How Far Are We From the Realization of Non-Invasive Speech BCIs? A Deep Learning Scaling Law-Guided Clinical Analysis

How Far Are We From the Realization of Non-Invasive Speech BCIs? A Deep Learning Scaling Law-Guided Clinical Analysis | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 22 August 2025 V1 Latest version Share on How Far Are We From the Realization of Non-Invasive Speech BCIs? A Deep Learning Scaling Law-Guided Clinical Analysis Authors : Zihan Zhang 0009-0006-7530-9127 , Yu Bao , Xiao Ding [email protected] , Tianyi Jiang , Xia Liang , Juntong Du , Kai Xiong , Bing Qin , and Ting Liu Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175584705.58359140/v1 257 views 166 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Early brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on motor imagery have achieved notable success. Since 2023, pioneering work on high-performance BCIs - speech BCIs - has garnered widespread attention. These BCIs enable real-time translation of spontaneous language-related neural activity into natural language, offering the potential to restore speech in patients with conditions such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, who have lost their ability to communicate. However, these speech BCIs necessitate craniotomy, making them unsuitable for patients who are unwilling or unable to undergo neurosurgical procedures. This limitation underscores a pressing, unresolved question in the field: how far are we from achieving non-invasive speech BCIs? To address this, we adopted interdisciplinary approaches and clinically collected the first dataset for training non-invasive speech BCI. To draw cautious conclusions, we performed a large number of analyses on the experimental data from multiple perspectives and derived the ‘non-invasive speech BCI scaling law’, which suggests that approximately 15 years’ worth of data from a single participant is required to realize non-invasive speech BCIs-posing a substantial barrier to clinical application. We therefore explore key strategies to overcome this challenge, for reducing data requirements and advancing the development of next-generation BCIs. Supplementary Material File (manuscript.pdf) Download 4.90 MB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 22 August 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords brain-computer interface eeg scaling law Authors Affiliations Zihan Zhang 0009-0006-7530-9127 Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Yu Bao Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Xiao Ding [email protected] Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Tianyi Jiang Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Xia Liang Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Juntong Du First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University View all articles by this author Kai Xiong Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Bing Qin Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Ting Liu Harbin Institute of Technology View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 257 views 166 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Zihan Zhang, Yu Bao, Xiao Ding, et al. How Far Are We From the Realization of Non-Invasive Speech BCIs? A Deep Learning Scaling Law-Guided Clinical Analysis. Authorea . 22 August 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175584705.58359140/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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