Is There a Decreased Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treated With High-Flow Nasal Cannulae Compared to Cpap? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial

Is There a Decreased Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treated With High-Flow Nasal Cannulae Compared to Cpap? 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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial Sabrina Brito, Sabrina Tsopanoglou, Endi Galvão, Franciele de Deus, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-428990/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that affects the premature lung, and to reduce its incidence has been used non-invasive ventilatory support, such as continuous positive airway (CPAP) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). Thus, the objective of this review was to assess whether the use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) compared to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature newborns. Methods The protocol was registered (Prospero: CRD42019136631) and the search was conducted in the MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, and LILACS databases, and in the clinical trials registries, until July 2020. We included randomized clinical trials comparing HFNC versus CPAP use in premature infants born at less than 37 weeks of gestational age. The main outcome measures were the development of BPD, air leak syndrome, and nasal injury. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the GRADE system was used to summarize the evidence recommendations. Meta-analyses were performed using software R. Results No difference was found between HFNC or CPAP for the risk of BPD (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.90–1.32), air leak syndrome (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.57–0.90), and nasal trauma (RR: 2.37; 95% CI: 0.92–6.13), with a very low level of evidence. Conclusion(s): the HFNC showed similar results when compared to CPAP in relation to the risk of BPD, air leak syndrome, and nasal injury. In the literature, no randomized clinical trial has been found with BPD as the primary outcome to support possible outcomes. Pediatrics Nasal cannula Nasal Continuous positive airway pressure Infant premature Premature birth. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Background The bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that results from an imbalance between lung injury, inflammation, repair and healing in the developing lung 1 , 2 . Until 2018, mid-2019, the definition and classification made for BPD proposed by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Network Vermont-Oxford it was based in the premature infant's need to receive supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks of post-menstrual age (PMA) or for more than 28 days of life 1 , 3 . Considering the importance of predicting clinical respiratory outcomes and the neurodevelopment of BPD throughout childhood, several updates and changes in the definition of the disease are being proposed. Thus, according to the current definition proposed, BPD is the result of the combination of immaturity of lung development, injury, inflammation, repair and healing. Premature infants at greatest risk of developing BPD are those under 32 weeks of gestational age, with parenchymal lung disease with radiological image and need for supplemental oxygen for at least three days, to maintain peripheral oxygen saturation between 90% and 95 %, at 36 weeks post-menstrual gestational age (PMA) 2 , 4 . To reduce the incidence of BPD, a significant increase in the use of non-invasive ventilatory support, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which provides stability to the newborn's airways, increasing the gas exchange area and decreasing respiratory work, thus reducing the need for invasive mechanical ventilation have been used 5 – 7 . New modalities of non-invasive ventilation strategies include the use of the high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) 6 , 8 , whose benefits include decreased airway resistance and better gas exchange, reducing respiratory overload 9 – 12 . A previous systematic review 13 compared the use of CPAP and HFNC in relation to the safety and efficacy of devices, as forms of primary intervention shortly after birth, or after extubation, including studies published until December 2018. In the study, the BPD outcome was secondary and despite the presented study having performed meta-analyzes, the review did not assess the quality of the evidence presented and new studies were published since December 2018. In the same sense, a more recent systematic review was published in order to compare four different noninvasive respiratory support treatments (bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), HFNC and CPAP) in a network meta-analysis. However, BPD was evaluated as a combined outcome with mortality 14 . Methods This systematic review was to assess whether the use of HFNC compared to CPAP, decreases the risk of BPD in premature newborns, and was carried out according to PRISMA statement 15 (see Additional file 1) and the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook 16 . The protocol was previously registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (Prospero: CRD 42019136631). The clinical question was formulated using the PICO strategy (P: patient, problem or population, I: intervention, C: comparison and O: outcome), as follows: P: premature newborns (born with gestational age less than 37 weeks); I: HFNC; C: CPAP; O: risk of BPD, as defined by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Vermont-Oxford Network 1-3 . Secondary outcomes were the development of air leak syndrome and nasal injury. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials (RCT) that have as intervention the HFNC compared with the use of CPAP in premature newborns defined as born with gestational age less than 37 weeks, and studies reporting development of BPD as an outcome. Regarding the primary BPD effect, it was considered, for this review, such as the use of supplemental oxygen for ≥28 days of life or 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age (PMA). Nasal injury and air leak syndrome (pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and pulmonary interstitial emphysema) were searched as possible side effects related to the interventions. Studies were excluded if the sample size was less than or equal to 10 participants, if the patients were already diagnosed with BPD, or if they were protocols, abstracts, editorials, comments, presentations in congress and animal studies. An electronic search of the published literature was conducted until July 2020, in the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and LILACS. The ClinicalTrials.gov was assessed to identify potential ongoing studies. No language restrictions were applied. The terms used in the search were the following keywords, according to the MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) terms: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, preterm infant and all similar terms. The Boolean operators used were “AND” and “OR” (see Additional file 2). After searching the databases, the titles and abstracts of the articles were read by two authors independently (SJB and SPT) and all references identified by searches were exported to Mendeley Reference Manager Version 2.39.0, and duplicates were removed. The studies that could potentially meet the inclusion criteria for the review were identified at this stage and accessed in full. In case of disagreement, a third author (VPL) was consulted to obtain a consensus. All included studies were evaluated for qualitative and quantitative analysis, according to the data availability. Participant and methodological characteristics were extracted from the included studies. Specifically, the following data were extracted: year of publication, country, therapy method, randomization, inclusion and exclusion criteria, BPD definition, and characteristic of the population enrolled in studies (gestational age, gender, birth weight, surfactant and associated diseases). Two reviewers independently carried out the data extraction (SJB and SPT). The risk of bias in RCTs was evaluated by the Cochrane risk of bias tool (16) , using the following six domains: random sequence generation (generation of the randomization sequence), allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective repotting, and other sources of bias such as the inclusion of preterm infants with specific gestational age, not including all preterm infants below 37 weeks of gestational age, and the absence of definition criteria for primary and secondary outcomes. The domain “blinding of patients and personnel” was not considered once it is not applicable to this type of study. All articles could have the following domain classifications: high risk of bias, low risk of bias, uncertain risk (without information for judgment). The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) criteria was used to summarize the evidence recommendations 16 . In the present review, the evidence began with a high certainty. It was reduced to a level of inaccuracy when the sample analyzed was smaller than 200 participants; one level for medium risk and two levels for high risk assessed by the Cochrane bias tool 16 ; and for a level of inconsistency if I2 ≥ 50% or asymmetric CI; one level when the outcomes were not similar and two levels when the metrics were not presented or diverged; at a level when publication bias is identified. Two independent reviewers (SPT and ELG) evaluated the quality of the evidence, and discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer (VPL). Statistical analyses The meta-analyses were performed using the R software version 3.6.2, with packages “meta” and “metafor” (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Effect sizes were expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous data and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for analysis. The heterogeneity between the studies was tested by the inconsistency test (I²) : when the value of I² was zero it indicates non-heterogeneity and the fixed effects model was used; a random-effects model was used in the presence of heterogeneity, considered when I 2 was greater than 0%. Forest plots were created to present the results. For the meta-analysis that included 10 or more studies, the Begg’s test was performed and visual analysis of the funnel plots were performed for testing the publication biases. Results The electronic and hand searches identified a total of 2004 articles. After removal of duplicates, 1124 articles were screened of which 15 articles met the inclusion criteria 11-29 . The steps for selecting articles and the reason for exclusions are described in the PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1). A total of 2337 neonates were analyzed in this study: 1142 preterm infants received treatment by HFNC and 1195 by CPAP. One study was not included in the quantitative analysis because it did not report enough data. In relation to the use of the intervention (HFNC) and its comparator (CPAP), most studies evaluated extubation failure in the first 72 hours as the primary outcome 10,11,19,21,24-26 . The others evaluated chronic lung disease after extubation 28 , higher oxygen use requirement 29 , treatment respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) primary 22,24,28 , effectiveness and safety of HNFC and oral feeding 18,20,21,27 . The main methodological characteristics of the included studies are shown in Additional file 3. The gestational age of the study population varied from 26 to 33 weeks. Diseases such as early sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus, pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage, infections necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity, were the most prevalent. The main characteristics of the participants are presented in Additional file 4. Most studies defined BPD as using supplemental oxygen for 36 postmenstrual weeks 19,22,25,28 while the others used the definition proposed by NICHD 10,20,27,29 or presented no definition 7,22,24,26,28 . Quality and Heterogeneity Most studies showed a high risk of bias in the blinding of outcome assessment domain. The domain that presented the highest risk of bias was in relation to the blinding of outcome assessment, and the domain with the least bias laugh was for incomplete outcome data (see Additional file 5). The evaluation of the methodological quality and risk of bias of included clinical trial studies are shown in figure 2. Development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Fourteen studies comprising 2215 patients were included in the meta-analysis for BPD outcome 10,11,17-21,24,26-29 . There was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP in the development of BPD (RR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.90-1.32) (Figure 3) and very low quality of evidence (see Additional file 6-GRADE). Only one study 25 did not report the development of BPD in both groups and was not included in the meta-analysis. The visual inspection of the BPD funnel plot did not show any substantial asymmetry (Figure 4) and the Begg’s test point to the absence of publication bias for the described outcome (p = 0.8072). Development of air leak syndrome Eleven studies presented data to be included in the meta-analysis related to air leak syndrome (18 in the HFNC group and 19 neonates in the CPAP group) 19-23,28,29 . There was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP and the development of the air leak syndrome (RR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.57-1.90) (Figure 5), with very low quality of evidence, (see Additional file 6-GRADE). Development of nasal injury Seven studies presented data to be included in the meta-analysis related to the absence of nasal injury (231 in the HFNC group and 305 neonates in the CPAP group) 10,11,19,21,27,29 . In the same way, there was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP and the development of the nasal injury (RR: 2.37, 95% CI: 0.92-6.13) (Figure 6) with very low quality of evidence (see Additional file 6-GRADE). It was not possible to perform the Begg test, as well as the funnel plot, as they did not present enough studies in the air leak syndrome and nasal injury meta-analysis. Discussion Overall, the results of the present review demonstrate that there was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP in the risk of BPD. In addition, no significant difference was found between the use of HFNC and CPAP related to the development of the air leak syndrome (pneumothorax) and nasal injury. Most studies eligible for the current systematic review had as main objective to assess the incidence of extubation failure with the use of HFNC 10,11,19,21,24−26 , while other studies have evaluated the effectiveness of using HFNC as the primary treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome 22 , 24 , 28 and 4 studies had the primary objective of assessing the effectiveness and safety of HFNC 18 , 20 , 21 , 27 . Only one study assessed the relationship between the use of HFNC and the incidence of BDP 28 and another one describes the use of HFNC with the greatest need for oxygen therapy 29 . BPD was first described 50 years ago and still lacks effective treatment and a comprehensive definition. Differently from the original description, BPD is currently characterized by chronic respiratory failure mainly in extreme neonates, together with changes in non-invasive respiratory support and the severity of long-term lung damage, which makes it more difficult to define the current condition. Limitations related to definitions include the inability to classify neonates who die before 36 weeks and possibly the use of HFNC with room air (21%) or very low flow with 100% oxygen makes some neonates not included in these definitions 2 , 7 . However, keeping the criteria for defining the disease in just one specification can exclude relevant studies, restricting the results. Even with the significant increase in the use of these non-invasive ventilation devices in the past two decades, there is evidence that incidence rates of BPD 30 remained unchanged. Studies suggest that these results may occur due to the excessive use of interventions associated with other risk factors for BPD, such as infections in the peri and postnatal period, contributing to premature lung injuries 30 , 31 . CPAP is recommended worldwide, by the World Health Organization, as first-line therapy for the treatment of premature newborns with respiratory disorders since birth, significantly improving oxygenation, when compared to HFNC, which may justify its greater popularity 19 , 32 , 33 . The HFNC application systems, currently available, do not measure pressure in the airways, which can lead to the release of excessive pressure, contributing to the appearance of lung lesions and consequently contributing to the development of BPD 33 . Therefore, the clinical use of lower flow rates and adequate control of it leads to a reduction in this risk 34 . The results of the present study are in accordance with the present one, since there was no greater risk for the development of BPD with the use of HFNC. The literature points out that nasal injury is a common complication in premature infants using CPAP, with a prevalence of 20 to 60% 34,35 . Alternatives to prevent nasal trauma when using CPAP include the use of appropriately sized interfaces and dressings as protection for the skin 29 , 35 , 36 . Evidence indicates that the lower prevalence of injury to the nasal septum with the use of HFNC is due to the humidified and heated flow offered by the device, which reduces the inflammation of the upper airway epithelial cells 34 , 37 and the injury to the nasal mucosa, in addition to fact that the HFNC interface is lighter and easier to install compared to CPAP 36 – 38 . The high heterogeneity presented in the results for the nasal lesion outcome can be justified by the fact that most of the studies included in the meta-analysis did not present a standardized metric for assessing the outcome, as described in the GRADE table (see Additional file 6), as well as different forms administration of ventilatory support and the lack of explanation of the sizes and types of interfaces used. There is a concern about the use of HFNC and the risk of air leak syndrome due to high flows, as the pressure within the circuit cannot be measured, allowing the supply of high flows to the lower airways 18 – 38 . A recent systematic review published in 2019 demonstrated a reduction in the prevalence of air leak syndrome with HFNC use compared to CPAP, in premature neonates, as a post-extubation conduct 39 . Our results observed no difference in relation to the air leak syndrome, specifically the pneumothorax, in accordance with the results of a recent published network meta-analysis comparing both interventions 14 . The quality of the included studies determines the quality of the systematic review, which is why we conducted a review using strict quality assessment criteria in randomized clinical trial studies 15 . There was a high risk of bias and risk of uncertain bias in most studies. Another consideration in this sense is that is a lack of blindness in the participants and personnel due to the nature of the application of the intervention and the evaluator, factors that increase the chance of bias related to the included studies. Another limiting factor in the present study was the fact that we included preterm infants regardless of classification. It is known that one of the risk factors for BPD is extreme prematurity or very premature, that is, premature infants born with less than 32 weeks of gestational age. However, we chose to include all preterm infants since in the literature, RCTs that sampled only extremely preterm infants, or very preterm infants are scarce. The studies showed great variability in the protocols for the application of CPAP and HFNC, and there was also great variability in the BPD definitions. Regarding the criteria for the diagnosis of air leak syndrome and nasal injury, many studies did not present the metrics for diagnosis of the presented outcomes, which led to a higher level of observed indirect evidence, a factor that contributed to decrease the quality of the evidence. Thus, the evidence based on the included RCTs was of very low quality. According our results, the effective prevention of BPD still remains a challenge, since the results found cannot be generalized for clinical application. Therefore, the choice between non-invasive ventilation devices, HFNC or CPAP, remains a matter of clinical judgment by the team, which must analyze what outcomes it intends to use with the device of choice. Conclusion In this systematic review with meta-analysis, we highlight that the HFNC showed similar results when compared to CPAP in relation to the risk of BPD, air leak syndrome and nasal injury. In the literature, no RCT has been found with BPD as the primary outcome to support possible outcomes. It is recommended that further research should be undertaken in this field with higher methodological quality to support the expected results. Abbreviations BPD - bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure HFNC - flow nasal cannula PMA - post-menstrual gestational age RCT - randomized controlled trials Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data pertaining to the current analysis may be sent to the corresponding author, Sabrina Pinheiro Tsopanoglou ( [email protected] ). Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) - APQ-00062-18 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Author’s contribuitions SPT: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing. SJB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Investigation, Writing- original draft, Writing-review and editing. ELG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Investigation, Writing- original draft, Writing-review and editing. FAD: Writing-original draft, Writing and editing. VPL: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References Jobe AH, Steinhorn R. Can We Define Bronchopulmonary Displasia? J Pediatr [Internet] 2017; 188:19-23. 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Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula for Preterm Infants: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2019; 35(4): 298–306. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.docx Additionalfile2.docx Additionalfile3.docx Additionalfile4.docx Additionalfile5.docx Additionalfile6.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 22 Jun, 2021 Reviews received at journal 26 May, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 May, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 05 May, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 05 May, 2021 Editor invited by journal 05 May, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 05 May, 2021 First submitted to journal 16 Apr, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/1b7cccd7e593b3dc406cde5a.png"},{"id":8879068,"identity":"d3abb597-1b13-4a47-9d70-1b692393cf4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:42:48","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134842,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Assessment of the methodological quality and risk of bias of included clinical trial studies.","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/48fd2d9d228ab18a89b9d85e.png"},{"id":8879074,"identity":"49d8a2f3-9ca6-4ac5-80b2-f3c325aba50d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:42:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":207729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Meta-analysis for the risk of BPD. ","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/726a43e2e956bded57e7471a.png"},{"id":8879077,"identity":"c344dbaa-4887-4d8a-b9b4-81c75947eb1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:42:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Funnel plot for the meta-analysis of relative risk for BPD outcome.","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/733fa547fc64a5070ab134f9.png"},{"id":8879179,"identity":"2d365323-9736-41f7-84df-93f579ec3df9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:45:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Meta-analysis for the risk of air leak syndrome.","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/20714153a77c284429260648.png"},{"id":8879072,"identity":"985baa24-e192-49a5-98c8-675efc93a720","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:42:49","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Meta-analysis for the risk of nasal injury.","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/5e1bb8f2f3d59f1a527866e5.png"},{"id":13691175,"identity":"74085410-c884-42e6-b296-5109b400944f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 12:37:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":904336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/bb8a4b94-f1d6-47c1-8a19-4e04801e437f.pdf"},{"id":8879076,"identity":"33d78cfe-d924-4387-b7c2-1311faf4fddc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:42:49","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":21934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/85b2d228756f8a7e79de834e.docx"},{"id":8879234,"identity":"a4c3e617-96f4-4c22-b427-622317cbf712","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:48:49","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/ec90fa40d1880d946535bfa4.docx"},{"id":8879073,"identity":"591982ce-b0bf-46cf-a00a-bcef419db1a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:42:49","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22269,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/0e649e25e3b46a263b06609f.docx"},{"id":8879080,"identity":"27335179-436c-4ed5-807a-a6e8fa7825b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:42:49","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19566,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile4.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/951df4ea87cd022fa8897806.docx"},{"id":8879181,"identity":"ab4030c4-11a8-47f5-9d9f-5d03437489a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:45:49","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":23856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile5.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/3d91b1ad31f56233d3a529bf.docx"},{"id":8879182,"identity":"5971443d-9c45-4e02-b27c-a6cd5e42e158","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-06 20:45:49","extension":"docx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile6.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-428990/v1/74b91a80eafaca5516100c53.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eIs There a Decreased Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treated With High-Flow Nasal Cannulae Compared to Cpap? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that results from an imbalance between lung injury, inflammation, repair and healing in the developing lung\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Until 2018, mid-2019, the definition and classification made for BPD proposed by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Network Vermont-Oxford it was based in the premature infant's need to receive supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks of post-menstrual age (PMA) or for more than 28 days of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the importance of predicting clinical respiratory outcomes and the neurodevelopment of BPD throughout childhood, several updates and changes in the definition of the disease are being proposed. Thus, according to the current definition proposed, BPD is the result of the combination of immaturity of lung development, injury, inflammation, repair and healing. Premature infants at greatest risk of developing BPD are those under 32 weeks of gestational age, with parenchymal lung disease with radiological image and need for supplemental oxygen for at least three days, to maintain peripheral oxygen saturation between 90% and 95 %, at 36 weeks post-menstrual gestational age (PMA)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo reduce the incidence of BPD, a significant increase in the use of non-invasive ventilatory support, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which provides stability to the newborn's airways, increasing the gas exchange area and decreasing respiratory work, thus reducing the need for invasive mechanical ventilation have been used\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. New modalities of non-invasive ventilation strategies include the use of the high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, whose benefits include decreased airway resistance and better gas exchange, reducing respiratory overload\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA previous systematic review\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e compared the use of CPAP and HFNC in relation to the safety and efficacy of devices, as forms of primary intervention shortly after birth, or after extubation, including studies published until December 2018. In the study, the BPD outcome was secondary and despite the presented study having performed meta-analyzes, the review did not assess the quality of the evidence presented and new studies were published since December 2018.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the same sense, a more recent systematic review was published in order to compare four different noninvasive respiratory support treatments (bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), HFNC and CPAP) in a network meta-analysis. However, BPD was evaluated as a combined outcome with mortality\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis systematic review was to assess whether the use of HFNC compared to CPAP, decreases the risk of BPD in premature newborns, and was carried out according to PRISMA statement\u003csup\u003e15 \u003c/sup\u003e(see Additional file 1) and the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e. The protocol was previously registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (Prospero: CRD 42019136631).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe clinical question\u0026nbsp;was formulated using the PICO strategy (P: patient, problem or population, I: intervention, C: comparison and O: outcome), as follows: \u003cstrong\u003eP:\u003c/strong\u003e premature\u0026nbsp;newborns (born with gestational age less than 37 weeks); \u003cstrong\u003eI:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;HFNC; \u003cstrong\u003eC:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;CPAP; \u003cstrong\u003eO:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;risk of\u0026nbsp;BPD, as defined by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Vermont-Oxford Network\u003csup\u003e1-3\u003c/sup\u003e. Secondary outcomes were the development\u0026nbsp;of air leak syndrome and nasal injury.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria comprised\u0026nbsp;randomized controlled trials (RCT) that have as intervention the HFNC\u0026nbsp;compared with the use of CPAP in\u0026nbsp;premature newborns defined as born with gestational age less than 37 weeks, and studies reporting development\u0026nbsp;of BPD as an outcome. Regarding the primary BPD effect, it was considered,\u0026nbsp;for this review, such as the use of supplemental oxygen for \u0026ge;28 days of life or 36 weeks\u0026rsquo;\u0026nbsp;postmenstrual age (PMA). Nasal injury and air leak syndrome (pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and pulmonary interstitial emphysema) were searched as possible side effects related to the interventions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Studies were excluded if the sample size was less than or equal to 10 participants, if the patients were already diagnosed with BPD, or if they were protocols, abstracts, editorials, comments, presentations in\u0026nbsp;congress and animal studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn electronic search of the published literature was conducted until July 2020, in the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and LILACS. The ClinicalTrials.gov was assessed to identify potential ongoing studies. No language restrictions were applied. The terms used in the search were the\u0026nbsp;following\u0026nbsp;keywords, according to the\u0026nbsp;MeSH\u0026nbsp;(Medical Subject Heading) terms:\u0026nbsp;Bronchopulmonary\u0026nbsp;Dysplasia, high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, preterm infant and all similar terms. The Boolean operators used were \u0026ldquo;AND\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;OR\u0026rdquo; (see Additional file 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter searching the databases, the titles and abstracts of the articles were read by two authors independently (SJB and SPT) and\u0026nbsp;all references identified by searches were exported to Mendeley Reference Manager Version 2.39.0, and duplicates were removed. The studies that could potentially meet the inclusion criteria for the review were\u0026nbsp;identified at this stage\u0026nbsp;and accessed in full.\u0026nbsp;In case of disagreement, a third author (VPL) was consulted to obtain a\u0026nbsp;consensus.\u0026nbsp;All included\u0026nbsp;studies were evaluated for qualitative and quantitative analysis, according to the data availability.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant and methodological characteristics were extracted from the included studies. Specifically, the following data were extracted: year of publication, country, therapy method, randomization, inclusion and exclusion criteria, BPD definition, and characteristic of the population enrolled in studies (gestational age, gender, birth weight, surfactant and associated diseases). Two reviewers independently carried out the data extraction (SJB and SPT).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe risk of bias in RCTs was evaluated by the Cochrane risk of bias tool\u003csup\u003e(16)\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;using the following six domains: random sequence generation (generation of the randomization sequence), allocation concealment, blinding\u0026nbsp;of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective repotting, and other sources of bias such as the inclusion of preterm infants with specific gestational age, not including all preterm infants below 37 weeks of gestational age, and the absence of definition criteria for primary and secondary outcomes.\u0026nbsp;The domain \u0026ldquo;blinding of patients and personnel\u0026rdquo; was not considered once it is not applicable to this type of study. All articles could have the following domain classifications: high risk of bias, low risk of bias, uncertain risk (without information for judgment).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) criteria was used to summarize the evidence recommendations\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e. In the present review, the evidence began with a high certainty. It was reduced to a level of inaccuracy when the sample analyzed was smaller than 200 participants; one level for medium risk and two levels for high risk assessed by the Cochrane bias tool\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e; and for a level of inconsistency if I2 \u0026ge; 50% or asymmetric CI; one level when the outcomes were not similar and two levels when the metrics were not presented or diverged; at a level when publication bias is identified. Two independent reviewers (SPT and ELG) evaluated the quality of the evidence, and discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer (VPL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;meta-analyses were performed using the R software version 3.6.2,\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;packages\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;meta\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;metafor\u0026rdquo; (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Effect sizes were expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous data and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for analysis. The\u0026nbsp;heterogeneity\u0026nbsp;between the studies was tested by the inconsistency\u0026nbsp;test \u003cem\u003e(I\u0026sup2;)\u003c/em\u003e: when the value of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eI\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;was zero it indicates non-heterogeneity and the fixed effects model was used; a random-effects model was used in the presence of heterogeneity, considered when \u003cem\u003eI\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was greater than 0%. Forest plots were created to present the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the meta-analysis that included 10 or more studies, the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eBegg\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;test was performed\u0026nbsp;and visual analysis of the funnel plots\u0026nbsp;were performed for testing the publication biases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe electronic and hand searches identified a total of 2004 articles. After removal of duplicates, 1124 articles were screened of which 15 articles met the inclusion criteria\u003csup\u003e11-29\u003c/sup\u003e. The steps for selecting articles and the reason for exclusions are described in the PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 2337 neonates were analyzed in this study: 1142 preterm infants received treatment by HFNC and 1195 by CPAP. One study was not included in the quantitative analysis because it did not report enough data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn relation to the use of the intervention (HFNC) and its comparator (CPAP), most studies evaluated extubation failure in the first 72 hours as the primary outcome\u003csup\u003e10,11,19,21,24-26\u003c/sup\u003e. The others evaluated chronic lung disease after extubation\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e, higher oxygen use requirement\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e, treatment respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) primary\u003csup\u003e22,24,28\u003c/sup\u003e, effectiveness and safety of HNFC and oral feeding\u003csup\u003e18,20,21,27\u003c/sup\u003e. The main methodological characteristics of the included studies are shown in Additional file 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe gestational age of the study population varied from 26 to 33 weeks. Diseases such as early sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus, pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage, infections necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity, were the most prevalent. The main characteristics of the participants are presented in Additional file 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost studies defined BPD as using supplemental oxygen for 36 postmenstrual weeks\u003csup\u003e19,22,25,28 \u003c/sup\u003ewhile the others used the definition proposed by NICHD\u003csup\u003e10,20,27,29\u003c/sup\u003e or presented no definition\u003csup\u003e7,22,24,26,28\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality and Heterogeneity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost studies showed a high risk of bias in the blinding of outcome assessment domain. \u0026nbsp;The domain that presented the highest risk of bias was in relation to the blinding of outcome assessment, and the domain with the least bias laugh was for incomplete outcome data (see Additional file 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe evaluation of the methodological quality and risk of bias of included clinical trial studies are shown in figure 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFourteen studies comprising 2215 patients were included in the meta-analysis for BPD outcome\u003csup\u003e10,11,17-21,24,26-29\u003c/sup\u003e. There was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP in the development of BPD (RR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.90-1.32) (Figure 3) and very low quality of evidence (see Additional file 6-GRADE).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnly one study\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e did not report the development of BPD in both groups and was not included in the meta-analysis. The visual inspection of the BPD funnel plot did not show any substantial asymmetry (Figure 4) and the \u003cem\u003eBegg\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/em\u003e test point to the absence of publication bias for the described outcome (p = 0.8072).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment of air leak syndrome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEleven studies presented data to be included in the meta-analysis related to air leak syndrome (18 in the HFNC group and 19 neonates in the CPAP group)\u003csup\u003e19-23,28,29\u003c/sup\u003e. There was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP and the development of the air leak syndrome (RR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.57-1.90) (Figure 5), with very low quality of evidence, (see Additional file 6-GRADE).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment of nasal injury\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeven studies presented data to be included in the meta-analysis related to the absence of nasal injury (231 in the HFNC group and 305 neonates in the CPAP group)\u003csup\u003e10,11,19,21,27,29\u003c/sup\u003e. In the same way, there was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP and the development of the nasal injury (RR: 2.37, 95% CI: 0.92-6.13) (Figure 6) with very low quality of evidence (see Additional file 6-GRADE).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was not possible to perform the \u003cem\u003eBegg\u003c/em\u003e test, as well as the funnel plot, as they did not present enough studies in the air leak syndrome and nasal injury meta-analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eOverall, the results of the present review demonstrate that there was no difference between the use of HFNC and CPAP in the risk of BPD. In addition, no significant difference was found between the use of HFNC and CPAP related to the development of the air leak syndrome (pneumothorax) and nasal injury.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost studies eligible for the current systematic review had as main objective to assess the incidence of extubation failure with the use of HFNC\u003csup\u003e10,11,19,21,24\u0026minus;26\u003c/sup\u003e, while other studies have evaluated the effectiveness of using HFNC as the primary treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and 4 studies had the primary objective of assessing the effectiveness and safety of HFNC\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Only one study assessed the relationship between the use of HFNC and the incidence of BDP\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and another one describes the use of HFNC with the greatest need for oxygen therapy\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPD was first described 50 years ago and still lacks effective treatment and a comprehensive definition. Differently from the original description, BPD is currently characterized by chronic respiratory failure mainly in extreme neonates, together with changes in non-invasive respiratory support and the severity of long-term lung damage, which makes it more difficult to define the current condition. Limitations related to definitions include the inability to classify neonates who die before 36 weeks and possibly the use of HFNC with room air (21%) or very low flow with 100% oxygen makes some neonates not included in these definitions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, keeping the criteria for defining the disease in just one specification can exclude relevant studies, restricting the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven with the significant increase in the use of these non-invasive ventilation devices in the past two decades, there is evidence that incidence rates of BPD\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e remained unchanged. Studies suggest that these results may occur due to the excessive use of interventions associated with other risk factors for BPD, such as infections in the peri and postnatal period, contributing to premature lung injuries\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPAP is recommended worldwide, by the World Health Organization, as first-line therapy for the treatment of premature newborns with respiratory disorders since birth, significantly improving oxygenation, when compared to HFNC, which may justify its greater popularity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The HFNC application systems, currently available, do not measure pressure in the airways, which can lead to the release of excessive pressure, contributing to the appearance of lung lesions and consequently contributing to the development of BPD\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, the clinical use of lower flow rates and adequate control of it leads to a reduction in this risk\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The results of the present study are in accordance with the present one, since there was no greater risk for the development of BPD with the use of HFNC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature points out that nasal injury is a common complication in premature infants using CPAP, with a prevalence of 20 to 60%\u003csup\u003e34,35\u003c/sup\u003e. Alternatives to prevent nasal trauma when using CPAP include the use of appropriately sized interfaces and dressings as protection for the skin\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Evidence indicates that the lower prevalence of injury to the nasal septum with the use of HFNC is due to the humidified and heated flow offered by the device, which reduces the inflammation of the upper airway epithelial cells\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and the injury to the nasal mucosa, in addition to fact that the HFNC interface is lighter and easier to install compared to CPAP\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR37\" citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high heterogeneity presented in the results for the nasal lesion outcome can be justified by the fact that most of the studies included in the meta-analysis did not present a standardized metric for assessing the outcome, as described in the GRADE table (see Additional file 6), as well as different forms administration of ventilatory support and the lack of explanation of the sizes and types of interfaces used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a concern about the use of HFNC and the risk of air leak syndrome due to high flows, as the pressure within the circuit cannot be measured, allowing the supply of high flows to the lower airways\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29 CR30 CR31 CR32 CR33 CR34 CR35 CR36 CR37\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A recent systematic review published in 2019 demonstrated a reduction in the prevalence of air leak syndrome with HFNC use compared to CPAP, in premature neonates, as a post-extubation conduct\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Our results observed no difference in relation to the air leak syndrome, specifically the pneumothorax, in accordance with the results of a recent published network meta-analysis comparing both interventions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of the included studies determines the quality of the systematic review, which is why we conducted a review using strict quality assessment criteria in randomized clinical trial studies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. There was a high risk of bias and risk of uncertain bias in most studies. Another consideration in this sense is that is a lack of blindness in the participants and personnel due to the nature of the application of the intervention and the evaluator, factors that increase the chance of bias related to the included studies. Another limiting factor in the present study was the fact that we included preterm infants regardless of classification. It is known that one of the risk factors for BPD is extreme prematurity or very premature, that is, premature infants born with less than 32 weeks of gestational age. However, we chose to include all preterm infants since in the literature, RCTs that sampled only extremely preterm infants, or very preterm infants are scarce. The studies showed great variability in the protocols for the application of CPAP and HFNC, and there was also great variability in the BPD definitions. Regarding the criteria for the diagnosis of air leak syndrome and nasal injury, many studies did not present the metrics for diagnosis of the presented outcomes, which led to a higher level of observed indirect evidence, a factor that contributed to decrease the quality of the evidence. Thus, the evidence based on the included RCTs was of very low quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording our results, the effective prevention of BPD still remains a challenge, since the results found cannot be generalized for clinical application. Therefore, the choice between non-invasive ventilation devices, HFNC or CPAP, remains a matter of clinical judgment by the team, which must analyze what outcomes it intends to use with the device of choice.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn this systematic review with meta-analysis, we highlight that the HFNC showed similar results when compared to CPAP in relation to the risk of BPD, air leak syndrome and nasal injury. In the literature, no RCT has been found with BPD as the primary outcome to support possible outcomes. It is recommended that further research should be undertaken in this field with higher methodological quality to support the expected results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBPD - bronchopulmonary dysplasia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCPAP - continuous positive airway pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHFNC - flow nasal cannula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePMA - post-menstrual gestational age\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT - randomized controlled trials\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data pertaining to the current analysis may be sent to the corresponding author, Sabrina Pinheiro Tsopanoglou ([email protected]).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was financed in part by the Coordena\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Aperfei\u0026ccedil;oamento de Pessoal de N\u0026iacute;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Amparo \u0026agrave; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) - APQ-00062-18 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u0026iacute;fico e Tecnol\u0026oacute;gico (CNPq).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribuitions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSPT:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; Writing - review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eSJB:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Investigation, Writing- original draft, Writing-review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eELG: \u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Investigation, Writing- original draft, Writing-review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eFAD:\u003c/strong\u003e Writing-original draft, Writing and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eVPL:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; Writing - review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJobe AH, Steinhorn R. 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Efficacy and Complications of Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula Versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome After Surfactant Therapy. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2019; In Press(In Press).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurki S, Singh J, Khant C, Kumar Dash S, Oleti TP, Joy P, Kabra NS. High-Flow Nasal Cannula versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Primary Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neonatology 2018; 113(3): 235\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFarhat AS, Mohammadzadeh A, Mamuri GA, Saeidi R, Noorizadeh S. Comparison of nasal non-invasive ventilation methods in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Iran J Neonatol. 2018; 9(4): 53\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoonsawad S, Swatesutipun B, Limrungsikul A, Nuntnarumit P. Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula for Prevention of Extubation Failure in Preterm Infants. Indian J Pediatr [Internet]. 2017; 84(4): 262\u0026ndash;6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-016-2280-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLavizzari A, Colnaghi M, Ciuffini F, Veneroni C, Musumeci S, Cortinovis I MF. Heated, Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula vs Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Prematurity A Randomized Clinical Noninferiority Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 170(12): 1228\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKadivar M, Mosayebi Z, Razi N, Nariman S, Sangsari R. High flow nasal cannulae versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome managed with INSURE method: A randomized clinical trial. Iran J Med Sci. 2016; 41(6): 494\u0026ndash;500.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKugelman A, Riskin A, Said W, Shoris I, Mor F, Bader D. A randomized pilot study comparing heated humidified high-flow nasal cannulae with NIPPV for RDS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50(6): 576\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCiuffini F, Pietrasanta C, Lavizzari A, Musumeci S, Gualdi C, Sortino S, et al. Confronto tra due diverse modalit\u0026agrave; di assistenza ventilatoria non invasiva in neonati pretermine con sindrome da distress respiratorio lieve-moderata: Dati preliminari. Pediatr Medica e Chir. 2014;36(4):153\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoder BA, Stoddard RA, Li M, King J, Dirnberger DR, Abbasi S. Heated, humidified high-flow nasal cannula versus nasal CPAP for respiratory support in neonates. Pediatrics 2013;131(5).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollins CL, Holberton JR, Barfield C, Davis PG. A randomized controlled trial to compare heated humidified high-flow nasal cannulae with nasal continuous positive airway pressure postextubation in premature infants. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2013;162(5): 949-954.e1. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.016\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManley BJ, Owen LS, Doyle LW, Andersen CC, Cartwright DW, Pritchard MA, Donath SM, Davis PG. High-Flow Nasal Cannulae in Very Preterm Infants after Extubation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(15):1425\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrincipi N, Di Pietro GM, Esposito S. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical aspects and preventive and therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2018;16(1):1\u0026ndash;13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1417-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSammour I, Karnati S. Non-invasive Respiratory Support of the Premature Neonate: From Physics to Bench to Practice. Front Pediatr. 2020;8(May):1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoyle ES, Patino F, Yoxall CW. Quality improvement programme to improve compliance with initial respiratory support guideline at preterm birth. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2020; 109(5): 943\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePoets CF, Lorenz L. Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low gestational age neonates: current evidence. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103(3): F285\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKotecha SJ, Adappa R, Gupta N, John Watkins W, Kotecha S, Chakraborty M. Safety and efficacy of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in preterm infants: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015;136(3):542\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Alaiyan S, Dawoud M, Al-Hazzani F. Positive distending pressure produced by heated, humidified high flow nasal cannula as compared to nasal continuous positive airway pressure in premature infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2014;7(2):119\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManley BJ. Nasal High-Flow Therapy for Preterm Infants: Review of Neonatal Trial Data. Clin Perinatol [Internet]. 2016;43(4):673\u0026ndash;91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2016.07.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColleti Junior J, Azevedo R de, Araujo O, Carvalho WB de. High-flow nasal cannula as a post-extubation respiratory support strategy in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020; 96(4): 422\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaha DK, Kornhauser M, Greenspan JS, Dysart KC, Aghai ZH. High flow nasal cannula use is associated with increased morbidity and length of hospitalization in extremely low birth weight infants. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2016; 173:50-55.e1. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.051\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFleeman N, Dundar Y, Shah PS, Shaw BNJ. Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula for Preterm Infants: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2019; 35(4): 298\u0026ndash;306.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nasal cannula, Nasal Continuous positive airway pressure, Infant premature, Premature birth.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-428990/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-428990/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that affects the premature lung, and to reduce its incidence has been used non-invasive ventilatory support, such as continuous positive airway (CPAP) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). Thus, the objective of this review was to assess whether the use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) compared to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature newborns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe protocol was registered (Prospero: CRD42019136631) and the search was conducted in the MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, and LILACS databases, and in the clinical trials registries, until July 2020. We included randomized clinical trials comparing HFNC versus CPAP use in premature infants born at less than 37 weeks of gestational age. The main outcome measures were the development of BPD, air leak syndrome, and nasal injury. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the GRADE system was used to summarize the evidence recommendations. Meta-analyses were performed using software R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo difference was found between HFNC or CPAP for the risk of BPD (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.90\u0026ndash;1.32), air leak syndrome (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.57\u0026ndash;0.90), and nasal trauma (RR: 2.37; 95% CI: 0.92\u0026ndash;6.13), with a very low level of evidence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion(s):\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe HFNC showed similar results when compared to CPAP in relation to the risk of BPD, air leak syndrome, and nasal injury. In the literature, no randomized clinical trial has been found with BPD as the primary outcome to support possible outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Is There a Decreased Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treated With High-Flow Nasal Cannulae Compared to Cpap? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-05-06 20:42:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-428990/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-06-22T13:38:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-05-27T01:54:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"f4de326d-ff32-45c7-a8b2-d51fe0d0368f","date":"2021-05-14T04:50:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-05-05T09:54:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-05-05T09:51:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-05-05T09:47:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-05-05T09:25:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pediatrics","date":"2021-04-16T12:07:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8448b38d-2686-4032-97a8-259870614870","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":4131739,"name":"Pediatrics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-08-25T08:29:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-05-06 20:42:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-428990","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-428990","identity":"rs-428990","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}