discharging or gas adsorption and desorption, thus affecting its cyclic stability [ 11 ]. Furthermore, the sluggish movement of charge ions in PANI also results in a substantial decrease in electrochemical performance (or gas sensitive performance) [ 12 ]. Consequently, PANI is often combined with other compounds to generate composite materials that improve its performance [ 13 ]. While the performance and stability of these composites have been enhanced to some degree in comparison to pure PANI, the issue of limited ion diffusion within the solid phase persists [ 14 ]. MoS 2 , as a typical transition-metal dichalcogenides(TMDs), is composed of a metal Mo layer sandwiched between two sulfur layers and stacked together through weak van der Waals interaction, owing large specific surface area and a unique layered structure [ 15 ]. Because the two-dimensional electron correlation between Mo atoms can induce more complex planar electrical transport properties, MoS 2 exhibit superior intrinsic ionic conductivity and theoretical specific capacitance compared to other common TMDs like graphene [ 16 ], making it an excellent candidates for electrochemical energy storage and gas-sensing applications. There are three crystal structures of MoS 2 : 1T phase(orthorhombic structure), 2H phase(hexagonal structure) and 3R phase(rhombohedral hexahedral structure) [ 17 ]. The majority of MoS 2 is in a stable 2H phase with semiconducting properties. In this phase, each Mo atom is coordinated by six nearby S atoms in a prism-like structure, with upper S atoms positioned exactly above lower S atoms [ 18 ]. 2H-MoS 2 exhibits exceptional gas-sensitive sensing characteristics at room temperature via modifying the Fermi energy levels during the adsorption of gas molecules [ 19 ]. However, the robust interlayer contact of 2H-MoS 2 nanosheets facilitates their tendency to form aggregates, leading to a reduction of conductivity. In addition, the low surface hydrophilicity of 2H-MoS 2 prevents the rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions [ 20 ]. Unlike 2H-MoS 2 , each Mo atom in 1T-MoS 2 is surrounded by six surrounding S atoms in an octahedral arrangement, with additional S atoms positioned at the center of the hexagonal lattice voids. The Mo 4d orbitals in 1T-MoS 2 are not completely filled due to the variation in crystal symmetry, resulting in a metallic phase with significantly greater conductivity than 2H-MoS 2 [ 21 ]. However, because of its distinctive crystal structure, 1T-MoS 2 is thermodynamically unstable and readily transitions to the 2H phase while undergoing repeated charging and discharging, leading to a notable decline in electrochemical performance [ 22 ]. Thus, In this study, a hybrid phase of MoS 2 is constructed by a one-step solvothermal method to combine the advantages of two phases and eliminate the limitations of individual MoS 2 material. Inspired by the simple adsorption and growth of PANI during in-situ polymerization [ 13 ], In this paper, Mo Blue cluster precursor solution was first prepared, and 1T/2H mixed-phase MoS 2 with 2H-MoS 2 stability and 1T-MoS 2 high conductivity was prepared by one-step solvothermal method. The introduction of NH 4 + not only improved the surface hydrophilicity MoS 2 , promoted tighter integration of MoS 2 and PANI, but also promoted the rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions, enhancing the electrochemical performance of material. Ultimately, PANI was self-assembled and grew on the interlayer and outer surface of MoS 2 by electrostatic attraction during in-situ polymerization, resulting in the formation of a three-dimensional layered PANI@MoS 2 composite with heterogeneous structure. In practical applications, wearable gas sensors often need to be fixed in food crisper, mask and other locations. To ensure the sensor functions properly, it is necessary to maintain a sensitive gas response even under repeated bending or stretching. Prior researchers suggested the integration of sensing materials directly into the substrate. For example, Mahdie et al. [ 23 ] used PPy film onto gold cross finger electrode substrate and modified its surface with AgNPs to develop sensor device capable of rapidly detecting levels of breathed ammonia in patients. Although the sensor's detection sensitivity to NH 3 is 13 times that of single PPy, its non-flexible characteristics cause the rigid sensing material to be easily damaged or even detached from the flexible substrate after being subjected to external mechanical stress, limiting its practical application. Pablo et al. [ 24 ] achieved remote visual monitoring of strain and temperature by printing a layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) onto a near-field communication (NFC) tag and connecting it to an LED light. Nevertheless, the NFC label exhibits limited resistance to bending only when it is combined with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a technique that considerably lengthens the preparation time. Consequently, this method is not suited for the widespread use of portable wearable electronic items. Hence, to fulfill the application prerequisites of wearable flexible sensor components, it is imperative to attain mechanical flexibility and stretchability of said components in a straightforward manner. Among them, the process of in-situ development of polymer materials on the surface of flexible porous substrates has received a great deal of attention due to its ease of preparation, low cost, and outstanding stability. Nylon filter membrane, a type of polyamide membrane renowned for its versatile applications and sTable, possesses advantageous hydrophilic and mechanical properties [ 25 ]. Owing to its abundant aliphatic groups and porous characteristics, it serves as an excellent flexible substrate for the growth of PANI. However, the unstable dispersion of PANI in aqueous solution and its large particle size limit its stable growth on the surface of nylon filter membrane [ 26 ]. Fortunately, It has been found that polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS), as a typical anionic surfactant, the hydrophilic group(-SO 3 H) on its surface can be combined with lipophilic group of aniline through electrostatic interaction, forming stable micelles in water and reducing its size [ 27 ]. Furthermore, the PSS anion chain in PANI:PSS can provide a significant amount of -SO 3 H groups. This feature facilitates the absorption of NH 3 molecules and the transfer of electrons to MoS 2 at the interface between PANI:PSS and MoS 2 [ 28 ], which facilitates the enhancement of gas-sensitive response capability of PANI. In this research, two-dimensional layered nanocomposites PANI@MoS 2 were prepared by simple hydrothermal and in situ growth means. In addition, PANI@MoS 2 (PM1, PM5, PM10, PM20) and PANI-PSS@MoS 2 (PPM1, PPM5, PPM10, PPM20) composites were produced under identical circumstances, varying the aniline to MoS 2 mass ratios. The results showed that while PM5 was used as electrode material, demonstrated a specific capacitance of 838.7 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and maintain a capacitance retention of more than 88% after undergoing 5000 consecutive testing. The Asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was created with PM5 as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode, showing a specific capacitance of more than 277 F/g, with excellent charge/discharge stability (91.9% capacitance retention). And the high power density of 788.3-1688.2 W/kg was observed under a energy density of 72.9–4.1 Wh/kg, correspondingly. Simultaneously, due to the synergy between the material systems, as well as the formation of p-n heterojunction and Schottky barrier at the contact interface of PANI and MoS 2 , the prepared PPM10 composite exhibited a higher NH 3 response value (47%), sensitivity (287 Ω/ppm) and a very low theoretical detection limit (0.662 ppb). By comparing the gas-sensitive performance of sensor film under different conditions, demonstrating the extraordinary stability of PPM10 film in both temperature and humidity, as well as its outstanding selectivity and a service life exceeding 60 days, making it ideal for practical applications. In the application section, the supercapacitor and NH 3 sensor film were wire-assembled and applied to pork spoilage and simulated breath detection, demonstrating their high utility in food safety and portable medical detection. Results and discussion Fig. 1 depicted the procedure for synthesising two-dimensional layered 1T/2H-MoS 2 nanosheets using a straightforward hydrothermal technique. (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O and CH 4 N 2 S were first dissolved in deionized water to create a solution rich in Mo 7 O 24 6- , and the subsequent addition of APS could be used to reduce the pH of solution and provide additional NH 4 + . The reaction in aqueous solution is depicted below [29]: Under acidic conditions, Mo 7 O 24 6− reacted with CH 4 N 2 S as reducing agent and S source, resulting in the reduction of Mo(VI) species in solution to Mo(V). The reduction of Mo(VI) and Mo(V) led to polycondensation reaction to form dark blue polymerized molybdenum oxide cluster produced by delocalized mixed valence state [ 30 ]. NH 4 + ions in solution attached to the negatively charged dark blue polymerized molybdenum oxide clusters through strong electrostatic interactions. The introduced NH 4 + were positioned on cluster's surface by forming hydrogen bonds, which increased the material's hydrophilic properties. During the hydrothermal process, NH 4 + ions, which had a tiny hydration radius, were incorporated into Mo sandwich structure through coordination with S atoms, not only reduced van der Waals interaction and increased distance between the layers [ 31 ], but also acted as electron donor, providing additional charge for MoS 2 sheet. This process enhanced the electron density of transition metal's d orbital, causing instability in the fully occupied orbit of 2H phase. As a result, a portion of MoS 2 transformed from the 2H phase to the 1T phase, and facilitated the formation of 1T/2H-MoS 2 [ 32 ]. Because of the beneficial hydrophilic properties and increased specific surface area of the synthesized 1T/2H-MoS 2 , incorporating MoS 2 as growth scaffold during in-situ polymerization of aniline could create a stable environment for the polymerization of aniline monomers and prevented the structural failure of PANI resulting from prolonged use. Simultaneously, PANI grew between MoS 2 layers, which could increase the interlayer spacing of MoS 2 , prevented the phase transition of MoS 2 from 1T to 2H, and enhanced gas adsorption and desorption between MoS 2 layers. Furthermore, we were surprised to discover that a significant quantity of NH 4 + embedded in MoS 2 interlayer functioned as electron donor, supplying extra charge to MoS 2 nanosheets. This would result in electronegative active sites covering the interlayer and surface of MoS 2 , facilitating the coordination link between vacant P orbital of N in PANI and 3p orbital of Mo. This strong π bond, generated by the lone pair of electrons sharing nitrogen between Mo and N atoms, promoted the transfer rate of charge ions between composites and significantly improved their energy storage properties [ 33 ]. Meanwhile, to implement the use of composite in flexible gas-sensing, the surfactant PSS was introduced into the in-situ polymerization precursor solution, and nylon filter membrane was used as flexible substrate. PSS was adsorbed on the surface of aniline through electrostatic interaction, which avoided excessive accumulation between PANI molecular chains and was conducive to adsorption and desorption of NH 3 by PANI molecules. The shape and structure of each material were investigated via scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The differentiation between 2H-MoS 2 and 1T/2H-MoS 2 structures was shown in Fig. 2 (a-f) . The 2H phase of MoS 2 was arranged in a stacking manner to create a homogeneous nanoflower structure, measuring approximately 150 nm in diameter and 7 nm in thickness. The TEM results indicated that the distance between lattice planes was approximately 0.62 nm, which corresponded to the crystal face (002) of 2H-MoS 2 as shown in Fig. 4 (a) . On the contrary, 1T/2H-MoS 2 exhibited a distinct 2D lamellar structure that was well-dispersed and stable in water, and the lattice spacing was 0.97 nm. Figure 2 (g, h) reveal the architectures of PM and PPM. The multilayer stacked MoS 2 nanosheets offered a wide surface for the polymerization of aniline monomers. Moreover, the structure of nylon filter membrane substrate (Fig. 2 (i) ) was conductive to porous of prepared sensor film The SEM and TEM images of PANI, PANI@MoS 2 , PANI-PSS and PANI-PSS@MoS 2 were displayed and analysed in Fig. S1 to Fig. S3 . And Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) scans were conducted on MoS 2 nanosheets grown with PANI and PANI-PSS. The findings were illustrated in Fig. S4 and Fig. S5 . To examine the crystal composition and structure of composite materials, various samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (MiniFlex 600) with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54 Å). The results were displayed in Fig. 3 (a, b ). The (002) crystal face of 2H-MoS 2 was positioned at 13.71°, and a computed value of d = 6.5 Å was obtained, which was comparable to (002) crystal face location (6.2 Å) of commercially available MoS 2 (as indicated by the selected PDF card JCPDS# 37-1492). In the low-angle area, 1T/2H-MoS 2 exhibited two diffraction peaks: (002) at 9.13°, d = 9.7 Å, and (004) at 18.0°, d = 4.9 Å, as well as the (004) peak corresponds to the second order diffraction of (002) plane. This result demonstrated that NH 4 + organized on MoS 2 nanosheets via hydrogen bonding increased the (002) crystal face spacing of MoS 2 from 0.65 nm in 2H phase to 0.97 nm in 1T phase due to steric hindrance. The increased of crystal face spacing promoted quick ion embedding as well as gas adsorption, improving the performance of electrochemical and gas-sensing [ 34 ]. The MoS 2 sample exhibited broad diffraction peaks at 2θ = 32.3 and 57.3°, which could be attributed to (101) and (110) diffraction planes [ 35 ]. Refer to Fig. 3 (b) , the broad diffraction peaks (020) and (200) observed between 10° and 30° in PANI and PANI-PSS samples were caused by the periodic alignment of PANI chains in both parallel and vertical directions. And the XRD patterns of PM and PPM nanocomposites demonstrated the presence of MoS 2 and PANI, as indicated by primary characteristic peaks. This verified the existence of MoS 2 and PANI in PM and PPM, which was also confirmed by EDS ( Fig. S4 ). Compared to PANI and PANI-PSS, the broad diffraction peaks of PM and PPM gradually narrowed at (020) and (200), showing that the addition of MoS 2 improved the consistency of PANI molecular chain orientation. Compared to single MoS 2 , the peak corresponding to (002) planes shifted from 9.13° to 8.8°. Based on Bragg equation, the interlayer distance of MoS 2 was observed to rise by around 0.342Å. Which indicated that the presence of PANI molecules led to an increase in S-Mo-S layer distance. Since the electrolyte directly contacts the outer layer of material during electrochemical reaction, a reasonable widening of material layer spacing would facilitate the rapid diffusion and transfer of electrolyte ions, so the insertion of PANI into layered MoÅ would be beneficial to the capacitive performance of supercapacitor [ 36 ]. The structural and morphological properties of the composites were further studied using Raman spectroscopy. As shown in Fig. 3 (c) , the Raman spectra of 2H-MoS 2 and 1T/2H-MoS 2 at 150–500 cm − 1 were depicted. In 2H-phase MoS 2 , the peaks at 375.1 cm − 1 and 402.4 cm − 1 represented the E 1 2g bands from in-plane optical vibrations of Mo-S atoms and the A lg bands from out-of-plane optical vibrations of S atoms along the c-axis, respectively. The two sets of vibrational modes were exclusive to the lamellar structure of MoS 2 , with a frequency gap of 27.3 [ 37 ]. The E 1 2g and A lg bands of 1T/2H-MoS 2 were situated at 400.3 and 375.4 cm − 1 , respectively. The vibrational modes of E 1 2g and A lg bands had a frequency difference of 24.9 cm − 1 , which was lower than 2H-MoS 2 by approximately 2.4 cm − 1 , suggesting a reduction in van der Waals interactions between adjacent layers of 1T/2H-MoS 2 [ 38 ], which further proved that one of the reasons for the increase of MoS 2 interlayer distance was the decrease of interlayer van der Waals interaction caused by the introduction of NH 4 + . It was also observed that the intensity of E 1 2g and Alg bands in 1T/ 2H-MOS2 was significantly lower than that of 2H-MoS 2 , which was attributed to the phase transition from 2H to 1T in some MoS 2 samples [ 39 ]. Aside from the E 1 2g and A lg vibrational modes, distinct peaks at 195.1 (J 1 ), 222.3 (J 2 ), and 352.6 (J 3 ) cm − 1 were detected, indicating the octahedral coordination unique to the 1T-phase MoS 2 in layered 1T/2H-MoS 2 [ 40 ]. This confirms the metallic phase properties of material. Figure 3 (d) analyzed the Raman spectra of four PANI-based nanocomposites within the range of 150–2500 cm − 1 . The results showed that these showed five wide Raman spectral bands at ~ 1158 cm − 1 (the characteristic peak of aromatic ring C-H bending), ~ 1233 cm − 1 (the vibration of C-H in-plane bending), ~ 1335 cm − 1 (the formation of polarons C-N + in benzene ring),, ~ 1486 cm − 1 (the stretching vibration of C = N group) and ~ 1570 cm − 1 (the C = C tensile vibration on polymer chains) respectively [ 41 – 42 ]. In addition, the prominent signal observed at 1603 cm − 1 in PANI-PSS corresponded to the -SO 3 component of PSS [ 39 ]. The results above indicated that there was a close contact between MoS 2 and PAN during in-situ polymerization, and that MoS 2 was completely encased in nanofibers and kept in composite material. The XPS technique allowed for a more intuitive analysis of how the various elemental orbitals of 2H-MoS 2 and 1T/2H-MoS 2 affected the structure and properties of materials. Figure 3 (e) displayed the XPS Mo 3d spectra of 2H-MoS 2 and 1T/2H-MoS 2 . As per reference [ 21 ], the proportion of 1T/2H phases of MoS 2 could be determined by de-convoluting the spectra due to the somewhat lower binding energy of metallic 1T phase compared to semiconducting 2H phase. Following deconvolution, two spin-orbit double peaks were identified in tMo 3d spectra of both sample sets. The significant double peaks at 228.6 and 231.7 eV in 1T/2H-MoS 2 corresponded to the Mo 3d 5/2 and Mo 3d 3/2 orbitals of Mo(IV) in 1T phase. The modest double peaks detected at 229.5 and 232.6 eV corresponded to the Mo 3d 5/2 and Mo 3d 3/2 orbitals of Mo(IV) in 2H phase, which were 0.9 eV higher than the orbitals of 1T phase, respectively. The 1T/2H content ratio in 1T/2H-MoS 2 samples was determined to be around 8:2 by analyzing the Mo 3d spectra region, indicating that the system was primarily composed of 1T-MoS 2 . Conversely, the 1T phase was present in tiny quantities in 2H-MoS 2 sample, with a computed 1T/2H ratio of roughly 1:11, indicating the overwhelming occurrence of 2H phase in the system. Furthermore, the S 2s orbital was responsible for the dwarf peak near 225.9 eV [ 43 ], and the presence of Mo(VI)-O bonds as a result of surface oxidation in air was indicated by a characteristic peak at 235.6 eV. The XPS S 2p spectra of 2H-MoS 2 and 1T/2H-MoS 2 were displayed in Fig. S7(a) . To investigate the impact of PSS on the inherent structure of PANI, the XPS spectra of the core energy levels N 1s of PANI and PANI-PSS were shown in Fig. 3 (f) . Four peaks in the N 1s spectra were identified at 399.2, 399.7, 401.3, and 402.3 eV, representing quinone imine (= N-), phenylamino (-NH-), protonated imine in the dipolaronic state (= NH + -), and protonated amine in the polaronic state (-NH 2 + -), respectively [ 44 ]. The proportion of quinone imine (= N-) at 399.2 eV for PANI-PSS was lower than that of PANI due to the spatial site-blocking effect of -SO 3 H group, which hindered the conversion of emeraldine to all-black aniline [ 45 ]. The ratio of the combined relative areas of N 1s characteristic peaks at 400.9 and 402.2 eV to the entire area of the Gaussian fit could be utilized to determine the doping level of PANI [ 46 ]. Therefore, it was possible to determine the protonation level of the PANI sample by calculating the overall percentage of N + (which was the sum of = NH + - and -NH 2 + -). The corresponding fit results were presented in Table. S1 . The results indicated that the total area of positively charged nitrogen (= NH + - and -NH 2 + -) in PANI-PSS is higher compared to PANI. This demonstrated that the presence of -SO 3 H significantly improved the protonation level of PANI-PSS, improved the charge transport path, and contributed to gas-sensing performance. Moreover, the rise in the proportion of = NH + - and -NH 2 + - groups in PANI:PSS could also enhance the adsorption active sites for NH 3 molecules, leading to an enhanced NH 3 sensitivity [ 47 ]. Fig. S7(b) showed the XPS spectra of PM and PPM N 1s energy levels. The characteristic peaks corresponding to (= N-), (-NH-), (= NH + -), and (-NH 2 + -) in PM and PPM were shifted to approximately 396.4, 397.1, 398.7, and 399.7 eV, respectively. This shift was more noticeable in the full XPS spectra ( Fig. S8 ). A weak characteristic peak of Mo 3p 3/2 at 393.8 eV suggested a possible coordination bonding between the vacant P orbitals of N and the 3p orbitals of Mo in PM and PPM [ 48 ]. This observation was also seen in FTIR characterisation. The positively charged nitrogen area in PPM was much higher than in PM as indicated by Table. S1 , demonstrating the successful introduction of PSS. Finally, by observing the XPS full spectrum of 1T/2H-MoS 2 , PANI, PANI-PSS, PM, and PPM ( Fig. S8 ), it was found that the characteristic peak of Mo 3d 3/2 , which was originally located at 396.3 eV in 1T/2H-MoS 2 , shifted to 393.8 eVx. Whereas the characteristic peak of N1S, which belonged to PANI (401.6 eV), also shifted to 399.3 eV. The merger of characteristic peaks from two sets and the shift of orbital characteristic peaks suggested the presence of Mo-N interaction [ 47 ]. In contrast, the peak position of Mo 3d orbital in composites remained unchanged, indicating that the interaction occured only in Mo 3p orbital. The π-bonding property enhanced the electrical conductivity and inherent pseudocapacitance of the composite by facilitating redox electron exchange at Mo core [ 49 ]. In addition, in this work, the composition and structural characteristics of composites were verified by FTIR characterization methods. (The experiment's results and comprehensive analysis were presented in Fig. S6 of Supporting Information). What' more, the disparities in surface structures of materials were analyzed using the BET technique (Refer to Fig. S9 and Table. S2 in SI). Ultimately, the ZETA potentiometer was utilised to determine the particle size and ZETA potential of composites in aqueous solution. (Refer to Fig. S10 in SI.) Composite materials' energy storage properties : To investigate the potential applications of PANI@MoS 2 composite in energy storage devices, 2H-MoS 2 , 1T/2H-MoS 2 , PANI(P), PANI-PSS(PP), PANI@MoS2(PM) and PANI-PSS@MoS2(PPM) hybrid materials containing varying quantities of MoS 2 were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry ( Fig. S11 ). And the composite with the best performance was selected (Fig. 4 (a) ). Similar redox peaks of PANI could be found on PM electrode, indicating the existence of PANI in PM samples [ 50 ]. Figure 4 (b) and Fig. S12 displayed the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves of 12 composite electrodes at different current densities. Table. S3 displayed the specific capacitance and I R values calculated for each sample at various current densities. According to the analysis in the supporting information (SI), it was proved that MoS 2 had the capability to accumulate partial charges via redox reactions [ 51 ]. And because the insertion of NH 4 + ions and PANI leads to the expansion of layer spacing [ 52 ], PM5 electrode had the largest specific capacitance, which was selected as the electrode candidate material. To analyse the charge transfer resistance and ion diffusion properties of the electrode materials, Nyquist curves were derived for each material from electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measured in the frequency range of 0.01 to 100 kHz ( Fig. S13 ). The curves were fitted to the simulation with Zview software, and the equivalent circuit model for PM5 electrode was displayed in the lower right corner of Fig. 4 (c) . Rs, Rct, and Zw represented the equivalent series resistance, charge transfer resistance, and Warburg diffusion impedance in circuit, respectively. Rs represented the total resistance of the electrode material, electrolyte, and contact resistance between the active material and the collector. It was determined by the intercept of the curve in high-frequency region on the x-axis. Rct was associated with the double-layer capacitance and the Faraday process, and its value was equal to the diameter of the curve forming a semi-arc in high frequency region. The parameter zw was associated with the resistance to the diffusion of electrolyte ions within the electrode and was indicated by the steepness of curve in low-frequency area. CPE1 and CPE2 were constant-phase elements for electric double layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance, respectively. The values for Rs, Rct, and the gradients of the curves in low-frequency area for each electrode material were obtained using fitting calculations ( Table. S4 ). The results indicated that the Rs and Rct values of PM5 electrode were 1.366 and 1.064 Ω, respectively, which were notably lower than those of 1T/2H-MoS 2 , PANI, PANI-PSS, and PPM5 electrode. Additionally, the slope of the curve in low-frequency region WAs 15.825, significantly higher than that of the other electrodes. Showing superior electrical conductivity and quicker charge transfer capabilities. The energy density of supercapacitor was directly proportional to the square of its voltage range. Therefore, increasing the voltage range could significantly enhance the energy density. To achieve this, a method of fabricating asymmetrical supercapacitors (ASC) could be employed to expand the voltage capacity of supercapacitor. To further evaluate the PM5 electrode for practical energy storage applications, a button supercapacitor was constructed with PM5 as positive electrode, activated carbon as negative electrode, and 1 mol/L H 2 SO 4 as electrolyte. The specific capacitance of activated carbon was determined to be approximately 196 F/g at 1 A/g based on Fig. S14 . Consequently, according to the Eqs. (2) and (3) in SI, the optimal loading mass ratio of PM5 and activated carbon was determined to be about 1:4. Figure S16 (a) depicted the potential windows of PM5 and activated carbon electrodes, and the maximum output voltage of ASC was determined to be 1.5V by comparing CV curves of device under different potential Windows. Under this scope, Fig. 4 (d) displayed the CV curves of ASC at varied scan rates. The CV curves represented consistent shapes across various scan rates, demonstrating excellent rate performance. The GCD curves of devices were depicted in Fig. 4 (e) , which represented the devices at various current densities. The low I R (less than 0.05V) demonstrated the device's low internal resistance. The specific capacitance of ASC was presented in Fig. 4 (g) , indicating a discharge specific capacitance of 277.5 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Even at a current density of 20 A/g, the specific capacitance surpassed 228.7 F/g, while maintaining a capacitance retention of around 82%, showing exceptional rate capability. Furthermore, EIS was conducted to examine the charge transfer characteristics of ASC device, and the outcomes were illustrated in Fig. 4 (f) . The Nyquist diagram of ASC obtained in figure showed an almost vertical curve in low-frequency region, which was attributed to the fact that the outstanding conductivity of PM5 promoted the rapid diffusion of ions in electrolyte, significantly reducing the interfacial charge transfer barrier [ 53 ], and thus possessed the ideal dynamic behavior of charge transfer. To demonstrate the charge-discharge cycling stability of PM5 electrode and ASC, Fig. 4 (h) recorded the capacitance retention of the PANI and PM5 active electrodes, as well as the PANI and PM5 ASC, after 5000 consecutive charges and discharges at a current density of 5 A/g. To avoid the phenomenon that the capacitance from increasing rather than decreasing at the onset of cycling process due to the electrode materials' inability to fully expose the active sites to electrolyte. In this experiment, the electrode material underwent continuous charging and discharging for 100 cycles firstly, and the change of specific capacitance retention of the composites with the number of charge and discharge were then recorded. It could be found that as a single electrode or ASC positive electrode material, the capacitor retention rate of PM5 after 5000 charge and discharge cycles were 88.1% and 91.9%, respectively. which was much higher than the 68.8% and 78.5% of PANI, illustrating its excellent cyclic stability. The changes in the ASC curves before and after 5000 cycles were subsequently assessed and their shapes were found to almost overlap ( Fig. S17 ), suggesting the steady and rapid ion diffusion and maintaining a high specific capacitance even after extended cycling. The enhanced stability of PM5 was primarily ascribed to the high stability of two-dimensional layered 1T/2H-MoS 2 structure inserted with NH 4 + . As a support structure, MoS 2 effectively avoided mechanical deformation caused by structural expansion and contraction during continuous charging and discharging of PANI nanofibers [ 54 ]. The Ragone plots of the prepared ASC devices and other PANI-based ACSs were compared in Fig. 4 (i) [ 55 – 60 ]. The PM5//AC ASC reacheed 72.9 Wh kg − 1 at a power density of 788.3 W kg − 1 . It was superior to other PANI-based ASC devices, which proved the excellent electrochemical performance of the device and was expected to be applied in practice. Overall, the preceding investigations illustrated that PANI@MoS 2 composites exhibited exceptional electrochemical characteristics, which could be attributed to the following: Firstly, The formation of dark blue polymerized molybdenum oxide clusters and the introduction of NH 4 + in MoS 2 precursor solution not only improved the low conductivity and poor surface hydrophilicity of layered MoS 2 , but also, due to the coexistence of the steady state 2H phase and the metastable 1T phase, the stability and conductivity of 2D layered MoS 2 were significantly improved, which was conducive for its continued application in the field of energy storage; Secondly, In addition to providing a carrier and framework for PANI loading, the MoS 2 in composite also built highly conductive collectors, which prevented the PANI from collapsing structurally as a result of ionic embedding and de-embedding and increased the rate at which charged ions were transferred between PANI fibers, greatly enhancing the PANI's electrochemical performance; Thirdly, The growth of PANI on MoS 2 nanosheets accelerated the formation of porous structure with ion buffer effect, hence enhancing the rate of ion diffusion inside the composite; Fourthly, The high specific surface area of MoS 2 also provided additional reactive sites for the growth of PANI both inside and outside its multilayered structure. The proximity between Mo and N atom facilitated the creation of robust π bond. This bond not only enhanced the cooperative effect between materials, but also prevented the PANI chain from undertaking hydrolysis and oxidative degradation during the cyclic charge and discharge process, significantly improving the energy storage stability of composite. Detecting the Ammonia Sensitivity of Film: To investigate the sensing performance of PANI and MoS 2 on NH 3 , in this paper, different amounts of MoS 2 were added during the in situ polymerization of PANI and PANI-PSS, and their NH 3 concentration response values at 10 ppm were compared. Figure 5 (a) displayed the average response values and initial resistance values of several composites to 10 ppm NH 3 . (Detailed gas-sensitive response recovery curves and initial resistance values of each material to 10 ppm NH 3 were shown in Fig. S18 and Fig. S19 ). It could be found tnat the initial resistance of PANI grown on nylon filter membrane was approximately 7500 Ω, after a 120-second exposure to 10 ppm NH 3 , the resistance increased by 7–20%. The response value of PANI had a positive correlation with the rise in response times, suggesting that its reaction to NH 3 necessitated an "activation" process, and the response value stabilized after around three cycles. Nevertheless, the recovery ability of single PANI was underperforming and couldn't recover to initial resistance value. Hence, the initial resistance value at the onset of each cycle exhibited a notable upward tendency, suggesting that employing solely PANI for practical gas-sensing detection was fraught with difficulties and necessitated modification with additional materials. It has been known that PSS could prevent the clustering of PANI molecular segments by creating stable micelles with aniline molecules, and facilitating the formation of cross-net-like structures [ 27 ]. The distinct interweaving network of fiber structure might be conducive to the adsorption and desorption of NH 3 by PANI molecules. The results shown in Fig. S18 support the hypothesis that PANI-PSS grew on nylon filter membranes exhibited a consistent cycling response exceeding 20% and demonstrated effective recovery ability for 10 ppm NH 3 . However, because of the electron-withdrawing properties of sulfonic acid group, the conductivity of PANI-PSS was reduced compared to hydrochloric acid protonated PANI, With its initial resistance increased by approximately 28% and stabilized at roughly 9600 Ω. Following a comparison of PANI and PANI-PSS loaded with different MoS 2 qualities, it was discovered that as MoS 2 loading increased, the resistance of both PANI and PANI-PSS exhibited initial drop followed by increase in resistance, which was due to the effect of MoS 2 's high electrical conductivity and unusual two-dimensional layered structure on the composite. Following examination, it was discovered that PPM with a 10 wt% MoS 2 loading had the most effective ability to respond to NH 3 . Under five gas-sensitive response cycles, the resistance stabilized nearly 6950 Ω, with a response value of more than 47% and less than 5% variation(Fig. 5 (b) ). Fig. S20 depicted the response/recovery curves of PANI and PPM10 films at 10 ppm NH 3 . It could be found that PPM10 not only had higher response value, but its response and response time were significantly lower than PANI. The above experiments proved that the addition of 10 wt% MoS 2 content could significantly improved the gas-sensing ability and stability of the composite, so PPM10 would be taken as the experimental object in the following paper. Sensitivity was a crucial metric for evaluating the performance of gas-sensing films. It quantified the extent to which the response of film changes in relation to the concentration of the gas being detected. To further investigated the sensitivity of PPM gas-sensing film to NH 3 , the dynamic sensing response of film to concentrations of 0.5 to 20 ppm NH 3 at room temperature and 35% relative humidity was evaluated (Fig. 5 (c) ). And the fitting curve was displayed in Fig. 5 (d) , as anticipated, the result revealed a significant linear connection between the response value and the concentration of NH 3 ( y = 3.8813x + 3.8714 ), with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.99753. According to the Eq. (7) in SI, the sensitivity of PPM film to NH 3 was calculated to be 287 Ω/ppm. It have been kown that the limit of detection ( LOD ) of sensor was defined as three times the standard deviation of its noise [ 61 ]. Based on Fig. S21 and Eq. (8) in SI, the standard deviation of blank sample signal was 0.0857%, and the LOD of film was calculated to be 0.662 ppb, indicating that the sensor device was suitable for food testing and human breath diagnosis. Selectivity, or the ability to distinguish the target gas from other gases, was an essential measure of gas sensor's practicability. In this paper, the selectivity of PPM10 was verified by comparing the gas-sensitive response to 10 ppm NH 3 and other interfering gases, including 100 ppm volatile organic compounds (VOCs): ethyl ether (Et 2 O), ethanol (ETOH), and acetone (AC) at 25°C and 58% RH, as well as to the common airborne interfering gases: pure oxygen (O 2 ), pure nitrogen (N 2 ), 100 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and 100 ppm carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The results (Fig. 5 (e) ) indicated that PPM10 had more pronounced response to 10 ppm NH3 compared to other potentially interfering gases, indicating its higher selectivity towards NH 3 . Following that, an anti-interference experiment was carried out by combining 10 ppm NH 3 with additional interfering gases, the results were shown in Fig. 5 (f) . The sensing response of various mixed gases was similar to that of single NH 3 gas, which further revealed the excellent anti-interference selectivity of PPM to NH3. Because of PANI's propensity to quickly aggregate and agglomerate, as well as its vulnerability to oxidative decomposition [ 13 ], gas-sensing films based on PANI faced inadequate anti-interference capability [ 62 – 63 ]. Factors such as humidity, temperature, bending, and stretching could significantly impair the sensing capability of the device or even caused it to fail. It was satisfying that a series of stability experiments on PPM10 film confirmed that the film possessed outstanding environmental stability and could function effectively under a variety of circumstances. Refer to Supporting Information(from Fig. S22 to Fig. S29 ) for specific information regarding the content and analysis of the stability test. Table 1 Comparison of the performance of PPM10 films prepared in this experiment with other PANI-based NH 3 sensors in the last four years Materials Response(ΔR/R0) LOD (ppb) Response time (S) Flexibilityes or no Operating temperature Refs. PANI@MnO 2 @rGO 50 ppm, 15.56% - 6 No 100℃ [ 64 ] PANI@rGO 100 ppm, 250% 5000 97 No RT [ 65 ] PANI@SnO 2 100 ppm, 33.1% 500 158 Yes RT [ 66 ] PANI@TiO 2 50 ppm, 98% 3000 47 Yes RT [ 67 ] PANI@Nb 2 CTx 100 ppm, 301% 1000 105 No RT [ 68 ] PANI/CuPctbu 200 ppm, 360% 5000 510 No RT [ 69 ] PPM10 10 ppm, >47% 500 92 Yes 0–60℃ This work “RT” represents the room temperature, and “-” indicates no exploration The minimum NH 3 concentration actually tested in this work was 500 ppb, and the calculated theoretical LOD was 0.662 ppb Table. 1 compared several PANI based sensors used for NH 3 detection in the past four years [ 64 – 69 ]. The results showed that the prepared PPM flexible gas sensing film in this work had the advantages of high response sensitivity, low detection limit, excellent mechanical flexibility and good temperature stability while monitoring NH3 at room temperature, and was more suitable for wearable device applications than other sensing films. Ammonia Sensing mechanism: The protonation/deprotonation theory was postulated to elucidate the NH 3 sensing mechanism of PANI during NH 3 moleculars adsorption/desorption process [ 70 ]. And the protonation process of PANI was depicted in Fig. 6 (a) , illustrating the incorporation of H + ions and the resulting charge off-domain effects. That is, PANI was initially doped with proton acid, allowing H + ions to enter the main chain of molecule. Subsequently, the electron cloud was reorganized, resulting in the formation of emeraldine salt with high conductivity. Within this structure, there existed a significant abundance of unbound H + ions on the surface, serving as charge carriers, and the resulting PANI exhibited a robust electron absorption effect. While the NH 3 was a typical electron-donating gas, when PANI was exposed to NH 3 atmosphere, a large amount of NH 3 adsorbs on its surface and interacted with its H + protons on the N + -H sites to form NH 4 + , causing PANI to transition from conductive emeraldine salt state to insulating emeraldine base state, resulting in a decrease in current carrier concentration and an increase in resistance. Upon re-exposure to air, the PANI underwent a process in which NH 4 + detached from PANI surface and broke down into NH 3 and H + , which led to an increase in the concentration of current carrier and a subsequent decrease in resistance. Compared to PANI and PANI-PSS, PPM had much better NH 3 sensing performance and stability, and the gas-sensitive enhancement mechanism could be attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunction between PANI and MoS 2 interfaces. Figure 6 (b) displayed the interfacial energy band diagrams of MoS 2 and PANI in NH 3 and air to demonstrate mechanism. PANI was p-type semiconductor characterized by positive hole as its current carriers, which possessed a bandgap of 2.8 eV. While MoS 2 exhibited characteristics of n-type semiconductor, where electrons were the primary current carriers with a bandgap ranging from 1.2 to 1.9 eV [ 69 – 71 ]. When the two materials were combined and exposed to air, the Fermi energy levels achieved equilibrium due to the flow of holes and electrons in opposite directions, resulting in the formation of an electron accumulation layer on the PANI side, a hole accumulation layer on the MoS 2 side, and a narrow depletion layer at their interface (at the dashed line in the figure). The self-assembled electric field that occurred in the heterogeneous region caused energy band bending and created Schottky barriers. These barriers impeded the flow of carriers, leading to an increase in the initial resistance of PPM. When the film was exposed to NH 3 , the hole accumulation layer formed at interface created more adsorption sites for NH 3 , increasing the NH 3 adsorption capacity of composite. Concurrently, the NH 3 molecules captured proton H + (holes) from PANI and provided extra electrons, which further expanded the depletion layer on PANI side and substantially improved the gas-sensitive response capability of PPM10. To further confirm the presence of p-n heterojunctions on the composites. Current-voltage (I-V) tests were conducted on PANI(P), PANI-PSS(PP), PM, and PPM sensing materials that were grown on nylon filter membranes in air condition( Fig. S30 ). The scanning voltages varied from − 7 V to + 7 V. It was discovered that the slopes of current-voltage (I-V) curves for the four materials followed the order: PP > P > PPM > PM, which was consistent with the initial resistance of sensing films in air, as depicted in Fig. S18 . Furthermore, the current-voltage (I-V) curves for PANI and PANI-PSS exhibited a symmetrical linear correlation across the whole range of voltage, indicating that the contact between the materials was ohmic behavior [ 72 ]. In contrast, the I-V curves for PM and PPM were asymmetric and nonlinear, suggesting that energy band at the contact interface was bent, and Schottky barrier was formed. The existence of Schottky barrier caused an increased interface resistance. Furthermore, due to the weakening of self-built electric field, a small number of carriers could easily cross the low potential barrier to form a high current, and an exponential upward trend in the curve was observed under forward bias conditions, which is a feature of the p-n heterojunction formed between MoS 2 and PANI [ 73 ]. Practical application of the device: As exhibited in Fig. S31 , we utilized light-emitting diode (LED) (3.0 V, 20 mA, 60 mW, from Shenzhen Hualan Microelectronics Co.) powered by PM5//AC ASC to confirm the ASC device's practical application potential, And the CV and GCD curves of the device were shown in Fig. 4 (j-l) . Two ASC devices were connected in series to a CR2032 coin cell battery pack (Shenzhen Zenkaixin Energy Equipment Co., Ltd.) to generate the voltage needed to power a single red LED(≈ 3.0 V). With a completely charged ACS device, the red LED could function continuously for over 20 minutes, showcasing exceptional continuous power supply performance. Food spoilage is a major worldwide problem; according to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, around one-third of food produced by humans spoils or is wasted [ 74 ], which has a substantial negative impact on the world economy. As a result, an innovative sensor for detecting food deterioration and monitoring food quality in real-time is clearly in demand. Owing to the excellent mechanical stability and flexibility of PPM10 film (Fig. 5 (g) ), the sensor was anticipated to be utilized for monitoring the freshness of meat. During the experiment, a piece of fresh pork weighing roughly 250 g was purchased and stored in a closed fresh-keeping box at room temperature (25℃, 35% RH). The resistance and response value of film was recorded at 12-hour intervals, and the experimental results were presented in Fig. S32 . It was observed that during the initial 48 h, the response value of gas sensor was consistently less than 4%. Substituting the response values into the fitted curve in Fig. 5 (d) , the NH 3 concentration in fresh box was less than 0.5 ppm. According to the description in literature [ 75 ], the pork was completely inedible when NH 3 concentration exceeded 16 ppm during storage, which suggested that the pork was still in freshness at the moment. The gas sensor's response value reached 12.5% after 60 h of storage, showing the NH 3 concentration had reached 2.5 ppm at that point. After 72 h of storage, the response value approached 39%, indicating that the NH 3 concentration in box had surpassed 9 ppm, a significant amount of bacteria and microorganisms were already present. For safety reasons, it was not recommended to consume. In order to confirm the effectiveness of using the gas-sensitive film together with ASC, we proceeded to integrate the two components by following the procedure illustrated in Fig. 5 (h) . The semi-quantification detection of pork was achieved by the brightness of LED lamp, and the experimental procedure was showed in Video 3 . It could be found that the LED attached to ASC and sensing film maintained a consistent lighting in air. As the lid of box with rotten pork was closed, NH 3 in box evaporated and came into contact with sensing film at the top of box. This caused a rapid increase in film resistance and an enormous shift in brightness of LED, which almost went away in 15 s. When the lid of fresh box was opened, the NH 3 concentration rapidly decreased, the film resistance gradually returned, and the LED light progressively gets brighter. It has been known that NH 3 exists as a metabolite in human exhaled gas and is one of the markers used to diagnose kidney disease patients [ 3 ]. As a result, the developed sensing film for NH 3 detection must swiftly distinguish the difference in ammonia concentration within 5 ppm in order to accurately diagnose patients with kidney disease. In this study, a self-powered and gas-sensitive device was simply installed on a healthcare mask and worn on the head of a mannequin model using the method illustrated in Fig. 5 (i) . A 3 mm diameter polyurethane high-pressure tube was used to pass through the mannequin. A steady flow of 5 ppm, 5 L/min NH 3 was vented to simulate the exhaled air in patients with kidney disease. The experimental approach was demonstrated in Video 4 . Initially, the LED exhibited a standard level of luminous intensity. Upon extending the duration of ventilation, the luminosity of LED experienced a notable decline after approximately 40 s. After the airflow stopped and the film was exposed to air, the bulb's luminosity was restored to its initial level. Overall, the sensing device developed in this study effectively achieved fast and semi-quantitative detection of NH 3 in food testing and simulated medical diagnosis. Conclusion In conclusion, in this study, a bifunctional material based on PANI and 2D layered MoS 2 nanosheets was developed and a portable and sensitive self-powered NH 3 sensing system was presented. Compared with a single material, the PANI@MoS 2 nanosheets had significantly enhanced pseudocapacitive energy storage properties, and the obtained PM5 composite had a high specific capacitance of up to 838.7 F/g (at 1 A/g current density), excellent rate capability (82% retention rate), and outstanding charge and discharge stability(more than 88.1% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). As an ASC device, it not only possessed a specific capacitance of 277 F/g and a charging/discharging capacitance retention rate of up to 91.9%(after 5000 cycles), but also had remarkable power density (788.3 W/kg) and energy density (72.9 Wh/kg). In addition, due to the synergistic interaction between the materials and the formation of p-n heterojunction as well as Schottky barriers between the interfaces, the PPM10 film prepared based on PANI and MoS 2 showed excellent NH 3 response value (47%), sensitivity (287 Ω/ppm), theoretical limit of detection(0.662 ppb), preeminent environment stability and mechanical flexibility. Finally, in this paper, meat spoilage monitoring and simulated halitosis diagnosis were conducted utilizing the developed self-powered NH 3 sensor, which enabled real-time identification of spoiled pork and halitosis patients through the brightness of LED bulbs. This wearable NH 3 gas sensor integrated with a self-supplied energy device avoided human exposure to toxic gases in response to people's demand for food safety and healthcare detection. It is believed that this paper is anticipated to offer a novel perspective on the material selection and implementation of wearable gas sensors. Declarations Author Contribution Cheng Chen: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing, Original Draft Preparation and Review;Qian Tu: Data curation, Writing and Draw charts;Xin Zhou: Investigation ,draw charts;Jiaxin Xu: Investigation and Formal analysis;Caihong Lv: Data curation and Visualization;Xianwen Ke: Supervision;Houbin Li: Funding acquisition;Liangzhe Chen: Funding acquisition and Editing;Xinghai Liu: Funding acquisition and Editing.All authors reviewed the manuscript Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the usage of all characterizations supported by the "14th Five-Year Plan" National Key Research and Development Plan Project (Grant No. 2023YFE0105500), and Wuhan University postgraduate research credit course project of Intelligent Packaging and Food Safety (Grant No. 1506/413100017). We also thanked the Core Facility of Wuhan University for FESEM, TEM, XRD and Raman analysis. 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Electrochim Acta 292:458–467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.178 Lin Z, Li X, Li S et al (2023) Highly flexible, foldable carbon cloth/mxene/polyaniline/coni layered double hydroxide electrode for high-performance all solid-state supercapacitors. J Energy Storage 64:107116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107116 Pawar DC, Malavekar DB, Khot SD et al (2023) Performance of chemically synthesized polyaniline film based asymmetric supercapacitor: effect of reaction bath temperature. Mater Sci Engineering: B 292:116432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116432 Zhu Y, Xu H, Tang J, Jiang X, Bao Y, Chen Y (2021) Preparation of ternary composite CF@γ-MnO 2 /PANI material in electrochemical supercapacitors. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32:25300–25317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06989-x Zhu Y, Xu H, Tang J et al (2021) Synthesis of γ-MnO 2 /PANI composites for supercapacitor application in acidic electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 168:30542. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abef82 Rahman MM, Joy PM, Uddin MN, Mukhlish MZB, Khan MMR (2021) Improvement of capacitive performance of polyaniline based hybrid supercapacitor. Heliyon 7:7407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07407 Du L, Feng D, Xing X et al (2022) Nanocomposite-decorated filter paper as a twistable and water-tolerant sensor for selective detection of 5 ppb–60 v/v% ammonia. Acs Sens 7:874–883. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c02681 Lee C, Wang Y (2019) High-performance room temperature NH 3 gas sensors based on polyaniline-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite sensitive membrane. J Alloys Compd 789:693–696. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.03.124 Bandgar DK, Navale ST, Nalage SR et al (2015) Simple and low-temperature polyaniline-based flexible ammonia sensor: a step towards laboratory synthesis to economical device design. J Mater Chem C Mater Opt Electron Devices 3:9461–9468. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC01483B Umar A, Akbar S, Kumar R et al (2024) Unveiling the potential of PANI@MnO 2 @rGO ternary nanocomposite in energy storage and gas sensing. Chemosphere 349:140657. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cheMoSphere.2023.140657 Hadano FS, Gavim AEX, Stefanelo JC et al (2021) NH 3 sensor based on rGO-PANI composite with improved sensitivity. Sens (Basel) 21:4947. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21154947 Li YW, Zhang YB, Zhou Y et al (2023) Wearable gas sensor based on reticular antimony-doped SnO 2 /PANI nanocomposite realizing intelligent detection of ammonia within a wide range of humidity. ACS Sens 8:4132–4142. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c01326 Conti PP, Dos Santos DM, Goldthorpe IA et al (2022) TiO 2 hollow nanofiber/polyaniline nanocomposites for ammonia detection at room temperature. Chemnanomat 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202200154 Wang S, Liu B, Duan Z et al (2021) PANI nanofibers-supported Nb 2 CT x nanosheets-enabled selective NH 3 detection driven by teng at room temperature. Sens Actuators B 327:128923. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128923 Pauly A, Saad Ali S, Varenne C et al (2022) Phthalocyanines and porphyrins/polyaniline composites (PANI/CuPctBu and PANI/TPPH 2 ) as sensing materials for ammonia detection. Polym (Basel) 14:891. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050891 Tian X, Cui X, Xiao Y et al (2023) Pt/MoS 2 /polyaniline nanocomposite as a highly effective room temperature flexible gas sensor for ammonia detection. Acs Appl Mater Interfaces 15:9604–9617. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c20299 Tanguy NR, Arjmand M, Yan N (2019) Nanocomposite of Nitrogen-doped graphene/polyaniline for enhanced ammonia gas detection. Adv Mater Interfaces 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201900552 Cai S, Zhang Q, Chen C et al (2024) A chemiresistive room temperature ammonia gas sensor based on self-assembled PPy/Zntpp. Sens Actuators: B Chem 399:134862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.134862 Jain A, Gautam SK, Panda S (2023) NH 3 -detecting room temperature PANI-TiO 2 - based flexible gas sensor with EIS-validated sensing mechanism. Phys Scr 98:095909. https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/aceadc Zhu Y, Wang W, Li M et al (2022) Microbial diversity of meat products under spoilage and its controlling approaches. Front Nutr 9:1078201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1078201 Napravnikova E, Vorlova L, Malota LVAF (2002) Changes in hygienic quality of vacuum-packed pork during storage. Acta Vet Brno 71:255–262. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200271020255 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupportingInformation.doc Video1Themechanicalstabilitytestofsensing.mp4 Video2Themechanicalstabilitytestofsensing.mp4 Video3Theapplicationofdeviceinfoodspoilagedetection.mp4 Video4Theapplicationofdeviceinmedicalmonitoring.mp4 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 12 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 01 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 08 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4390151","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":321441494,"identity":"c625d7a4-8306-4381-a1bc-39b714b2ca62","order_by":0,"name":"Cheng Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":321441495,"identity":"ba21f846-13d5-40e3-85e1-f8e15b3ffc2b","order_by":1,"name":"Qian Tu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jingchu University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qian","middleName":"","lastName":"Tu","suffix":""},{"id":321441496,"identity":"6f9c7155-e624-4032-841f-2c2fda574644","order_by":2,"name":"Xin Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":321441497,"identity":"88c23c39-a3fc-448d-b2ce-8f2457bd2784","order_by":3,"name":"Jiaxin Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiaxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":321441498,"identity":"79c8b33c-7fc0-41ac-9e0b-8f3e647256ca","order_by":4,"name":"Caihong Lv","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Caihong","middleName":"","lastName":"Lv","suffix":""},{"id":321441499,"identity":"35ae4191-9e6b-4cb5-9d56-1ff3626d8b6a","order_by":5,"name":"Xianwen Ke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xianwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Ke","suffix":""},{"id":321441500,"identity":"d5290df2-a052-4439-8ece-04d357bba185","order_by":6,"name":"Houbin Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Houbin","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":321441501,"identity":"5fa5b11d-c09e-45d7-9c4d-ef2fee706bb3","order_by":7,"name":"Liangzhe Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jingchu University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liangzhe","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":321441502,"identity":"c768a3fa-6efd-489c-aa18-af7380486e4d","order_by":8,"name":"Xinghai Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAr0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYGBmaGCoYEEEeCKC1sYC1nSNICxMyMbSRpYecxky6cdzjP4ADzwds8DHZ5RDiMx9h45rbDxQYH2JKteRiSi4nRYviYd9vtxA0HgNbxMBxIbCBCi8Fh3jkgLfzfiNYCtKUBbAsbsVrYio15jv1PnHmYzdhyjkEyYS38/Ie3SfPUpCX2HW9+eONNhR1hLQjADCIMiFc/CkbBKBgFowAPAACp4TLZOHjUYwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinghai","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-08 15:02:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4390151/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4390151/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-01204-x","type":"published","date":"2024-12-30T15:57:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60530753,"identity":"d4ae403a-6401-4df2-b50d-646d1078933e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 20:07:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1891622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe synthesis process of two different MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets and the fabrication of PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite as well as PANI-PSS@MoS\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003esensor film\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/03bb76f1a2b1cb1e99d35406.png"},{"id":60529279,"identity":"1b58de9a-54eb-488b-826d-f3c21f12b83d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":397121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A, B, C) SEM and TEM images of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. (D, E, F) SEM and TEM images of 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. (G, H) SEM images of PM and PPM. (i) SEM image of blank nylon filter membrane substrate\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/42384a99e6fb38a5bc24d65f.png"},{"id":60529277,"identity":"d883e24c-b424-4ebd-99cb-a78a8020ac50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:10","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":149132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) XRD comparison of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and commercial MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) XRD comparison of PANI, PANI-PSS, PM and PPM; (c) The comparison of Raman spectra of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e; (d) The comparison of Raman spectra of PANI, PANI-PSS, PM and PPM; (e) Mo 3d spectra of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. (f) N 1s spectra of PANI and PANI-PSS\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/45721bb7661c6ddb4ced79e6.png"},{"id":60530754,"identity":"bfd60e81-2b7c-4ada-80c7-29663702cb3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 20:07:10","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":182723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvaluation of electrochemical performance based on PM5 electrode material. (a) CV curves of PM5 electrode at different scan rates. (b) GCD curves of PM5 electrode at different current densities. (c) EIS curves of PM5 electrode obtained at 5 mV amplitude in the frequency range of 0.01 to 100 kHz (the upper left inset shows the magnified image of the curves in the high-frequency region, and the lower right inset shows the equivalent circuit model of the PM5 electrode). (d) CV curves of ASC at different scan rates. (e) GCD curves of ASC at different current densities. (f) EIS curve of ASC (inset shows a magnified image of the curve in the high-frequency region). (g) Specific capacitance (bar graph) and its retention (dotted line graph) calculated for ASC at different current densities. (h) Comparative capacitance retention plots of PANI- and PM5-based electrodes and ASC after cyclic charging and discharging for 5000 times at 5 A/g current density. (i) Ragone plot comparing the prepared ASC device with many previous PANI-based ASC devices reported in the literature in the last five years. (j) Comparison plot of the CV curves of a single ASC and two ASCs in series at 50 mV/S scan rate. (k) Comparison plot of GCD curves of a single ASC and two series ASCs at 5 A/g current density. (l) GCD curves of two series-connected ASCs at different current densities\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/8758fa6e5e121f148acb4569.png"},{"id":60529283,"identity":"a3032718-36d8-43d8-8166-94f0fa9cf837","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:10","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":261489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGas-sensing capabilities of nanocomposites for detecting NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. (a) Comparative plots of average response values and initial resistance values of PM and PPM sensing films with different MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e additions to 10 ppm ammonia under multiple repeated cycles (bar graphs are response values and dotted line graphs are initial resistance values). (b) Repeatability test of PPM10 film at 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration (lower curve is gas-sensitive response recovery curve, upper curve is initial resistance value). (c) Comparison plot of gas-sensitive response recovery curves of PPM10 films at 05-20 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. (d) Response concentration fit curve for PPM10. (e) Plot comparing the response values of PPM10 to 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and 100 ppm other gases. (f) Plot comparing the response values of PPM10 to a mixture of 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and different concentrations of interfering gases. (g) The sensing film in bending state. (h) Simple self-powered gas sensing device for food inspection. (i) Simple self-powered gas sensing device for simulated medical diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/1108550ab1f779ce95326594.png"},{"id":60529281,"identity":"f6fddf49-374c-4f9d-89c4-ef711a07b695","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:10","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Protonation and deprotonation process of PANI. (b) Energy band diagrams of PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in air (left) and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (right) environments\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/3e03ffb6e0240bb588492022.png"},{"id":73093438,"identity":"b5708f02-cb75-405f-a01d-98ce3cafac1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-06 16:18:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4634034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/fa4c97fb-01bd-47df-b584-3bbf4ad1f4d6.pdf"},{"id":60529284,"identity":"4f6be64a-dedf-4036-b327-1d4b03106114","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:11","extension":"doc","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":32651192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformation.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/b178864d2a60eccf0c605ce7.doc"},{"id":60529289,"identity":"03430789-6488-4f13-8b30-ece9b652b80a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:11","extension":"mp4","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":23365376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Video1Themechanicalstabilitytestofsensing.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/b683e7941fcad725856197e7.mp4"},{"id":60529286,"identity":"d51f029e-e6ee-4109-8e8f-099e55d474aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:11","extension":"mp4","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":10060163,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Video2Themechanicalstabilitytestofsensing.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/1bc99193093263cdf147d0b5.mp4"},{"id":60530755,"identity":"b5ba3811-d4d3-4372-9b21-ad712bb1af47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 20:07:11","extension":"mp4","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":12901989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Video3Theapplicationofdeviceinfoodspoilagedetection.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/0df574c013f2201976fe9d6d.mp4"},{"id":60529287,"identity":"318b8e75-e8c0-454e-a53b-61bd7f3e2417","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-17 19:59:11","extension":"mp4","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":11732185,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Video4Theapplicationofdeviceinmedicalmonitoring.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4390151/v1/53e6dbb4d2c057a9566aabf7.mp4"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Flexible, Stable and Self-Powered Two-Dimensional Layered Nanocomposites (PANI@MoS2) for Trace Ammonia Gas Detection","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmmonia(NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) is an odourless, caustic, and extremely poisonous gas. Prolonged exposure to NH3 at a concentration over 20 parts per million(ppm) can result in permanent harm to skin, eyes, throat, and lungs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e primarily emanates from industrial manufacturing, medicinal procedures, vehicle emissions, and food processing. In the field of food safety, meat spoilage is a serious problem today. Extended storage of meat can lead to microbial enzymatic reactions, specifically the decarboxylation of amino acids and the amination of chemical molecules containing carbonyl groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the degradation of food can be easly recognised by detecting NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Furthermore, numerous investigations have revealed that excessive urea in individuals with renal disease is excreted through respiratory system as NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The concentration of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in the exhaled gas of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ranges from 0.82 to 14.7 ppm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], significantly greater than healthy individuals (about 0.5ppm). Hence, the advancement of a sensitive, highly stable, and wearable sensor for detecting small amounts of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is crucial in the domains of meat detection and renal disease diagnostics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the continuous innovation of Internet of Things(IoT) technology and the increase in actual demand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], another challenge for wearable electronics is the constant need for external power. Various self-powered sensing devices utilizing different energy harvesting methods such as friction electric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic have been developed in academic research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, due to the fact that these self-powered devices require specific external driving forces (friction, pressure, heat, or light energy), they are difficult to use for measuring static ambient gases, and gas sensor performance is also easily affected by their impact [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. There is an urgent need for self-powered devices capable of continuous gas monitoring, long-distance operation, portability, immunity to interference and high security. Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted great attention as self-supplying energy storage devices in recent years due to their higher power density and energy density, fast charge-discharge time and long cycle life compared with conventional self-powered devices and traditional capacitors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. By integrating with gas-sensing device, the prospective applications of gas sensor can be further extended in real-world settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline (PANI), a typical conductive conjugated polymer, has gained significant interest in the areas of gas-sensitive sensors and supercapacitors in recent years because of its unique redox properties, controllable conductivity, high electrochemical activity, excellent biocompatibility, and mechanical flexibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the lack of stability of the redox sites in PANI may lead to the collapse of polymer structure after repeated charging and discharging or gas adsorption and desorption, thus affecting its cyclic stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the sluggish movement of charge ions in PANI also results in a substantial decrease in electrochemical performance (or gas sensitive performance) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Consequently, PANI is often combined with other compounds to generate composite materials that improve its performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. While the performance and stability of these composites have been enhanced to some degree in comparison to pure PANI, the issue of limited ion diffusion within the solid phase persists [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, as a typical transition-metal dichalcogenides(TMDs), is composed of a metal Mo layer sandwiched between two sulfur layers and stacked together through weak van der Waals interaction, owing large specific surface area and a unique layered structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Because the two-dimensional electron correlation between Mo atoms can induce more complex planar electrical transport properties, MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibit superior intrinsic ionic conductivity and theoretical specific capacitance compared to other common TMDs like graphene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], making it an excellent candidates for electrochemical energy storage and gas-sensing applications. There are three crystal structures of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 1T phase(orthorhombic structure), 2H phase(hexagonal structure) and 3R phase(rhombohedral hexahedral structure) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The majority of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is in a stable 2H phase with semiconducting properties. In this phase, each Mo atom is coordinated by six nearby S atoms in a prism-like structure, with upper S atoms positioned exactly above lower S atoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibits exceptional gas-sensitive sensing characteristics at room temperature via modifying the Fermi energy levels during the adsorption of gas molecules [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the robust interlayer contact of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets facilitates their tendency to form aggregates, leading to a reduction of conductivity. In addition, the low surface hydrophilicity of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e prevents the rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Unlike 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, each Mo atom in 1T-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is surrounded by six surrounding S atoms in an octahedral arrangement, with additional S atoms positioned at the center of the hexagonal lattice voids. The Mo 4d orbitals in 1T-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are not completely filled due to the variation in crystal symmetry, resulting in a metallic phase with significantly greater conductivity than 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. However, because of its distinctive crystal structure, 1T-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is thermodynamically unstable and readily transitions to the 2H phase while undergoing repeated charging and discharging, leading to a notable decline in electrochemical performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, In this study, a hybrid phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is constructed by a one-step solvothermal method to combine the advantages of two phases and eliminate the limitations of individual MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInspired by the simple adsorption and growth of PANI during in-situ polymerization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], In this paper, Mo Blue cluster precursor solution was first prepared, and 1T/2H mixed-phase MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e stability and 1T-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e high conductivity was prepared by one-step solvothermal method. The introduction of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e not only improved the surface hydrophilicity MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, promoted tighter integration of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and PANI, but also promoted the rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions, enhancing the electrochemical performance of material. Ultimately, PANI was self-assembled and grew on the interlayer and outer surface of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e by electrostatic attraction during in-situ polymerization, resulting in the formation of a three-dimensional layered PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composite with heterogeneous structure. In practical applications, wearable gas sensors often need to be fixed in food crisper, mask and other locations. To ensure the sensor functions properly, it is necessary to maintain a sensitive gas response even under repeated bending or stretching. Prior researchers suggested the integration of sensing materials directly into the substrate. For example, Mahdie et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] used PPy film onto gold cross finger electrode substrate and modified its surface with AgNPs to develop sensor device capable of rapidly detecting levels of breathed ammonia in patients. Although the sensor's detection sensitivity to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is 13 times that of single PPy, its non-flexible characteristics cause the rigid sensing material to be easily damaged or even detached from the flexible substrate after being subjected to external mechanical stress, limiting its practical application. Pablo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] achieved remote visual monitoring of strain and temperature by printing a layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) onto a near-field communication (NFC) tag and connecting it to an LED light. Nevertheless, the NFC label exhibits limited resistance to bending only when it is combined with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a technique that considerably lengthens the preparation time. Consequently, this method is not suited for the widespread use of portable wearable electronic items. Hence, to fulfill the application prerequisites of wearable flexible sensor components, it is imperative to attain mechanical flexibility and stretchability of said components in a straightforward manner. Among them, the process of in-situ development of polymer materials on the surface of flexible porous substrates has received a great deal of attention due to its ease of preparation, low cost, and outstanding stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNylon filter membrane, a type of polyamide membrane renowned for its versatile applications and sTable, possesses advantageous hydrophilic and mechanical properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Owing to its abundant aliphatic groups and porous characteristics, it serves as an excellent flexible substrate for the growth of PANI. However, the unstable dispersion of PANI in aqueous solution and its large particle size limit its stable growth on the surface of nylon filter membrane [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Fortunately, It has been found that polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS), as a typical anionic surfactant, the hydrophilic group(-SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH) on its surface can be combined with lipophilic group of aniline through electrostatic interaction, forming stable micelles in water and reducing its size [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the PSS anion chain in PANI:PSS can provide a significant amount of -SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH groups. This feature facilitates the absorption of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules and the transfer of electrons to MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at the interface between PANI:PSS and MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], which facilitates the enhancement of gas-sensitive response capability of PANI. In this research, two-dimensional layered nanocomposites PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were prepared by simple hydrothermal and in situ growth means. In addition, PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (PM1, PM5, PM10, PM20) and PANI-PSS@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (PPM1, PPM5, PPM10, PPM20) composites were produced under identical circumstances, varying the aniline to MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mass ratios. The results showed that while PM5 was used as electrode material, demonstrated a specific capacitance of 838.7 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and maintain a capacitance retention of more than 88% after undergoing 5000 consecutive testing. The Asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was created with PM5 as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode, showing a specific capacitance of more than 277 F/g, with excellent charge/discharge stability (91.9% capacitance retention). And the high power density of 788.3-1688.2 W/kg was observed under a energy density of 72.9\u0026ndash;4.1 Wh/kg, correspondingly. Simultaneously, due to the synergy between the material systems, as well as the formation of p-n heterojunction and Schottky barrier at the contact interface of PANI and MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the prepared PPM10 composite exhibited a higher NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e response value (47%), sensitivity (287 Ω/ppm) and a very low theoretical detection limit (0.662 ppb). By comparing the gas-sensitive performance of sensor film under different conditions, demonstrating the extraordinary stability of PPM10 film in both temperature and humidity, as well as its outstanding selectivity and a service life exceeding 60 days, making it ideal for practical applications. In the application section, the supercapacitor and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensor film were wire-assembled and applied to pork spoilage and simulated breath detection, demonstrating their high utility in food safety and portable medical detection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u003c/strong\u003e depicted the procedure for synthesising two-dimensional layered 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets using a straightforward hydrothermal technique. (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eMo\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS were first dissolved in deionized water to create a solution rich in Mo\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e6-\u003c/sup\u003e, and the subsequent addition of APS could be used to reduce the pH of solution and provide additional NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e. The reaction in aqueous solution is depicted below [29]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"277\" height=\"79\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnder acidic conditions, Mo\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e reacted with CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS as reducing agent and S source, resulting in the reduction of Mo(VI) species in solution to Mo(V). The reduction of Mo(VI) and Mo(V) led to polycondensation reaction to form dark blue polymerized molybdenum oxide cluster produced by delocalized mixed valence state [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions in solution attached to the negatively charged dark blue polymerized molybdenum oxide clusters through strong electrostatic interactions. The introduced NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e were positioned on cluster's surface by forming hydrogen bonds, which increased the material's hydrophilic properties. During the hydrothermal process, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, which had a tiny hydration radius, were incorporated into Mo sandwich structure through coordination with S atoms, not only reduced van der Waals interaction and increased distance between the layers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], but also acted as electron donor, providing additional charge for MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sheet. This process enhanced the electron density of transition metal's d orbital, causing instability in the fully occupied orbit of 2H phase. As a result, a portion of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e transformed from the 2H phase to the 1T phase, and facilitated the formation of 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Because of the beneficial hydrophilic properties and increased specific surface area of the synthesized 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, incorporating MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as growth scaffold during in-situ polymerization of aniline could create a stable environment for the polymerization of aniline monomers and prevented the structural failure of PANI resulting from prolonged use. Simultaneously, PANI grew between MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layers, which could increase the interlayer spacing of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, prevented the phase transition of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e from 1T to 2H, and enhanced gas adsorption and desorption between MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layers. Furthermore, we were surprised to discover that a significant quantity of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e embedded in MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e interlayer functioned as electron donor, supplying extra charge to MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets. This would result in electronegative active sites covering the interlayer and surface of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, facilitating the coordination link between vacant P orbital of N in PANI and 3p orbital of Mo. This strong π bond, generated by the lone pair of electrons sharing nitrogen between Mo and N atoms, promoted the transfer rate of charge ions between composites and significantly improved their energy storage properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, to implement the use of composite in flexible gas-sensing, the surfactant PSS was introduced into the in-situ polymerization precursor solution, and nylon filter membrane was used as flexible substrate. PSS was adsorbed on the surface of aniline through electrostatic interaction, which avoided excessive accumulation between PANI molecular chains and was conducive to adsorption and desorption of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e by PANI molecules.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe shape and structure of each material were investigated via scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The differentiation between 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e structures was shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(a-f)\u003c/b\u003e. The 2H phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was arranged in a stacking manner to create a homogeneous nanoflower structure, measuring approximately 150 nm in diameter and 7 nm in thickness. The TEM results indicated that the distance between lattice planes was approximately 0.62 nm, which corresponded to the crystal face (002) of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(a)\u003c/b\u003e. On the contrary, 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited a distinct 2D lamellar structure that was well-dispersed and stable in water, and the lattice spacing was 0.97 nm. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(g, h)\u003c/b\u003e reveal the architectures of PM and PPM. The multilayer stacked MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets offered a wide surface for the polymerization of aniline monomers. Moreover, the structure of nylon filter membrane substrate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(i)\u003c/b\u003e) was conductive to porous of prepared sensor film The SEM and TEM images of PANI, PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, PANI-PSS and PANI-PSS@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were displayed and analysed in \u003cb\u003eFig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e to \u003cb\u003eFig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e. And Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) scans were conducted on MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets grown with PANI and PANI-PSS. The findings were illustrated in \u003cb\u003eFig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eFig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the crystal composition and structure of composite materials, various samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (MiniFlex 600) with Cu-Kα radiation (λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.54 \u0026Aring;). The results were displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(a, b\u003c/b\u003e). The (002) crystal face of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was positioned at 13.71\u0026deg;, and a computed value of d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.5 \u0026Aring; was obtained, which was comparable to (002) crystal face location (6.2 \u0026Aring;) of commercially available MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (as indicated by the selected PDF card JCPDS# 37-1492). In the low-angle area, 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited two diffraction peaks: (002) at 9.13\u0026deg;, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.7 \u0026Aring;, and (004) at 18.0\u0026deg;, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.9 \u0026Aring;, as well as the (004) peak corresponds to the second order diffraction of (002) plane. This result demonstrated that NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e organized on MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets via hydrogen bonding increased the (002) crystal face spacing of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e from 0.65 nm in 2H phase to 0.97 nm in 1T phase due to steric hindrance. The increased of crystal face spacing promoted quick ion embedding as well as gas adsorption, improving the performance of electrochemical and gas-sensing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sample exhibited broad diffraction peaks at 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.3 and 57.3\u0026deg;, which could be attributed to (101) and (110) diffraction planes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Refer to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(b)\u003c/b\u003e, the broad diffraction peaks (020) and (200) observed between 10\u0026deg; and 30\u0026deg; in PANI and PANI-PSS samples were caused by the periodic alignment of PANI chains in both parallel and vertical directions. And the XRD patterns of PM and PPM nanocomposites demonstrated the presence of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and PANI, as indicated by primary characteristic peaks. This verified the existence of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and PANI in PM and PPM, which was also confirmed by EDS (\u003cb\u003eFig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e). Compared to PANI and PANI-PSS, the broad diffraction peaks of PM and PPM gradually narrowed at (020) and (200), showing that the addition of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e improved the consistency of PANI molecular chain orientation. Compared to single MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the peak corresponding to (002) planes shifted from 9.13\u0026deg; to 8.8\u0026deg;. Based on Bragg equation, the interlayer distance of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was observed to rise by around 0.342\u0026Aring;. Which indicated that the presence of PANI molecules led to an increase in S-Mo-S layer distance. Since the electrolyte directly contacts the outer layer of material during electrochemical reaction, a reasonable widening of material layer spacing would facilitate the rapid diffusion and transfer of electrolyte ions, so the insertion of PANI into layered Mo\u0026Aring; would be beneficial to the capacitive performance of supercapacitor [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structural and morphological properties of the composites were further studied using Raman spectroscopy. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(c)\u003c/b\u003e, the Raman spectra of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at 150\u0026ndash;500 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e were depicted. In 2H-phase MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the peaks at 375.1 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 402.4 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e represented the E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e bands from in-plane optical vibrations of Mo-S atoms and the A\u003csub\u003elg\u003c/sub\u003e bands from out-of-plane optical vibrations of S atoms along the c-axis, respectively. The two sets of vibrational modes were exclusive to the lamellar structure of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, with a frequency gap of 27.3 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003elg\u003c/sub\u003e bands of 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were situated at 400.3 and 375.4 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The vibrational modes of E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003elg\u003c/sub\u003e bands had a frequency difference of 24.9 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which was lower than 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e by approximately 2.4 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, suggesting a reduction in van der Waals interactions between adjacent layers of 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], which further proved that one of the reasons for the increase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e interlayer distance was the decrease of interlayer van der Waals interaction caused by the introduction of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e. It was also observed that the intensity of E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e and Alg bands in 1T/ 2H-MOS2 was significantly lower than that of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which was attributed to the phase transition from 2H to 1T in some MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Aside from the E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003elg\u003c/sub\u003e vibrational modes, distinct peaks at 195.1 (J\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), 222.3 (J\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), and 352.6 (J\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e were detected, indicating the octahedral coordination unique to the 1T-phase MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in layered 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. This confirms the metallic phase properties of material. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(d)\u003c/b\u003e analyzed the Raman spectra of four PANI-based nanocomposites within the range of 150\u0026ndash;2500 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The results showed that these showed five wide Raman spectral bands at ~\u0026thinsp;1158 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e(the characteristic peak of aromatic ring C-H bending), ~\u0026thinsp;1233 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (the vibration of C-H in-plane bending), ~\u0026thinsp;1335 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (the formation of polarons C-N\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;in benzene ring),, ~\u0026thinsp;1486 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (the stretching vibration of C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N group) and ~\u0026thinsp;1570 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C tensile vibration on polymer chains) respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the prominent signal observed at 1603 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in PANI-PSS corresponded to the -SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e component of PSS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The results above indicated that there was a close contact between MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and PAN during in-situ polymerization, and that MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was completely encased in nanofibers and kept in composite material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe XPS technique allowed for a more intuitive analysis of how the various elemental orbitals of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e affected the structure and properties of materials. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(e)\u003c/b\u003e displayed the XPS Mo 3d spectra of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. As per reference [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], the proportion of 1T/2H phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e could be determined by de-convoluting the spectra due to the somewhat lower binding energy of metallic 1T phase compared to semiconducting 2H phase. Following deconvolution, two spin-orbit double peaks were identified in tMo 3d spectra of both sample sets. The significant double peaks at 228.6 and 231.7 eV in 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e corresponded to the Mo 3d\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e and Mo 3d\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e orbitals of Mo(IV) in 1T phase. The modest double peaks detected at 229.5 and 232.6 eV corresponded to the Mo 3d\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e and Mo 3d\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e orbitals of Mo(IV) in 2H phase, which were 0.9 eV higher than the orbitals of 1T phase, respectively. The 1T/2H content ratio in 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e samples was determined to be around 8:2 by analyzing the Mo 3d spectra region, indicating that the system was primarily composed of 1T-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Conversely, the 1T phase was present in tiny quantities in 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sample, with a computed 1T/2H ratio of roughly 1:11, indicating the overwhelming occurrence of 2H phase in the system. Furthermore, the S 2s orbital was responsible for the dwarf peak near 225.9 eV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], and the presence of Mo(VI)-O bonds as a result of surface oxidation in air was indicated by a characteristic peak at 235.6 eV. The XPS S 2p spectra of 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ewere displayed in \u003cb\u003eFig. S7(a)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the impact of PSS on the inherent structure of PANI, the XPS spectra of the core energy levels N 1s of PANI and PANI-PSS were shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(f)\u003c/b\u003e. Four peaks in the N 1s spectra were identified at 399.2, 399.7, 401.3, and 402.3 eV, representing quinone imine (=\u0026thinsp;N-), phenylamino (-NH-), protonated imine in the dipolaronic state (=\u0026thinsp;NH\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-), and protonated amine in the polaronic state (-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-), respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. The proportion of quinone imine (=\u0026thinsp;N-) at 399.2 eV for PANI-PSS was lower than that of PANI due to the spatial site-blocking effect of -SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH group, which hindered the conversion of emeraldine to all-black aniline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. The ratio of the combined relative areas of N 1s characteristic peaks at 400.9 and 402.2 eV to the entire area of the Gaussian fit could be utilized to determine the doping level of PANI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it was possible to determine the protonation level of the PANI sample by calculating the overall percentage of N\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (which was the sum of =\u0026thinsp;NH\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e- and -NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-). The corresponding fit results were presented in \u003cb\u003eTable. S1\u003c/b\u003e. The results indicated that the total area of positively charged nitrogen (=\u0026thinsp;NH\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e- and -NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-) in PANI-PSS is higher compared to PANI. This demonstrated that the presence of -SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH significantly improved the protonation level of PANI-PSS, improved the charge transport path, and contributed to gas-sensing performance. Moreover, the rise in the proportion of =\u0026thinsp;NH\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e- and -NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e- groups in PANI:PSS could also enhance the adsorption active sites for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules, leading to an enhanced NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensitivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cb\u003eFig. S7(b)\u003c/b\u003e showed the XPS spectra of PM and PPM N 1s energy levels. The characteristic peaks corresponding to (=\u0026thinsp;N-), (-NH-), (=\u0026thinsp;NH\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-), and (-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-) in PM and PPM were shifted to approximately 396.4, 397.1, 398.7, and 399.7 eV, respectively. This shift was more noticeable in the full XPS spectra (\u003cb\u003eFig. S8\u003c/b\u003e). A weak characteristic peak of Mo 3p\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e at 393.8 eV suggested a possible coordination bonding between the vacant P orbitals of N and the 3p orbitals of Mo in PM and PPM [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. This observation was also seen in FTIR characterisation. The positively charged nitrogen area in PPM was much higher than in PM as indicated by \u003cb\u003eTable. S1\u003c/b\u003e, demonstrating the successful introduction of PSS. Finally, by observing the XPS full spectrum of 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, PANI, PANI-PSS, PM, and PPM (\u003cb\u003eFig. S8\u003c/b\u003e), it was found that the characteristic peak of Mo 3d\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e, which was originally located at 396.3 eV in 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, shifted to 393.8 eVx. Whereas the characteristic peak of N1S, which belonged to PANI (401.6 eV), also shifted to 399.3 eV. The merger of characteristic peaks from two sets and the shift of orbital characteristic peaks suggested the presence of Mo-N interaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the peak position of Mo 3d orbital in composites remained unchanged, indicating that the interaction occured only in Mo 3p orbital. The π-bonding property enhanced the electrical conductivity and inherent pseudocapacitance of the composite by facilitating redox electron exchange at Mo core [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, in this work, the composition and structural characteristics of composites were verified by FTIR characterization methods. (The experiment's results and comprehensive analysis were presented in \u003cb\u003eFig. S6\u003c/b\u003e of Supporting Information). What' more, the disparities in surface structures of materials were analyzed using the BET technique (Refer to \u003cb\u003eFig. S9\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eTable. S2\u003c/b\u003e in SI). Ultimately, the ZETA potentiometer was utilised to determine the particle size and ZETA potential of composites in aqueous solution. (Refer to \u003cb\u003eFig. S10\u003c/b\u003e in SI.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComposite materials' energy storage properties\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the potential applications of PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composite in energy storage devices, 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, PANI(P), PANI-PSS(PP), PANI@MoS2(PM) and PANI-PSS@MoS2(PPM) hybrid materials containing varying quantities of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (\u003cb\u003eFig. S11\u003c/b\u003e). And the composite with the best performance was selected (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(a)\u003c/b\u003e). Similar redox peaks of PANI could be found on PM electrode, indicating the existence of PANI in PM samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(b)\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eFig. S12\u003c/b\u003e displayed the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves of 12 composite electrodes at different current densities. \u003cb\u003eTable. S3\u003c/b\u003e displayed the specific capacitance and I\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e values calculated for each sample at various current densities. According to the analysis in the supporting information (SI), it was proved that MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e had the capability to accumulate partial charges via redox reactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. And because the insertion of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions and PANI leads to the expansion of layer spacing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e], PM5 electrode had the largest specific capacitance, which was selected as the electrode candidate material. To analyse the charge transfer resistance and ion diffusion properties of the electrode materials, Nyquist curves were derived for each material from electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measured in the frequency range of 0.01 to 100 kHz (\u003cb\u003eFig. S13\u003c/b\u003e). The curves were fitted to the simulation with Zview software, and the equivalent circuit model for PM5 electrode was displayed in the lower right corner of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(c)\u003c/b\u003e. Rs, Rct, and Zw represented the equivalent series resistance, charge transfer resistance, and Warburg diffusion impedance in circuit, respectively. Rs represented the total resistance of the electrode material, electrolyte, and contact resistance between the active material and the collector. It was determined by the intercept of the curve in high-frequency region on the x-axis. Rct was associated with the double-layer capacitance and the Faraday process, and its value was equal to the diameter of the curve forming a semi-arc in high frequency region. The parameter zw was associated with the resistance to the diffusion of electrolyte ions within the electrode and was indicated by the steepness of curve in low-frequency area. CPE1 and CPE2 were constant-phase elements for electric double layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance, respectively. The values for Rs, Rct, and the gradients of the curves in low-frequency area for each electrode material were obtained using fitting calculations (\u003cb\u003eTable. S4\u003c/b\u003e). The results indicated that the Rs and Rct values of PM5 electrode were 1.366 and 1.064 Ω, respectively, which were notably lower than those of 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, PANI, PANI-PSS, and PPM5 electrode. Additionally, the slope of the curve in low-frequency region WAs 15.825, significantly higher than that of the other electrodes. Showing superior electrical conductivity and quicker charge transfer capabilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe energy density of supercapacitor was directly proportional to the square of its voltage range. Therefore, increasing the voltage range could significantly enhance the energy density. To achieve this, a method of fabricating asymmetrical supercapacitors (ASC) could be employed to expand the voltage capacity of supercapacitor. To further evaluate the PM5 electrode for practical energy storage applications, a button supercapacitor was constructed with PM5 as positive electrode, activated carbon as negative electrode, and 1 mol/L H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e as electrolyte. The specific capacitance of activated carbon was determined to be approximately 196 F/g at 1 A/g based on \u003cb\u003eFig. S14\u003c/b\u003e. Consequently, according to the \u003cb\u003eEqs.\u0026nbsp;(2) and (3)\u003c/b\u003e in SI, the optimal loading mass ratio of PM5 and activated carbon was determined to be about 1:4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure S16\u003cb\u003e(a)\u003c/b\u003e depicted the potential windows of PM5 and activated carbon electrodes, and the maximum output voltage of ASC was determined to be 1.5V by comparing CV curves of device under different potential Windows. Under this scope, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(d)\u003c/b\u003e displayed the CV curves of ASC at varied scan rates. The CV curves represented consistent shapes across various scan rates, demonstrating excellent rate performance. The GCD curves of devices were depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(e)\u003c/b\u003e, which represented the devices at various current densities. The low I\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e (less than 0.05V) demonstrated the device's low internal resistance. The specific capacitance of ASC was presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(g)\u003c/b\u003e, indicating a discharge specific capacitance of 277.5 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Even at a current density of 20 A/g, the specific capacitance surpassed 228.7 F/g, while maintaining a capacitance retention of around 82%, showing exceptional rate capability. Furthermore, EIS was conducted to examine the charge transfer characteristics of ASC device, and the outcomes were illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(f)\u003c/b\u003e. The Nyquist diagram of ASC obtained in figure showed an almost vertical curve in low-frequency region, which was attributed to the fact that the outstanding conductivity of PM5 promoted the rapid diffusion of ions in electrolyte, significantly reducing the interfacial charge transfer barrier [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e], and thus possessed the ideal dynamic behavior of charge transfer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo demonstrate the charge-discharge cycling stability of PM5 electrode and ASC, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(h)\u003c/b\u003e recorded the capacitance retention of the PANI and PM5 active electrodes, as well as the PANI and PM5 ASC, after 5000 consecutive charges and discharges at a current density of 5 A/g. To avoid the phenomenon that the capacitance from increasing rather than decreasing at the onset of cycling process due to the electrode materials' inability to fully expose the active sites to electrolyte. In this experiment, the electrode material underwent continuous charging and discharging for 100 cycles firstly, and the change of specific capacitance retention of the composites with the number of charge and discharge were then recorded. It could be found that as a single electrode or ASC positive electrode material, the capacitor retention rate of PM5 after 5000 charge and discharge cycles were 88.1% and 91.9%, respectively. which was much higher than the 68.8% and 78.5% of PANI, illustrating its excellent cyclic stability. The changes in the ASC curves before and after 5000 cycles were subsequently assessed and their shapes were found to almost overlap (\u003cb\u003eFig. S17\u003c/b\u003e), suggesting the steady and rapid ion diffusion and maintaining a high specific capacitance even after extended cycling. The enhanced stability of PM5 was primarily ascribed to the high stability of two-dimensional layered 1T/2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e structure inserted with NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e. As a support structure, MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e effectively avoided mechanical deformation caused by structural expansion and contraction during continuous charging and discharging of PANI nanofibers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. The Ragone plots of the prepared ASC devices and other PANI-based ACSs were compared in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(i)\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR56 CR57 CR58 CR59\" citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e]. The PM5//AC ASC reacheed 72.9 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at a power density of 788.3 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. It was superior to other PANI-based ASC devices, which proved the excellent electrochemical performance of the device and was expected to be applied in practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the preceding investigations illustrated that PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composites exhibited exceptional electrochemical characteristics, which could be attributed to the following: Firstly, The formation of dark blue polymerized molybdenum oxide clusters and the introduction of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e in MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e precursor solution not only improved the low conductivity and poor surface hydrophilicity of layered MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, but also, due to the coexistence of the steady state 2H phase and the metastable 1T phase, the stability and conductivity of 2D layered MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were significantly improved, which was conducive for its continued application in the field of energy storage; Secondly, In addition to providing a carrier and framework for PANI loading, the MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in composite also built highly conductive collectors, which prevented the PANI from collapsing structurally as a result of ionic embedding and de-embedding and increased the rate at which charged ions were transferred between PANI fibers, greatly enhancing the PANI's electrochemical performance; Thirdly, The growth of PANI on MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets accelerated the formation of porous structure with ion buffer effect, hence enhancing the rate of ion diffusion inside the composite; Fourthly, The high specific surface area of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e also provided additional reactive sites for the growth of PANI both inside and outside its multilayered structure. The proximity between Mo and N atom facilitated the creation of robust π bond. This bond not only enhanced the cooperative effect between materials, but also prevented the PANI chain from undertaking hydrolysis and oxidative degradation during the cyclic charge and discharge process, significantly improving the energy storage stability of composite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetecting the Ammonia Sensitivity of Film:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the sensing performance of PANI and MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e on NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, in this paper, different amounts of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were added during the in situ polymerization of PANI and PANI-PSS, and their NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration response values at 10 ppm were compared. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(a)\u003c/b\u003e displayed the average response values and initial resistance values of several composites to 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. (Detailed gas-sensitive response recovery curves and initial resistance values of each material to 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e were shown in \u003cb\u003eFig. S18\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eFig. S19\u003c/b\u003e). It could be found tnat the initial resistance of PANI grown on nylon filter membrane was approximately 7500 Ω, after a 120-second exposure to 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the resistance increased by 7\u0026ndash;20%. The response value of PANI had a positive correlation with the rise in response times, suggesting that its reaction to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e necessitated an \"activation\" process, and the response value stabilized after around three cycles. Nevertheless, the recovery ability of single PANI was underperforming and couldn't recover to initial resistance value. Hence, the initial resistance value at the onset of each cycle exhibited a notable upward tendency, suggesting that employing solely PANI for practical gas-sensing detection was fraught with difficulties and necessitated modification with additional materials. It has been known that PSS could prevent the clustering of PANI molecular segments by creating stable micelles with aniline molecules, and facilitating the formation of cross-net-like structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The distinct interweaving network of fiber structure might be conducive to the adsorption and desorption of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e by PANI molecules. The results shown in \u003cb\u003eFig. S18\u003c/b\u003e support the hypothesis that PANI-PSS grew on nylon filter membranes exhibited a consistent cycling response exceeding 20% and demonstrated effective recovery ability for 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. However, because of the electron-withdrawing properties of sulfonic acid group, the conductivity of PANI-PSS was reduced compared to hydrochloric acid protonated PANI, With its initial resistance increased by approximately 28% and stabilized at roughly 9600 Ω. Following a comparison of PANI and PANI-PSS loaded with different MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e qualities, it was discovered that as MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e loading increased, the resistance of both PANI and PANI-PSS exhibited initial drop followed by increase in resistance, which was due to the effect of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e's high electrical conductivity and unusual two-dimensional layered structure on the composite. Following examination, it was discovered that PPM with a 10 wt% MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e loading had the most effective ability to respond to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Under five gas-sensitive response cycles, the resistance stabilized nearly 6950 Ω, with a response value of more than 47% and less than 5% variation(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(b)\u003c/b\u003e). \u003cb\u003eFig. S20\u003c/b\u003e depicted the response/recovery curves of PANI and PPM10 films at 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. It could be found that PPM10 not only had higher response value, but its response and response time were significantly lower than PANI. The above experiments proved that the addition of 10 wt% MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content could significantly improved the gas-sensing ability and stability of the composite, so PPM10 would be taken as the experimental object in the following paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity was a crucial metric for evaluating the performance of gas-sensing films. It quantified the extent to which the response of film changes in relation to the concentration of the gas being detected. To further investigated the sensitivity of PPM gas-sensing film to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the dynamic sensing response of film to concentrations of 0.5 to 20 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at room temperature and 35% relative humidity was evaluated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(c)\u003c/b\u003e). And the fitting curve was displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(d)\u003c/b\u003e, as anticipated, the result revealed a significant linear connection between the response value and the concentration of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.8813x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.8714\u003c/em\u003e), with a high correlation coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of 0.99753. According to the \u003cb\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(7)\u003c/b\u003e in SI, the sensitivity of PPM film to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was calculated to be 287 Ω/ppm. It have been kown that the limit of detection (\u003cem\u003eLOD\u003c/em\u003e) of sensor was defined as three times the standard deviation of its noise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on \u003cb\u003eFig. S21\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(8)\u003c/b\u003e in SI, the standard deviation of blank sample signal was 0.0857%, and the LOD of film was calculated to be 0.662 ppb, indicating that the sensor device was suitable for food testing and human breath diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelectivity, or the ability to distinguish the target gas from other gases, was an essential measure of gas sensor's practicability. In this paper, the selectivity of PPM10 was verified by comparing the gas-sensitive response to 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and other interfering gases, including 100 ppm volatile organic compounds (VOCs): ethyl ether (Et\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO), ethanol (ETOH), and acetone (AC) at 25\u0026deg;C and 58% RH, as well as to the common airborne interfering gases: pure oxygen (O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), pure nitrogen (N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), 100 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS) and 100 ppm carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). The results (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(e)\u003c/b\u003e) indicated that PPM10 had more pronounced response to 10 ppm NH3 compared to other potentially interfering gases, indicating its higher selectivity towards NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Following that, an anti-interference experiment was carried out by combining 10 ppm NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e with additional interfering gases, the results were shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(f)\u003c/b\u003e. The sensing response of various mixed gases was similar to that of single NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e gas, which further revealed the excellent anti-interference selectivity of PPM to NH3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause of PANI's propensity to quickly aggregate and agglomerate, as well as its vulnerability to oxidative decomposition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], gas-sensing films based on PANI faced inadequate anti-interference capability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. Factors such as humidity, temperature, bending, and stretching could significantly impair the sensing capability of the device or even caused it to fail. It was satisfying that a series of stability experiments on PPM10 film confirmed that the film possessed outstanding environmental stability and could function effectively under a variety of circumstances. Refer to Supporting Information(from \u003cb\u003eFig. S22\u003c/b\u003e to \u003cb\u003eFig. S29\u003c/b\u003e) for specific information regarding the content and analysis of the stability test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the performance of PPM10 films prepared in this experiment with other PANI-based NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensors in the last four years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse(ΔR/R0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLOD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ppb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse time (S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexibilityes or no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperating temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI@MnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e@rGO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm, 15.56%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI@rGO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm, 250%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI@SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm, 33.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI@TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm, 98%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI@Nb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCTx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm, 301%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI/CuPctbu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 ppm, 360%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPM10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 ppm, \u0026gt;47%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;60℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;RT\u0026rdquo; represents the room temperature, and \u0026ldquo;-\u0026rdquo; indicates no exploration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minimum NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration actually tested in this work was 500 ppb, and the calculated theoretical LOD was 0.662 ppb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable. 1\u003c/b\u003e compared several PANI based sensors used for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e detection in the past four years [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR65 CR66 CR67 CR68\" citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. The results showed that the prepared PPM flexible gas sensing film in this work had the advantages of high response sensitivity, low detection limit, excellent mechanical flexibility and good temperature stability while monitoring NH3 at room temperature, and was more suitable for wearable device applications than other sensing films.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAmmonia Sensing mechanism:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe protonation/deprotonation theory was postulated to elucidate the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensing mechanism of PANI during NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e moleculars adsorption/desorption process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]. And the protonation process of PANI was depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(a)\u003c/b\u003e, illustrating the incorporation of H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions and the resulting charge off-domain effects. That is, PANI was initially doped with proton acid, allowing H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions to enter the main chain of molecule. Subsequently, the electron cloud was reorganized, resulting in the formation of emeraldine salt with high conductivity. Within this structure, there existed a significant abundance of unbound H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions on the surface, serving as charge carriers, and the resulting PANI exhibited a robust electron absorption effect. While the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was a typical electron-donating gas, when PANI was exposed to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e atmosphere, a large amount of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e adsorbs on its surface and interacted with its H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e protons on the N\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-H sites to form NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, causing PANI to transition from conductive emeraldine salt state to insulating emeraldine base state, resulting in a decrease in current carrier concentration and an increase in resistance. Upon re-exposure to air, the PANI underwent a process in which NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e detached from PANI surface and broke down into NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, which led to an increase in the concentration of current carrier and a subsequent decrease in resistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to PANI and PANI-PSS, PPM had much better NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensing performance and stability, and the gas-sensitive enhancement mechanism could be attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunction between PANI and MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e interfaces. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(b)\u003c/b\u003e displayed the interfacial energy band diagrams of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and PANI in NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and air to demonstrate mechanism. PANI was p-type semiconductor characterized by positive hole as its current carriers, which possessed a bandgap of 2.8 eV. While MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited characteristics of n-type semiconductor, where electrons were the primary current carriers with a bandgap ranging from 1.2 to 1.9 eV [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR70\" citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e]. When the two materials were combined and exposed to air, the Fermi energy levels achieved equilibrium due to the flow of holes and electrons in opposite directions, resulting in the formation of an electron accumulation layer on the PANI side, a hole accumulation layer on the MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e side, and a narrow depletion layer at their interface (at the dashed line in the figure). The self-assembled electric field that occurred in the heterogeneous region caused energy band bending and created Schottky barriers. These barriers impeded the flow of carriers, leading to an increase in the initial resistance of PPM. When the film was exposed to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the hole accumulation layer formed at interface created more adsorption sites for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, increasing the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e adsorption capacity of composite. Concurrently, the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules captured proton H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e(holes) from PANI and provided extra electrons, which further expanded the depletion layer on PANI side and substantially improved the gas-sensitive response capability of PPM10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further confirm the presence of p-n heterojunctions on the composites. Current-voltage (I-V) tests were conducted on PANI(P), PANI-PSS(PP), PM, and PPM sensing materials that were grown on nylon filter membranes in air condition(\u003cb\u003eFig. S30\u003c/b\u003e). The scanning voltages varied from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7 V to +\u0026thinsp;7 V. It was discovered that the slopes of current-voltage (I-V) curves for the four materials followed the order: PP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;PPM\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;PM, which was consistent with the initial resistance of sensing films in air, as depicted in \u003cb\u003eFig. S18\u003c/b\u003e. Furthermore, the current-voltage (I-V) curves for PANI and PANI-PSS exhibited a symmetrical linear correlation across the whole range of voltage, indicating that the contact between the materials was ohmic behavior [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the I-V curves for PM and PPM were asymmetric and nonlinear, suggesting that energy band at the contact interface was bent, and Schottky barrier was formed. The existence of Schottky barrier caused an increased interface resistance. Furthermore, due to the weakening of self-built electric field, a small number of carriers could easily cross the low potential barrier to form a high current, and an exponential upward trend in the curve was observed under forward bias conditions, which is a feature of the p-n heterojunction formed between MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and PANI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractical application of the device:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs exhibited in \u003cb\u003eFig. S31\u003c/b\u003e, we utilized light-emitting diode (LED) (3.0 V, 20 mA, 60 mW, from Shenzhen Hualan Microelectronics Co.) powered by PM5//AC ASC to confirm the ASC device's practical application potential, And the CV and GCD curves of the device were shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(j-l)\u003c/b\u003e. Two ASC devices were connected in series to a CR2032 coin cell battery pack (Shenzhen Zenkaixin Energy Equipment Co., Ltd.) to generate the voltage needed to power a single red LED(\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;3.0 V). With a completely charged ACS device, the red LED could function continuously for over 20 minutes, showcasing exceptional continuous power supply performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood spoilage is a major worldwide problem; according to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, around one-third of food produced by humans spoils or is wasted [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e], which has a substantial negative impact on the world economy. As a result, an innovative sensor for detecting food deterioration and monitoring food quality in real-time is clearly in demand. Owing to the excellent mechanical stability and flexibility of PPM10 film (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(g)\u003c/b\u003e), the sensor was anticipated to be utilized for monitoring the freshness of meat. During the experiment, a piece of fresh pork weighing roughly 250 g was purchased and stored in a closed fresh-keeping box at room temperature (25℃, 35% RH). The resistance and response value of film was recorded at 12-hour intervals, and the experimental results were presented in \u003cb\u003eFig. S32\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was observed that during the initial 48 h, the response value of gas sensor was consistently less than 4%. Substituting the response values into the fitted curve in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(d)\u003c/b\u003e, the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration in fresh box was less than 0.5 ppm. According to the description in literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e], the pork was completely inedible when NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration exceeded 16 ppm during storage, which suggested that the pork was still in freshness at the moment. The gas sensor's response value reached 12.5% after 60 h of storage, showing the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration had reached 2.5 ppm at that point. After 72 h of storage, the response value approached 39%, indicating that the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration in box had surpassed 9 ppm, a significant amount of bacteria and microorganisms were already present. For safety reasons, it was not recommended to consume. In order to confirm the effectiveness of using the gas-sensitive film together with ASC, we proceeded to integrate the two components by following the procedure illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(h)\u003c/b\u003e. The semi-quantification detection of pork was achieved by the brightness of LED lamp, and the experimental procedure was showed in \u003cb\u003eVideo 3\u003c/b\u003e. It could be found that the LED attached to ASC and sensing film maintained a consistent lighting in air. As the lid of box with rotten pork was closed, NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in box evaporated and came into contact with sensing film at the top of box. This caused a rapid increase in film resistance and an enormous shift in brightness of LED, which almost went away in 15 s. When the lid of fresh box was opened, the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration rapidly decreased, the film resistance gradually returned, and the LED light progressively gets brighter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been known that NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e exists as a metabolite in human exhaled gas and is one of the markers used to diagnose kidney disease patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, the developed sensing film for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e detection must swiftly distinguish the difference in ammonia concentration within 5 ppm in order to accurately diagnose patients with kidney disease. In this study, a self-powered and gas-sensitive device was simply installed on a healthcare mask and worn on the head of a mannequin model using the method illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e(i)\u003c/b\u003e. A 3 mm diameter polyurethane high-pressure tube was used to pass through the mannequin. A steady flow of 5 ppm, 5 L/min NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was vented to simulate the exhaled air in patients with kidney disease. The experimental approach was demonstrated in \u003cb\u003eVideo 4\u003c/b\u003e. Initially, the LED exhibited a standard level of luminous intensity. Upon extending the duration of ventilation, the luminosity of LED experienced a notable decline after approximately 40 s. After the airflow stopped and the film was exposed to air, the bulb's luminosity was restored to its initial level. Overall, the sensing device developed in this study effectively achieved fast and semi-quantitative detection of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in food testing and simulated medical diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, in this study, a bifunctional material based on PANI and 2D layered MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets was developed and a portable and sensitive self-powered NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensing system was presented. Compared with a single material, the PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanosheets had significantly enhanced pseudocapacitive energy storage properties, and the obtained PM5 composite had a high specific capacitance of up to 838.7 F/g (at 1 A/g current density), excellent rate capability (82% retention rate), and outstanding charge and discharge stability(more than 88.1% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). As an ASC device, it not only possessed a specific capacitance of 277 F/g and a charging/discharging capacitance retention rate of up to 91.9%(after 5000 cycles), but also had remarkable power density (788.3 W/kg) and energy density (72.9 Wh/kg). In addition, due to the synergistic interaction between the materials and the formation of p-n heterojunction as well as Schottky barriers between the interfaces, the PPM10 film prepared based on PANI and MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e showed excellent NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e response value (47%), sensitivity (287 Ω/ppm), theoretical limit of detection(0.662 ppb), preeminent environment stability and mechanical flexibility. Finally, in this paper, meat spoilage monitoring and simulated halitosis diagnosis were conducted utilizing the developed self-powered NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensor, which enabled real-time identification of spoiled pork and halitosis patients through the brightness of LED bulbs. This wearable NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e gas sensor integrated with a self-supplied energy device avoided human exposure to toxic gases in response to people's demand for food safety and healthcare detection. It is believed that this paper is anticipated to offer a novel perspective on the material selection and implementation of wearable gas sensors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCheng Chen: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing, Original Draft Preparation and Review;Qian Tu: Data curation, Writing and Draw charts;Xin Zhou: Investigation ,draw charts;Jiaxin Xu: Investigation and Formal analysis;Caihong Lv: Data curation and Visualization;Xianwen Ke: Supervision;Houbin Li: Funding acquisition;Liangzhe Chen: Funding acquisition and Editing;Xinghai Liu: Funding acquisition and Editing.All authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the usage of all characterizations supported by the \"14th Five-Year Plan\" National Key Research and Development Plan Project (Grant No. 2023YFE0105500), and Wuhan University postgraduate research credit course project of Intelligent Packaging and Food Safety (Grant No. 1506/413100017). We also thanked the Core Facility of Wuhan University for FESEM, TEM, XRD and Raman analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003eDeclaration of Interest Statement\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi H, Lee C, Kim DH et al (2018) Flexible room-temperature NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensor for ultrasensitive, selective, and humidity-independent gas detection. 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Acta Vet Brno 71:255\u0026ndash;262. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2754/avb200271020255\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2754/avb200271020255\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"advanced-composites-and-hybrid-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"achm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials](https://link.springer.com/journal/42114)","snPcode":"42114","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/42114/3","title":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Two-dimensional layered nanocomposites, flexible sensing film, self-powered NH3 sensor, multi-function device","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4390151/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4390151/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, two-dimensional layered PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composite with promising energy storage and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-sensitive sensing properties has been synthesized by one-step hydrothermal and in-situ growth technique, and their joint application in supercapacitor and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e sensing detection is realized. The 2D layered MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, produced by incorporating NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, possess a high specific surface area and numerous reactive sites, leading to the growth and polymerization of aniline between its layers. Because of the unique layered structure facilitating rapid reversible diffusion of charge ions, the energy storage properties of composites have been significantly improved, and the assembled asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC) can power a LED bulb for more than 20 minutes. Furthermore, due to the formation of p-n heterojunction and Schottky barrier between PANI and MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, as well as the enhancement of PANI's structure and dispersion via polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) along with nylon filter membrane, the resulting PANI-PSS@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sensing film shows outstanding ammonia sensitivity and excellent stability. Ultimately, the sensor film and LED bulb is powered by the ASC to achieve a semi-quantitative, real-time detection of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e concentration of spoiled food and exhaled gas of patients. The self-powered sensing device, utilizing PANI@MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, is anticipated to be an important candidate in flexible wearable sensing arena.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Flexible, Stable and Self-Powered Two-Dimensional Layered Nanocomposites (PANI@MoS2) for Trace Ammonia Gas Detection","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-17 19:59:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4390151/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-13T11:02:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-12T10:09:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"65816331542749717727736102164255725970","date":"2024-10-12T03:14:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"186300060963456689530074783514045108049","date":"2024-10-11T08:34:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-10T16:04:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"305785436390960792261863937109458389962","date":"2024-10-06T03:11:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-02T11:16:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202965469105126481916865189541047756631","date":"2024-08-17T10:19:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"306796340634254215746713281375732602381","date":"2024-08-17T06:26:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-15T03:32:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-02T00:46:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-18T22:54:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","date":"2024-05-08T14:51:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"advanced-composites-and-hybrid-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"achm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials](https://link.springer.com/journal/42114)","snPcode":"42114","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/42114/3","title":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"517b07d3-9947-4db3-9fba-684aabe696de","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-06T16:03:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4390151","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-01204-x","journal":{"identity":"advanced-composites-and-hybrid-materials","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials"},"publishedOn":"2024-12-30 15:57:03","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 30th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-17 19:59:06","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42114-024-01204-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-01204-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4390151","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4390151","identity":"rs-4390151","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}