Interacting with LLM-powered virtual humans in AR and VR: Does medium mediate social presence and realism?

Interacting with LLM-powered virtual humans in AR and VR: Does medium mediate social presence and realism? | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Interacting with LLM-powered virtual humans in AR and VR: Does medium mediate social presence and realism? Maria Alejandra Quirós-Ramírez, Thomas Wichert, Tom Hempel, Stephan Streuber This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8583699/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Interactive virtual humans are increasingly embedded in XR experiences across domains, from leisure, education, and training to healthcare. To be effective, these virtual humans must evoke a strong sense of social presence and realism, appearing believable, socially responsive, and co-present. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have made it easier to deploy agents that can naturally converse with users, enabling more lifelike interactions. While both Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) can host these virtual humans, little is known about how the virtual humans' display medium influences users’ perceptions and interaction. Here, we investigated whether the interaction medium (AR vs VR) with an an LLM-powered virtual human affects social presence and markers of social realism, like interpersonal distance and heart rate variability (HRV) of the user. Our results show that the display medium influences the users' perception of social presence, interpersonal distance, and the HRV. Participants kept a greater interpersonal distance from the virtual human when interacting with the it in AR compared to VR. Interactive virtual humans also induced a change in heart rate variability, indicating higher arousal levels when conversing with the interactive virtual human. Furthermore, we found participants liked the virtual human more when it was displayed in AR than in VR. Our results highlight the importance of selecting display medium when designing experiences with interactive virtual humans, as AR and VR elicit distinct paterns of social presence, interpersonal behavior, and physiological arousal. Virtual Humans Social Presence Social Realism Extended Reality Human–Agent Interaction Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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realism?","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Virtual Humans, Social Presence, Social Realism, Extended Reality, Human–Agent 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To be effective, these virtual humans must evoke a strong sense of social presence and realism, appearing believable, socially responsive, and co-present. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have made it easier to deploy agents that can naturally converse with users, enabling more lifelike interactions. While both Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) can host these virtual humans, little is known about how the virtual humans' display medium influences users’ perceptions and interaction. Here, we investigated whether the interaction medium (AR vs VR) with an an LLM-powered virtual human affects social presence and markers of social realism, like interpersonal distance and heart rate variability (HRV) of the user. Our results show that the display medium influences the users' perception of social presence, interpersonal distance, and the HRV. Participants kept a greater interpersonal distance from the virtual human when interacting with the it in AR compared to VR. Interactive virtual humans also induced a change in heart rate variability, indicating higher arousal levels when conversing with the interactive virtual human. Furthermore, we found participants liked the virtual human more when it was displayed in AR than in VR. Our results highlight the importance of selecting display medium when designing experiences with interactive virtual humans, as AR and VR elicit distinct paterns of social presence, interpersonal behavior, and physiological arousal.","manuscriptTitle":"Interacting with LLM-powered virtual humans in AR and VR: Does medium mediate social presence and realism?","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-19 06:34:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8583699/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"80074164-1c58-48e3-87b4-ed1d9a916814","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 19th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-23T08:10:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-19 06:34:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8583699","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8583699","identity":"rs-8583699","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}