3D-printed cyclodextrin polymer-g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a monolithic adsorbent for dye removal

3D-printed cyclodextrin polymer-g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a monolithic adsorbent for dye removal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article 3D-printed cyclodextrin polymer-g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a monolithic adsorbent for dye removal Fatemeh Ranjbar, Amir Masood Rezadoust, Samahe Sadjadi, Mohammad Atai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396518/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Progress in Additive Manufacturing → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A 3D-printed monolithic adsorbent is developed for dye adsorption. In this regard, a composite of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) and cyclodextrin polymer (CDP), CDP-g-C 3 N 4 , was prepared through polymerization of cyclodextrin and epichlorohydrin in the presence of g-C 3 N 4 . The powder form of the composite, 3D-CDP-g-C 3 N 4 , was transformed to a monolith via a DLP 3D-printer. The efficiency of 3D-CDP-g-C 3 N 4 for Methylene Blue removal was examined and the effects of temperature, contact time, and pH were investigated to find the optimal conditions. The results underlined that in basic condition (pH = 10) at 80 ºC dye removal reached to 91% in 90 min. The comparison of the dye adsorption of the adsorbent with CDP-free control sample approved the role of CDP in adsorption process, which originated from the formation of inclusion complex with dye. Furthermore, it was confirmed that 3D-printing had a dual role in adsorption and not only provided a monolithic form, but also improved adsorption through interactions with dye. 3D-CDP-g-C 3 N 4 was versatile and could be utilized for adsorption of other non-steric cationic and anionic dyes. Kinetic study exhibited that the activation energy was 15.26 kJ/mol. Besides, thermodynamic parameters, i.e. enthalpy and entropy were calculated as 11.59 kJ/mol, and 40.38 J/mol respectively. 3D-printing Adsorbent Cyclodextrin polymer Graphitic carbon nitride Water treatment Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Progress in Additive Manufacturing → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7396518","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":523674002,"identity":"d97f83b4-922b-4102-b552-c99302b4800f","order_by":0,"name":"Fatemeh Ranjbar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatemeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Ranjbar","suffix":""},{"id":523674003,"identity":"16bdd43e-aa0b-450d-9377-c8b81409507d","order_by":1,"name":"Amir Masood Rezadoust","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Iran Polymer and Petrochemical 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removal","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"3D-printing, Adsorbent, Cyclodextrin polymer, Graphitic carbon nitride, Water treatment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396518/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396518/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA 3D-printed monolithic adsorbent is developed for dye adsorption. In this regard, a composite of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) and cyclodextrin polymer (CDP), CDP-g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, was prepared through polymerization of cyclodextrin and epichlorohydrin in the presence of g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The powder form of the composite, 3D-CDP-g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, was transformed to a monolith via a DLP 3D-printer. The efficiency of 3D-CDP-g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e for Methylene Blue removal was examined and the effects of temperature, contact time, and pH were investigated to find the optimal conditions. The results underlined that in basic condition (pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) at 80 \u0026ordm;C dye removal reached to 91% in 90 min. The comparison of the dye adsorption of the adsorbent with CDP-free control sample approved the role of CDP in adsorption process, which originated from the formation of inclusion complex with dye. Furthermore, it was confirmed that 3D-printing had a dual role in adsorption and not only provided a monolithic form, but also improved adsorption through interactions with dye. 3D-CDP-g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e was versatile and could be utilized for adsorption of other non-steric cationic and anionic dyes. Kinetic study exhibited that the activation energy was 15.26 kJ/mol. Besides, thermodynamic parameters, i.e. enthalpy and entropy were calculated as 11.59 kJ/mol, and 40.38 J/mol respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"3D-printed cyclodextrin polymer-g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a monolithic adsorbent for dye removal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-03 12:45:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396518/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ae16831e-1a23-4f1a-ac94-343f8504e7d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T16:06:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7396518","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01413-w","journal":{"identity":"progress-in-additive-manufacturing","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Progress in Additive Manufacturing"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-11 15:57:25","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 11th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-03 12:45:15","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s40964-025-01413-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01413-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7396518","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7396518","identity":"rs-7396518","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}