Factors Associated with Prevalence of Malaria among Children-under-5-Years Following Mass Net Campaign and Indoor Residual Spraying in Amolatar District, Northern Uganda: Cross-Sectional Study

Factors Associated with Prevalence of Malaria among Children-under-5-Years Following Mass Net Campaign and Indoor Residual Spraying in Amolatar District, Northern Uganda: Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Factors Associated with Prevalence of Malaria among Children-under-5-Years Following Mass Net Campaign and Indoor Residual Spraying in Amolatar District, Northern Uganda: Cross-Sectional Study Sam Orech, Marc Sam Opollo, Irene Auma, Francis Ocen, Anne Ruth Akello This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5132710/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Globally, 3.3 billion people are at risks of contracting malaria, and the disease still endemic in 91 countries. Despite the scale up of interventions geared towards controls and eliminations of malaria, the number of malaria cases that progress to severe causing malaria-related deaths remains high. WHO identified mass LLINs distribution and IRS as effective measures for malaria preventions and control. In 2021, malaria caused an estimated 247 million clinical episodes and 619,000 deaths mostly vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: To determine the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among children under 5 years following mass net (LLINs) campaign and indoor residual spraying in Amolatar district, Northern Uganda. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional research design used. Quantitative survey for data collection employed. We collected blood sample from children under 5 years to detect the prevalence of malaria using plasmodium falciparum malaria rapid diagnostic test (PF.mRDT). Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis at 95% CI, p-value of 0.05 for significant variables were performed to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years. Results: Overall, 44.1% (105/238) of children tested positive of malaria. The mean age the caretakers were 24 years, SD 9.4. More than half of caretakers had attained primary level of education 50% (119/238). Children living with married caretakers had 3.2 increased odds of testing positive for malaria (AOR 3.2, 95%CI: 1.395-7.378, P<0.006). Having 2 children in the HH had a significant association of testing positive for malaria (AOR 0.4, 95%CI: 0.219-0.869, P<0.018]). However living in the HH ≥6Km from water body (AOR 0.3, 95%CI: 0.024-3.532, P<0.334) wasn’t significantly associated of testing positive for malaria. Conclusion: Children who lived with the married caretakers, having 2 children in the HH, and not sleeping under the LLINs had significant association of testing positive for malaria. While living in a HH ≥6Km from stagnated water bodies had reduced odds of testing malaria positive. We recommend strengthening awareness campaigns on the importance of consistent use of LLINs while targeting caretakers especially married households (HHs), where LLINs usage is low and community engagement strategies that focus on behavioral change to increase LLINs adherence. Malaria Prevalence children under-fives LLINs IRS morbidity and mortality Figures Figure 1 Background Mass Long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are major vector control strategies for malaria prevention in malaria endemic areas [11, 16, 17, 18, 26]. Children < 5 years old are the most vulnerable groups to malaria infection because of a poorly developed immune system. According to WHO malaria control strategies, countries have set targets that led to malaria control and elimination with interventions among high risk groups particularly for children < 5 years [22, 35, 39]. Despite the scale up of interventions geared towards control and eventual elimination of malaria [8, 18, 37, 38], the disease is still endemic in 91 countries worldwide with 3.3 billion people at risk of developing malaria in any given year. In 2015, 212 million cases of malaria occurred globally resulting into 429,000 deaths of which 92% were in Africa. Also in 2019, an estimated 409,000 people died from malaria accounting for 67% and that most were young people in sub-Saharan Africa [4, 5, 41]. High malaria burden has been identified as one of the causes of poverty in many developing countries, Uganda inclusive because the treatment costs are very high yet payment is usually out-of-pocket [36]. However, with scale up of interventions in most endemic countries, global reduction of malaria burden has been reported [2, 30, 40]. According to the WHO report, African Region has a disproportionately high share of global malaria burden. In 2019, the region was home to 94% of malaria cases [5]. Uganda has the 3rd highest global burden of malaria cases (5%) and 8th highest level of deaths (3%). It also has the highest proportion of malaria cases in East Africa and Southern Africa 23.7% [33]. Similarly, Uganda is among the 15 countries most affected by malaria in the world. The national malaria indicator survey of 2009 reported that 45% of Ugandan children aged five years carried malaria parasites [15, 42]. The national malaria prevalence according to microscopy in children under age of 5 had decreased consistently from 42% in 2009 to 19% in 2014-2015 and finally to 9% in 2018-19 respectively [6]. However, these declines have not been uniform around the country, and malaria prevalence declines have been greatest in regions where IRS has been implemented coupled with LLINs usage and good health seeking behavior [13, 26]. According to the Ministry of Health (MoH), malaria accounts for 24-45% of outpatients’ visits in public health facilities and is a leading cause of death among in-inpatients aged below five years. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant species causing malaria in Uganda. The major malaria parasite vectors in the country are Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus [32]. Malaria transmission in Uganda is perennial with two peaks in April to June and October to December, corresponding to rainfall seasons during which the vector biting density is high. The goal of Uganda’s malaria control policy is to reduce morbidity and prevent mortality attributed to malaria [42]. The Northern parts of Uganda districts have experienced changing dynamics of malaria transmission despite the increasing use of LLINs and IRS [13]. Vector population species shifted and insecticide resistance had been linked with this incident. The finding shows that of the 93.5% children tested for malaria, 52.4% had pfPR by RDT, and 32.7% by thick-film microscopy (TFM). The sensitivity of RDT to detect asexual parasites was 97.5% and specificity was 69.7%, compared to TFM by local technicians [6, 10], and a malaria epidemic was experienced in 2015. Accordingly, a study done in Kitgum district showed that malaria epidemic was experienced between the year 2015 and 2016. The burden rose above the estimated malaria normal channels graph. At its peak, the number of malaria cases attending Kitgum hospital was over 20 times above the normal channels graph. The total number of cases per 1000 population increased from 7 in 2014 to 113 in 2015 and 114 in 2016. Similarly, test positivity rate (TPR) increased from 10.55 to 54.6% between 2014 and 2016. This trend was also observed for malaria attributable hospitalizations and malaria in pregnancy [31]. According to malaria surveillance weekly report of week 4, (25 th -31 st January) 2021, Amolatar district reported malaria test positivity rate of 68% compared to DHIS2 of January to May 2020, where TPR in Amolatar stood at 60% for mRDT and 50% for microscopy. Malaria contributes over 50% of the total OPD attendances, 40% of in-patient admissions with a fairly significant percentage of mortality. The proportion of malaria in pregnancy was about 40% with IPTp3 coverage of over 45% [10, 23, 27]. Therefore, malaria remains the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in most parts of Uganda with a contribution of 30-50% of outpatient visits, 15-20% of admissions and up to 20% of inpatient death [19, 21]. It’s upon this background that this study was set out to determine the prevalence of malaria among under-fives in Amolatar after implementation of two most effective interventions so that the stakeholders get to know how much needs to be done in improving the coverage of the two, given the results of this study. Methods Study design and study area The study was a community based-descriptive cross-sectional research using a quantitative data collection method. We used community structures to access study participants. The study was carried out in Amolatar district, located in Lango sub-region, Northern Uganda. Amolatar district is bordered by Apac district, Kwania district to the North, Dokolo district to the Northeast, Kaberamaido district to the East, Buyende district to the Southeast, Kayunga district to the South and Nakasongola to the West. The administrative headquarters of the district of Amolatar is 85 kilometers (53 mi), by road, South of Lira City. This location lies about 185 kilometers (115 mi), by road, Northwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in the country. Amolatar is covered by two large water bodies of Lake Kyoga and Lake Kwania. Amolatar experience two rainy seasons per year, with heavy rains from March to May and sometimes light rains between September and December. The peak incidence of clinical malaria follows the peaks of the rain with a delay of about 4 to 6 weeks. Amolatar is amongst the 135 districts in Uganda. It has 16 local administrative units and a catchment population of 147,166 persons [29]. The main economic activities of the residents include subsistence farming (maize, millet, sorghum, cassava, simsim, cotton, beans and groundnuts), fishing, animal rearing and bee keeping. Study population The study population were children <5 years and the target population were mothers/caretakers of children <5 years in Amolatar district from which the sample was drawn. Inclusion The mothers/caretakers of children under the age of 5 years and was a true resident of the household or if had migrated from another area must have stayed for six months and more, participated in the study. Consent of the caretaker and assent of the children was ideal. Exclusion The mothers/caretakers of children under the age of 5 years who was severely ill to talk during the interview. Sampling size determination The sample size was estimated using Kish Leslie 1965 formula for a single proportion [20]. Where; N-The sample size Z - Z-score at confidence level of 95% (1.96) P – Estimate of prevalence of malaria in children under age 5 years e - Margin of error (+/-5%). According to the study done on age-specific prevalence of hospitalized pediatric malaria in Uganda, malaria prevalence in children aged 0-59 months in the country on average stood at 16.9% in 2018-2019 [25]. Substituting the value in the formula; N = 216 (sample size) To cater for non-responses, 10% of the sample size was added to get the actual sample size. This implied that, N= (10/100) *216 + 216 = 237.6 = 238 respondents (mothers/caretakers of children under 5 years) and 238 of their children under 5 years were tested. Sampling methods and techniques Probability sampling methods were used, focusing on clusters at the district, a list of all the 15 sub-counties was generated and a simple random sampling by ballot technique was used to select at least 5 representative sub-counties. From the 5 sub-counties, lists of all the parishes in each sub county were then generated and using simple random sampling, two (2) parishes in each sub county were selected. At the parish, lists of all the villages were also generated and simple random sampling by ballot technique was then used to select three (3) villages from each parish. At the village level, sampling proportionate to size and simple random sampling were employed using a table of random numbers of households with children under five generated from the VHT/Village register where at most 9 respondents were obtained to take part in the study. (Table 1) Table 1 showing sampling procedure to obtained the respondents District Sub-counties Parishes Villages Respondents Simple random sampling by Ballot technique Simple random Sampling Simple random sampling by Ballot technique Simple random Sampling using Random number Table 15 Sub- Counties Muntu (5 parishes) Nakatiti (7 villages) Kitaleba “A” 9 Nakatiti 9 Agule 8 Abaler (6 villages) Alumyomiwangi 7 Adyang Lit 7 Apokmitimogo “C” 7 Agwingiri (4 parishes) Alemere (13 villages) Farm t/c 7 Kizimba “A” 7 Oulo 7 Alyecmeda (17 villages) Abko t/c 7 Barayom 7 Akuri “A” 7 Agikdak (4 parishes) Alobokwe (9 villages) Alwitlongo 7 Alobokwe 7 Acanmakweri 7 Agikdak (9 villages) Awekiryeko 7 Onenomac 7 Acapa 7 Awelo (5 parishes) Atomoro (8 villages) Agonyi 7 Dilikup 7 Ageno-Obanga 7 Atero (11 villages) Oboloagit 7 Putaoyitoyat 7 Atero 7 Nalubwoyo (4 parishes) Amolatar (6 villages) Ocamolum “B” 7 Amolatar “B” 7 Amolatar “A” 6 Nalubwoyo (15 villages) Opir 5 Kida “A” 8 Kibugu 9 Totals 5sub counties Selected 10 parishes 30 villages 238 respondents Data collection methods Both semi-structured questionnaires and observations checklists were employed. The questionnaires were pre-tested by researcher in the field before actual data collection to ensure data validity, and adjustments done. Eight (4) data collectors comprising of 2 laboratory assistants and 2 nurses were trained on data collection, blood sample collection and screening for plasmodium spp. a causative agent for malaria disease using PF. mRDT on children under 5 years. Data was collected on socio-demographic characteristics, use of LLINs and IRS, and mothers/caretaker’s perception on malaria prevention. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, and a blood sample was requested from the respondents’ child under 5 years to determine the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years in Amolatar district, northern Uganda. Study variables The dependent variable was the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years detected using results from plasmodium falciparum malaria rapid diagnostic test (PF. mRDT).The following procedure was followed:- The research assistants began by checking the expiry date on the test packet, put on the new pair of gloves for each child, opened the packet and removed the test, pipette and then wrote the name of the child on the test, then open the alcohol swab, grasp the child’s 4 th finger on the left hand and cleaned the finger using alcohol swab. Allowed the finger to dry before pricking, open the lancet and pricked the child’s finger to get a drop of blood; the lancet was then discarded in the safety box. The data collector then gently squeezed the bulb of the pipette and touched its tip to the drop of blood. S/he gently released the bulb of the pipette and drew the blood up to the first line of the pipette; touch the tip of the pipette to the sample hole marked “s” and squeezed gently to transfer the blood and discarded the pipette in the safety box. Then put two (2) drops of buffer in the assay hole marked “A”. Waited for 20 minutes then read the results. For positive, a line in “C” and a line in “T” meant the child had falciparum malaria, and for negative, a line in “C” and no line in “T” meant the child had no falciparum malaria, for invalid results, no line in “C” and a line or no line in “T” meant the test was invalid. The gloves and alcohol swabs were also discarded in the non-sharp biohazard pill. The children found positive of falciparum malaria were given antimalarial treatment (ACT) by the nurse or referred to the nearest health facility for further treatment. The independent variables were use of LLINs, IRS, type of households (HH), distance of HH to water body, and perception of mothers/caretaker. Data management and analysis The principal investigator reviewed the field questionnaires to ensure completeness and accuracy of the information collected. The coded data was entered in Epidata software and cleaned. Data was analyzed using STATA version 15. During the analysis, the investigator conducted univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to test for the goodness of fit of the final logistic regression model by backward elimination method. Univariate analysis; was used for both categorical and continuous variables. Categorical variables like sex, education, marital status, and religion were summarized using proportions, percentages and frequencies while continuous variable like age, was summarized using mean, mode, range and standard deviation. This was presented in table and graph. Bivariate analysis ; we determined the association between dependent (prevalence of malaria among children < 5 years) and independent variables using chi-square test at 95% confident interval, and a significant P-value <0.05. Multivariate analysis ; all the variables that were found significant at bivariate level were included in multivariate analysis. We the crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confident interval for each independent variables at a p-value <0.05 were considered significantly associated with prevalence of malaria among the under-fives. Significant variables from bivariate analysis were run in a binomial logistic regression model and the result presented in table. Ethical considerations Study procedure Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from Gulu University Research Ethics Committee (GUREC) number GUREC-2021-118, permission to collect data was sought from the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) through the District Health Officer (DHO) Amolatar district; to the sub county accounting officers (SACO), the parish local council II (LCII) and the village local council I (LCI); where required numbers of households with children under five years in each village was reached for interviews and sample of blood removed from the children 4 th finger. The study participants were informed of the purpose of the study “to determine the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years following mass net campaign and indoor residual spraying in Amolatar district, northern Uganda” and that their participation was entirely voluntary and they were free to withdraw at any time without coercion. The risk involved of children crying when collecting blood sample was also well explained to the participants. To confirm participation in the study, a written informed consent and assent forms were obtained from the eligible participants (mother/caretaker and children<5 years) after thorough explanation of the research objectives and the main goal of the study, risks from the study and how to mitigate the risks in the language (English/Lango) they could understand and why their participation was necessary. To guarantee confidentiality of the respondents, each was assigned a unique identifier code that was used instead of their names. All the necessary steps were followed sticking to research and ethical procedures, guidelines and other relevant regulations. Results Socio-demographics information The study recruited 238 caretakers of children under 5 years, their minimum age was 19 years and the maximum age 53 years with the mean age being 24 and the standard deviation of 9.4. Among these, majority 73.5% (175/238) were married. Half of the caretakers had attained primary school 50% (119/238), only 3.4% (8/238) had University education. Most of them were peasants 86.6% (206/238), and 89.1% (212/238) had monthly income of ≤100,000/=, and had at least a child aged below 5 years in the household 63% (150/238). Most of the households had radios 66% (157/238). (Table 2) Table 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers/caretakers Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Gender Male 40 16.8 Female 198 83.2 Age Mean 23.8, SD 9.4 15-24 years 45 18.9 25-34 years 91 38.2 35-44 years 69 29.0 ≥45 years 33 13.9 Marital Status Single 38 16.0 Married 175 73.5 Divorced 11 4.5 Widowed 14 6.0 Religion Protestant 72 30.2 Catholic 108 45.4 Muslim 4 1.7 Born again 25 10.5 Others 29 12.2 Level of Education No formal education 17 7.1 Primary Education 119 50.0 Secondary Education 94 39.5 Tertiary /University 8 3.4 Occupation Peasant 206 86.6 Businessperson 25 10.5 Professional 1 0.4 Unemployed 4 1.7 Others 2 0.8 Average monthly income ≤100,000/= 212 89.1 100,000/= – 500,000/= 21 8.8 500,000 – 1,000,000/= 5 2.1 No. of under 5years in household 1 Child 150 63.0 2 Children 72 30.3 3 Children 12 5.0 ≥4 Children 4 1.7 Radio in the household Yes 157 66.0 No 81 34.0 Prevalence of malaria among children under five years The prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years following mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Amolatar district, northern Uganda is 44.1% (105/238). Among the 238 children screened, 95% (226/238) had body temperature ≤37 0 C. Likely, 88.7% (211/238) of the respondents knew the signs and symptoms of malaria among under-fives, where the most common symptoms mentioned were fever 42.0% (100/238), followed by vomiting 30% (71/238) and the least was convulsion 0.84% (2/238). (Figure 1) Bivariate Analysis Association of socio-demographics factors and prevalence of malaria among children<5 years A chi-square test was used to assess the association of socio-demographic factors and the likelihood of the children under 5 years to be screened for the presence of malaria parasites in their blood. The marital status (P=0.05), and the number of children under 5 years at the given household (P=0.03) were significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria. (Table 3) Table 3: Association of socio-demographics factors and prevalence of malaria among children <5 years Variable Prevalence of Malaria Total Chi-square P-value Positive N=105 (%) Negative N=133 (%) Gender Male 19 (47.5) 21 (52.5) 40 0.2231 0.64 Female 86(43.4) 112 (56.6) 198 Age 15-24 years 18(39.1) 28(62.2) 46 5.2821 0.15 25-34 years 35(38.9) 55(60.4) 90 35-44years 32(46.4) 37(53.6) 69 35-44 years 20(60.6) 13(39.4) 33 Marital Status Single 23(60.5) 15(39.5) 38 7.5628 0.05* Married 68(38.9) 107(61.1) 175 Divorced 6(54.5) 5(45.5) 11 Widowed 8(57.1) 6(42.9) 14 Religion Protestant 28 (38.9) 44 (74.3) 72 1.7807 0.78 Catholic 50 (46.3) 58 (100.0) 108 Muslim 2(50.0) 2(50.0) 4 Born Again 13(52.0) 12(48.0) 25 Others 12(41.4) 17(58.2) 29 Education level None 9(52.9) 8 (47.1) 17 7.0119 0.07 Primary level 61(51.3) 58 (48.7) 119 Secondary level 32 (34.0) 62 (66.0) 94 Tertiary/University 3 (37.5) 5 (62.50) 8 Occupation Peasant 93 113 206 4.6723 0.32 Businessperson 9 16 25 Professional 0 1 1 Unemployed 1 3 4 Others 2 0 2 Monthly income ≤100,000/= 97(45.8) 115(54.2) 212 2.3235 0.31 100,000/= – 500,000/= 6(28.6) 15(71.4) 21 500,000 – 1,000,000/= 2(40.0) 3(60.0) 5 No. of under 5years in household 1 Child 58 92 150 8.8686 0.03* 2 Children 36 36 72 3 Children 7 5 12 ≥4 Children 4 0 4 Radio present Yes 67(42.7) 90(57.3) 157 0.3893 0.53 No 38(46.9) 43(53.1) 81 Key: *=p-value<0.05, **=p-value<0.01, ***=p-value<0.001 HHs type, LLINs use, and Prevalence of Malaria among Children among children <5yrs The distance of the HH from the water body (P=0.02), having mosquito net (LLIN) (P=0.001), the number of LLINs (P=0.01), LLIN hanged (P=0.001) and slept under the LLINs previous night (P=0.005) were significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years. The intervals of children sleeping under LLINs (P=0.005), and the reasons for not sleeping under the LLINs (P=0.011) also showed significant association on the prevalence of malaria. Meanwhile, HH type (P=0.19) wasn’t significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria. (Table 4) Table 4: Showing association between HH type, LLINs use and Prevalence of Malaria among Children among children <5yrs Variable Prevalence of Malaria Total Chi-square P-value Positive N=105 (%) Negative N=133 (%) Type of house Permanent 9(45.0) 11(55.0) 20 3.3018 0.19 Semi-permanent 30(54.5) 25(45.5) 55 Temporary 66(40.5) 97(59.5) 163 Distance of HH from the water body ≤ 1Km 70(40.9) 101(59.1) 171 8.1590 0.02* 2- 5Km 27(46.6) 31(53.4) 58 ≥6Km 8(88.9) 1(11.1) 9 Have a mosquito net (LLINs) Yes 90(41.1) 129(58.9) 219 10.1601 0.001** No 15(78.9) 4(21.1) 19 Number of LLINs at home 0 net 14(77.8) 4(22.2) 18 10.7474 0.01* 1-2 57(41.9) 79(58.1) 136 3-4 28(37.8) 46(62.2) 74 >4 6(60.0) 4(40.0) 10 Net (LLINs) hanged Yes 86(40.4) 127(59.6) 213 11.5173 0.001** No 19(76.0) 6(24.0) 25 Slept under LLIN last night, and the child Yes 88(41.1) 126(58.9) 214 7.7272 0.005* No 17(70.8) 7(29.2) 24 How often does this child sleep under LLIN (Interval of the child sleeping under LLIN) No net 10(83.3) 2(16.7) 12 12.9652 0.005* Daily 88(40.5) 129(59.5) 217 Once in a while 6(75.0) 2(25.0) 8 When it rains 1(100.0) 0(0.0) 1 Reasons for not sleeping under LLIN Am sleeping under the net 86(40.4) 127(59.6) 213 12.9775 0.011* Net too old 14(70.0) 6(30.0) 20 Unable to hang 1(100.0) 0(0.0) 1 Don’t like the smell 1(100.0) 0(0.0) 1 It takes too long to be distributed 3(100.0) 0(0.0) 3 Key: *=p-value<0.05, **=p-value<0.01, ***=p-value<0.001 IRS and Prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years There was no significant association between spraying the house (P=0.590) and the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years. (Table 5) Table 5: Association of IRS and prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years Variable Prevalence of Malaria Total Chi-square P-value Positive N=105 (%) Negative N=133 (%) Was your house sprayed Yes 103(44.4) 129(55.6) 232 0.2904 0.590 No 2(33.3) 4(66.7) 6 How many months ago was the house last sprayed 5 to 7 moths 40(38.8) 63(61.2) 103 2.0554 0.152 ≥8 months 65(48.2) 70(51.8) 135 Reasons for not spraying house My household was sprayed 103(44.4) 129(55.6) 232 2.9945 0.559 Religious belief 1(100.0) 0(0.0) 1 Net too old 0(0.0) 1(100.0) 1 The insecticide itches 1(33.3) 2(66.7) 3 Health-related issues 0(0.0) 1(100.0) 1 Key: *=p-value<0.05, **=p-value<0.01, ***=p-value<0.001 Perception of caretakers and Prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years Continuous use of LLINs (P=0.02), the combined contribution of LLINs and IRS (P=0.006), and what other things (interventions) the government could do (P=0.02) in preventing malaria were significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under-fives. (Table 6) Table 6: Showing association between perception of caretakers (mothers) and prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years Variable Prevalence of Malaria Total Chi-square P-value Positive N=105 (%) Negative N=133 (%) House sprayed when demand Yes 98(44.1) 124(55.9) 222 0.0009 0.98 No 7(43.7) 9(56.3) 16 Did you place anything or smeared the wall before 6months Yes 33 (44.0) 42(56.0) 75 0.0006 0.98 No 72(44.2) 91(55.8) 163 You & your child continued sleeping under LLIN after spraying HH Yes 89(41.6) 125(58.4) 214 5.5048 0.02* No 16(66.7) 8(33.3) 24 Is LLINS and IRS adequately contributed in preventing malaria Yes 63(38.2) 102(61.8) 165 7.6880 0.006* No 42(57.5) 31(42.5) 73 What other thing should the government do to prevent and eliminate malaria Already contented 62(37.8) 102(62.2) 164 11.8070 0.02* Conduct vaccination 17(54.8) 14(45.2) 31 Empower women 6(50.0) 6(50.0) 12 Community sensitization 13(56.5) 10(43.5) 23 Others 7(87.5) 1(12.5) 8 Key: *=p-value<0.05, **=p-value<0.01, ***=p-value<0.001 Multivariate Analysis Factors Associated With Prevalence of Malaria among Children Under 5 Years A univariable logistic model between the dependent variable the prevalence of malaria among children under-fives and the independent variables showed that being married (COR 2.4, 95CI: 1.177-4.947, P<0.016), HH having 3-4 LLINs (COR 5.7, 95%CI: 1.721-19.214, P<0.004), Intervals of sleeping under the LLINs (COR 7.3, 95%CI: 1.568-34.275, P<0.011) had higher odds of testing positive of malaria among children under 5 years. The children who lived at the HH distance ≥6Km from the water body (COR 0.1, 95%CI: 0.101-0.708, P<0.023), and what other things (interventions) the government could do to eliminate malaria (COR 0.1, 95%CI: 0.010-0.723, P<0.024) had lower odds of testing positive of malaria. After adjusting in the multivariable logistic regression, we noted that children living with the married caretakers had 3.2 times more likely to be tested positive of malaria compared to children living with the single caretakers (AOR 3.2, 95%CI: 1.395-7.378, P<0.006). Having 2 children in the HH had a significant association of testing positive for malaria compared to HHs with only a child under 5 years (AOR 0.4, 95%CI: 0.219-0.869, P<0.018) (Table 7) Table 7: Factors Associated With Prevalence of Malaria among Children Under 5 Years Variables COR (95% CI) P-Value AOR (95%CI) P-Value Marital Status Single 1 1 Married 2.4(1.177-4.947) <0.016* 3.2(1.395-7.378) 0.006* Divorced 1.3(0.330-4.946) 0.723 1.3(0.292-6.178) 0.705 Widowed 1.2(0.332-3.983) 0.825 1.6(0.370-6.903) 0.531 No. of under 5years in household 1 Child 1 1 2 Children 0.6(0.358-1.111) 0.111 0.4(0.219-0.869) 0.018* 3 Children 0.4(0.136-1.485) 0.190 0.4(0.094-1.601) 0.191 ≥4 Children 6.9(0) 0.991 8.0(0) 0.992 Distance of HH from the water body ≤ 1Km 1 1 2-5Km 0.8(0.437-1.449) 0.455 0.9(0.452-1.927) 0.852 ≥6Km 0.1(0.101-0.708) <0.023* 0.3(0.024-3.532) 0.334 Have a mosquito net (LLINs) Yes 1 1 No 0.2(0.060-0.579) <0.004* 2.9(0) 0.997 Number of LLINs at home 0 net 1 1 1-2 4.9(1.517-15.508) <0.008* 2.0(0) 0.997 3-4 5.7(1.721-19.214) 4 2.3(0.433-12.568) 0.324 2.6(0) 0.997 Net (LLINs) hanged Yes 1 1 No 0.2(0.082-0.557) <0.002* 1.3(0) 0.989 Slept under LLIN last night, and the child Yes 1 1 No 0.3(0.114-0.723) <0.008* 7.2(0) 0.991 How often does this child sleep under LLIN (Interval of the child sleeping under LLIN) No net 1 1 Daily 7.3(1.568-34.275) <0.011* 5.5(0.34886.01) 0.227 Once in a while 1.7(0.184-15.139) 0.650 0.9(0.03223.64) 0.931 When it rains 7.6(0) 0.988 3.6(0) 0.997 Reasons for not sleeping under LLIN Am sleeping under the net 1 1 Net too old 0.3(0.107-0.784) <0.015* 1.4(0) 0.993 Unable to hang 2.0(0) 0.993 1.3(0) 1.000 Don’t like the smell 2.0(0) 0.993 0.1(0) 1.000 It takes too long to be distributed 2.0(0) 0.988 1 You & your child continued sleeping under LLIN after spraying Yes 1 1 No 0.4(0.146-.868) <0.023* 0.5(0.122-1.790) 0.267 Is LLINS and IRS adequately contributed in preventing malaria Yes 1 1 No 0.5(0.260-0.798) <0.006* 99(0) 0.996 What other thing should the government do to prevent and eliminate malaria Already contented 1 1 Conduct vaccination 0.5(0.231- 1.086) 0.080 8.5(0) 0.996 Empower women 0.6(0.188-1.968) 0.406 7.9(0) 0.996 Community sensitization 0.5(0.193- 1.130) 0.091 5.2(0) 0.996 Others 0.1( 0.010-0.723) <0.024* 2.2(0) 0.996 Key: *=p-value<0.05, **=p-value<0.01, ***=p-value<0.001 Discussion Introduction The study aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among children under-fives following mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Amolatar district, Northern Uganda where a total of 238 intended respondents were interviewed and a majority 88.7% knew the signs and symptoms of malaria and the most common symptom mentioned was fever 42.0%, followed by vomiting 30% and the least was convulsion 0.84%. This finding is in line with the previous studies conducted in Arba Minch Zuria district, South Ethiopia [3]. This can be explained by the fact that the residents were exposed to continuous episodes of malaria infection from which they experienced the signs and symptoms, couple to the jingles on malaria prevention campaigns on radio, Community health workers and VHTS. Prevalence of Malaria among children under five years In the study, we found out that the prevalence of malaria among children under five years in Amolatar district, Northern Uganda was 44.1%. This is a high prevalence compared to the ministry of health National target of 9% [6], given the recent interventions of indoor residual spraying and the mass net campaign in the district. The high prevalence indicates that there are a significant proportion of vulnerable groups at risks of malaria due to inadequate comprehensive mass screening and adherence to preventive measures at the community. The finding is consistent to the previous study conducted in Guinea which reported a 35% malaria prevalence among children under 5 years, with the highest prevalence observed in Forest Guinea (48%), Lower Guinea at 32%, middle Guinea at 28% and Upper Guinea at 31% [9]. Also, the study findings are in agreement to the study done in Mali where malaria prevalence among children under 5 years (6-23, 24-41, and 42-59 moths) was at 25%, 40.65, and 43.4% respectively [14]. However, the findings are in disagreement with those of studies in Ethiopia and Ghana which reported low prevalence among children under five. A study conducted in South Ethiopia in Arba Minch Zuria district reported a prevalence of 22.1% [3] and a study conducted in Ghana reported a prevalence of 23.2% [34]. The differences in the results of these studies can be attributed to the differences in the geographical study areas which mean differences in factors that interplay to cause spread of the malaria infection among the vulnerable populations. Likewise, variation in the results might be due to the complexity of the targeted study groups. Factors associated with Prevalence of Malaria among children under five years following mass net campaign and IRS Children living with married caretakers had 3.2 increased odds of testing positive for malaria compared to those living with single caretakers. This means married caretakers less frequently check to observe that their children sleep on an in-tacked net at night. Also, the fear of night disturbance from the under-fives could cause the caregivers to hand them to sleep with their fellow children as soon the child start walking. The children being young, naive and overtaken by deep sleep fail to ensure the under-fives sleep under mosquito nets at night. Thus expose the under-fives to mosquito bites spreading plasmodium infections. The study finding disagree with that of a survey conducted in Ghana which reported that mother’s marital status had no significant relationship with malaria prevalence among under-five children for the five-year period preceding the survey [28]. The differences in the results of these studies could be attributed to the differences in the socio-cultural practices among married mothers which expose children to the bites of infected anopheles mosquitoes hence prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among children under 5 years old. Children whose households were far away from water bodies (≥6Km) had 0.1 reduced odds of testing positive of malaria compared to those who stay near water bodies. The stagnated water bodies provide breeding sites for mosquitoes after which, the female anopheles mosquitoes looks for the blood meal from human host for the maturation of its eggs and in turns spreading malaria infection to human. Therefore, living near water bodies means increased risk of exposure to mosquito bites that spread the malaria as compared to living far away from the water bodies. This finding concurs with that of a study conducted in Ethiopia which reported that children who lived around stagnant water were 2.01 times more likely to have malaria infection than those who lived beyond 2 km away from stagnant water [1]. In addition to, a study conducted in artisanal mining communities in Ghana reported that residing close to stagnant water (≤ 25 m) from an artisanal mining site was significantly associated with prevalence of malaria among children under five years, also relates to this finding [12]. Caretakers who had poor perception towards LLINs use after spraying their households (HH) had 0.4 reduced odds of preventing their children from malaria as compared to those who had a good perception of using LLINs. The caretakers who had low perception on the nets usage after spraying the HH, their children were less likely to continue sleeping under nets compared to those who perceive the value of continuous sleeping under the nets even after spraying the HH as a good practice in preventing malaria. Therefore, failing to sleep under the nets exposed the children to mosquito bites thus an increased episode of malaria infection. This finding is in line with the study conducted in Rwanda which documented that the perceived response efficacy (people’s beliefs about the effectiveness of malaria preventive measures) influences the consistent use of these measures, and Asingizwe et al indicated that perceived response efficacy of LLINs remains an important reason for using them, because it positively influences the intentions for the consistent use of malaria preventive measures [7]. Children who didn’t sleep under the LLINs the previous night had 0.3 reduced odds of testing negative of malaria. Sleeping under LLIN daily, is seen as a protection against the mosquitoes’ bites, and also most programs embrace this intervention as compared to IRS. This finding is similar to the finding of a study conducted in Tanzania which reported that the use of bed nets for malaria prevention has been stressed to a number of campaigns and malaria prevention programs [24]. Strengths and Limitations of the study Strengths of the study: The study was able to clearly identify that married mothers/caretakers were associated with the prevalence of malaria among children less than five years unlike other related studies. Also the study provided a baseline for the treatment of asymptomatic cases of malaria among children under-fives in the community reduce the likelihood of a mosquito carrying the plasmodium to infect others. The study also had the limitations: first the study only used plasmodium falciparum malaria rapid diagnostic test (PF. mRDT) to screen for the presence of plasmodium in the blood samples and for that reason, it may be difficult to generalize the findings. Secondly, we were not able to categorically distinguish other species of plasmodium commonly infecting children in Amolatar district, northern Uganda. In addition, we acknowledge that the finding of this study may not be generalizable to the previous studies conducted and since the sample size used was not proportional to the population of the children within the country. Lastly, the cross-sectional study design could allow conduct the causal relationship between the predictors variables and malaria prevalence among children under five years. Conclusion and recommendations Conclusion The study findings revealed that, the prevalence of malaria among children under five years in Amolatar district was 44.1% despite the scale up of mass net campaigns (LLINs) and IRS implemented. This was above the national target of 9% (UDHS, 2019). Also, children living with married caretakers had 3.2 increased odds of testing positive for malaria, not sleeping under the LLIN the previous night had association of testing positive for malaria. Meanwhile, living in a HH ≥6Km from stagnated water bodies had reduced odds of testing malaria positive. Recommendations We therefore recommend that the government, implementing partners and civil society organizations should provide support to; Strengthening awareness campaigns on the importance of consistent use of LLINs while targeting caretakers especially married households (HHs), where LLINs usage is low. Implore community engagement strategies that focus on behavioral change to increase LLINs adherence specifically among HHs with higher risks. Since children living with the married caretakers had increased odds of contracting malaria, there should be targeted educational campaigns at these HHs. Engaging community health workers to continue follow up on the net usage and provide education particularly high risk HHs. Sponsor scientific innovation tailored toward development of malaria vaccine to cover the entire population against malaria infection especially vulnerable populations thus reduction of infant and maternal mortality related to malaria induced anemia. Areas for further research We recommend that further research be carried out on the following areas Why children living with married caretakers are more susceptible to malaria episodes. The readiness of the caretakers’ to support malaria vaccination for children under five as immediate strategy to eliminate malaria. Abbreviations ACT Artemisinin-based combination therapy AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CI Confidence Interval COR Crude Odds Ratio DHS Demographic and Health Survey HHs Households HMIS Health Management Information System IPTp Intermittent preventive treatment (of malaria) during pregnancy IQR Inter-Quartile Range IRS Indoor residual spraying LLIN Long-lasting insecticidal net MIS Malaria indicator survey MOH Ministry of Health mRDT Malaria Rapid diagnostic test NPHC National population and housing census Pf Plasmodium falciparum PMI President’s Malaria Initiative SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SP Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine UBOS Uganda Bureau of statistics UDHS Uganda Demographic and Health Survey USAID United State Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization Declarations Funding information The study did not receive any funding from any source Author information Authors and affiliations Lira University, Lira City, Uganda Sam Orech, Sam Marc Opollo, Francis Ocen & Ruth Anne Akello Busitema University, Mbale City, Uganda Sam Orech Uganda Red Cross Society, Kampala Uganda Irene Auma Authors’ contributions SO conceptualized the study idea, analysed the data, wrote, and edited the manuscript. SO, IA, SMO, FO and RAA were involved in the conceptualization of the study idea. IA and SMO guided the writing and reviewing of the manuscript and were involved in the conceptualization of the study idea, editing, and reviewing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgement We thank the respondents for their acceptance to participate in the study, the office of the Chief Administrative officer (CAO), the District Health Officer (DHO) for the administrative clearance granted before conducting this study. Lastly, we express our sincere gratitude to the research assistants for data collection. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request References Abdishu M, Gobena T, Damena M, Abdi H, Birhanu AJPH, Medicine, Therapeutics. (2022). Determinants of Malaria Morbidity Among School-Aged Children Living in East Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: A Community-Based Case–Control Study. 13, 183. Abong’o B, Gimnig JE, Torr SJ, Longman B, Omoke D, Muchoki M, Samuels AM. Impact of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 300CS) on entomological indicators of transmission and malaria case burden in Migori County, western Kenya. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–14. Abossie A, Yohanes T, Nedu A, Tafesse W, Damitie M. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among febrile children under five years: A cross-sectional study in Arba Minch Zuria district, south Ethiopia. Infect drug Resist. 2020;13:363. Al-Awadhi M et al. (2021). Current Status and the Epidemiology of Malaria in the Middle East Region and Beyond.Microorganisms9(2): 338. Al-Mekhlafi HM, Madkhali AM, Ghailan KY, Abdulhaq AA, Ghzwani AH, Zain KA, Darraj MA. Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria. Malar J. 2021;20(1):1–14. Ameyaw EK, Kareem YO, Yaya S. Individual, community and region level predictors of insecticide-treated net use among women in Uganda: a multilevel analysis. Malar J. 2020;19(1):1–9. Asingizwe D, Poortvliet PM, Koenraadt CJ, Van Vliet AJ, Ingabire CM, Mutesa L, Leeuwis C. Role of individual perceptions in the consistent use of malaria preventive measures: mixed methods evidence from rural Rwanda. Malar J. 2019;18(1):1–19. Asingizwe D, Poortvliet PM, Koenraadt CJ, Van Vliet AJ, Murindahabi MM, Ingabire C, Feindt PH. Applying citizen science for malaria prevention in Rwanda: an integrated conceptual framework. NJAS-Wageningen J Life Sci. 2018;86:111–22. Beavogui AH, Delamou A, Camara BS, Camara D, Kourouma K, Camara R, Djimde A. Prevalence of malaria and factors associated with infection in children aged 6 months to 9 years in Guinea: Results from a national cross-sectional study. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2020;11:e00162. Cheaveau J, Mogollon DC, Mohon MAN, Golassa L, Yewhalaw D, Pillai DR. Asymptomatic malaria in the clinical and public health context. Expert Rev anti-infective therapy. 2019;17(12):997–1010. Choi L, Pryce J, Garner P. (2019). Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide-treated nets. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(5). Dao F, Djonor SK, Ayin CT-M, Adu GA, Sarfo B, Nortey P. vectors. (2021). Burden of malaria in children under five and caregivers’ health-seeking behaviour for malaria-related symptoms in artisanal mining communities in Ghana. 14(1), 1–11. Echodu R, Oyet WS, Iwiru T, Apili F, Lutwama JJ, Opiyo EA, Otim O. Household Predictors of Incidence of Malaria in Northern Uganda. Its Implication for Future Malaria Control; 2020. Gaston RT, Ramroop S. (2020). Prevalence of and factors associated with malaria in children under five years of age in Malawi, using malaria indicator survey data. Heliyon, 6(5), e03946. Guerra CA et al. (2019). Characterising malaria connectivity using malaria indicator survey data.Malariajournal18 (1): 1–12. Iyer M, Skelton J, de Wildt G, Meza G. A qualitative study on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for the prevention of malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Malar J. 2019;18(1):1–14. Kakmeni FMM, et al. Spatial panorama of malaria prevalence in Africa under climate change and interventions scenarios. Int J Health Geogr. 2018;17(1):1–13. Kané F, Keïta M, Traoré B, Diawara SI, Bane S, Diarra S, Doumbia S. Performance of IRS on malaria prevalence and incidence using pirimiphos-methyl in the context of pyrethroid resistance in Koulikoro region. Mali Malar J. 2020;19(1):1–9. Kapesa A et al. (2018). The current malaria morbidity and mortality in different transmission settings in Western Kenya.PloS one13(8): e0202031. Kish L. Sampling organizations and groups of unequal sizes. American sociological review; 1965. pp. 564–72. Lucantoni L et al. (2017). The need to compare: assessing the level of agreement of three high-throughput assays against Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes.Scientific reports7(1): 1–12. Mbacham WF, et al. Current situation of malaria in Africa. Malaria Control and Elimination. Springer; 2019. pp. 29–44. Megnekou R, Djontu JC, Nana BC, Bigoga JD, Fotso M, Fogang B, Leke RF. Accuracy of One Step malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in detecting Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria infection in women living in Yaoundé. Cameroon Malar J. 2018;17(1):450. Moshi IR, Ngowo H, Dillip A, Msellemu D, Madumla EP, Okumu FO, Manderson L. Community perceptions on outdoor malaria transmission in Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania. Malar J. 2017;16(1):1–8. Mpimbaza A, Walemwa R, Kapisi J, Sserwanga A, Namuganga JF, Kisambira Y, Staedke SG. The age-specific incidence of hospitalized paediatric malaria in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):1–12. Namuganga JF, Epstein A, Nankabirwa JI, Mpimbaza A, Kiggundu M, Sserwanga A, Opigo J. The impact of stopping and starting indoor residual spraying on malaria burden in Uganda. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1–9. Nangobi P, Onyango G, Kagaba S, Pratt BA. (2020). Baseline Assessment for an Anticipated PMI Malaria Reduction Activity. Nyarko SH, Cobblah AJ. M. r., & treatment. (2014). Sociodemographic determinants of malaria among under-five children in Ghana. 2014. Nzabona A, DATA. ASSESSMENT STUDY OF POPULATION AGEING IN UGANDA. Oguttu DW et al. (2017). Rapid reduction of malaria following introduction of vector control interventions in Tororo District, Uganda: a descriptive study.Malaria journal16(1): 1–8. Ogwang R, Akena G, Yeka A, Osier F, Idro R. The 2015–2016 malaria epidemic in Northern Uganda; What are the implications for malaria control interventions? Acta Trop. 2018;188:27–33. Okia M, Hoel DF, Kirunda J, Rwakimari JB, Mpeka B, Ambayo D, Govere J. Insecticide resistance status of the malaria mosquitoes: Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in eastern and northern Uganda. Malar J. 2018;17(1):1–12. Okwa OO. (2020). Malaria: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices in Some Sub-Saharan African Communities. Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Practices for Addressing Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases, 31–48. Okyere B, Owusu-Ofori A, Ansong D, Buxton R, Benson S, Osei-Akoto A, MarfoBoaheng J. (2020). Point prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and the comparison of microscopy, rapid diagnostic test and nested PCR for the diagnosis of asymptomatic malaria among children under 5 years in Ghana. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0232874. Oluwasogo A et al. (2016). Malaria Control & Elimination. Scott N, Hussain SA, Martin-Hughes R, Fowkes FJ, Kerr CC, Pearson R, Wilson DP. Maximizing the impact of malaria funding through allocative efficiency: using the right interventions in the right locations. Malar J. 2017;16(1):1–14. Spraying W. I. R. an operational manual for indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria transmission control and elimination. 2015. Retrieved from Geneva: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/177242/1/9789241508940_eng . pdf Tangena J-AA, Hendriks CM, Devine M, Tammaro M, Trett AE, Williams I, Kafy HT. Indoor residual spraying for malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa 1997 to 2017: an adjusted retrospective analysis. Malar J. 2020;19(1):1–15. Tassew A, Hopkins R, Deressa W. Factors influencing the ownership and utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria prevention in Ethiopia. Malar J. 2017;16(1):1–9. Thellier M et al. (2020). Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000–2015.Medecine et maladies infectieuses50(2): 99–112. Wanzira H, Eganyu T, Mulebeke R, Bukenya F, Echodu D, Adoke Y. (2018). Long lasting insecticidal bed nets ownership, access and use in a high malaria transmission setting before and after a mass distribution campaign in Uganda. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0191191. Wanzira H et al. (2017). Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children under 5 years in Uganda: a secondary data analysis of the 2014 Malaria Indicator Survey dataset.Malaria journal16(1): 1–9. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5132710","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":378585226,"identity":"4984e65d-6aca-4ed8-afdb-d6486df7d93d","order_by":0,"name":"Sam Orech","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBCDBH725gNAWkKGeC2SPccSQFp4iNdiMCPHAMQgrEW+/XTi44oKuzwDhpzPr27UWPAwsB8+ugGfFoMzuZsNz5xJLjZnOLvNOucY0GE8aWk38GphyN0m2dh2IHFnY+824xw2oBYJHjO8WuT73wK1/DuQuOEwzzPjnH9EaGG4AbKlAajlGA/z49w2IrQY3Hi72bDhWHLizB42M+bcPgkeNkJ+ke/P3fiwocYusV/+8ePPOd/q5PjZDx/D7zAkwCYBJolVDgLMH0hRPQpGwSgYBSMHAABgjkwQdcdCwAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Lira University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sam","middleName":"","lastName":"Orech","suffix":""},{"id":378585231,"identity":"960ea157-8e74-4d04-be2a-020a75a7775c","order_by":1,"name":"Marc Sam Opollo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lira University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marc","middleName":"Sam","lastName":"Opollo","suffix":""},{"id":378585232,"identity":"6dbe6c16-ab1d-43ab-9812-e04bd5bed298","order_by":2,"name":"Irene Auma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uganda Red Cross Society","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Irene","middleName":"","lastName":"Auma","suffix":""},{"id":378585234,"identity":"91b3337e-e79f-47c1-bddc-bb6d0ead22db","order_by":3,"name":"Francis Ocen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lira University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francis","middleName":"","lastName":"Ocen","suffix":""},{"id":378585235,"identity":"8d4d6140-0b16-42a6-92b7-c9b3e58b6b97","order_by":4,"name":"Anne Ruth Akello","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lira University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anne","middleName":"Ruth","lastName":"Akello","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-22 13:48:50","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5132710/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5132710/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70948157,"identity":"d324879c-b21e-43d0-b03e-7ae2eb0fa3f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 13:17:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShowing malaria test results among children \u0026lt;5years\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5132710/v1/0745a525ef288cc1a36952a0.png"},{"id":74479436,"identity":"22e594a2-9900-4c7a-8d6c-42c2941e0c2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-22 16:24:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2686698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5132710/v1/caae19f0-55f6-4096-af67-e282812ddf46.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Factors Associated with Prevalence of Malaria among Children-under-5-Years Following Mass Net Campaign and Indoor Residual Spraying in Amolatar District, Northern Uganda: Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMass Long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are major vector control strategies for malaria prevention in malaria endemic areas [11, 16, 17, 18, 26]. Children \u0026lt; 5 years old are the most vulnerable groups to malaria infection because of a poorly developed immune system. According to WHO malaria control strategies, countries have set targets that led to malaria control and elimination with interventions among high risk groups particularly for children \u0026lt; 5 years [22, 35, 39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the scale up of interventions geared towards control and eventual elimination of malaria [8, 18, 37, 38], the disease is still endemic in 91 countries worldwide with 3.3 billion people at risk of developing malaria in any given year. In 2015, 212 million cases of malaria occurred globally resulting into 429,000 deaths of which 92% were in Africa. Also in 2019, an estimated 409,000 people died from malaria accounting for 67% and that most were young people in sub-Saharan Africa [4, 5, 41]. \u0026nbsp;High malaria burden has been identified as one of the causes of poverty in many developing countries, Uganda inclusive because the treatment costs are very high yet payment is usually out-of-pocket [36]. However, with scale up of interventions in most endemic countries, global reduction of malaria burden has been reported [2, 30, 40].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the WHO report, African Region has a disproportionately high share of global malaria burden. In 2019, the region was home to 94% of malaria cases [5].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUganda has the 3rd highest global burden of malaria cases (5%) and 8th highest level of deaths (3%). It also has the highest proportion of malaria cases in East Africa and Southern Africa 23.7% [33]. Similarly, Uganda is among the 15 countries most affected by malaria in the world. The national malaria indicator survey of 2009 reported that 45% of Ugandan children aged five years carried malaria parasites [15, 42]. The national malaria prevalence according to microscopy in children under age of 5 had decreased consistently from 42% in 2009 to 19% in 2014-2015 and finally to 9% in 2018-19 respectively [6]. However, these declines have not been uniform around the country, and malaria prevalence declines have been greatest in regions where IRS has been implemented coupled with LLINs usage and good health seeking behavior [13, 26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Ministry of Health (MoH), malaria accounts for 24-45% of outpatients\u0026rsquo; visits in public health facilities and is a leading cause of death among in-inpatients aged below five years. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant species causing malaria in Uganda. The major malaria parasite vectors in the country are \u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecomplex and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles funestus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[32]. Malaria transmission in Uganda is perennial with two peaks in April to June and October to December, corresponding to rainfall seasons during which the vector biting density is high. The goal of Uganda\u0026rsquo;s malaria control policy is to reduce morbidity and prevent mortality attributed to malaria [42].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Northern parts of Uganda districts have experienced changing dynamics of malaria transmission despite the increasing use of LLINs and IRS [13]. Vector population species shifted and insecticide resistance had been linked with this incident. The finding shows that of the 93.5% children tested for malaria, 52.4% had pfPR by RDT, and 32.7% by thick-film microscopy (TFM). The sensitivity of RDT to detect asexual parasites was 97.5% and specificity was 69.7%, compared to TFM by local technicians [6, 10], and a malaria epidemic was experienced in 2015.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccordingly, a study done in Kitgum district showed that malaria epidemic was experienced between the year 2015 and 2016. The burden rose above the estimated malaria normal channels graph. At its peak, the number of malaria cases attending Kitgum hospital was over 20 times above the normal channels graph. The total number of cases per 1000 population increased from 7 in 2014 to 113 in 2015 and 114 in 2016. Similarly, test positivity rate (TPR) increased from 10.55 to 54.6% between 2014 and 2016. This trend was also observed for malaria attributable hospitalizations and malaria in pregnancy [31].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;According to malaria surveillance weekly report of week 4, (25\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e-31\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e January) 2021, Amolatar district reported malaria test positivity rate of 68% compared to DHIS2 of January to May 2020, where TPR in Amolatar stood at 60% for mRDT and 50% for microscopy. Malaria contributes over 50% of the total OPD attendances, 40% of in-patient admissions with a fairly significant percentage of mortality. The proportion of malaria in pregnancy was about 40% with IPTp3 coverage of over 45% [10, 23, 27].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, malaria remains the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in most parts of Uganda with a contribution of 30-50% of outpatient visits, 15-20% of admissions and up to 20% of inpatient death [19, 21].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026rsquo;s upon this background that this study was set out to determine the prevalence of malaria among under-fives in Amolatar after implementation of two most effective interventions so that the stakeholders get to know how much needs to be done in improving the coverage of the two, given the results of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u0026nbsp;and study area\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was a community based-descriptive cross-sectional research using a quantitative data collection method. We used community structures to access study participants. The study was carried out in Amolatar district, located in Lango sub-region, Northern Uganda. Amolatar district is bordered by Apac district, Kwania district to the North, Dokolo district to the Northeast, Kaberamaido district to the East, Buyende district to the Southeast, Kayunga district to the South and Nakasongola to the West. The administrative headquarters of the district of Amolatar is 85 kilometers (53 mi), by road, South of Lira City. This location lies about 185 kilometers (115 mi), by road, Northwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in the country. Amolatar is covered by two large water bodies of Lake Kyoga and Lake Kwania. Amolatar experience two rainy seasons per year, with heavy rains from March to May and sometimes light rains between September and December. The peak incidence of clinical malaria follows the peaks of the rain with a delay of about 4 to 6 weeks. Amolatar is amongst the 135 districts in Uganda. It has 16 local administrative units and a catchment population of 147,166 persons [29]. The main economic activities of the residents include subsistence farming (maize, millet, sorghum, cassava, simsim, cotton, beans and groundnuts), fishing, animal rearing and bee keeping.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population were children \u0026lt;5 years and the target population were mothers/caretakers of children \u0026lt;5 years in Amolatar district from which the sample was drawn.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mothers/caretakers of children under the age of 5 years and was a true resident of the household or if had migrated from another area must have stayed for six months and more, participated in the study. Consent of the caretaker and assent of the children was ideal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExclusion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mothers/caretakers of children under the age of 5 years who was severely ill to talk during the interview.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSampling size determination\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was estimated using Kish Leslie 1965 formula for a single proportion [20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere; N-The sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Z - Z-score at confidence level of 95% (1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;P \u0026ndash; Estimate of prevalence of malaria in children under age 5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; e - Margin of error (+/-5%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the study done on age-specific prevalence of hospitalized pediatric malaria in Uganda, malaria prevalence in children aged 0-59 months in the country on average stood at 16.9% in 2018-2019 [25]. Substituting the value in the formula;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN =\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e216 (sample size)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo cater for non-responses, 10% of the sample size was added to get the actual sample size. This implied that, N= (10/100) *216 + 216 = 237.6 = 238 respondents (mothers/caretakers of children under 5 years) and 238 of their children under 5 years were tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling methods and techniques\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProbability sampling methods were used, focusing on clusters at the district, a list of all the 15 sub-counties was generated and a simple random sampling by ballot technique was used to select at least 5 representative sub-counties. From the 5 sub-counties, lists of all the parishes in each sub county were then generated and using simple random sampling, two (2) parishes in each sub county were selected. At the parish, lists of all the villages were also generated and simple random sampling by ballot technique was then used to select three (3) villages from each parish. At the village level, sampling proportionate to size\u0026nbsp;and simple random sampling were employed using a table of random numbers of households with children under five generated from the VHT/Village register where at most 9 respondents were obtained to take part in the study. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 showing sampling procedure to obtained the respondents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistrict\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSub-counties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParishes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVillages\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple random\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esampling by\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBallot technique\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple random\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple random\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esampling by\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBallot technique\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple random\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampling using\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRandom number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"30\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 Sub-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCounties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuntu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5 parishes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNakatiti\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKitaleba \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNakatiti\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgule\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbaler\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlumyomiwangi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdyang Lit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApokmitimogo \u0026ldquo;C\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgwingiri\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 parishes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlemere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(13 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarm \u0026nbsp;t/c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKizimba \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOulo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlyecmeda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(17 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbko t/c\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBarayom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkuri \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgikdak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 parishes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlobokwe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlwitlongo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlobokwe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcanmakweri\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgikdak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAwekiryeko\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnenomac\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcapa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAwelo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5 parishes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtomoro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgonyi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDilikup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgeno-Obanga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtero\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(11 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOboloagit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePutaoyitoyat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtero\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNalubwoyo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4 parishes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmolatar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOcamolum \u0026ldquo;B\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmolatar \u0026ldquo;B\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmolatar \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNalubwoyo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(15 villages)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKida \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKibugu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5sub counties\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 parishes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 villages\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238 respondents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData collection methods\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth semi-structured questionnaires and observations checklists were employed. The questionnaires were pre-tested by researcher in the field before actual data collection to ensure data validity, and adjustments done. Eight (4) data collectors comprising of 2 laboratory assistants and 2 nurses were trained on data collection, blood sample collection and screening for \u003cem\u003eplasmodium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. a causative agent for malaria disease using PF. mRDT on children under 5 years.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was collected on socio-demographic characteristics, use of LLINs and IRS, and mothers/caretaker\u0026rsquo;s perception on malaria prevention. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, and a blood sample was requested from the respondents\u0026rsquo; child under 5 years to determine the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years in Amolatar district, northern Uganda.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable was the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years detected using results from plasmodium falciparum malaria rapid diagnostic test (PF. mRDT).The following procedure was followed:-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research assistants began by checking the expiry date on the test packet, put on the new pair of gloves for each child, opened the packet and removed the test, pipette and then wrote the name of the child on the test, then open the alcohol swab, grasp the child\u0026rsquo;s 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e finger on the left hand and cleaned the finger using alcohol swab. Allowed the finger to dry before pricking, open the lancet and pricked the child\u0026rsquo;s finger to get a drop of blood; the lancet was then discarded in the safety box. The data collector then gently squeezed the bulb of the pipette and touched its tip to the drop of blood. S/he gently released the bulb of the pipette and drew the blood up to the first line of the pipette; touch the tip of the pipette to the sample hole marked \u0026ldquo;s\u0026rdquo; and squeezed gently to transfer the blood and discarded the pipette in the safety box. Then put two (2) drops of buffer in the assay hole marked \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo;. Waited for 20 minutes then read the results. For positive, a line in \u0026ldquo;C\u0026rdquo; and a line in \u0026ldquo;T\u0026rdquo; meant the child had falciparum malaria, and for negative, a line in \u0026ldquo;C\u0026rdquo; and no line in \u0026ldquo;T\u0026rdquo; meant the child had no falciparum malaria, for invalid results, no line in \u0026ldquo;C\u0026rdquo; and a line or no line in \u0026ldquo;T\u0026rdquo; meant the test was invalid. The gloves and alcohol swabs were also discarded in the non-sharp biohazard pill. The children found positive of falciparum malaria were given antimalarial treatment (ACT) by the nurse or referred to the nearest health facility for further treatment. The independent variables were use of LLINs, IRS, type of households (HH), distance of HH to water body, and perception of mothers/caretaker.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData management and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe principal investigator reviewed the field questionnaires to ensure completeness and accuracy of the information collected. The coded data was entered in Epidata software and cleaned. Data was analyzed using STATA version 15. During the analysis, the investigator conducted univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to test for the goodness of fit of the final logistic regression model by backward elimination method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnivariate analysis;\u003c/strong\u003e was used for both categorical and continuous variables. Categorical variables like sex, education, marital status, and religion were summarized using proportions, percentages and frequencies while continuous variable like age, was summarized using mean, mode, range and standard deviation. This was presented in table and graph.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e; we determined the association between dependent (prevalence of malaria among children \u0026lt; 5 years) and independent variables using chi-square test at 95% confident interval, and a significant P-value \u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e; all the variables that were found significant at bivariate level were included in multivariate analysis. We the crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confident interval for each independent variables at a p-value \u0026lt;0.05 were considered significantly associated with prevalence of malaria among the under-fives.\u0026nbsp;Significant variables from bivariate analysis were run in a binomial logistic regression model and the result presented in table.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval to conduct the study was obtained from Gulu University Research Ethics Committee (GUREC) number GUREC-2021-118, permission to collect data was sought from the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) through the District Health Officer (DHO) Amolatar district; to the sub county accounting officers (SACO), \u0026nbsp;the parish local council II (LCII) and the village local council I (LCI); where required numbers of households with children under five years in each village was reached for interviews and sample of blood removed from the children 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e finger. The study participants were informed of the purpose of the study \u0026ldquo;to determine the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years following mass net campaign and indoor residual spraying in Amolatar district, northern Uganda\u0026rdquo; and that their participation was entirely voluntary and they were free to withdraw at any time without coercion. The risk involved of children crying when collecting blood sample was also well explained to the participants. To confirm participation in the study, a written informed consent and assent forms were obtained from the eligible participants (mother/caretaker and children\u0026lt;5 years) after thorough explanation of the research objectives and the main goal of the study, risks from the study and how to mitigate the risks in the language (English/Lango) they could understand and why their participation was necessary. To guarantee confidentiality of the respondents, each was assigned a unique identifier code that was used instead of their names. All the necessary steps were followed sticking to research and ethical procedures, guidelines and other relevant regulations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographics information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study recruited 238 caretakers of children under 5 years, their minimum age was 19 years and the maximum age 53 years with the mean age being 24 and the standard deviation of 9.4. Among these, majority 73.5% (175/238) were married. Half of the caretakers had attained primary school 50% (119/238), only 3.4% (8/238) had University education. Most of them were peasants 86.6% (206/238), and 89.1% (212/238) had monthly income of \u0026le;100,000/=, and had at least a child aged below 5 years in the household 63% (150/238). Most of the households had radios 66% (157/238). (Table 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers/caretakers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"618\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean 23.8, SD 9.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-24 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-34 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-44 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBorn again\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of Education\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary /University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeasant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusinessperson\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage monthly income\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;100,000/=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,000/= \u0026ndash; 500,000/=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500,000 \u0026ndash; 1,000,000/=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of under 5years in household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 Child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;4 Children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRadio in the household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 320px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of malaria among children under five years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years following mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Amolatar district, northern Uganda is 44.1% (105/238). Among the 238 children screened, 95% (226/238) had body temperature \u0026le;37 \u003csup\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eC. Likely, 88.7% (211/238) of the respondents knew the signs and symptoms of malaria among under-fives, where the most common symptoms mentioned were fever 42.0% (100/238), followed by vomiting 30% (71/238) and the least was convulsion 0.84% (2/238). (Figure 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBivariate Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation of socio-demographics factors and prevalence of malaria among children\u0026lt;5 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA chi-square test was used to assess the association of socio-demographic factors and the likelihood of the children under 5 years to be screened for the presence of malaria parasites in their blood. \u0026nbsp;The marital status (P=0.05), and the number of children under 5 years at the given household (P=0.03) were significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria. (Table 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Association of socio-demographics factors and prevalence of malaria among children \u0026lt;5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"618\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of Malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-square\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive N=105 (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative N=133 (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (52.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86(43.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (56.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-24 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(39.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(62.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-34 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(38.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(60.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-44years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-44 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(60.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(39.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(60.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(39.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5628\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(38.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107(61.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (38.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7807\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatholic \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBorn Again\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(52.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(48.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(41.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(58.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(52.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (47.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0119\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(51.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (48.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (66.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary/University\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (62.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeasant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBusinessperson\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly income\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;100,000/=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97(45.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115(54.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3235\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,000/= \u0026ndash; 500,000/=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500,000 \u0026ndash; 1,000,000/=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of under 5years in household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 Child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;58 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;4 Children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 618px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRadio present\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(42.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90(57.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3893\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(46.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(53.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKey: *=p-value\u0026lt;0.05, **=p-value\u0026lt;0.01, ***=p-value\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHHs type, LLINs use, and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of Malaria among Children among children \u0026lt;5yrs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distance of the HH from the water body (P=0.02), having mosquito net (LLIN) (P=0.001), the number of LLINs (P=0.01), LLIN hanged (P=0.001) and slept under the LLINs previous night (P=0.005) were significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years. The intervals of children sleeping under LLINs (P=0.005), and the reasons for not sleeping under the LLINs (P=0.011) also showed significant association on the prevalence of malaria. Meanwhile, HH type (P=0.19) wasn\u0026rsquo;t significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria. (Table 4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Showing association between HH type, LLINs use and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of Malaria among Children among children \u0026lt;5yrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"639\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 244px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of Malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-square\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive N=105\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative N=133 (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of house\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermanent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemi-permanent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemporary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(40.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97(59.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistance of HH from the water body\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 1Km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(59.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2- 5Km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(46.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(53.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;6Km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(88.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave a mosquito net (LLINs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90(41.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129(58.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(78.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(21.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of LLINs at home\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 net\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79(58.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(62.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNet (LLINs) hanged \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86(40.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127(59.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(76.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(24.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlept under LLIN last night, and the child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(41.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(58.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(70.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow often does this child sleep under LLIN\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Interval of the child sleeping under LLIN)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(40.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129(59.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce in a while\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen it rains\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReasons for not sleeping under LLIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAm sleeping under the net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86(40.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127(59.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.011*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNet too old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(70.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnable to hang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t like the smell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt takes too long to be distributed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKey: *=p-value\u0026lt;0.05, **=p-value\u0026lt;0.01, ***=p-value\u0026lt;0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIRS and Prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no significant association between spraying the house (P=0.590) and the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years. (Table 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Association of IRS and prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"639\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 244px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of Malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-square\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive N=105 (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative N=133 (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWas your house sprayed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow many months ago was the house last sprayed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 to 7 moths\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(38.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.152\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;8 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(48.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(51.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReasons for not spraying house\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy household was sprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious belief\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNet too old\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe insecticide itches\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth-related issues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Key: *=p-value\u0026lt;0.05, **=p-value\u0026lt;0.01, ***=p-value\u0026lt;0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerception of caretakers and Prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinuous use of LLINs (P=0.02), the combined contribution of LLINs and IRS (P=0.006), and what other things (interventions) the government could do (P=0.02) in preventing malaria were significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under-fives. (Table 6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: Showing association between perception of caretakers (mothers) and prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"639\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 244px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of Malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-square\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive N=105 (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative N=133 (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHouse sprayed when demand\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98(44.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124(55.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.98\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(43.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDid you place anything or smeared the wall before 6months\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(56.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.98\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(55.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou \u0026amp; your child continued sleeping under LLIN after spraying HH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125(58.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIs LLINS and IRS adequately \u0026nbsp;contributed in preventing malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63(38.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(61.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6880\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(57.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(42.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 639px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat other thing should the government do to prevent and eliminate malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlready contented\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(62.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8070\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConduct vaccination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(54.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(45.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmpower women\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity sensitization\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(56.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(87.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Key: *=p-value\u0026lt;0.05, **=p-value\u0026lt;0.01, ***=p-value\u0026lt;0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors Associated With Prevalence of Malaria among Children Under 5 Years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA univariable logistic model between the dependent variable the prevalence of malaria among children under-fives and the independent variables showed that being married (COR 2.4, 95CI: 1.177-4.947, P\u0026lt;0.016), HH having 3-4 LLINs (COR 5.7, 95%CI: 1.721-19.214, P\u0026lt;0.004), Intervals of sleeping under the LLINs (COR 7.3, 95%CI: 1.568-34.275, P\u0026lt;0.011) had higher odds of testing positive of malaria among children under 5 years. The children who lived at the HH distance \u0026ge;6Km from the water body (COR 0.1, 95%CI: 0.101-0.708, P\u0026lt;0.023), and what other things (interventions) the government could do to eliminate malaria (COR 0.1, 95%CI: 0.010-0.723, P\u0026lt;0.024) had lower odds of testing positive of malaria. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter adjusting in the multivariable logistic regression, we noted that children living with the married caretakers had 3.2 times more likely to be tested positive of malaria compared to children living with the single caretakers (AOR 3.2, 95%CI: 1.395-7.378, P\u0026lt;0.006). Having 2 children in the HH had a significant association of testing positive for malaria compared to HHs with only a child under 5 years (AOR 0.4, 95%CI: 0.219-0.869, P\u0026lt;0.018) (Table 7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: Factors Associated With Prevalence of Malaria among Children Under 5 Years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"631\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4(1.177-4.947)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.016*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2(1.395-7.378)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3(0.330-4.946)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3(0.292-6.178)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2(0.332-3.983)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.825\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6(0.370-6.903)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of under 5years in household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 Child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6(0.358-1.111)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4(0.219-0.869)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.018*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4(0.136-1.485)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4(0.094-1.601)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;4 Children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.991\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistance of HH from the water body\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 1Km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-5Km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8(0.437-1.449)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9(0.452-1.927)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;6Km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1(0.101-0.708)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.023*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3(0.024-3.532)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave a mosquito net (LLINs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2(0.060-0.579)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.004*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of LLINs at home\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 net\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9(1.517-15.508)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.008*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7(1.721-19.214)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.004*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3(0.433-12.568)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNet (LLINs) hanged \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2(0.082-0.557)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlept under LLIN last night, and the child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3(0.114-0.723)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.008*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow often does this child sleep under LLIN\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Interval of the child sleeping under LLIN)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3(1.568-34.275)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.011*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5(0.34886.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce in a while\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7(0.184-15.139)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9(0.03223.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen it rains\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReasons for not sleeping under LLIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAm sleeping under the net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNet too old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3(0.107-0.784)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.015*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnable to hang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t like the smell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt takes too long to be distributed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou \u0026amp; your child continued sleeping under LLIN after spraying\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4(0.146-.868)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.023*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5(0.122-1.790)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIs LLINS and IRS adequately \u0026nbsp;contributed in preventing malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5(0.260-0.798)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.006*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 631px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat other thing should the government do to prevent and eliminate malaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlready contented\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConduct vaccination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5(0.231- 1.086)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmpower women\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6(0.188-1.968)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity sensitization\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5(0.193- 1.130)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1( 0.010-0.723)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.024*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Key: *=p-value\u0026lt;0.05, **=p-value\u0026lt;0.01, ***=p-value\u0026lt;0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003ch4\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among children under-fives following mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Amolatar district, Northern Uganda where a total of 238 intended respondents were interviewed and a majority 88.7% knew the signs and symptoms of malaria and the most common symptom mentioned was fever 42.0%, followed by vomiting 30% and the least was convulsion 0.84%. This finding is in line with the previous studies conducted in Arba Minch Zuria district, South Ethiopia [3]. This can be explained by the fact that the residents were exposed to continuous episodes of malaria infection from which they experienced the signs and symptoms, couple to the jingles on malaria prevention campaigns on radio, Community health workers and VHTS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of Malaria among children under five years\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study, we found out that the prevalence of malaria among children under five years in Amolatar district, Northern Uganda was 44.1%. This is a high prevalence compared to the ministry of health National target of 9% [6], given the recent interventions of indoor residual spraying and the mass net campaign in the district. The high prevalence indicates that there are a significant proportion of vulnerable groups at risks of malaria due to inadequate comprehensive mass screening and adherence to preventive measures at the community.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe finding is consistent to the previous study conducted in Guinea which reported a 35% malaria prevalence among children under 5 years, with the highest prevalence observed in Forest Guinea (48%), Lower Guinea at 32%, middle Guinea at 28% and Upper Guinea at 31% [9]. Also, the study findings are in agreement to the study done in Mali where malaria prevalence among children under 5 years (6-23, 24-41, and 42-59 moths) was at 25%, 40.65, and 43.4% respectively [14].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the findings are in disagreement with those of studies in Ethiopia and Ghana which reported low prevalence among children under five. A study conducted in South Ethiopia in Arba Minch Zuria district reported a prevalence of 22.1% [3] and a study conducted in Ghana reported a prevalence of 23.2% [34].\u0026nbsp;The differences in the results of these studies can be attributed to the differences in the geographical study areas which mean differences in factors that interplay to cause spread of the malaria infection among the vulnerable populations. Likewise, variation in the results might be due to the complexity of the targeted study groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with Prevalence of Malaria among children under five years following mass net campaign and IRS\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren living with married caretakers had 3.2 increased odds of testing positive for malaria compared to those living with single caretakers. This means married caretakers less frequently check to observe that their children sleep on an in-tacked net at night. Also, the fear of night disturbance from the under-fives could cause the caregivers to hand them to sleep with their fellow children as soon the child start walking. The children being young, naive and overtaken by deep sleep fail to ensure the under-fives sleep under mosquito nets at night. Thus expose the under-fives to mosquito bites spreading plasmodium infections.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study finding disagree with that of a survey conducted in Ghana which reported that mother\u0026rsquo;s marital status had no significant relationship with malaria prevalence among under-five children for the five-year period preceding the survey [28]. The differences in the results of these studies could be attributed to the differences in the socio-cultural practices among married mothers which expose children to the bites of infected anopheles mosquitoes hence prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among children under 5 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren whose households were far away from water bodies (\u0026ge;6Km) had 0.1 reduced odds of testing positive of malaria compared to those who stay near water bodies. The stagnated water bodies provide breeding sites for mosquitoes after which, the female anopheles mosquitoes looks for the blood meal from human host for the maturation of its eggs and in turns spreading malaria infection to human. Therefore, living near water bodies means increased risk of exposure to mosquito bites that spread the malaria as compared to living far away from the water bodies. This finding concurs with that of a study conducted in Ethiopia which reported that children who lived around stagnant water were 2.01 times more likely to have malaria infection than those who lived beyond 2 km away from stagnant water [1]. In addition to, a study conducted in artisanal mining communities in Ghana reported that residing close to stagnant water (\u0026le; 25 m) from an artisanal mining site was significantly associated with prevalence of malaria among children under five years, also relates to this finding [12].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaretakers who had poor perception towards LLINs use after spraying their households (HH) had 0.4 reduced odds of preventing their children from malaria as compared to those who had a good perception of using LLINs. The caretakers who had low perception on the nets usage after spraying the HH, their children were less likely to continue sleeping under nets compared to those who perceive the value of continuous sleeping under the nets even after spraying the HH as a good practice in preventing malaria. Therefore, failing to sleep under the nets exposed the children to mosquito bites thus an increased episode of malaria infection. This finding is in line with the study conducted in Rwanda which documented that the perceived response efficacy (people\u0026rsquo;s beliefs about the effectiveness of malaria preventive measures) influences the consistent use of these measures, and Asingizwe et al indicated that perceived response efficacy of LLINs remains an important reason for using them, because it positively influences the intentions for the consistent use of malaria preventive measures [7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren who didn\u0026rsquo;t sleep under the LLINs the previous night had 0.3 reduced odds of testing negative of malaria. Sleeping under LLIN daily, is seen as a protection against the mosquitoes\u0026rsquo; bites, and also most programs embrace this intervention as compared to IRS. This finding is similar to the finding of a study conducted in Tanzania which reported that the use of bed nets for malaria prevention has been stressed to a number of campaigns and malaria prevention programs\u0026nbsp;[24].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrengths and Limitations of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrengths of the study: The study was able to clearly identify that married mothers/caretakers were associated with the prevalence of malaria among children less than five years unlike other related studies. Also the study provided a baseline for the treatment of asymptomatic cases of malaria among children under-fives in the community reduce the likelihood of a mosquito carrying the plasmodium to infect others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study also had the limitations: first the study only used plasmodium falciparum malaria rapid diagnostic test (PF. mRDT) to screen for the presence of plasmodium in the blood samples and for that reason, it may be difficult to generalize the findings. Secondly, we were not able to categorically distinguish other species of plasmodium commonly infecting children in Amolatar district, northern Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, we acknowledge that the finding of this study may not be generalizable to the previous studies conducted and since the sample size used was not proportional to the population of the children within the country.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLastly, the cross-sectional study design could allow conduct the causal relationship between the predictors variables and malaria prevalence among children under five years.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and recommendations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc118021294\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study findings revealed that, the prevalence of malaria among children under five years in Amolatar district was 44.1% despite the scale up of mass net campaigns (LLINs) and IRS implemented. This was above the national target of 9% (UDHS, 2019). Also, children living with married caretakers had 3.2 increased odds of testing positive for malaria, not sleeping under the LLIN the previous night had association of testing positive for malaria. Meanwhile, living in a HH \u0026ge;6Km from stagnated water bodies had reduced odds of testing malaria positive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc118021295\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe therefore recommend that the government, implementing partners and civil society organizations should provide support to;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrengthening awareness campaigns on the importance of consistent use of LLINs while targeting caretakers especially married households (HHs), where LLINs usage is low.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImplore community engagement strategies that focus on behavioral change to increase LLINs adherence specifically among HHs with higher risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince children living with the married caretakers had increased odds of contracting malaria, there should be targeted educational campaigns at these HHs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEngaging community health workers to continue follow up on the net usage and provide education particularly high risk HHs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSponsor scientific innovation tailored toward development of malaria vaccine to cover the entire population against malaria infection especially vulnerable populations thus reduction of infant and maternal mortality related to malaria induced anemia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAreas for further research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe recommend that further research be carried out on the following areas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhy children living with married caretakers are more susceptible to malaria episodes.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe readiness of the caretakers\u0026rsquo; to support malaria vaccination for children under five as immediate strategy to eliminate malaria.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"577\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArtemisinin-based combination therapy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCDC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDHS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHHs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouseholds \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMIS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Management Information System\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIPTp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntermittent preventive treatment (of malaria) during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIQR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Inter-Quartile Range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndoor residual spraying\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLLIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLong-lasting insecticidal net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMIS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaria indicator survey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinistry of Health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emRDT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Malaria Rapid diagnostic test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNPHC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational population and housing census\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresident\u0026rsquo;s Malaria Initiative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDGs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSustainable Development Goals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSulfadoxine pyrimethamine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUBOS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUganda Bureau of statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUDHS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUganda Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSAID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited State Agency for International Development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWHO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study did not receive any funding from any source\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors and affiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLira University, Lira City, Uganda\u003cbr\u003eSam Orech, Sam Marc Opollo, Francis Ocen \u0026amp; Ruth Anne Akello\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBusitema University, Mbale City, Uganda\u003cbr\u003eSam Orech\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUganda Red Cross Society, Kampala Uganda\u003cbr\u003eIrene Auma\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSO conceptualized the study idea, analysed the data, wrote, and edited the manuscript. SO, IA, SMO, FO and RAA were involved in the conceptualization of the study idea. IA and SMO guided the writing and reviewing of the manuscript and were involved in the conceptualization of the study idea, editing, and reviewing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the respondents for their acceptance to participate in the study, the office of the Chief Administrative officer (CAO), the District Health Officer (DHO) for the administrative clearance granted before conducting this study. Lastly, we express our sincere gratitude to the research assistants for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdishu M, Gobena T, Damena M, Abdi H, Birhanu AJPH, Medicine, Therapeutics. (2022). Determinants of Malaria Morbidity Among School-Aged Children Living in East Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: A Community-Based Case\u0026ndash;Control Study. 13, 183.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbong\u0026rsquo;o B, Gimnig JE, Torr SJ, Longman B, Omoke D, Muchoki M, Samuels AM. Impact of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 300CS) on entomological indicators of transmission and malaria case burden in Migori County, western Kenya. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbossie A, Yohanes T, Nedu A, Tafesse W, Damitie M. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among febrile children under five years: A cross-sectional study in Arba Minch Zuria district, south Ethiopia. Infect drug Resist. 2020;13:363.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Awadhi M et al. (2021). Current Status and the Epidemiology of Malaria in the Middle East Region and Beyond.Microorganisms9(2): 338.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Mekhlafi HM, Madkhali AM, Ghailan KY, Abdulhaq AA, Ghzwani AH, Zain KA, Darraj MA. Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria. Malar J. 2021;20(1):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmeyaw EK, Kareem YO, Yaya S. Individual, community and region level predictors of insecticide-treated net use among women in Uganda: a multilevel analysis. Malar J. 2020;19(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsingizwe D, Poortvliet PM, Koenraadt CJ, Van Vliet AJ, Ingabire CM, Mutesa L, Leeuwis C. Role of individual perceptions in the consistent use of malaria preventive measures: mixed methods evidence from rural Rwanda. Malar J. 2019;18(1):1\u0026ndash;19.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsingizwe D, Poortvliet PM, Koenraadt CJ, Van Vliet AJ, Murindahabi MM, Ingabire C, Feindt PH. Applying citizen science for malaria prevention in Rwanda: an integrated conceptual framework. NJAS-Wageningen J Life Sci. 2018;86:111\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeavogui AH, Delamou A, Camara BS, Camara D, Kourouma K, Camara R, Djimde A. Prevalence of malaria and factors associated with infection in children aged 6 months to 9 years in Guinea: Results from a national cross-sectional study. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2020;11:e00162.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCheaveau J, Mogollon DC, Mohon MAN, Golassa L, Yewhalaw D, Pillai DR. Asymptomatic malaria in the clinical and public health context. Expert Rev anti-infective therapy. 2019;17(12):997\u0026ndash;1010.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChoi L, Pryce J, Garner P. (2019). Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide-treated nets. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(5).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDao F, Djonor SK, Ayin CT-M, Adu GA, Sarfo B, Nortey P. vectors. (2021). Burden of malaria in children under five and caregivers\u0026rsquo; health-seeking behaviour for malaria-related symptoms in artisanal mining communities in Ghana. 14(1), 1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEchodu R, Oyet WS, Iwiru T, Apili F, Lutwama JJ, Opiyo EA, Otim O. Household Predictors of Incidence of Malaria in Northern Uganda. Its Implication for Future Malaria Control; 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGaston RT, Ramroop S. (2020). Prevalence of and factors associated with malaria in children under five years of age in Malawi, using malaria indicator survey data. Heliyon, 6(5), e03946.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuerra CA et al. (2019). Characterising malaria connectivity using malaria indicator survey data.Malariajournal18 (1): 1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIyer M, Skelton J, de Wildt G, Meza G. A qualitative study on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for the prevention of malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. Malar J. 2019;18(1):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKakmeni FMM, et al. Spatial panorama of malaria prevalence in Africa under climate change and interventions scenarios. Int J Health Geogr. 2018;17(1):1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKan\u0026eacute; F, Ke\u0026iuml;ta M, Traor\u0026eacute; B, Diawara SI, Bane S, Diarra S, Doumbia S. Performance of IRS on malaria prevalence and incidence using pirimiphos-methyl in the context of pyrethroid resistance in Koulikoro region. Mali Malar J. 2020;19(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKapesa A et al. (2018). The current malaria morbidity and mortality in different transmission settings in Western Kenya.PloS one13(8): e0202031.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKish L. Sampling organizations and groups of unequal sizes. American sociological review; 1965. pp. 564\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLucantoni L et al. (2017). The need to compare: assessing the level of agreement of three high-throughput assays against Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes.Scientific reports7(1): 1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMbacham WF, et al. Current situation of malaria in Africa. Malaria Control and Elimination. Springer; 2019. pp. 29\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMegnekou R, Djontu JC, Nana BC, Bigoga JD, Fotso M, Fogang B, Leke RF. Accuracy of One Step malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in detecting Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria infection in women living in Yaound\u0026eacute;. Cameroon Malar J. 2018;17(1):450.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoshi IR, Ngowo H, Dillip A, Msellemu D, Madumla EP, Okumu FO, Manderson L. Community perceptions on outdoor malaria transmission in Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania. Malar J. 2017;16(1):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMpimbaza A, Walemwa R, Kapisi J, Sserwanga A, Namuganga JF, Kisambira Y, Staedke SG. The age-specific incidence of hospitalized paediatric malaria in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNamuganga JF, Epstein A, Nankabirwa JI, Mpimbaza A, Kiggundu M, Sserwanga A, Opigo J. The impact of stopping and starting indoor residual spraying on malaria burden in Uganda. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNangobi P, Onyango G, Kagaba S, Pratt BA. (2020). Baseline Assessment for an Anticipated PMI Malaria Reduction Activity.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNyarko SH, Cobblah AJ. M. r., \u0026amp; treatment. (2014). Sociodemographic determinants of malaria among under-five children in Ghana. 2014.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNzabona A, DATA. ASSESSMENT STUDY OF POPULATION AGEING IN UGANDA.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOguttu DW et al. (2017). Rapid reduction of malaria following introduction of vector control interventions in Tororo District, Uganda: a descriptive study.Malaria journal16(1): 1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOgwang R, Akena G, Yeka A, Osier F, Idro R. The 2015\u0026ndash;2016 malaria epidemic in Northern Uganda; What are the implications for malaria control interventions? Acta Trop. 2018;188:27\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkia M, Hoel DF, Kirunda J, Rwakimari JB, Mpeka B, Ambayo D, Govere J. Insecticide resistance status of the malaria mosquitoes: Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in eastern and northern Uganda. Malar J. 2018;17(1):1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkwa OO. (2020). Malaria: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices in Some Sub-Saharan African Communities. Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Practices for Addressing Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases, 31\u0026ndash;48.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkyere B, Owusu-Ofori A, Ansong D, Buxton R, Benson S, Osei-Akoto A, MarfoBoaheng J. (2020). Point prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and the comparison of microscopy, rapid diagnostic test and nested PCR for the diagnosis of asymptomatic malaria among children under 5 years in Ghana. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0232874.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOluwasogo A et al. (2016). Malaria Control \u0026amp; Elimination.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScott N, Hussain SA, Martin-Hughes R, Fowkes FJ, Kerr CC, Pearson R, Wilson DP. Maximizing the impact of malaria funding through allocative efficiency: using the right interventions in the right locations. Malar J. 2017;16(1):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpraying W. I. R. an operational manual for indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria transmission control and elimination. 2015. Retrieved from Geneva: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/177242/1/9789241508940_eng\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/177242/1/9789241508940_eng\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTangena J-AA, Hendriks CM, Devine M, Tammaro M, Trett AE, Williams I, Kafy HT. Indoor residual spraying for malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa 1997 to 2017: an adjusted retrospective analysis. Malar J. 2020;19(1):1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTassew A, Hopkins R, Deressa W. Factors influencing the ownership and utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria prevention in Ethiopia. Malar J. 2017;16(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThellier M et al. (2020). Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000\u0026ndash;2015.Medecine et maladies infectieuses50(2): 99\u0026ndash;112.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWanzira H, Eganyu T, Mulebeke R, Bukenya F, Echodu D, Adoke Y. (2018). Long lasting insecticidal bed nets ownership, access and use in a high malaria transmission setting before and after a mass distribution campaign in Uganda. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0191191.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWanzira H et al. (2017). Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia among children under 5 years in Uganda: a secondary data analysis of the 2014 Malaria Indicator Survey dataset.Malaria journal16(1): 1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Malaria, Prevalence, children under-fives, LLINs, IRS, morbidity and mortality","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5132710/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5132710/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Globally, 3.3 billion people are at risks of contracting malaria, and the disease still endemic in 91 countries. Despite the scale up of interventions geared towards controls and eliminations of malaria, the number of malaria cases that progress to severe causing malaria-related deaths remains high. WHO identified mass LLINs distribution and IRS as effective measures for malaria preventions and control. In 2021, malaria caused an estimated 247 million clinical episodes and 619,000 deaths mostly vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective:\u003c/strong\u003e To determine the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among children under 5 years following mass net (LLINs) campaign and indoor residual spraying in Amolatar district, Northern Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A community-based, cross-sectional research design used. Quantitative survey for data collection employed. We collected blood sample from children under 5 years to detect the prevalence of malaria using plasmodium falciparum malaria rapid diagnostic test (PF.mRDT). Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis at 95% CI, p-value of 0.05 for significant variables were performed to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Overall, 44.1% (105/238) of children tested positive of malaria. The mean age the caretakers were 24 years, SD 9.4. More than half of caretakers had attained primary level of education 50% (119/238). Children living with married caretakers had 3.2 increased odds of testing positive for malaria (AOR 3.2, 95%CI: 1.395-7.378, P\u0026lt;0.006). Having 2 children in the HH had a significant association of testing positive for malaria (AOR 0.4, 95%CI: 0.219-0.869, P\u0026lt;0.018]). However living in the HH ≥6Km from water body (AOR 0.3, 95%CI: 0.024-3.532, P\u0026lt;0.334) wasn’t significantly associated of testing positive for malaria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eChildren who lived with the married caretakers, having 2 children in the HH, and not sleeping under the LLINs had significant association of testing positive for malaria. While living in a HH ≥6Km from stagnated water bodies had reduced odds of testing malaria positive. We recommend strengthening awareness campaigns on the importance of consistent use of LLINs while targeting caretakers especially married households (HHs), where LLINs usage is low and community engagement strategies that focus on behavioral change to increase LLINs adherence.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors Associated with Prevalence of Malaria among Children-under-5-Years Following Mass Net Campaign and Indoor Residual Spraying in Amolatar District, Northern Uganda: Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-09 13:09:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5132710/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e49aab6e-6b67-49d8-afb4-2c637562e71d","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-22T16:21:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-09 13:09:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5132710","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5132710","identity":"rs-5132710","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}