APOE, Sex, and Alzheimer’s Disease: Investigating Their Interplay in the Egyptian Population

APOE, Sex, and Alzheimer’s Disease: Investigating Their Interplay in the Egyptian Population | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article APOE, Sex, and Alzheimer’s Disease: Investigating Their Interplay in the Egyptian Population Mai Othman, Eman Khedr, Shimaa Heikal, Mohamed H. Yousef, Gharib Fawi, and 17 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6742100/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the interplay between the APOE gene, sex, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) within the Egyptian population, addressing a significant gap in current research. As Egypt faces a rising prevalence of dementia due to an ageing population, understanding genetic risk factors becomes crucial. We explore the distribution of APOE alleles (ε2, ε3, ε4) and their association with Alzheimer's Disease, emphasizing the gene's role as a predominant genetic risk factor, particularly the ε4 allele. Study findings indicate ε3 is common in Egyptians, variability of ε2 and ε4 alleles, and potential sex contribution to disease risk. This research aims to elucidate how genetic predispositions and geographical factors intertwine, ultimately guiding targeted prevention strategies tailored to the unique genetic context of Egypt. By examining these connections, we aspire to contribute to a deeper understanding of dementia risk and inform healthcare practices in the region. Dementia Alzheimer’s Disease Risk factors ApoE genotypes ApoE alleles Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6742100","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":477094911,"identity":"c2e47f1d-5c9c-47ef-a941-d2ad947c980f","order_by":0,"name":"Mai Othman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The American University in Cairo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mai","middleName":"","lastName":"Othman","suffix":""},{"id":477094912,"identity":"56fae021-d80b-4458-be0b-9d04a5286583","order_by":1,"name":"Eman Khedr","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Assiut University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eman","middleName":"","lastName":"Khedr","suffix":""},{"id":477094913,"identity":"da677faa-6403-4802-a53b-d7d5563f47b5","order_by":2,"name":"Shimaa Heikal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The American University in Cairo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shimaa","middleName":"","lastName":"Heikal","suffix":""},{"id":477094914,"identity":"80fbe2cf-e8b4-4529-8a68-44790d3cd011","order_by":3,"name":"Mohamed H. Yousef","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The American University in Cairo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Yousef","suffix":""},{"id":477094915,"identity":"9557da8e-2065-4e1c-80cc-043f0d69f14d","order_by":4,"name":"Gharib Fawi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sohag University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gharib","middleName":"","lastName":"Fawi","suffix":""},{"id":477094916,"identity":"bf349d59-3458-4cd0-975e-7c428efed896","order_by":5,"name":"Sara Elfarrash","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University, and Medical Experimental Research Centre (MERC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sara","middleName":"","lastName":"Elfarrash","suffix":""},{"id":477094917,"identity":"3522ef37-999f-453b-bb92-f2ca45ff60a8","order_by":6,"name":"Samer Salama","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samer","middleName":"","lastName":"Salama","suffix":""},{"id":477094918,"identity":"5e82077c-84ae-4814-96c9-89f40c988c67","order_by":7,"name":"Muhammad Abdelshafi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdelshafi","suffix":""},{"id":477094919,"identity":"a939eb7e-2a13-42d8-97af-a7ddc57485a9","order_by":8,"name":"Nesma G. Elsheikh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nesma","middleName":"G.","lastName":"Elsheikh","suffix":""},{"id":477094920,"identity":"61593856-0fbd-4658-94f7-1ee0c71bf6b2","order_by":9,"name":"Heba M. Tawfik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heba","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Tawfik","suffix":""},{"id":477094921,"identity":"bdd34aa9-f6d7-4f94-9635-dd3e1065e6af","order_by":10,"name":"Hany I. Hassanin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hany","middleName":"I.","lastName":"Hassanin","suffix":""},{"id":477094922,"identity":"4e09a71c-55c9-4a91-894e-12183c6f0f98","order_by":11,"name":"Nourelhoda A. Haridy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Assiut University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nourelhoda","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Haridy","suffix":""},{"id":477094923,"identity":"8203dbc1-5869-491b-9d43-5a049a47b319","order_by":12,"name":"Gellan K. Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Assiut University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gellan","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":477094924,"identity":"fbbf78ec-47ae-463e-bc4f-a9e13f1f9aa3","order_by":13,"name":"Noha Abo Elftoh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Assiut University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noha","middleName":"Abo","lastName":"Elftoh","suffix":""},{"id":477094925,"identity":"42acbd86-1e0f-4bcb-aa02-8a2b9005fcab","order_by":14,"name":"Amna Ibrahim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beni-Suef University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amna","middleName":"","lastName":"Ibrahim","suffix":""},{"id":477094926,"identity":"8cd42237-07a4-4ed2-b4ab-6fc036bc7322","order_by":15,"name":"Ahmed Qayaty","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beni-Suef Health Insurance Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"","lastName":"Qayaty","suffix":""},{"id":477094927,"identity":"f0a06d49-6262-4adc-86d2-c4731e241c03","order_by":16,"name":"Eman M. Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beni-Suef University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eman","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":477094928,"identity":"8a31ff71-0091-4b57-b320-1ac4652579da","order_by":17,"name":"Agsha Atputhavadivel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Agsha","middleName":"","lastName":"Atputhavadivel","suffix":""},{"id":477094929,"identity":"14fe469c-e5d3-424b-ba9b-0a8110ed76bd","order_by":18,"name":"Samir Shamma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The American University in Cairo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samir","middleName":"","lastName":"Shamma","suffix":""},{"id":477094930,"identity":"86a1562b-3b26-4463-b5cc-5098902e2c3e","order_by":19,"name":"Noha A. Yousri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Alexandria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noha","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Yousri","suffix":""},{"id":477094931,"identity":"777f97d1-920d-4997-9b59-c8acf287b2f7","order_by":20,"name":"Mie Rizig","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mie","middleName":"","lastName":"Rizig","suffix":""},{"id":477094932,"identity":"60e9f051-43bc-4d2a-9dd8-cce17d80f720","order_by":21,"name":"Mohamed Salama","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"The American University in Cairo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Salama","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-25 06:38:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6742100/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6742100/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94248259,"identity":"d42a7b71-e547-4d91-8153-c7ae099d80e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-24 06:02:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":536530,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"APOEinADEgyptianPopulationManuscriptFinal.edited.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6742100/v1_covered_ad6502fd-298f-46d4-9ef4-0590407885a3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"APOE, Sex, and Alzheimer’s Disease: Investigating Their Interplay in the Egyptian Population","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Risk factors, ApoE genotypes, ApoE alleles","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6742100/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6742100/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This study investigates the interplay between the APOE gene, sex, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) within the Egyptian population, addressing a significant gap in current research. As Egypt faces a rising prevalence of dementia due to an ageing population, understanding genetic risk factors becomes crucial. We explore the distribution of APOE alleles (ε2, ε3, ε4) and their association with Alzheimer's Disease, emphasizing the gene's role as a predominant genetic risk factor, particularly the ε4 allele. Study findings indicate ε3 is common in Egyptians, variability of ε2 and ε4 alleles, and potential sex contribution to disease risk. This research aims to elucidate how genetic predispositions and geographical factors intertwine, ultimately guiding targeted prevention strategies tailored to the unique genetic context of Egypt. By examining these connections, we aspire to contribute to a deeper understanding of dementia risk and inform healthcare practices in the region.","manuscriptTitle":"APOE, Sex, and Alzheimer’s Disease: Investigating Their Interplay in the Egyptian Population","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-27 05:37:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6742100/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"93c9cbed-4c18-4b9a-937f-58759cc6dc09","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-24T05:54:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-27 05:37:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6742100","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6742100","identity":"rs-6742100","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}