Evaluation of high value and climate smart crops under custard apple based agri-horti system in the Vindhyan region

Evaluation of high value and climate smart crops under custard apple based agri-horti system in the Vindhyan region | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Evaluation of high value and climate smart crops under custard apple based agri-horti system in the Vindhyan region Rajashree krishna Bharadwaj, Sudhir Kumar Rajpoot, Alok Kumar Singh, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9176877/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An experiment was conducted at Agricultural Farm of Rajiv Gandhi South Campus (Banaras Hindu University), Barkaccha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India located in the Central Vindhyan Plateau Region during the monsoon season of July 2024. Assessment of five high value and climate smart crops under 13 year old custard apple-based agri-horti systems on sandy clay loam soil using a randomized block design with three replications. The various treatment combinations include T 1 (custard apple+ vegetable cowpea), T 2 (custard apple+okra), T 3 (custard apple+ finger millet), T 4 (custard apple+ ashwagandha) and T 5 (custard apple+ cluster bean). Results showed that the custard apple + clusterbean system yielded the highest custard apple mean crop equivalent yield (5,938 kg/ha), followed by T 4, ashwagandha (4,875 kg/ha), okra (4,688 kg/ha), finger millet (3,618kg/ha), and cowpea (3,133kg/ha). Although the okra system incurred the highest cultivation cost (Rs 81881.9), it also produced the third highest gross (Rs 234400) and net returns (Rs 152518.1). The highest gross return was produced by clusterbean (Rs 2,54,150). In contrast, the custard apple + cluster bean combination had the highest benefit-cost ratio (5.61), making it the most economically efficient preceeded by ashwagandha(6.88) and succeeded by okra(2.86). The highest harvest index was recorded for custard apple+okra 44% followed by cluster bean(38.48%) and vegetable cowpea(34.9%). The land equivalent ratio was 2.03 for custard apple and vegetable clusterbean, followed by custard apple+okra (1.91). LER was recorded lowest for custard apple+fingermillet(1.24). The carbon stock observed was highest for custard aplple+ okra 5.5tha -1 yr -1 followed by leguminous crops clusterbean (4.3 tha -1 yr -1 ) and cowpea (1.8 tha -1 yr -1 ). This research underscores the potential of integrating climate-resilient, high-value and climate smart intercrops with custard apple to enhance profitability, sustainability, and productivity. agri-horti system agroforestry climate smart crops custard apple high value crops Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 INTRODUCTION Climate change and food insecurity are among the most critical global challenges of the 21st century, significantly affecting agricultural productivity and stability. Variations in climate increase yield variability, disrupt food supply chains, and threaten both food and nutritional security, largely due to soil degradation and increased pest incidence (Kang et al., 2009 ; Läderach et al., 2017 ; Arora, 2019 ; Zizinga et al., 2022 ; Miron et al., 2023 ). Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a key strategy to enhance resilience and productivity, particularly in rainfed systems (Barasa et al., 2021 ; Botai & Botai, 2021 ). Agroforestry-based systems, such as custard apple ( Annona squamosa L. )-based agri-horti systems, offer a promising solution for sustainable intensification in semi-arid regions by improving land use efficiency, farm income, and ecological stability (Arya & Sharma, 2020 ; Sutnga et al., 2020 ). Custard apple is well adapted to marginal environments due to its drought tolerance, deep root system, and low input requirements, making it suitable for integration with intercrops (Rathore et al., 2016 ; Kumar et al., 2019 ). Such systems also provide microclimatic benefits that enhance intercrop performance and resource use efficiency (Chaturvedi et al., 2017 ; Nair, 1993 ).Crop diversification through intercropping of high-value and climate-resilient crops further strengthens system productivity, soil fertility, and economic returns. Leguminous crops such as cowpea and cluster bean improve soil nitrogen through biological fixation, while millets contribute to nutritional security and resilience under low-input conditions (Jat et al., 2020 ; Mohanty et al., 2023 ). Diversified systems have been shown to stabilize yields, enhance biodiversity, and reduce environmental risks compared to monocultures (Davis et al., 2012 ; Renard & Tilman, 2019 ). However, adoption is often constrained by limited resources and technical knowledge (Meynard et al., 2018 ; Roesch-McNally et al., 2018 ). In this context, integrating crops such as okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ), cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ), cluster bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ), finger millet, and ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ) within custard apple-based systems offers significant potential for improving productivity, profitability, and sustainability in dryland agriculture (Woldetsadik et al., 2022 ; Jat et al., 2023 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area: The study was conducted in the Vindhyan region of eastern Uttar Pradesh at the Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, located in Mirzapur. Geographically, the site lies at approximately 25.10° N latitude and 82.37° E longitude, representing the semi-arid agro-ecological conditions of the Vindhyan plateau. The region is characterized by undulating topography, shallow to medium-depth soils, and red lateritic to sandy loam textures with low organic carbon and poor water-holding capacity (Singh et al., 2011 ; Sharma et al., 2015 ; Pathak et al., 2017 ). The climate is tropical monsoonal, marked by hot summers, mild winters, and an average annual rainfall of about 900–1100 mm, most of which is received during the southwest monsoon season (ICAR, 2018; Singh & Mishra, 2022 ). These climatic and edaphic constraints make agriculture highly vulnerable to variability in rainfall and temperature, thereby affecting crop productivity and sustainability (Jha et al., 2019 ; Pandey et al., 2021 ).Land use in the study area reflects a predominance of rainfed and resource-constrained farming systems, with a considerable portion of land under fallow, wasteland, and tree-based systems. The net cultivated area is relatively limited, with cropping intensity around 120%, indicating moderate land-use efficiency under dryland conditions. The prevailing land use system is dominated by agroforestry-based and mixed cropping systems, integrating trees with field crops to enhance productivity and resilience (Tripathi et al., 2016 ; Kumar et al., 2020 ; Yadav et al., 2018 ). Major crops grown include kharif season crops such as paddy, maize, pigeon pea, sesame, and millets, and rabi season crops like wheat, barley, chickpea, lentil, and mustard. These diversified cropping systems play a crucial role in improving soil fertility, stabilizing yields, and ensuring livelihood security in the region (Jat et al., 2020 ; Pandey et al., 2021 ). The campus serves as an important research hub for developing climate-resilient and sustainable agricultural practices tailored to dryland ecosystems of the Vindhyan region (Banaras Hindu University, 2023 ). Sampling and data collection: Field experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with appropriate replications to evaluate the performance of custard apple–based agri-horti systems under rainfed conditions. Crop yield data for all component species were recorded at harvest from net plot areas and expressed in standard units. To enable comparison among diversified cropping systems, yields of intercrops were converted into equivalent yield based on prevailing market prices (Willey, 1979 ; Mead & Willey, 1980 ; Jat et al., 2020 ). System productivity and biological efficiency were further assessed using the land equivalent ratio (LER) and land use efficiency (LUE), which quantify the advantage of intercropping over sole cropping and the extent of land utilization over time (Willey, 1979 ; Hiebsch & McCollum, 1987 ; Dhima et al., 2007 ). The harvest index (HI) was calculated as the ratio of economic yield to total biological yield to assess biomass partitioning efficiency (Donald, 1962 ; Hay, 1995 ). Data on crop growth, yield attributes, and system productivity were recorded following standard agronomic procedures to ensure accuracy and reproducibility (Gomez & Gomez, 1984 ; Singh et al., 2011 ; Kumar et al., 2020 ). Economic analysis included estimation of gross returns, net returns, and benefit–cost ratio based on prevailing input and output prices to determine the profitability of different land-use systems (Jat et al., 2020 ; Pandey et al., 2021 ; Singh & Mishra, 2022 ). Carbon sequestration potential of the system was assessed by estimating above- and below-ground biomass using standard allometric equations and converting biomass into carbon stock using established conversion factors (Nair et al., 2009; IPCC, 2006 ; Montagnini & Nair, 2004 ). Changes in soil fertility parameters, including soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soil water holding capacity, were analyzed before and after the experiment using standard laboratory methods such as Walkley and Black for organic carbon, Subbiah and Asija for available nitrogen, Olsen’s method for available phosphorus, flame photometry for potassium, and gravimetric/pressure plate methods for water holding capacity (Walkley & Black, 1934 ; Subbiah & Asija, 1956 ; Olsen et al., 1954 ; Jackson, 1973 ; Klute, 1986 ). These methods are widely accepted for evaluating soil nutrient dynamics and physical properties under different land-use systems (Bray et al., 1945; Knudsen et al., 1982 ; Black et al., 1965). These comprehensive measurements enabled a holistic assessment of productivity, resource-use efficiency, environmental sustainability, and economic viability of the custard apple–based agroforestry systems in the Vindhyan region (Lal, 2004 ; Dhyani et al., 2017 ; Jose, 2009 ; Kumar et al., 2022; Jat et al., 2023 ). Data analysis- The experimental data generated from different agroforestry-based land-use systems were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) appropriate for a randomized block design to test the significance of treatment effects. Treatment means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% level of probability to determine significant differences among treatments (Gomez & Gomez, 1984 ; Singh et al., 2011 ). Standard statistical procedures were followed to ensure the validity and reliability of the results, and all computations were performed using suitable statistical software packages. System productivity and efficiency indices such as equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio (LER), land use efficiency (LUE), and harvest index (HI) were computed using standard formulae. Economic analysis, including gross returns, net returns, and benefit–cost ratio, was carried out based on prevailing market prices of inputs and outputs to evaluate the economic feasibility of the systems (Jat et al., 2020 ; Pandey et al., 2021 ; Singh & Mishra, 2022 ). Carbon sequestration potential was estimated by converting biomass into carbon stock using established conversion coefficients and summing across system components (IPCC, 2006 ; Nair et al., 2009; Montagnini & Nair, 2004 ). Soil data were analyzed to quantify changes in soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water holding capacity, and the results were interpreted to assess the impact of different agroforestry systems on soil health (Walkley & Black, 1934 ; Subbiah & Asija, 1956 ; Olsen et al., 1954 ; Jackson, 1973 ; Klute, 1986 ). These analyses provided an integrated evaluation of productivity, profitability, and sustainability of custard apple–based agri-horti systems under rainfed conditions (Lal, 2004 ; Dhyani et al., 2017 ; Jose, 2009 ; Kumar et al., 2022; Jat et al., 2023 ). RESULTS The results of the study revealed significant variations among different custard apple–based agri-horti systems in terms of growth, yield, productivity, soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and economic returns. Among the treatments, custard apple + okra (T₂) recorded the highest growth attributes, including plant height, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation, while custard apple + clusterbean (T₅) exhibited superior performance in terms of intercrop yield (82.50 q ha⁻¹), okra equivalent yield (123.75 q ha⁻¹), system productivity (18,313 kg ha⁻¹), and land equivalent ratio (2.03). Carbon sequestration was also highest in T₂ (5.50 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) followed by T₅ (4.30 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), indicating enhanced biomass accumulation in these systems. Soil fertility parameters, including soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water holding capacity, were improved under legume-based systems, particularly T₁ (cowpea) and T₅ (clusterbean). Economic analysis showed that T₅ recorded the highest net return (₹208,873.8 ha⁻¹) with high land use efficiency (100%), while T₄ (ashwagandha) achieved the highest benefit–cost ratio (6.88) due to lower input costs. Overall, diversified agri-horti systems, especially those involving clusterbean and okra, demonstrated superior performance across productivity, profitability, and sustainability indicators under rainfed conditions. Table 4.1 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on growth attributes (at harvest) of high value and climate smart crops Treatments Plant height (cm) Leaves Plant − 1 Primary branches Plant − 1 Dry weight Plant − 1 (g) Leaf area (cm 2 ) Leaf area index Crop growth rate (gm −2 day − 1 ) Relative Growth rate (gg − 1 day − 1 ) Net Assimilation Ratio (gm −2 day − 1 ) T 1 : custard apple + vegetable cowpea 105 19.51 8.91 17.95 1503 3.34 0.21 0.0141 0.0179 T 2 : custard apple+ okra 180 62 18.8 241.95 2286 1.27 4.14 0.0232 0.1968 T 3 : custard apple + finger millet 73 35.64 15.5 30.98 285 0.95 0.07 0.0025 0.0419 T 4 : custard apple+ ashwagandha 28 15 5.7 35.02 450 0.25 0.68 0.0298 0.1038 T 5 : custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 114 35.20 8.7 105.27 535.5 1.19 0.82 0.0087 0.1308 Table 4.2 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on yield attributes of high value and climate smart crops Treatments Pods plant − 1 No of grain/fruits plant − 1 Fruit length T 1 : custard apple + vegetable cowpea 25 28.9 17.07 T 2 : custard apple+ okra 13.86 47.16 12.82 T 3 : custard apple + finger millet - 2514.5 - T 4 : custard apple+ ashwagandha - 16.4 - T 5 : custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 12.80 49.5 8.22 Table 4.3 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on intercrop yield and mean equivalent yield of high value and climate smart crops Treatment Intercrop (q/ha) Okra Equivalent Yield (q/ha) Custard Apple Yield (q/ha) Custard Apple Equivalent Yield (q/ha) T 1 : custard apple + vegetable cowpea 15.17 22.76 24.30 31.33 T 2 : custard apple + okra 114.40 114.40 24.00 46.88 T 3 : custard apple + finger millet 7.88 23.63 22.00 36.18 T 4 : custard apple+ ashwagandha 1.41 14.13 20.50 48.77 T 5 : custard apple + clusterbean 82.50 123.75 22.25 59.38 SEm ± 1.84 2.85 1.37 1.37 CD(p = 0.005) 5.58 8.65 4.14 4.15 Table 4.9 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on carbon stock and sequestration rate (kg CO 2 ha − 1 ) of high value and climate smart crops Treatment AGB(kgha − 1 ) BGB(kgha − 1 ) Total Carbon(kgha − 1 ) Carbon(tha −1 yr − 1 ) T 1 -Custard apple+vegetable cowpea 3,100 1,100 1835 1.835 T 2 -Custard apple+okra 10000 2500 5500 5.500 T 3 -Custard apple+ finger millet 1,800 600 1,050 1.050 T 4 -Custard apple+ ashwagandha 1200 400 700 0.70 T 5 - Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 6000 4000 4300 4.300 SEm± 41.50 61.43 34.93 0.04 CD(%) 125.86 186.29 105.93 0.13 Table 4.10 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on land equivalent ratio of high-value and climate smart crops. Treatment Yield in intercropping (kgha − 1 ) Yield for custard apple (kg ha − 1 ) Monoculture yield for custard apple (kgha − 1 ) Assumed crop monoculture (kgha − 1 ) in dryland LER T 1 -Custard apple+vegetable cowpea 1517 2430 2430 2500 1.60 T 2 -Custard apple+okra 11440 2400 2400 12530 1.91 T 3 -Custard apple+ finger millet 788 2200 2200 3200 1.24 T 4 -Custard apple+ ashwagandha 141 2050 2050 300 1.47 T 5 - Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 8250 2225 2225 8000 2.03 Table 4.11 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on harvest index of high value and climate smart crops Treatment Custard apple mean crop equivalent yield(kgha − 1 ) Biological yield (kgha − 1 ) HI(%) T 1 -Custard apple+vegetable cowpea 3113 8919 34.9 T 2 -Custard apple+okra 4688 10654 44 T 3 -Custard apple+ finger millet 3618 15075 24 T 4 -Custard apple+ ashwagandha 4875 13467 36.2 T 5 - Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 5083 13209 38.48 Table 4.12 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on system productivity of high value and climate smart crops Treatment Okra MCEY(kgha − 1 ) Custard apple MCEY(kgha − 1 ) System Production(kg/ha) T 1 -Custard apple+vegetable cowpea 2276 3113 5389 T 2 -Custard apple+okra 11440 4688 16128 T 3 -Custard apple+ finger millet 2363 3618 5981 T 4 -Custard apple+ ashwagandha 1413 4875 6288 T 5 - Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 12375 5938 18313 SEm± 2.85 1.37 78.20 CD(p = 0.005) 8.65 4.15 237.16 Table 4.13 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on soil fertility after harvest of high-value and climate smart crops Treatment Available Soil organic carbon(%) Available Soil nitrogen (kg/ha) Available Soil phosphorus (kg/ha) Available Soil potassium (kg/ha) Water holding capacity T 1 -Custard apple+vegetable cowpea 0.50 258.75 11.20 225 40 T 2 -Custard apple+okra 0.46 256 10.90 218 38 T 3 -Custard apple+ finger millet 0.46 253 10.70 215 36 T 4 -Custard apple+ ashwagandha 0.44 250 10.20 212 35 T 5 - Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 0.49 255 11.00 223 39 SEm(±) 0.003 0.57 0.04 1.43 0.19 CD(5%) 0.01 1.22 0.09 3.12 0.41 Table 4.14 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on profitability of high-value and climate smart crops. Treatment Rank (Income) Rank (Efficiency) Yield (kg/ha) Cost of cultivation (₨/ha) Gross Return (Rs/ha) Net return (Rs/ha) B:C Ratio Key Remark T 1 -Custard apple+vegetable cowpea 5 5 1517 70497.96 156650 86152.04 2.22 Second highest income second lowest efficiency T 2 -Custard apple+okra 3 3 11440 81881.9 234400 152518.1 2.86 Low efficiency good income T 3 -Custard apple+ finger millet 4 4 788 67293.34 180900 113606.6 2.68 Best efficiency(highest B:C) T 4 -Custard apple+ ashwagandha 2 1 141 35417.62 243750 208332.38 6.88 High efficiency T 5 - Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 1 2 6350 45276.15 254150 208873.8 5.61 Good efficiency balance and highest income Table 4.15 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on economic resource use efficiency and land use efficiency of high value and climate smart crops Treatment Net Return(Rs) Cost(Rs) Economic RUE(%) Custard mean equivalent yield of intercrop (kgha − 1 ) Land use efficiency(%) T 1 -Custard apple+vegetable cowpea 86152.04 70497.96 81.82 3113 52.42 T 2 -Custard apple+okra 152518.1 81881.9 53.6 4688 78.94 T 3 -Custard apple+ finger millet 113606.6 67293.34 59.2 3618 60.92 T 4 -Custard apple+ ashwagandha 208332.38 35417.62 17 4875 82.09 T 5 - Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean 208873.8 45276.15 21.67 5938 100 Table 4.16 Effect of custard apple based agri-horti system on comparative economics of high value and climate smart crops. Treatment Cost of cultivation (Rs ha − 1 ) Gross return (Rs ha − 1 ) Net return with fruits (Rs ha − 1 ) B-C ratio T 1 :custard apple + vegetable cowpea 70497.96 156650 86152.04 2.22 T 2 : custard apple+ okra 81881.9 234400 152518.1 2.86 T 3 : custard apple finger millet 67293.34 180900 113606.6 2.68 T 4 : custard apple + ashwagandha 35417.62 243750 208332.38 6.88 T 5 : custard apple + vegetable clusterbean 45276.15 254150 208873.8 5.61 DISCUSSION The results clearly demonstrate that integration of high-value and climate-smart crops with custard apple significantly improved growth, yield, and system productivity under rainfed conditions. Among the treatments, custard apple + okra (T₂) exhibited superior growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves, dry matter accumulation, and crop growth rate, indicating efficient utilization of available resources. This enhanced performance can be attributed to complementary interactions between component crops, leading to better light interception, nutrient uptake, and reduced interspecific competition, as also reported by Jat et al. ( 2020 ) and Dhima et al. ( 2007 ). In contrast, relatively lower growth observed in finger millet and ashwagandha systems suggests their comparatively lower competitive ability under moisture-limited conditions (Singh et al., 2011 ; Kumar et al., 2020 ). Yield and system productivity parameters further emphasized the advantage of diversified agri-horti systems. Higher intercrop yield, equivalent yield, and system productivity in custard apple + clusterbean (T₅) and custard apple + okra (T₂) indicate better complementarity and efficient utilization of growth resources. The land equivalent ratio (LER > 1) across all treatments, with the maximum value recorded in T₅ (2.03), confirms the biological superiority of intercropping systems over monoculture (Willey, 1979 ; Mead & Willey, 1980 ). Higher harvest index values in okra-based systems reflect efficient partitioning of assimilates toward economic yield, whereas lower values in finger millet-based systems indicate greater allocation toward vegetative biomass (Hay, 1995 ). Carbon sequestration potential was significantly higher in custard apple + okra (T₂) and custard apple + clusterbean (T₅) systems due to greater biomass accumulation and enhanced below-ground carbon storage. These findings corroborate earlier studies highlighting the role of agroforestry systems in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration (Nair et al., 2009; Montagnini & Nair, 2004 ; Lal, 2004 ). In addition, improvements in soil fertility parameters were clearly evident from both the experimental data (Table 4.13 ) and graphical representation (Fig. 2). The soil fertility analysis graph indicates that treatments involving legumes, particularly clusterbean (T₅) and cowpea (T₁), maintained higher soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water holding capacity compared to other treatments. This can be attributed to biological nitrogen fixation, higher biomass return, and improved soil aggregation, which enhance nutrient availability and moisture retention (Subbiah & Asija, 1956 ; Olsen et al., 1954 ; Dhyani et al., 2017 ). The relatively lower values observed in non-leguminous systems such as ashwagandha and finger millet further highlight the importance of legumes in sustaining soil health under dryland agroforestry systems. Economic analysis and resource-use efficiency (Fig. 1) revealed substantial variation among treatments. The graphical representation shows that custard apple + clusterbean (T₅) recorded the highest net returns along with maximum land use efficiency (100%), indicating optimal utilization of land resources throughout the year. Although custard apple + ashwagandha (T₄) recorded the highest benefit–cost ratio due to lower input costs and higher market price, its system productivity was relatively lower. Economic resource use efficiency was more balanced in treatments such as T₂ and T₅, which combined higher productivity with reasonable input costs. These findings are consistent with earlier reports suggesting that diversified agroforestry systems enhance economic stability and resilience of farming systems (Pandey et al., 2021 ; Singh & Mishra, 2022 ; Jose, 2009 ). Overall, the integration of custard apple with suitable intercrops such as clusterbean and okra significantly enhanced productivity, profitability, soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and resource-use efficiency. The combined interpretation of tabular data and graphical analysis (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) indicates that clusterbean-based systems offer the best balance between economic returns, land use efficiency, and sustainability, making them highly suitable for dryland regions like the Vindhyan plateau. These findings reinforce the role of agroforestry systems as a viable strategy for sustainable intensification and climate-resilient agriculture (Lal, 2004 ; Dhyani et al., 2017 ; Jat et al., 2023 ). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that integration of high-value and climate-smart crops within custard apple–based agri-horti systems significantly enhances productivity, profitability, resource-use efficiency, and environmental sustainability under rainfed conditions of the Vindhyan region. Among the evaluated treatments, custard apple + clusterbean (T₅) and custard apple + okra (T₂) consistently outperformed other systems in terms of growth, yield, system productivity, and land equivalent ratio, confirming the advantages of crop diversification and complementary interactions in agroforestry systems. The higher equivalent yields and land use efficiency observed in these systems indicate their potential for maximizing output from limited land resources. The study further highlights that legume-based systems, particularly clusterbean and cowpea, play a crucial role in improving soil fertility through enhanced soil organic carbon, nitrogen availability, and moisture retention. Additionally, higher carbon sequestration potential observed in okra- and clusterbean-based systems underscores the environmental benefits of agroforestry in mitigating climate change. Economic analysis revealed that custard apple + clusterbean provided the highest net returns and balanced resource-use efficiency, while custard apple + ashwagandha showed the highest benefit–cost ratio due to lower input costs. Overall, the findings suggest that custard apple–based diversified agri-horti systems, especially those integrating legumes and high-value crops, offer a sustainable and climate-resilient strategy for improving livelihoods and ensuring ecological stability in dryland regions. Declarations Author Contribution R.K.B. (Rajashree Krishna Bharadwaj) conceptualized and conducted the research work, performed field experiments, collected and analyzed data, and wrote the main manuscript. S.K.R. (Sudhir Kumar Rajpoot) served as Chairman of the advisory committee, supervised the research, and contributed to the design, interpretation of results, and critical revision of the manuscript. A.K.S. (Alok Kumar Singh) contributed to the development of the research framework, provided technical guidance on agroforestry aspects, and reviewed the manuscript. A.T. (Ambikesh Tripathi) assisted in field experimentation and data collection. A.S. (Abhinav Singh) provided support in statistical analysis and data interpretation. S.K.V. (Sunil Kumar Verma) assisted with agronomic aspects and field management. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. References Arya, S. L., & Sharma, V. (2020). Agroforestry systems for sustainable land use in arid regions. Indian Journal of Agroforestry , 22 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5958/0972-6351.2020.00001.2 Arora, N. K. (2019). Impact of climate change on agriculture production and its sustainable solutions. Environmental Sustainability , 2 , 95–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00078-w Banaras Hindu University. (2023). Rajiv Gandhi South Campus (Barkachha) overview . https://www.bhu.ac.in Barasa, P. M., Lwasa, S., & Otieno, R. 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Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1608-4 Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate . USDA. Pandey, V., Tripathi, R., & Singh, G. (2021). Cropping systems and resource use efficiency in dryland agriculture of Vindhyan region. Agricultural Systems , 190 , 103091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103091 Pathak, H., Saharawat, Y. S., & Gathala, M. (2017). Climate change and agriculture in India: Impacts and adaptation strategies. Indian Journal of Agronomy , 62 (4), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4460.2017.00052.5 Rathore, A. C., et al. (2016). Performance of custard apple-based agroforestry systems. Indian Journal of Agroforestry , 18 (2), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.5958/0972-6351.2016.00012.3 Renard, D., & Tilman, D. (2019). National food production stabilized by crop diversity. Nature , 571 , 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1316-y Roesch-McNally, G. E., et al. (2018). Barriers to climate adaptation in agriculture. Global Environmental Change , 48 , 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.10.004 Sharma, A. R., Singh, R., & Dhyani, S. K. (2015). Agroforestry for climate resilience and livelihood security in India. Indian Journal of Agroforestry , 17 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5958/0972-6351.2015.00001.3 Singh, J. S., Pandey, V. C., & Singh, D. P. (2011). Efficient soil nutrient management for sustainable agriculture in the Vindhyan region. Journal of Environmental Biology , 32 (5), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/32/5(SI)/JEB_2011_519-530 Singh, R., & Mishra, S. (2022). Climate variability and its impact on dryland farming systems in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Climate and Development , 14 (6), 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1913621 Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science , 25 , 259–260 Sutnga, P., et al. (2020). Agroforestry systems for sustainable intensification. Agroforestry Systems , 94 , 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00412-0 Tripathi, R., Singh, R., & Yadav, R. P. (2016). Agroforestry practices in Vindhyan region for sustainable land use. Indian Journal of Agroforestry , 18 (2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5958/0972-6351.2016.00010.X Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter. Soil Science , 37 (1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003 Willey, R. W. (1979). Intercropping—its importance and research needs. Field Crop Abstracts , 32 , 1–10. Woldetsadik, K., et al. (2022). Crop diversification for sustainable agriculture. Sustainability , 14 (9), 5234. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095234 Yadav, R. P., Meena, R. S., & Kumar, S. (2018). Integrated farming systems for livelihood security in dryland regions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 88 (3), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i3.79123 Zizinga, A., Kangalawe, R., & Ainslie, A. (2022). Climate change impacts on food security. Climate and Development , 14 (5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1882482 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 06 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 20 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Bharadwaj","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHCCBGYQyS/BA+GyEa1FcgYJWhjAWgxu8BDpKvP2A48/F+6xkTO+3XtMgqHGjoFPugG/FpkzCWnSM56lGZvdOZcmwXAsmYFN5gB+LRIMCWnMPAcOJ267kWMmwcB2gIFNIoGAFv4HyZ95Dvyv3zwDpOUfMVokEhKkeQ4cSDCQAGphbCNKy4M0oJZkwxl3zhhbJPYl8xDhsByQw+zk+Wf3GN748M1OTn4GAS0MDDxIKoBMYmKH/QARikbBKBgFo2BEAwBRTjqeIBsJjgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Banaras Hindu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rajashree","middleName":"krishna","lastName":"Bharadwaj","suffix":""},{"id":612156865,"identity":"f60add73-87f5-4e80-9cb4-1e0613017384","order_by":1,"name":"Sudhir Kumar Rajpoot","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Banaras Hindu 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University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anhinav","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":612156871,"identity":"1adbdb32-6318-4b73-8aae-73e706896cb5","order_by":5,"name":"Ambikesh Tripathi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Banaras Hindu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ambikesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Tripathi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-20 08:41:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9176877/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9176877/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105464413,"identity":"9b485937-66a7-4f0b-a137-fde61b288612","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-26 10:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 3.5: Resource use efficiency (economic and land) of different treatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9176877/v1/2eb0427de07ddaadb7ad4933.png"},{"id":105464412,"identity":"4c0a8166-90c7-4923-b7fb-e6930bde53cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-26 10:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 3.8: Soil fertility analysis of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9176877/v1/85b96069bb64fe363ce47b30.png"},{"id":105464414,"identity":"cc4e289f-3ddb-4fcf-ba47-0a0308151148","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-26 10:28:48","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIG 3.9: Carbon Sequestration of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9176877/v1/c66108fb553b8150a911f646.png"},{"id":106414694,"identity":"89fe9dcc-a581-42f4-adda-3f7d47a5bf94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 10:22:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1537548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9176877/v1/979d6e1c-f21e-4d93-9eb4-c4b4b58a42d4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of high value and climate smart crops under custard apple based agri-horti system in the Vindhyan region","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change and food insecurity are among the most critical global challenges of the 21st century, significantly affecting agricultural productivity and stability. Variations in climate increase yield variability, disrupt food supply chains, and threaten both food and nutritional security, largely due to soil degradation and increased pest incidence (Kang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; L\u0026auml;derach et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Arora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Zizinga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Miron et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a key strategy to enhance resilience and productivity, particularly in rainfed systems (Barasa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Botai \u0026amp; Botai, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Agroforestry-based systems, such as custard apple (\u003cem\u003eAnnona squamosa L.\u003c/em\u003e)-based agri-horti systems, offer a promising solution for sustainable intensification in semi-arid regions by improving land use efficiency, farm income, and ecological stability (Arya \u0026amp; Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sutnga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Custard apple is well adapted to marginal environments due to its drought tolerance, deep root system, and low input requirements, making it suitable for integration with intercrops (Rathore et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Such systems also provide microclimatic benefits that enhance intercrop performance and resource use efficiency (Chaturvedi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Nair, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e).Crop diversification through intercropping of high-value and climate-resilient crops further strengthens system productivity, soil fertility, and economic returns. Leguminous crops such as cowpea and cluster bean improve soil nitrogen through biological fixation, while millets contribute to nutritional security and resilience under low-input conditions (Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mohanty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Diversified systems have been shown to stabilize yields, enhance biodiversity, and reduce environmental risks compared to monocultures (Davis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Renard \u0026amp; Tilman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, adoption is often constrained by limited resources and technical knowledge (Meynard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Roesch-McNally et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, integrating crops such as okra (\u003cem\u003eAbelmoschus esculentus\u003c/em\u003e), cowpea (\u003cem\u003eVigna unguiculata\u003c/em\u003e), cluster bean (\u003cem\u003eCyamopsis tetragonoloba\u003c/em\u003e), finger millet, and ashwagandha (\u003cem\u003eWithania somnifera\u003c/em\u003e) within custard apple-based systems offers significant potential for improving productivity, profitability, and sustainability in dryland agriculture (Woldetsadik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the Vindhyan region of eastern Uttar Pradesh at the Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, located in Mirzapur. Geographically, the site lies at approximately 25.10\u0026deg; N latitude and 82.37\u0026deg; E longitude, representing the semi-arid agro-ecological conditions of the Vindhyan plateau. The region is characterized by undulating topography, shallow to medium-depth soils, and red lateritic to sandy loam textures with low organic carbon and poor water-holding capacity (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Pathak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The climate is tropical monsoonal, marked by hot summers, mild winters, and an average annual rainfall of about 900\u0026ndash;1100 mm, most of which is received during the southwest monsoon season (ICAR, 2018; Singh \u0026amp; Mishra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). These climatic and edaphic constraints make agriculture highly vulnerable to variability in rainfall and temperature, thereby affecting crop productivity and sustainability (Jha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pandey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).Land use in the study area reflects a predominance of rainfed and resource-constrained farming systems, with a considerable portion of land under fallow, wasteland, and tree-based systems. The net cultivated area is relatively limited, with cropping intensity around 120%, indicating moderate land-use efficiency under dryland conditions. The prevailing land use system is dominated by agroforestry-based and mixed cropping systems, integrating trees with field crops to enhance productivity and resilience (Tripathi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Yadav et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Major crops grown include kharif season crops such as paddy, maize, pigeon pea, sesame, and millets, and rabi season crops like wheat, barley, chickpea, lentil, and mustard. These diversified cropping systems play a crucial role in improving soil fertility, stabilizing yields, and ensuring livelihood security in the region (Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pandey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The campus serves as an important research hub for developing climate-resilient and sustainable agricultural practices tailored to dryland ecosystems of the Vindhyan region (Banaras Hindu University, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling and data collection:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with appropriate replications to evaluate the performance of custard apple\u0026ndash;based agri-horti systems under rainfed conditions. Crop yield data for all component species were recorded at harvest from net plot areas and expressed in standard units. To enable comparison among diversified cropping systems, yields of intercrops were converted into equivalent yield based on prevailing market prices (Willey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Mead \u0026amp; Willey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). System productivity and biological efficiency were further assessed using the land equivalent ratio (LER) and land use efficiency (LUE), which quantify the advantage of intercropping over sole cropping and the extent of land utilization over time (Willey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Hiebsch \u0026amp; McCollum, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Dhima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The harvest index (HI) was calculated as the ratio of economic yield to total biological yield to assess biomass partitioning efficiency (Donald, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e; Hay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Data on crop growth, yield attributes, and system productivity were recorded following standard agronomic procedures to ensure accuracy and reproducibility (Gomez \u0026amp; Gomez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic analysis included estimation of gross returns, net returns, and benefit\u0026ndash;cost ratio based on prevailing input and output prices to determine the profitability of different land-use systems (Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pandey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Singh \u0026amp; Mishra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Carbon sequestration potential of the system was assessed by estimating above- and below-ground biomass using standard allometric equations and converting biomass into carbon stock using established conversion factors (Nair et al., 2009; IPCC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Montagnini \u0026amp; Nair, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Changes in soil fertility parameters, including soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soil water holding capacity, were analyzed before and after the experiment using standard laboratory methods such as Walkley and Black for organic carbon, Subbiah and Asija for available nitrogen, Olsen\u0026rsquo;s method for available phosphorus, flame photometry for potassium, and gravimetric/pressure plate methods for water holding capacity (Walkley \u0026amp; Black, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1934\u003c/span\u003e; Subbiah \u0026amp; Asija, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e; Olsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e; Jackson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Klute, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). These methods are widely accepted for evaluating soil nutrient dynamics and physical properties under different land-use systems (Bray et al., 1945; Knudsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Black et al., 1965).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese comprehensive measurements enabled a holistic assessment of productivity, resource-use efficiency, environmental sustainability, and economic viability of the custard apple\u0026ndash;based agroforestry systems in the Vindhyan region (Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Dhyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jose, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., 2022; Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData analysis- The experimental data generated from different agroforestry-based land-use systems were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) appropriate for a randomized block design to test the significance of treatment effects. Treatment means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% level of probability to determine significant differences among treatments (Gomez \u0026amp; Gomez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Standard statistical procedures were followed to ensure the validity and reliability of the results, and all computations were performed using suitable statistical software packages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem productivity and efficiency indices such as equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio (LER), land use efficiency (LUE), and harvest index (HI) were computed using standard formulae. Economic analysis, including gross returns, net returns, and benefit\u0026ndash;cost ratio, was carried out based on prevailing market prices of inputs and outputs to evaluate the economic feasibility of the systems (Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pandey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Singh \u0026amp; Mishra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Carbon sequestration potential was estimated by converting biomass into carbon stock using established conversion coefficients and summing across system components (IPCC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Nair et al., 2009; Montagnini \u0026amp; Nair, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Soil data were analyzed to quantify changes in soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water holding capacity, and the results were interpreted to assess the impact of different agroforestry systems on soil health (Walkley \u0026amp; Black, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1934\u003c/span\u003e; Subbiah \u0026amp; Asija, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e; Olsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e; Jackson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Klute, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). These analyses provided an integrated evaluation of productivity, profitability, and sustainability of custard apple\u0026ndash;based agri-horti systems under rainfed conditions (Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Dhyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jose, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., 2022; Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the study revealed significant variations among different custard apple\u0026ndash;based agri-horti systems in terms of growth, yield, productivity, soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and economic returns. Among the treatments, custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;okra (T₂) recorded the highest growth attributes, including plant height, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation, while custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean (T₅) exhibited superior performance in terms of intercrop yield (82.50 q ha⁻\u0026sup1;), okra equivalent yield (123.75 q ha⁻\u0026sup1;), system productivity (18,313 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), and land equivalent ratio (2.03). Carbon sequestration was also highest in T₂ (5.50 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; yr⁻\u0026sup1;) followed by T₅ (4.30 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; yr⁻\u0026sup1;), indicating enhanced biomass accumulation in these systems. Soil fertility parameters, including soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water holding capacity, were improved under legume-based systems, particularly T₁ (cowpea) and T₅ (clusterbean). Economic analysis showed that T₅ recorded the highest net return (₹208,873.8 ha⁻\u0026sup1;) with high land use efficiency (100%), while T₄ (ashwagandha) achieved the highest benefit\u0026ndash;cost ratio (6.88) due to lower input costs. Overall, diversified agri-horti systems, especially those involving clusterbean and okra, demonstrated superior performance across productivity, profitability, and sustainability indicators under rainfed conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on growth attributes (at harvest) of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves Plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary branches Plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry weight Plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf area \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eindex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop growth rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(gm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;2\u003c/sup\u003eday\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth rate \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(gg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Assimilation Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(gm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;2\u003c/sup\u003eday\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1503\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e535.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on yield attributes of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePods plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of grain/fruits plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2514.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on intercrop yield and mean equivalent yield of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercrop (q/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkra Equivalent Yield (q/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustard Apple Yield (q/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustard Apple Equivalent Yield (q/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD(p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on carbon stock and sequestration rate (kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGB(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBGB(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Carbon(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon(tha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003eyr\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on land equivalent ratio of high-value and climate smart crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield in intercropping (kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield for custard apple (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoculture yield for custard apple (kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssumed crop monoculture \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) in dryland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on harvest index of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustard apple mean crop equivalent yield(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological yield (kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHI(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on system productivity of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkra MCEY(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustard apple MCEY(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem Production(kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1413\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD(p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on soil fertility after harvest of high-value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Soil organic carbon(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Soil nitrogen (kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Soil phosphorus (kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Soil potassium (kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater holding capacity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm(\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD(5%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on profitability of high-value and climate smart crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Income)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Efficiency)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of cultivation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(₨/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross Return\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet return (Rs/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB:C Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Remark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70497.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86152.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond highest income second lowest efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81881.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152518.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow efficiency good income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67293.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113606.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBest efficiency(highest B:C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35417.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208332.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45276.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208873.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood efficiency balance and highest income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on economic resource use efficiency and land use efficiency of high value and climate smart crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn(Rs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost(Rs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRUE(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustard mean equivalent yield of intercrop \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand use \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eefficiency(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86152.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70497.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152518.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81881.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113606.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67293.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-Custard apple+ ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208332.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35417.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- Custard apple+ vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208873.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45276.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.16\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of custard apple based agri-horti system on comparative economics of high value and climate smart crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of cultivation \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross return\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet return with fruits (Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-C ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e:custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;vegetable cowpea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70497.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86152.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple+ okra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81881.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152518.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple finger millet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67293.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113606.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ashwagandha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35417.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208332.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;vegetable clusterbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45276.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208873.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results clearly demonstrate that integration of high-value and climate-smart crops with custard apple significantly improved growth, yield, and system productivity under rainfed conditions. Among the treatments, custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;okra (T₂) exhibited superior growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves, dry matter accumulation, and crop growth rate, indicating efficient utilization of available resources. This enhanced performance can be attributed to complementary interactions between component crops, leading to better light interception, nutrient uptake, and reduced interspecific competition, as also reported by Jat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and Dhima et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, relatively lower growth observed in finger millet and ashwagandha systems suggests their comparatively lower competitive ability under moisture-limited conditions (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield and system productivity parameters further emphasized the advantage of diversified agri-horti systems. Higher intercrop yield, equivalent yield, and system productivity in custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean (T₅) and custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;okra (T₂) indicate better complementarity and efficient utilization of growth resources. The land equivalent ratio (LER\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1) across all treatments, with the maximum value recorded in T₅ (2.03), confirms the biological superiority of intercropping systems over monoculture (Willey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Mead \u0026amp; Willey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). Higher harvest index values in okra-based systems reflect efficient partitioning of assimilates toward economic yield, whereas lower values in finger millet-based systems indicate greater allocation toward vegetative biomass (Hay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon sequestration potential was significantly higher in custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;okra (T₂) and custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean (T₅) systems due to greater biomass accumulation and enhanced below-ground carbon storage. These findings corroborate earlier studies highlighting the role of agroforestry systems in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration (Nair et al., 2009; Montagnini \u0026amp; Nair, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, improvements in soil fertility parameters were clearly evident from both the experimental data (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.13\u003c/span\u003e) and graphical representation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). The soil fertility analysis graph indicates that treatments involving legumes, particularly clusterbean (T₅) and cowpea (T₁), maintained higher soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and water holding capacity compared to other treatments. This can be attributed to biological nitrogen fixation, higher biomass return, and improved soil aggregation, which enhance nutrient availability and moisture retention (Subbiah \u0026amp; Asija, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e; Olsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e; Dhyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The relatively lower values observed in non-leguminous systems such as ashwagandha and finger millet further highlight the importance of legumes in sustaining soil health under dryland agroforestry systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic analysis and resource-use efficiency (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1) revealed substantial variation among treatments. The graphical representation shows that custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean (T₅) recorded the highest net returns along with maximum land use efficiency (100%), indicating optimal utilization of land resources throughout the year. Although custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ashwagandha (T₄) recorded the highest benefit\u0026ndash;cost ratio due to lower input costs and higher market price, its system productivity was relatively lower. Economic resource use efficiency was more balanced in treatments such as T₂ and T₅, which combined higher productivity with reasonable input costs. These findings are consistent with earlier reports suggesting that diversified agroforestry systems enhance economic stability and resilience of farming systems (Pandey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Singh \u0026amp; Mishra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Jose, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the integration of custard apple with suitable intercrops such as clusterbean and okra significantly enhanced productivity, profitability, soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and resource-use efficiency. The combined interpretation of tabular data and graphical analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 and Fig.\u0026nbsp;2) indicates that clusterbean-based systems offer the best balance between economic returns, land use efficiency, and sustainability, making them highly suitable for dryland regions like the Vindhyan plateau. These findings reinforce the role of agroforestry systems as a viable strategy for sustainable intensification and climate-resilient agriculture (Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Dhyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study demonstrates that integration of high-value and climate-smart crops within custard apple\u0026ndash;based agri-horti systems significantly enhances productivity, profitability, resource-use efficiency, and environmental sustainability under rainfed conditions of the Vindhyan region. Among the evaluated treatments, custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean (T₅) and custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;okra (T₂) consistently outperformed other systems in terms of growth, yield, system productivity, and land equivalent ratio, confirming the advantages of crop diversification and complementary interactions in agroforestry systems. The higher equivalent yields and land use efficiency observed in these systems indicate their potential for maximizing output from limited land resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study further highlights that legume-based systems, particularly clusterbean and cowpea, play a crucial role in improving soil fertility through enhanced soil organic carbon, nitrogen availability, and moisture retention. Additionally, higher carbon sequestration potential observed in okra- and clusterbean-based systems underscores the environmental benefits of agroforestry in mitigating climate change. Economic analysis revealed that custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean provided the highest net returns and balanced resource-use efficiency, while custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ashwagandha showed the highest benefit\u0026ndash;cost ratio due to lower input costs. Overall, the findings suggest that custard apple\u0026ndash;based diversified agri-horti systems, especially those integrating legumes and high-value crops, offer a sustainable and climate-resilient strategy for improving livelihoods and ensuring ecological stability in dryland regions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eR.K.B. (Rajashree Krishna Bharadwaj) conceptualized and conducted the research work, performed field experiments, collected and analyzed data, and wrote the main manuscript. S.K.R. (Sudhir Kumar Rajpoot) served as Chairman of the advisory committee, supervised the research, and contributed to the design, interpretation of results, and critical revision of the manuscript. A.K.S. (Alok Kumar Singh) contributed to the development of the research framework, provided technical guidance on agroforestry aspects, and reviewed the manuscript. A.T. (Ambikesh Tripathi) assisted in field experimentation and data collection. A.S. (Abhinav Singh) provided support in statistical analysis and data interpretation. S.K.V. (Sunil Kumar Verma) assisted with agronomic aspects and field management. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArya, S. L., \u0026amp; Sharma, V. (2020). 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Climate change impacts on food security. \u003cem\u003eClimate and Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1\u0026ndash;12. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1882482\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/17565529.2021.1882482\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"agri-horti system, agroforestry, climate smart crops, custard apple, high value crops","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9176877/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9176877/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn experiment was conducted at Agricultural Farm of Rajiv Gandhi South Campus (Banaras Hindu University), Barkaccha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India located in the Central Vindhyan Plateau Region during the monsoon season of July 2024. Assessment of five high value and climate smart crops under 13 year old custard apple-based agri-horti systems on sandy clay loam soil using a randomized block design with three replications. The various treatment combinations include T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e(custard apple+ vegetable cowpea), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (custard apple+okra), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (custard apple+ finger millet), T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (custard apple+ ashwagandha) and T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e(custard apple+ cluster bean). Results showed that the custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;clusterbean system yielded the highest custard apple mean crop equivalent yield (5,938 kg/ha), followed by T\u003csub\u003e4,\u003c/sub\u003e ashwagandha (4,875 kg/ha), okra (4,688 kg/ha), finger millet (3,618kg/ha), and cowpea (3,133kg/ha). Although the okra system incurred the highest cultivation cost (Rs 81881.9), it also produced the third highest gross (Rs 234400) and net returns (Rs 152518.1). The highest gross return was produced by clusterbean (Rs 2,54,150). In contrast, the custard apple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cluster bean combination had the highest benefit-cost ratio (5.61), making it the most economically efficient preceeded by ashwagandha(6.88) and succeeded by okra(2.86). The highest harvest index was recorded for custard apple+okra 44% followed by cluster bean(38.48%) and vegetable cowpea(34.9%). The land equivalent ratio was 2.03 for custard apple and vegetable clusterbean, followed by custard apple+okra (1.91). LER was recorded lowest for custard apple+fingermillet(1.24). The carbon stock observed was highest for custard aplple+ okra 5.5tha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eyr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e followed by leguminous crops clusterbean (4.3 tha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eyr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and cowpea (1.8 tha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eyr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). This research underscores the potential of integrating climate-resilient, high-value and climate smart intercrops with custard apple to enhance profitability, sustainability, and productivity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of high value and climate smart crops under custard apple based agri-horti system in the Vindhyan region","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-26 10:28:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9176877/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-06T14:58:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"272648827264543649336318576241879884162","date":"2026-03-26T05:13:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"230261356913242899617582576746975850896","date":"2026-03-25T16:17:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"159106216996054811704678627938828225605","date":"2026-03-25T00:48:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T17:40:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T11:33:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-21T04:45:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Agroforestry Systems","date":"2026-03-20T08:29:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"82743784-bbb5-48c6-b1e6-9128e9ca2ad2","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-26T10:28:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-26 10:28:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9176877","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9176877","identity":"rs-9176877","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}