Decoding cooperative behaviour in social dilemmas amid pubic health crises: how multidimensional risk communication works

Decoding cooperative behaviour in social dilemmas amid pubic health crises: how multidimensional risk communication works | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Decoding cooperative behaviour in social dilemmas amid pubic health crises: how multidimensional risk communication works Yunpeng Xu, Qiaolan Liu, Jian Liang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7765355/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the context of recurrent public health emergencies, mobilizing cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas has become pivotal for strengthening collective resilience and enhancing public governance effectiveness. However, existing research offers only a partial account of cooperation in such dilemmas, particularly lacking a theoretically integrated and empirically tested explanation of how multidimensional risk communication operates. Building on the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) and risk communication theory, this study develops a multidimensional framework encompassing information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media. We further specify risk perception as a mediating mechanism and trust in authoritative sources as a moderating condition to trace how these elements shape cooperation. Using survey data from 11 provinces in China (N = 1,417), we found the following: (1) multidimensional risk communication strategies significantly promote cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas; (2) risk perception mediates the relationship between risk communication and cooperation; and (3) trust in authoritative sources negatively moderates the link between information sources and risk perception, revealing a "high-trust attenuation" effect. This study extends PADM to the domain of collective action in public health, deepens the mechanistic account of risk communication, and offers actionable guidance for targeted messaging and cooperation mobilization by governments during acute public health events. Humanities/Complex networks Social science/Complex networks Biological sciences/Psychology Social science/Psychology Cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Risk communication Pubic health crises Risk perception Trust in authoritative sources Figures Figure 1 Introduction In today’s high-frequency crisis environment, relying solely on government capacity is insufficient to address public health crises with strong externalities and spillover effects. Such crises readily trigger "free-riding," creating tension between individuals’ short-term rational interests and the collective’s long-term welfare, thereby generating a classic social dilemma. Therefore, promoting cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas has become a critical pathway for strengthening collective protective capacity and enhancing governance performance. Cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas refers to actions in which individuals willingly incur certain costs to achieve mutual or group gains despite conflicts between personal payoffs and collective benefits (Dawes 1980 ; van Lange and Rand, 2022 ). This cooperation is not only a prerequisite for the provision of public (or public-safety) goods, but also a source of social capital that expands interpersonal networks, fosters generalized reciprocity, and advances collaborative governance (Henrich, 2004 ). However, such cooperation does not arise spontaneously; it is shaped by how the public understands, evaluates, and responds to risk. Risk has both an objective reality and subjective construction. Under conditions of incomplete information and heterogeneous experience and culture, individuals often form judgments that diverge from "actual" risk, thereby influencing their Behavioural choices (Hearit and Courtright,2003). Consequently, risk communication is not merely a technical process of information transmission, but a governance instrument that transforms the informational environment into cooperative action. By enhancing threat and efficacy perceptions and reducing uncertainty and strategic skepticism, risk communication suppresses free riding and increases the likelihood of cooperation (Renn, 1998 ; Ropeik, 2008 ; Eiser et al., 2012 ). From this perspective, designing multidimensional, perceptible, and context-adaptive risk communication strategies is essential. Despite substantial scholarship on risk communication, the literature still lacks a systematic account of how distinct communication strategies shape cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, that is, actions in which individuals incur costs without immediate personal returns to enhance group safety and the public good (Bavel et al., 2020 ; Habib et al., 2023 ). In public crises, bounded rationality heightens sensitivity to external information, making government-led risk communication a core determinant of risk perception, information trust, and subsequent cooperation (Heydari et al., 2021 ). Accordingly, there is a clear need to elucidate—at the level of mechanism—the causal chain linking communication strategies → risk perception→cooperative Behaviour, and to compare the differential effects of key communicative elements. Existing research has examined the link between risk communication and protective Behaviour, but much of it remains at the level of theoretical extrapolation or single-case description, privileging macro-level narratives while overlooking the heterogeneous effects of distinct components of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Even fewer studies target "cooperation" as a collective-action–oriented outcome with credible causal identification. To address these gaps, this study focuses on the context of acute public health emergencies and systematically investigates how multidimensional government risk communication strategies—spanning information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media—shape public risk perception and promote cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. On this basis, we provide empirical evidence and policy-relevant insights for building a citizen-facing, targeted, and effective risk communication and emergency mobilization system. Theoretical background Protective Action Decision Model The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is a classic framework for explaining how individuals and groups decide to engage in protective actions under acute risk (Lindell et al., 2017 ). PADM posits that Behaviour is jointly shaped by three classes of exogenous cues: environmental cues (e.g., hazard signals, unusual noise), social cues (observing and emulating others’ actions), and risk warnings issued by authoritative information sources (Terpstra and Lindell, 2013 ). Filtered through individual characteristics and resource endowments, these cues trigger three core perceptions—threat perception, protective efficacy perception, and stakeholder perception—which in turn inform decisions about protective action.The original PADM is intentionally comprehensive, but its full sequence is not always traversed in real-world settings. In highly time-pressured contexts, for example, messages from high-credibility authorities can precipitate rapid action, effectively bypassing parts of the cognitive pipeline (Gladwin et al., 2001 ; Lindell 2013 ). Building on this insight, the present study retains mechanistic core of PADM while streamlining the decision pathway by collapsing the multi-stage chain into a primary route: communication strategies→risk perception→Behavioural response. This adapted specification is tailored to public health emergencies, allowing us to identify how multidimensional government risk communication shapes risk perceptions and, subsequently, cooperative Behaviour in social dilemma situations. Risk Communication From a communication studies perspective, risk communication is a systemic process of "who (source)—says what (content)—how (medium)—to whom (audience)—with what effect (outcome)" (Lasswell, 1948 ; Rimal and Real, 2003 ). The communicator (source) shapes public trust and receptivity; communication content—covering risk attributes, potential harms, and protective measures—provides the immediate basis for Behaviour change; and the communication media determines the breadth, speed, and interactivity of dissemination. Finally, communicative effects are reflected in the presentation of information, audience comprehension, and protective Behavioural responses to risk information (Rimal and Real, 2003 ). To align with the public health context and the requirements of model estimation, we distilled the core elements of risk communication into four operational dimensions: information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media. These strategies aim to enhance the accessibility, clarity, and credibility of information to shape public risk perception (Coombs and Holladay, 2014 ), thereby reducing individuals’ concerns about “free riding” or being taken advantage of and ultimately increasing their willingness to engage in cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.Public health emergencies are marked by high uncertainty and information scarcity. In the Chinese context, measures such as home quarantine constrict the breadth of interpersonal sources, while authoritative agencies—owing to gatekeeping and centralized data access—tend to control first-hand information at early and critical junctures (Wojcieszak and Kim 2016 ). Consequently, trust in authoritative information sources not only directly improves the accuracy of risk perception and compliance with recommended actions but also moderates the strength of the relationship between source strategies and risk perception. Therefore, we incorporated this construct as a moderating variable in the model, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . In the information source dimension, drawing on Griffin and colleagues’ typology (Griffin et al., 1998 ) and balancing authority, reach, and personalization, we classify risk information sources in public health emergencies into three types: authoritative information sources (AIS)—including government agencies, experts, and medical personnel; mass media information sources (MMIS)—such as legacy media, social media, and civil-society organizations; and interpersonal information sources (IIS)—such as family members, friends, and neighbors.For communication content, following Sutton and Kuligowski and related guidance (Sutton and Kuligowski, 2019 ; Seeger et al., 2020 ), we distinguish three categories: epidemic information (EI), which covers origin, hazards, and casualty data; institutional response information (IRI); and preventive information (PI) on protective measures and disease control.Consistent with narrative transportation theory and prior empirical typologies (Yang et al., 2010 ; Zebregs et al., 2015 ), we identify two narrative styles: a story-based style (SS) and a data-based style (DS).Finally, for the communication media dimension—guided by media richness theory and established survey instruments such as the China General Social Survey (CGSS)—we grouped channels into the Internet (IT), television (TV), telephone calls and SMS (TCSMS), radio broadcasts (RB), newspapers and printed materials (NPM), and face-to-face communication with public officials (F2F) (Chan et al., 2018 ). Research hypotheses The essence of risk communication is to reshape the internal structure of a risk event through information transmission (Herovic, 2020). Effective risk communication not only mitigates government–public misalignment, heightens perceived threat, and strengthens civic responsibility; it also activates prosocial motivation through the joint effects of information provision and perceived trust, thereby translating intentions into cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with consequential impacts on epidemic control (Miao et al., 2021 ).Accordingly, we propose the following hypotheses. (1) Information sources and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas During public health emergencies, audiences typically process risk information by first attending to who speaks before what is said. A large body of evidence shows that source credibility significantly shapes message acceptance, risk appraisal, and subsequent protective or cooperative action (Hocevar et al., 2020 ; Shah et al., 2022 ). Under conditions of high uncertainty and information overload, individuals rely more heavily on source cues to make heuristic judgments that determine whether they will engage in deeper processing and take action (Petty and Cacioppo, 2012 ). First, authoritative information sources (AIS), such as government departments and professional agencies, possess a built-in advantage in normativity and credibility and are typically associated with higher policy compliance and collective cooperation (Berg et al., 2021 ). However, institutional procedures and agenda constraints may slow AIS updates in the early stages of an outbreak, prompting audiences to consult additional sources (Stivas, 2023 ).Second, mass media information sources (MMIS), by virtue of their broad reach and real-time diffusion, can heighten risk perception and emotional arousal, thereby increasing willingness to cooperate and adopt protective measures during crises (Oh et al., 2021 ; Nwachukwu et al., 2024 ).Finally, interpersonal information sources (IIS) leverage "close-range persuasion" embedded in social norms and trust relations; by strengthening affective involvement and peer pressure, IIS further encourage cooperative tendencies (Ju et al., 2023 ).Based on this, we propose the following hypotheses and research questions: H1: Information sources exert a significant positive influence on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H1a: Exposure to authoritative information sources is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H1b: Exposure to mass media information sources is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H1c: Exposure to interpersonal information sources is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. R1: During public health emergencies, which type of information source exerts the strongest impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas? (2) Communication content and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas In public health crises, the design of communication content is pivotal in converting risk perception into actual cooperation. The PADM posits that people act only after recognizing the threat (e.g., severity and likelihood of exposure) and believing that the recommended measures are feasible and effective (Lindell and Perry, 2012 ). A meta-analysis showed that content emphasizing action guidance and efficacy information is more effective than threat-only messages in promoting preventive Behaviours (Gallagher and Updegraff, 2012 ). Likewise, Oh, Lee, and Han ( 2021 ) found that social media posts containing clear prevention guidelines increase the likelihood of adopting protective or cooperative Behaviours by elevating people’s risk perception and self-efficacy. In the H1N1 context, Van Stee and Levy (2015) reported that messages with plain, step-by-step instructions and descriptions of preventive measures significantly strengthened policy compliance and cooperative protective intention. Based on this, we propose the following hypotheses and research questions: H2: Communication content is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H2a: Epidemic information is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H2b: Institutional response information is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H2c: Preventive information is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. R2: During public health emergencies, which type of communication content has the strongest impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas? (3) Narrative styles and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Narrative communication theory posits that the form in which crisis information is expressed can substantially shape emotional engagement, risk appraisal and willingness to cooperate (Green and Brock, 2000 ; Braddock and Dillard, 2016 ). Story-based styles heighten immersion and empathy through characters, plot, and affective cues, drawing audiences psychologically "into" the narrative world and, in turn, strengthening value alignment and motivation to act (Hinyard and Kreuter, 2007 ). Health stories with strong plot structures and character identification have been shown to elevate emotional resonance and self-efficacy, thereby promoting protective and cooperative Behaviours (Braddock and Dillard, 2016 ; Murphy et al., 2013 ). In contrast, data-based styles enhance perceived credibility and scientific rigor; when rational evaluation is salient, data-centric evidence often increases persuasiveness and facilitates Behavioural adoption (Zebregs et al., 2015 ). In pandemic control, clear statistics on risk and efficacy can reinforce intentions to cooperate and comply with preventive measures.Basis on this, we propose the following hypotheses and research questions: H3:Narrative styles are positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H3a:The adoption of a story-based style was positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H3b:The adoption of a data-based style was positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. R3: During public health emergencies, which narrative style exerts a stronger impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas? (4) Communication media and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Differences across communication media in information richness, timeliness, and social influence pathways yield heterogeneous effects on cooperative Behaviours. During crises, the Internet and social media can rapidly amplify official messages and mobilize public action due to their broad reach and high interactivity, while simultaneously introducing risks of information overload and distortion (Austin et al., 2012 ; Cinelli et al., 2020 ; Vosoughi et al., 2018 ). By contrast, traditional media—television, radio, and newspapers—retain agenda-setting capacity and perceived authority, which tend to stabilize trust in official responses and increase adherence to collective action (Houston et al., 2015 ). Beyond mass media, direct-to-person channels also matter: SMS and telephone interventions are targeted, timely, and actionable, and have been shown to improve health protection and compliance (Fjeldsoe et al., 2009 ; Free et al., 2013 ). Moreover, face-to-face communication with street-level bureaucrats strengthens understanding and trust in policies, thereby increasing cooperation in social dilemmas (May and Winter, 2009 ). Building on this literature and our measurement scheme, we proposethe following hypotheses and research questions: H4: Exposure to communication media is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H4a: Exposure to the Internet is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H4b: Exposure to television is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H4c: Exposure to radio broadcasts is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H4d: Exposure to newspapers and printed materials is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H4e: Exposure to telephone calls and SMS is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H4f: Exposure to face-to-face communication with public officials is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. R4: During public health emergencies, which communication medium has the strongest impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas? This study conceptualizes risk communication along four core dimensions—information sources, communication media, communication content, and narrative styles—and advances specific hypotheses for each dimension. Building on these dimensions, we applied the entropy and CRITIC methods to derive the combined weights and construct an integrated risk communication index. Based on this, we propose the following hypothesis: H5: Overall, risk communication is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Mediating role of risk perception Distinct risk communication strategies influence risk perception through multiple pathways, producing differentiated psychological and Behavioural responses. Variations in the authority, expertise, and social distance of information sources condition judgments of credibility and, in turn, Behavioural intentions (Valente and Pumpuang, 2007 ). The completeness, reliability, and action orientation of communication content directly affect decision-making (Lindell and Perry, 2012 ). Different narrative styles elicit distinct psychological effects: vivid, story-based narratives heighten emotional engagement and empathy, raising risk awareness and willingness to act (Green and Brock, 2000 ), whereas structured, data-based presentations strengthen analytical processing and perceived efficacy (Zebregs et al., 2015 ).As carriers of information flow, communication media shape accessibility, interactivity, and perceived social endorsement, which in turn affect the depth of exposure and processing, thus exerting a strong influence on risk perception (Houston et al., 2015 ). Perceived susceptibility, severity, and coping efficacy are core psychological predictors of protective Behaviours (Champion and Skinner, 2008 ). In acute public health emergencies, elevating risk perception promotes self-protection and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas (Bish and Michie, 2010 ). Accordingly, we posit the following hypothesis: H6: Risk perception mediates the relationship between risk communication and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H6a: Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between information sources and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H6b:Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between communication content and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H6c: Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between narrative styles and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. H6d:Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between communication media and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Moderating role of trust in authoritative information sources Public trust in information sources typically hinges on their perceived authority, expertise, transparency, and reliability (Slovic, 1987 ). Two patterns of trust variations were observed. First, cross-source differences: in digital environments, trust in governmental agencies and medical experts generally exceeds that in commercial platforms or social media (Larson et al., 2018 ). Although medical professionals are often viewed as the most credible health information providers, people frequently consult the Internet and other mass media first when making health decisions (Zhao et al., 2020). When trust in authoritative sources is lacking, uncertainty and anxiety increase, amplifying the risk perception (Siegrist and Gutscher, 2005). Second, within-source heterogeneity: individual characteristics, information literacy, and prior experience lead to divergent levels of trust in the same source across groups, yielding different risk perceptions and Behavioural responses (Siegrist, Cvetkovich, and Roth, 2000 ). Conceptually, trust functions as a heuristic that reduces processing complexity and cognitive costs (Earle and Siegrist, 2006). In public health crises, high-trust individuals are more receptive to official risk communication and recommended protective measures, whereas low trust can heighten anxiety and perceived risk (Dryhurst et al., 2020 ). Building on this logic, we posit the following hypothesis: H7:Trust in authoritative information sources negatively moderates the relationship between information sources and risk perception. Materials and Method Data and sample We conducted an online survey using Credamo from October to December 2023. All respondents provided informed consent and voluntarily participated. In total, 1,491 questionnaires were collected from 11 provincial regions in China. After excluding invalid entries, 1,417 valid responses remained, yielding an effective response rate of 95.04. Women comprised 51.7% of the sample population. The age distribution was concentrated among younger and middle-aged adults (18–26:32.1%; 27–39:42.6%; 40–60:19.0%). Of these, 51.5% reported non-agricultural household registration, and 80.4% self-rated their health as good. All scales were adapted from internationally established instruments and semantically localized to the Chinese sociocultural context while preserving their original factor structures. Measures The measurement scales used in this study were all established internationally and adapted with appropriate semantic localization to fit the Chinese sociocultural context while adhering to the original scale structure. The means, standard deviations, reliability coefficients, and measurement items for each variable are presented in Tables 1 and 2 , respectively. Table 1 Measurement Items of the Variable Variables Dimension Item Reference Information Source (IS) AIS Do you get information about public health emergencies from government departments or experts? Griffin et al,1998 MMIS Do you obtain information related to public health emergencies from mass media such as television, the Internet, or various social media influencers? IIS Do you get information related to public health emergencies from your family and friends? Communication Content (CC) EI Do you focus on the source of the epidemic, the hazards, the number of deaths and injuries, etc.? Sutton & Kuligowski, 2019 ; Seeger et al., 2020 IRI Do you focus on information about how relevant government departments are preventing and handling the epidemic? PI Do you focus on knowledge and information about the prevention and treatment of the epidemic? Narrative Style (NS) SS Do you prefer to learn about the epidemic through specific people and stories? Zebregs et al,2015 DS Do you prefer graphical data to learn information about the epidemic? communication media (CM) IT Do you rely on the Internet to search for and receive information related to the epidemic? Chan et al,2018 TCSMS Do you rely on telephone calls or SMS to receive epidemic-related information? TV Do you rely on television to search for and watch epidemic-related information? RB Do you rely on radio to listen to information about the epidemic? NPM Do you rely on newspapers or printed materials to search and read information about the epidemic? F2F Do you rely on face-to-face communication from government officials to get information about the epidemic? Trust in Authoritative Information Source (TIAIS) Do you feel that the information released by government and healthcare professionals is professional and accurate? Siegrist & Zingg, 2014 Do you feel that the information released by government and healthcare professionals is transparent and credible? Do you feel that the information released by government and healthcare professionals is complete and unbiased? Risk Perception (RP) Do you believe the epidemic poses a serious threat to you and your family's physical and mental health? Slovic, 1987 Do you think it is likely that you and your family will get infected or be infected? Do you think it would have a significant negative impact on your and your family's life and work? Do you feel worry about the epidemic? Do you feel anxious about the epidemic? Do you feel fearful about the epidemic? Cooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas (CBISD) Do you take the initiative to undergo virus testing?? Oh et al, 2021 .& Vartti et al,2009.& Do you scan the health code and venue code? Do you comply with the call to stay at home for quarantine? Do you cooperate with government requirements to quarantine at a centralized facility? Do you receive a vaccination? Do you suspend work or production activities (including employment, manufacturing, animal husbandry, or farming) as required by the government? Method We applied Harman’s single-factor test to assess the potential common method bias. An unrotated principal component analysis extracted 14 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1; the first factor explained 18.59% of the variance, which is substantially below the conventional 40% threshold, indicating that common method bias is unlikely to threaten the results. Recognizing that respondents may assign different salience to the four dimensions of risk communication—information sources, communication media, communication content, and narrative styles—we combined the entropy CRITIC method to derive composite weights and construct integrated measurement indices for each dimension. The weighted indices captured the respondents’ overall exposure to and reliance on each communication strategy under acute public health conditions. The detailed weights and index values are presented in Table 2 .Risk perception, trust in authoritative information sources, and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas were computed as weighted averages of their respective item scores, with higher values indicating stronger levels of the underlying construct. Unless otherwise specified, all items were measured on five-point Likert scales, with higher scores reflecting greater endorsement or importance attributed to the corresponding dimension. SPSS 26.0 was used to conduct a multiple linear regression analysis of the effect of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted to test the mediating effect of risk perception. The PROCESS macro (Model 1) was used to test the moderating effect of trust in authoritative information sources (5,000 bootstrap samples, 95% confidence interval). Table 2 Properties of the main variables Variables Cronbach's α Mean SD Dimension IS 0.677 4.08 1.03 AIS 4.18 0.948 MMIS 3.7 1.056 IIS CC 0.842 4.3 0.826 EI 4.31 0.809 IRI 4.41 0.76 PI NS 0.496 3.4 1.016 SS 4.04 0.933 DS CM 0.852 4.27 0.869 IT 3.12 1.228 TCSMS 3.42 1.153 TV 3.05 1.306 RB 2.84 1.301 NPM 3.41 1.209 F2F TIAIS 0.901 3.75 0.977 RP 0.833 3.67 0.8 CBISD 0.918 4.37 0.662 Results Relationship between risk communication and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas As shown in Table 3 (Models 1–2),risk communication exerts a significant positive effect on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas (β = 0.374, p = 0.0001), supporting H5. Among the control variables, both gender and self-rated health status showed stable and significant relationships with cooperative Behaviour. Specifically, during public health crises, women are more inclined than men to engage in cooperative actions, and individuals reporting better health exhibit a stronger willingness to cooperate. Table 3 The effects of risk communication and information sources on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Variable Cooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Constant 4.106 *** 2.767*** 3.488 *** 3.328 *** 3.73 *** 3.098 *** Gender -0.177 *** -0.157 *** -0.172 *** -0.141 *** -0.164 *** -0.147 *** Age 0.034 0.016 0.02 0.036 0.04 0.026 Occupation -0.024 -0.027 * -0.021 -0.021 -0.028 -0.019 Hukou 0.028 -0.061 0.026 0.031 0.024 0.028 Education -0.043 -0.003 -0.03 -0.032 -0.031 -0.026 Health status 0.137 *** 0.089 *** 0.112 *** 0.113 *** 0.118 *** 0.102 *** Political Status -0.014 -0.007 -0.014 -0.021 -0.01 -0.019 RC 0.374*** AIS 0.167 *** 0.117 *** MMIS 0.191 *** 0.143 *** IIS 0.101 *** -0.002 R2 0.049 0.158 0.115 0.122 0.074 0.149 F 10.373 *** 32.993 *** 22.86 *** 24.419 *** 14.02 *** 24.659 *** Note：*=p＜0.05 **=p ＜0.01 ***=p＜ 0.001 Effects of information sources on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas As shown in Table 3 (Models 3–5), authoritative information sources (AIS) (β = 0.167, p = 0.0003), mass media information sources (MMIS) (β = 0.191, p = 0.0001), and interpersonal information sources (IIS) (β = 0.101, p = 0.0002) each exhibited significant positive relationships with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H1 and its sub-hypotheses H1a–H1c. The relative magnitudes of the effects were MMIS > AIS > IIS, indicating that MMIS consistently plays a pivotal role, thereby addressing R1.To account for the diversified risk-information environment during public health emergencies, we included all three source types in a single regression. The results in Table 3 (Model 6) show that MMIS (β = 0.117, p = 0.0001) and AIS (β = 0.143, p = 0.0002) remain positively associated with cooperation, whereas the effect of IIS (β=-0.002, p = 0.91) becomes non-significant. Effects of communication content on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas The results in Table 4 indicate that epidemic information (EI) (β = 0.288, p = 0.0001), institutional response information (IRI) (β = 0.296, p = 0.0001), and preventive information (PI) (β = 0.350, p = 0.0002) are each positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H2 and sub-hypotheses H2a–H2c. The effect sizes ranked PI > IRI > EI, thereby addressing R2. Because these content types frequently co-occur in public health emergencies—for example, government-issued response plans paired with guidance on citizen protective actions—we jointly estimated a model that included all three content categories. The combined specification shows that EI(β = 0.107, p = 0.0005), IRI༈β = 0.099, p = 0.0004༉, and PI༈β = 0.211, p = 0.0001༉ are significant and positive predictors of cooperation. Table 4 The effects of communication content oncooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Variable Cooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas Model 1 Model 2 Model3 Model4 Model5 Constant 4.106 *** 3.107 *** 3.032 *** 2.766 *** 2.569 *** Gender -0.177 *** -0.164 *** -0.143 *** -0.143 *** -0.14 *** Age 0.034 0.01 0.011 0.002 -0.002 Occupation -0.024 -0.022 -0.022 -0.017 -0.018 Hukou 0.028 0.005 0.003 -0.003 -0.008 Education -0.043 -0.05 * -0.041 -0.044 * -0.046 * Health status 0.137 *** 0.102 *** 0.092 *** 0.099 *** 0.086 *** Political Status -0.014 -0.014 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 EI 0.288 *** 0.107 *** IRI 0.296 *** 0.099 *** PI 0.35 *** 0.211 *** R 2 0.078 0.176 0.175 0.205 0.233 F 16.987 *** 37.478 *** 37.462 *** 45.522 *** 42.615 *** Effects of narrative styles on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas As reported in Table 5 , both the story-based style (SS) (β = 0.165, p = 0.0001) and the data-based style (DS) (β = 0.168, p = 0.0001) exhibited significant positive relationships with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H3 and its sub-hypotheses, H3a and H3b. A comparison of their individual effects indicated that DS exerted a slightly stronger influence than SS, thereby addressing R3. When the two narrative styles were entered simultaneously into the same regression model, both effects remained significant, and the standardized coefficient for SS(β = 0.125, p = 0.0001)exceeded that for DS༈β = 0.123, p = 0.0001༉. Table 5 The Influence of narrative styles on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Variable Cooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas Model 1 Model 2 Model3 Model4 Constant 4.106 *** 3.425 *** 3.556 *** 3.185 *** Gender -0.177 *** -0.151 *** 0.167 *** -0.15 *** Age 0.034 0.021 0.032 0.023 * Occupation -0.024 -0.023 -0.031 * -0.028 * Hukou 0.028 0.06 0.026 0.05 Education -0.043 -0.016 * -0.047 * -0.026 Health status 0.137 *** 0.117 *** 0.119 * 0.109 *** Political Status -0.014 -0.007 -0.019 -0.013 SS 0.165 *** 0.125 *** DS 0.168 *** 0.123 *** R 2 0.049 0.108 0.104 0.134 F 10.373 *** 21.266 *** 20.46 *** 24.214 *** Effects of communication media on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas As shown in Table 6 , exposure via the Internet (IT) (β = 0.235, p = 0.0001), telephone calls and SMS (TCSMS) (β = 0.061, p = 0.0003), television (TV) (β = 0.100,p = 0.0001), radio broadcasts (RB) (β = 0.070, p = 0.0002), newspapers and printed materials (NPM) (β = 0.030, p p = 0.038), and face-to-face communication with public officials (F2F) (β = 0.085, p = 0.0001) were each positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. These results support H4 and sub-hypotheses H4a–H4f. In terms of individual effect magnitudes, the order was IT > TV > F2F > RB > TCSMS > NPM, thereby addressing R4.When the media were entered jointly into a single regression model, IT (β = 0.216, p = 0.0001), TV (β=-0.016, p = 0.376), RB (β = 0.053, p = 0.009), NPM (β = 0.07, p = 0.002), and F2F (β =-0.088, p = 0.0001) remained significant positive predictors of cooperation, whereas the effect of TCSMS (β = 0.055, p = 0.002) became non-significant. Table 6 The influence of communication media on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Variable Cooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Constant 4.106 *** 3.201 *** 3.889 *** 3.734 *** 3.833 *** 3.999 *** 3.729 *** 2.94 *** Gender -0.177 *** -0.134 *** -0.184 *** -0.173 *** -0.181 *** -0.182 *** -0.178 *** -0.123 *** Age 0.034 0.049 * 0.03 0.026 0.024 0.031 0.027 0.041 Occupation -0.024 -0.023 -0.024 -0.026 -0.026 -0.025 -0.023 -0.021 Hukou 0.028 0.019 0.042 0.042 0.056 0.034 0.05 0.047 Education -0.043 -0.056 * -0.028 -0.022 -0.019 -0.033 -0.018 -0.038 Health status 0.137 *** 0.116 *** 0.126 *** 0.12 *** 0.127 *** 0.133 *** 0.128 *** 0.108 *** Political Status -0.014 -0.018 -0.011 -0.009 -0.012 -0.013 -0.013 -0.016 IT 0.235 *** 0.216 *** TCSMS 0.061 *** -0.016 TV 0.1 *** 0.053 ** RB 0.07 *** 0.07 ** NPM 0.03 * -0.088 *** F2F 0.085 *** 0.055 ** R 2 0.049 0.141 0.061 0.077 0.065 0.052 0.071 0.166 F 10.373 *** 28.989 *** 11.346 *** 14.61 *** 12.169 *** 9.638 *** 13.503 *** 21.574 *** Mediating role of risk perception The stepwise regressions in Table 7 show that risk communication is positively associated with risk perception (β = 0.477, p = 0.0001), and that risk perception is, in turn, positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas (β = 0.149, p = 0.0001). These results indicate a significant positive mediating effect of risk perception on the pathway from risk communication to cooperation, supporting H6.Disaggregated analyses further reveal that information sources (β = 0.199, p = 0.0001), communication content (β = 0.005, p = 0.0001), narrative styles (β = 0.200, pp = 0.0001), and communication media (β = 0.088, p = 0.0002) each significantly elevate risk perception, which in turn promotes cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Accordingly, H6a–H6d were supported. Table 7 Mediating effect of risk perception on risk communication and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Variable Risk Perception Cooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9 Model 10 Constant 2.451 *** 3.211 *** 2.835 *** 3.145 *** 3.138 *** 2.401 *** 2.598 *** 2.270 *** 2.632 *** 2.934 *** Gender -0.069 -0.066 -0.056 -0.063 -0.102 * -0.147 *** -0.138 *** -0.128 *** -0.138 *** -0.161 *** Age -0.064 * -0.042 -0.071 ** -0.054 * -0.061 * 0.026 0.041 * 0.010 0.032 0.036 Occupation 0.006 0.009 0.014 0.005 0.006 -0.274 * -0.026 * -0.021 -0.029 * -0.027 * Hukou 0.003 -0.042 -0.069 -0.012 0.018 -0.06 0.032 0.003 0.054 0.054 Education -0.008 -0.045 -0.066 * -0.047 * -0.005 -0.045 -0.013 -0.034 * -0.016 -0.009 Health status -0.062 * -0.039 -0.047 -0.031 * -0.038 0.098 *** 0.106 *** 0.092 *** 0.115 *** 0.125 *** Political Status 0.008 0.001 0.014 0.002 0.008 -0.008 -0.013 0.001 -0.012 -0.011 RC 0.477 *** 0.303 *** RP 0.149 *** 0.180 *** 0.132 *** 0.175 *** 0.201 *** IS 0.249 *** 0.199 *** CC 0.546 *** 0.005 *** NS 0.272 *** 0.200 *** CM 0.267 *** 0.088 *** R 2 0.135 0.072 0.111 0.084 0.094 0.186 0.169 0.243 0.175 0.135 F 27.565 *** 13.728 *** 21.886 *** 16.191 *** 18.181 *** 35.702 *** 33.09 *** 50.228 *** 33.106 *** 24.382 *** Moderating role of trust in authoritative information sources Moderation analysis in Table 8 indicated that trust in authoritative information sources exerted a significant negative moderating effect on the path from information sources to risk perception (β =–0.06, p = 0.002). In other words, when public trust in authoritative sources is high, the positive influence of information sources on risk perception is reduced. This finding suggests that trust does not invariably enhance the effectiveness of information; rather, its impact is context-dependent and structurally complex. Further dimension-specific tests revealed that the moderating effect of trust in authoritative information sources on the relationship between authoritative information sources and risk perception was not significant (β=–0.029, p = 0.1012). However, significant negative moderation was observed for both mass media (β = − 0.058, p = 0.0038) and interpersonal information sources (β=–0.048, p = 0.0092), thereby supporting H6. Table 8 Moderating Effect of Trust in Authoritative Information Sources on the Relationship between Information Sources and Risk Perception Variable Risk Perception Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Constant 2.369 *** 3.260 *** 2.488 *** 2.837 *** Gender -0.066 * -0.087 * -0.063 **** -0.076 Age -0.041 -0.052 -0.042 *** -0.036 Occupation 0.009 0.012 0.011 0.005 Hukou -0.050 -0.038 -0.040 -0.049 Education -0.049 -0.059 -0.056 -0.047 Health status -0.031 -0.018 -0.024 -0.034 Political Status 0.001 0.002 -0.009 0.006 IS 0.462 *** AIS 0.220 *** MMIS 0.378 *** IIS 0.322 *** TIAIS 0.238 ** 0.134 * 0.283 ** 0.220 ** IS* TIAIS -0.060 ** AIS* TIAIS -0.029 MMIS* TIAIS -0.058 ** IIS*TIAIS -0.048 ** R 2 0.077 0.081 0.065 0.059 F 11.756 *** 12.444 *** 9.809 *** 8.766 *** Discussion Direct effects of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas This study found that information sources exert a significant positive influence on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with effect sizes following a clear gradient: mass media information sources > authoritative information sources > interpersonal information sources. With their extensive reach, high timeliness, and strong agenda-setting capacity, mass media emerge as the primary drivers of collective cooperation during public health emergencies (Houston et al., 2015 ).The results suggest that in today’s digitized and mobile media ecology, the public tends to rely more on mass-oriented channels, such as social media and online news, to obtain rapid updates and adjust cooperative Behaviour accordingly when confronting public risks (Liu et al., 2016 ). Although authoritative information sources remain important, their relative influence has weakened, indicating that institutional trust is no longer the sole driver of cooperative action. This finding is consistent with the "polycentric information competition" perspective in risk-communication research: when government or official messages coexist with a flood of real-time content on social platforms, audiences draw on multiple sources and engage in self-judgment, thereby reducing their dependence on any single authority (Oh et al., 2020). At the interpersonal level, the independent effect becomes non-significant once multiple sources are modeled together, suggesting that the marginal utility of face-to-face or strong-tie networks is compressed by the structural expansion of digital media and cannot maintain its supplemental role in crisis settings. This trend reflects the deep embedding of mobile social media within risk communication networks and signals the challenges faced by community-based information channels during large-scale emergencies (Jung and Moro, 2014 ).Overall, these findings highlight the differentiated impact of information sources on cooperative Behaviour in the digital era and provide practical guidance for governmental and public agencies: strengthen collaboration and content alignment with mass media platforms while enhancing the interactivity and shareability of authoritative messages to preserve their central role in risk governance. Epidemic information (EI), institutional response information (IRI), and preventive information (PI) each exert a significant positive influence on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with effect sizes ranked as PI > IRI > EI. This pattern indicates that action-oriented preventive directives are the most powerful stimulus for collective cooperation, as concrete control measures and personal protection guidelines are more readily translated into executable collective actions (Paek et al., 2008 ).The strong positive effect of institutional response information underscores the critical role of institutional authority during crises and aligns with research showing that institutional trust enhances public compliance and cooperation (Siegrist and Zingg, 2014 ). Although basic epidemic information exerts a comparatively smaller influence, it provides an essential situational framework for public risk appraisal and subsequent action. Overall, the motivational hierarchy of information content can be summarized as follows: preventive directives supply operational guidance, institutional response information confers legitimacy, and epidemic information establishes the cognitive context of risk. Accordingly, public health communication should evolve from simple case reporting to a hybrid model of authoritative endorsement plus actionable directives to maximize the public’s willingness to cooperate. Both story-based (SS) and data-based (DS) narrative styles significantly promoted cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H3 and its sub-hypotheses, H3a and H3b. When examined separately, DS exerted a slightly stronger effect than SS, suggesting that rational, evidence-oriented communication strengthens the cognitive foundation for cooperation, consistent with prior findings that factual evidence enhances risk perception and protective intentions (Winter et al., 2015 ).However, when the two narrative styles were entered simultaneously into the regression model, the standardized coefficient for SS exceeded that for DS, indicating that when both types of information coexist, emotion-driven storytelling elicits stronger public resonance and collective action. Narrative communication enhances memorability and persuasiveness through emotional engagement and character identification (Green and Brock, 2000 ), aligning with the affective pathway of dual-process theory: emotional involvement heightens risk perception and activates cooperative motivation (Nabi and Green, 2015 ).These findings suggest that in public health crisis communication, data presentation alone can establish a rational baseline, but integrating storytelling more effectively mobilizes collective action. Therefore, governmental and public agencies should balance empirical evidence with narrative content, employing a "data-supported plus contextualized storytelling" approach to achieve more efficient information uptake and social mobilization. Multiple communication media significantly promoted cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with the effects ranked as follows: IT > TV > F2F > RB > TCSMS > NPM. When the media were entered jointly into a single regression model, all channels except TCSMS remained significant positive predictors. This pattern underscores the centrality of digital media in risk communication, as the Internet functions as the strongest driver during public crises, owing to instantaneous dissemination, interactive feedback, and diffusion through social networks (Lin et al., 2016 ). Television retains substantial influence, indicating that legacy mainstream media continue to provide broad coverage for framing risks and conveying authoritative information (Austin et al., 2012 ). Although F2F communication is constrained by reach, it plays an irreplaceable role in strengthening public trust and willingness to comply (Paek et al., 2008 ). The stable effects of NPM and RB point to the enduring impact of traditional outlets among specific populations, especially older adults and communities with limited Internet access (Finset et al., 2020 ). In contrast, the attenuated effect of TCSMS in a multichannel environment suggests declining marginal utility; it is better suited as a supplementary or emergency prompt. Taken together, these results reveal a media hierarchy in the digital era: the Internet at the core, broadcast television providing authoritative endorsement, and face-to-face communication consolidating trust. For public health messaging, this implies prioritizing real-time interaction on online platforms while maintaining coordination with traditional media and investing in offline trust building, thereby achieving population-wide, multi-channel coverage of risk information. Indirect effects of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas Risk perception plays a significant mediating role in linking risk communication to cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Beyond mere information transfer, risk communication is a key driver of public cognition and willingness to cooperate (van der Linden, 2017 ). When risks are accurately perceived, individuals are more likely to engage in collective protection and coordinated actions (Dryhurst et al., 2020 ). Notably, the effects of information sources and narrative styles were particularly salient, indicating that authoritative and emotionally engaging messages are more effective in shaping risk cognition. These findings suggest that public health communication should prioritize strengthening risk perception as a core objective and align the communication content, media, and narrative styles accordingly. For example, coupling data-based evidence with story-based expression and synchronizing dissemination across multiple channels can maximize the public’s subjective risk appraisal and willingness to cooperate (Paek et al., 2008 ). Trust in authoritative information sources shows a significant negative moderating effect on the pathway from information sources to risk perception, with its impact concentrated on the links from mass media information sources and interpersonal information sources, while the effect on authoritative information sources is not significant. This pattern suggests that when the public places high trust in official channels, they prioritize authoritative information and become less sensitive to and less likely to adopt content from non-authoritative sources, thereby weakening the influence of mass media and interpersonal communication on risk cognition (Besalú and Pont-Sorribes, 2021 ).These findings refine traditional risk communication theory by challenging the assumption that trust necessarily enhances communicative efficacy. Trust is not purely facilitative; it can act as an interfering variable in alternative information pathways. Under conditions of limited cognitive resources and path dependence, individuals engage in a cognitive filtering process that produces an information-focus effect: high trust in authority reduces the reception and deep processing of diverse information (Siegrist and Zingg, 2014 ).For public agencies, the implication is clear: while reinforcing authoritative messaging is important, fostering a balanced, multi-source information environment is equally critical. Encouraging diverse channels and avoiding overconcentration of trust help maintain the breadth and resilience of public risk perception. Conclusion Grounded in the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) and risk communication theory, this study systematically explicates how multidimensional risk communication strategies during acute public health emergencies shape cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. The results show that information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media significantly increase public cooperation, with risk perception functioning as a mediating bridge. These findings affirm applicability of the PADM to social dilemma contexts and extend its theoretical boundaries. We further identified a high-trust attenuation effect: trust in authoritative information sources weakens the marginal impact of other sources on risk perception, indicating that trust is not only a facilitator of information uptake but may also operate as a filter that narrows informational diversity, thereby enriching the theoretical account of risk communication. From a practical standpoint, this study offers the following guidance for governmental and public health agencies seeking to strengthen crisis communication and mobilize cooperation:First, build a pluralistic information ecology. Integrate authoritative outlets, mass media, and interpersonal networks to expand coverage and interactivity while avoiding dependence on any single source.Second,design targeted, actionable content.Tailor communication content to heterogeneous audience needs; provide specific, operable guidance to translate cognition into Behaviour.Third,optimize narrative strategies. Balance the rational persuasiveness of data-based messaging with the emotional resonance of story-based narrative styles to enhance identification and motivation to act.Fourth,strengthen media coordination. Promote coherent collaboration between traditional media and digital platforms to achieve multiprogram amplification and improve both reach and retention. Limitations and future directions This study has several limitations. First, the data are drawn from a cross-sectional survey: although geographically broad, the design is subject to self-report bias and potential social-desirability effects. Second, the causal chain between risk communication strategies and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas has not been verified through longitudinal or experimental designs, making it difficult to rule out reverse causality and unobserved confounders. Third, key psychosocial variables, such as emotional responses, social norms, and cultural differences, were not incorporated into the model, and data collection was limited to a specific time frame, preventing the assessment of dynamic changes. Future research can be extended in several directions: (1) Incorporate big-data tracking, eye-tracking experiments, or social media Behaviour mining to improve the precision of measuring actual protective Behaviours in real-world contexts. (2) Examine how emotional variables such as anxiety and subjective well-being, along with social norms and other psychosocial factors, shape the pathway from risk communication to cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.(3) Conduct deeper comparisons of risk communication responses across different populations, such as older adults and university students, to inform more targeted and effective communication strategies. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and has received ethical approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of Guangxi University (No:GXU-2025-093). This study did not involve the collection of personal or sensitive information. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the use of the data. The consent procedure included clear communication regarding the research objectives, the nature of the data to be used, and the procedures for usage. Anonymity was assured for all participants, and their agreement to provide and permit the use of the specified data was confirmed. Author Contribution Yunpeng Xu and Jian Liang designed this work. Qiaolan Liu collected the data. Yunpeng Xu, Jian Liang and Qiaolan Liu performed the statistical analysis and wrote the draft manuscript. Yunpeng Xu edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region under Grant No. 2025KY0003; and by the Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of Universities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region：Regional Social Governance Innovation Research Center under Grant No. 202501100；and by the National Social Science Foundation of China, Grant Number: 24CZZ063. 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Communication Res 37(4):473–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210362682 Zebregs S, van den Putte B, Neijens P, de Graaf A (2015) The differential impact of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention: A meta-analysis. Health Commun 30(3):282–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.842528 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 04 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 08 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 24 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Such crises readily trigger \"free-riding,\" creating tension between individuals\u0026rsquo; short-term rational interests and the collective\u0026rsquo;s long-term welfare, thereby generating a classic social dilemma. Therefore, promoting cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas has become a critical pathway for strengthening collective protective capacity and enhancing governance performance. Cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas refers to actions in which individuals willingly incur certain costs to achieve mutual or group gains despite conflicts between personal payoffs and collective benefits (Dawes \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; van Lange and Rand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This cooperation is not only a prerequisite for the provision of public (or public-safety) goods, but also a source of social capital that expands interpersonal networks, fosters generalized reciprocity, and advances collaborative governance (Henrich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, such cooperation does not arise spontaneously; it is shaped by how the public understands, evaluates, and responds to risk. Risk has both an objective reality and subjective construction. Under conditions of incomplete information and heterogeneous experience and culture, individuals often form judgments that diverge from \"actual\" risk, thereby influencing their Behavioural choices (Hearit and Courtright,2003). Consequently, risk communication is not merely a technical process of information transmission, but a governance instrument that transforms the informational environment into cooperative action. By enhancing threat and efficacy perceptions and reducing uncertainty and strategic skepticism, risk communication suppresses free riding and increases the likelihood of cooperation (Renn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Ropeik, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Eiser et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). From this perspective, designing multidimensional, perceptible, and context-adaptive risk communication strategies is essential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite substantial scholarship on risk communication, the literature still lacks a systematic account of how distinct communication strategies shape cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, that is, actions in which individuals incur costs without immediate personal returns to enhance group safety and the public good (Bavel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Habib et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In public crises, bounded rationality heightens sensitivity to external information, making government-led risk communication a core determinant of risk perception, information trust, and subsequent cooperation (Heydari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, there is a clear need to elucidate\u0026mdash;at the level of mechanism\u0026mdash;the causal chain linking communication strategies \u0026rarr; risk perception\u0026rarr;cooperative Behaviour, and to compare the differential effects of key communicative elements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExisting research has examined the link between risk communication and protective Behaviour, but much of it remains at the level of theoretical extrapolation or single-case description, privileging macro-level narratives while overlooking the heterogeneous effects of distinct components of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Even fewer studies target \"cooperation\" as a collective-action\u0026ndash;oriented outcome with credible causal identification. To address these gaps, this study focuses on the context of acute public health emergencies and systematically investigates how multidimensional government risk communication strategies\u0026mdash;spanning information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media\u0026mdash;shape public risk perception and promote cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. On this basis, we provide empirical evidence and policy-relevant insights for building a citizen-facing, targeted, and effective risk communication and emergency mobilization system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Theoretical background","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProtective Action Decision Model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is a classic framework for explaining how individuals and groups decide to engage in protective actions under acute risk (Lindell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). PADM posits that Behaviour is jointly shaped by three classes of exogenous cues: environmental cues (e.g., hazard signals, unusual noise), social cues (observing and emulating others\u0026rsquo; actions), and risk warnings issued by authoritative information sources (Terpstra and Lindell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Filtered through individual characteristics and resource endowments, these cues trigger three core perceptions\u0026mdash;threat perception, protective efficacy perception, and stakeholder perception\u0026mdash;which in turn inform decisions about protective action.The original PADM is intentionally comprehensive, but its full sequence is not always traversed in real-world settings. In highly time-pressured contexts, for example, messages from high-credibility authorities can precipitate rapid action, effectively bypassing parts of the cognitive pipeline (Gladwin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Lindell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Building on this insight, the present study retains mechanistic core of PADM while streamlining the decision pathway by collapsing the multi-stage chain into a primary route: communication strategies\u0026rarr;risk perception\u0026rarr;Behavioural response. This adapted specification is tailored to public health emergencies, allowing us to identify how multidimensional government risk communication shapes risk perceptions and, subsequently, cooperative Behaviour in social dilemma situations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRisk Communication\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a communication studies perspective, risk communication is a systemic process of \"who (source)\u0026mdash;says what (content)\u0026mdash;how (medium)\u0026mdash;to whom (audience)\u0026mdash;with what effect (outcome)\" (Lasswell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1948\u003c/span\u003e; Rimal and Real, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The communicator (source) shapes public trust and receptivity; communication content\u0026mdash;covering risk attributes, potential harms, and protective measures\u0026mdash;provides the immediate basis for Behaviour change; and the communication media determines the breadth, speed, and interactivity of dissemination. Finally, communicative effects are reflected in the presentation of information, audience comprehension, and protective Behavioural responses to risk information (Rimal and Real, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo align with the public health context and the requirements of model estimation, we distilled the core elements of risk communication into four operational dimensions: information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media. These strategies aim to enhance the accessibility, clarity, and credibility of information to shape public risk perception (Coombs and Holladay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), thereby reducing individuals\u0026rsquo; concerns about \u0026ldquo;free riding\u0026rdquo; or being taken advantage of and ultimately increasing their willingness to engage in cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.Public health emergencies are marked by high uncertainty and information scarcity. In the Chinese context, measures such as home quarantine constrict the breadth of interpersonal sources, while authoritative agencies\u0026mdash;owing to gatekeeping and centralized data access\u0026mdash;tend to control first-hand information at early and critical junctures (Wojcieszak and Kim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, trust in authoritative information sources not only directly improves the accuracy of risk perception and compliance with recommended actions but also moderates the strength of the relationship between source strategies and risk perception. Therefore, we incorporated this construct as a moderating variable in the model, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the information source dimension, drawing on Griffin and colleagues\u0026rsquo; typology (Griffin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) and balancing authority, reach, and personalization, we classify risk information sources in public health emergencies into three types: authoritative information sources (AIS)\u0026mdash;including government agencies, experts, and medical personnel; mass media information sources (MMIS)\u0026mdash;such as legacy media, social media, and civil-society organizations; and interpersonal information sources (IIS)\u0026mdash;such as family members, friends, and neighbors.For communication content, following Sutton and Kuligowski and related guidance (Sutton and Kuligowski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Seeger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), we distinguish three categories: epidemic information (EI), which covers origin, hazards, and casualty data; institutional response information (IRI); and preventive information (PI) on protective measures and disease control.Consistent with narrative transportation theory and prior empirical typologies (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Zebregs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), we identify two narrative styles: a story-based style (SS) and a data-based style (DS).Finally, for the communication media dimension\u0026mdash;guided by media richness theory and established survey instruments such as the China General Social Survey (CGSS)\u0026mdash;we grouped channels into the Internet (IT), television (TV), telephone calls and SMS (TCSMS), radio broadcasts (RB), newspapers and printed materials (NPM), and face-to-face communication with public officials (F2F) (Chan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch hypotheses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe essence of risk communication is to reshape the internal structure of a risk event through information transmission (Herovic, 2020). Effective risk communication not only mitigates government\u0026ndash;public misalignment, heightens perceived threat, and strengthens civic responsibility; it also activates prosocial motivation through the joint effects of information provision and perceived trust, thereby translating intentions into cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with consequential impacts on epidemic control (Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).Accordingly, we propose the following hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e(1) Information sources and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring public health emergencies, audiences typically process risk information by first attending to who speaks before what is said. A large body of evidence shows that source credibility significantly shapes message acceptance, risk appraisal, and subsequent protective or cooperative action (Hocevar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Shah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Under conditions of high uncertainty and information overload, individuals rely more heavily on source cues to make heuristic judgments that determine whether they will engage in deeper processing and take action (Petty and Cacioppo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). First, authoritative information sources (AIS), such as government departments and professional agencies, possess a built-in advantage in normativity and credibility and are typically associated with higher policy compliance and collective cooperation (Berg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, institutional procedures and agenda constraints may slow AIS updates in the early stages of an outbreak, prompting audiences to consult additional sources (Stivas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).Second, mass media information sources (MMIS), by virtue of their broad reach and real-time diffusion, can heighten risk perception and emotional arousal, thereby increasing willingness to cooperate and adopt protective measures during crises (Oh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nwachukwu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).Finally, interpersonal information sources (IIS) leverage \"close-range persuasion\" embedded in social norms and trust relations; by strengthening affective involvement and peer pressure, IIS further encourage cooperative tendencies (Ju et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).Based on this, we propose the following hypotheses and research questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH1: Information sources exert a significant positive influence on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH1a: Exposure to authoritative information sources is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH1b: Exposure to mass media information sources is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH1c: Exposure to interpersonal information sources is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eR1: During public health emergencies, which type of information source exerts the strongest impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas?\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e(2) Communication content and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn public health crises, the design of communication content is pivotal in converting risk perception into actual cooperation. The PADM posits that people act only after recognizing the threat (e.g., severity and likelihood of exposure) and believing that the recommended measures are feasible and effective (Lindell and Perry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). A meta-analysis showed that content emphasizing action guidance and efficacy information is more effective than threat-only messages in promoting preventive Behaviours (Gallagher and Updegraff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, Oh, Lee, and Han (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found that social media posts containing clear prevention guidelines increase the likelihood of adopting protective or cooperative Behaviours by elevating people\u0026rsquo;s risk perception and self-efficacy. In the H1N1 context, Van Stee and Levy (2015) reported that messages with plain, step-by-step instructions and descriptions of preventive measures significantly strengthened policy compliance and cooperative protective intention. Based on this, we propose the following hypotheses and research questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH2: Communication content is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH2a: Epidemic information is positively associated with\u003c/em\u003e cooperative \u003cem\u003eBehaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH2b: Institutional response information is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH2c: Preventive information is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eR2: During public health emergencies, which type of communication content has the strongest impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas?\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e(3) Narrative styles and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNarrative communication theory posits that the form in which crisis information is expressed can substantially shape emotional engagement, risk appraisal and willingness to cooperate (Green and Brock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Braddock and Dillard, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Story-based styles heighten immersion and empathy through characters, plot, and affective cues, drawing audiences psychologically \"into\" the narrative world and, in turn, strengthening value alignment and motivation to act (Hinyard and Kreuter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Health stories with strong plot structures and character identification have been shown to elevate emotional resonance and self-efficacy, thereby promoting protective and cooperative Behaviours (Braddock and Dillard, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Murphy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, data-based styles enhance perceived credibility and scientific rigor; when rational evaluation is salient, data-centric evidence often increases persuasiveness and facilitates Behavioural adoption (Zebregs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In pandemic control, clear statistics on risk and efficacy can reinforce intentions to cooperate and comply with preventive measures.Basis on this, we propose the following hypotheses and research questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH3:Narrative styles are positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH3a:The adoption of a story-based style was positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH3b:The adoption of a data-based style was positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eR3: During public health emergencies, which narrative style exerts a stronger impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas?\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e(4) Communication media and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferences across communication media in information richness, timeliness, and social influence pathways yield heterogeneous effects on cooperative Behaviours. During crises, the Internet and social media can rapidly amplify official messages and mobilize public action due to their broad reach and high interactivity, while simultaneously introducing risks of information overload and distortion (Austin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Cinelli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Vosoughi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). By contrast, traditional media\u0026mdash;television, radio, and newspapers\u0026mdash;retain agenda-setting capacity and perceived authority, which tend to stabilize trust in official responses and increase adherence to collective action (Houston et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Beyond mass media, direct-to-person channels also matter: SMS and telephone interventions are targeted, timely, and actionable, and have been shown to improve health protection and compliance (Fjeldsoe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Free et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, face-to-face communication with street-level bureaucrats strengthens understanding and trust in policies, thereby increasing cooperation in social dilemmas (May and Winter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Building on this literature and our measurement scheme, we proposethe following hypotheses and research questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH4: Exposure to communication media is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH4a: Exposure to the Internet is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH4b: Exposure to television is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH4c: Exposure to radio broadcasts is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH4d: Exposure to newspapers and printed materials is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH4e: Exposure to telephone calls and SMS is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH4f: Exposure to face-to-face communication with public officials is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eR4: During public health emergencies, which communication medium has the strongest impact on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas?\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study conceptualizes risk communication along four core dimensions\u0026mdash;information sources, communication media, communication content, and narrative styles\u0026mdash;and advances specific hypotheses for each dimension. Building on these dimensions, we applied the entropy and CRITIC methods to derive the combined weights and construct an integrated risk communication index. Based on this, we propose the following hypothesis:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH5: Overall, risk communication is positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMediating role of risk perception\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistinct risk communication strategies influence risk perception through multiple pathways, producing differentiated psychological and Behavioural responses. Variations in the authority, expertise, and social distance of information sources condition judgments of credibility and, in turn, Behavioural intentions (Valente and Pumpuang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The completeness, reliability, and action orientation of communication content directly affect decision-making (Lindell and Perry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Different narrative styles elicit distinct psychological effects: vivid, story-based narratives heighten emotional engagement and empathy, raising risk awareness and willingness to act (Green and Brock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), whereas structured, data-based presentations strengthen analytical processing and perceived efficacy (Zebregs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).As carriers of information flow, communication media shape accessibility, interactivity, and perceived social endorsement, which in turn affect the depth of exposure and processing, thus exerting a strong influence on risk perception (Houston et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Perceived susceptibility, severity, and coping efficacy are core psychological predictors of protective Behaviours (Champion and Skinner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In acute public health emergencies, elevating risk perception promotes self-protection and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas (Bish and Michie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, we posit the following hypothesis:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH6: Risk perception mediates the relationship between risk communication and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH6a: Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between information sources and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH6b:Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between communication content and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH6c: Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between narrative styles and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH6d:Risk perception positively mediates the relationship between communication media and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eModerating role of trust in authoritative information sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic trust in information sources typically hinges on their perceived authority, expertise, transparency, and reliability (Slovic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). Two patterns of trust variations were observed. First, cross-source differences: in digital environments, trust in governmental agencies and medical experts generally exceeds that in commercial platforms or social media (Larson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Although medical professionals are often viewed as the most credible health information providers, people frequently consult the Internet and other mass media first when making health decisions (Zhao et al., 2020). When trust in authoritative sources is lacking, uncertainty and anxiety increase, amplifying the risk perception (Siegrist and Gutscher, 2005). Second, within-source heterogeneity: individual characteristics, information literacy, and prior experience lead to divergent levels of trust in the same source across groups, yielding different risk perceptions and Behavioural responses (Siegrist, Cvetkovich, and Roth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Conceptually, trust functions as a heuristic that reduces processing complexity and cognitive costs (Earle and Siegrist, 2006). In public health crises, high-trust individuals are more receptive to official risk communication and recommended protective measures, whereas low trust can heighten anxiety and perceived risk (Dryhurst et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Building on this logic, we posit the following hypothesis:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH7:Trust in authoritative information sources negatively moderates the relationship between information sources and risk perception.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData and sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted an online survey using Credamo from October to December 2023. All respondents provided informed consent and voluntarily participated. In total, 1,491 questionnaires were collected from 11 provincial regions in China. After excluding invalid entries, 1,417 valid responses remained, yielding an effective response rate of 95.04. Women comprised 51.7% of the sample population. The age distribution was concentrated among younger and middle-aged adults (18\u0026ndash;26:32.1%; 27\u0026ndash;39:42.6%; 40\u0026ndash;60:19.0%). Of these, 51.5% reported non-agricultural household registration, and 80.4% self-rated their health as good. All scales were adapted from internationally established instruments and semantically localized to the Chinese sociocultural context while preserving their original factor structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe measurement scales used in this study were all established internationally and adapted with appropriate semantic localization to fit the Chinese sociocultural context while adhering to the original scale structure. The means, standard deviations, reliability coefficients, and measurement items for each variable are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement Items of the Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation Source\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(IS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you get information about public health emergencies from government departments or experts?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGriffin et al,1998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you obtain information related to public health emergencies from mass media such as television, the Internet, or various social media influencers?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you get information related to public health emergencies from your family and friends?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication Content\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(CC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you focus on the source of the epidemic, the hazards, the number of deaths and injuries, etc.?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSutton \u0026amp; Kuligowski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Seeger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you focus on information about how relevant government departments are preventing and handling the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you focus on knowledge and information about the prevention and treatment of the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNarrative Style\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(NS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you prefer to learn about the epidemic through specific people and stories?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZebregs et al,2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you prefer graphical data to learn information about the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecommunication media\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(CM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you rely on the Internet to search for and receive information related to the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChan et al,2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCSMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you rely on telephone calls or SMS to receive epidemic-related information?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you rely on television to search for and watch epidemic-related information?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you rely on radio to listen to information about the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you rely on newspapers or printed materials to search and read information about the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF2F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you rely on face-to-face communication from government officials to get information about the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrust in Authoritative Information Source\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(TIAIS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you feel that the information released by government and healthcare professionals is professional and accurate?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiegrist \u0026amp; Zingg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you feel that the information released by government and healthcare professionals is transparent and credible?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you feel that the information released by government and healthcare professionals is complete and unbiased?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk Perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(RP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you believe the epidemic poses a serious threat to you and your family's physical and mental health?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlovic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you think it is likely that you and your family will get infected or be infected?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you think it would have a significant negative impact on your and your family's life and work?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you feel worry about the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you feel anxious about the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you feel fearful about the epidemic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(CBISD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you take the initiative to undergo virus testing??\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOh et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVartti et al,2009.\u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you scan the health code and venue code?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you comply with the call to stay at home for quarantine?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you cooperate with government requirements to quarantine at a centralized facility?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you receive a vaccination?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you suspend work or production activities (including employment, manufacturing, animal husbandry, or farming) as required by the government?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe applied Harman\u0026rsquo;s single-factor test to assess the potential common method bias. An unrotated principal component analysis extracted 14 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1; the first factor explained 18.59% of the variance, which is substantially below the conventional 40% threshold, indicating that common method bias is unlikely to threaten the results. Recognizing that respondents may assign different salience to the four dimensions of risk communication\u0026mdash;information sources, communication media, communication content, and narrative styles\u0026mdash;we combined the entropy CRITIC method to derive composite weights and construct integrated measurement indices for each dimension. The weighted indices captured the respondents\u0026rsquo; overall exposure to and reliance on each communication strategy under acute public health conditions. The detailed weights and index values are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.Risk perception, trust in authoritative information sources, and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas were computed as weighted averages of their respective item scores, with higher values indicating stronger levels of the underlying construct. Unless otherwise specified, all items were measured on five-point Likert scales, with higher scores reflecting greater endorsement or importance attributed to the corresponding dimension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS 26.0 was used to conduct a multiple linear regression analysis of the effect of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted to test the mediating effect of risk perception. The PROCESS macro (Model 1) was used to test the moderating effect of trust in authoritative information sources (5,000 bootstrap samples, 95% confidence interval).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of the main variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's α\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCSMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF2F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTIAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBISD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRelationship between risk communication and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e (Models 1\u0026ndash;2),risk communication exerts a significant positive effect on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.374, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), supporting H5. Among the control variables, both gender and self-rated health status showed stable and significant relationships with cooperative Behaviour. Specifically, during public health crises, women are more inclined than men to engage in cooperative actions, and individuals reporting better health exhibit a stronger willingness to cooperate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 The effects of risk communication and information sources on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"87%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"47\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"47\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"47\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.106\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.767***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.488\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.328\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.098\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.177\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.157\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.172\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.141\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.164\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.147\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"39\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.027\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHukou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolitical Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMMIS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.373\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.993\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.86\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.419\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.02\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.659\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote：*=p＜0.05 \u0026nbsp;**=p ＜0.01 \u0026nbsp;***=p＜ 0.001 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects of information sources on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e (Models 3\u0026ndash;5), authoritative information sources (AIS) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.167, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0003), mass media information sources (MMIS) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.191, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and interpersonal information sources (IIS) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.101, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002) each exhibited significant positive relationships with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H1 and its sub-hypotheses H1a\u0026ndash;H1c. The relative magnitudes of the effects were MMIS\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;AIS\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;IIS, indicating that MMIS consistently plays a pivotal role, thereby addressing R1.To account for the diversified risk-information environment during public health emergencies, we included all three source types in a single regression. The results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e (Model 6) show that MMIS (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.117, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001) and AIS (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.143, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002) remain positively associated with cooperation, whereas the effect of IIS (β=-0.002, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91) becomes non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects of communication content on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e indicate that epidemic information (EI) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.288, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), institutional response information (IRI) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.296, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and preventive information (PI) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.350, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002) are each positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H2 and sub-hypotheses H2a\u0026ndash;H2c. The effect sizes ranked PI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;IRI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;EI, thereby addressing R2. Because these content types frequently co-occur in public health emergencies\u0026mdash;for example, government-issued response plans paired with guidance on citizen protective actions\u0026mdash;we jointly estimated a model that included all three content categories. The combined specification shows that EI(β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.107, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0005), IRI༈β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.099, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0004༉, and PI༈β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.211, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001༉ are significant and positive predictors of cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of communication content oncooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.106\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.107\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.032\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.766\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.569\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.177\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.164\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.143\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.143\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHukou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.046\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.296\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.987\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.478\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.462\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.522\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.615\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects of narrative styles on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, both the story-based style (SS) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.165, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001) and the data-based style (DS) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.168, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001) exhibited significant positive relationships with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H3 and its sub-hypotheses, H3a and H3b. A comparison of their individual effects indicated that DS exerted a slightly stronger influence than SS, thereby addressing R3. When the two narrative styles were entered simultaneously into the same regression model, both effects remained significant, and the standardized coefficient for SS(β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.125, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001)exceeded that for DS༈β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.123, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001༉.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Influence of narrative styles on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.106\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.425\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.556\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.185\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.177\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.151\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.028\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHukou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.047\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.373\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.266\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.46\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.214\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects of communication media on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, exposure via the Internet (IT) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.235, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), telephone calls and SMS (TCSMS) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.061, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0003), television (TV) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.100,p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), radio broadcasts (RB) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.070, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002), newspapers and printed materials (NPM) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030, p p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), and face-to-face communication with public officials (F2F) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.085, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001) were each positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. These results support H4 and sub-hypotheses H4a\u0026ndash;H4f. In terms of individual effect magnitudes, the order was IT\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;TV\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F2F\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RB\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;TCSMS\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;NPM, thereby addressing R4.When the media were entered jointly into a single regression model, IT (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.216, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), TV (β=-0.016, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.376), RB (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.053, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009), NPM (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.07, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), and F2F (β =-0.088, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001) remained significant positive predictors of cooperation, whereas the effect of TCSMS (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.055, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) became non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of communication media on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.106\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.201\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.889\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.734\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.833\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.999\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.729\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.177\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.134\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.184\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.173\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.181\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.182\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHukou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.056\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCSMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.088\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF2F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.373\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.989\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.346\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.61\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.169\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.638\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.503\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.574\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMediating role of risk perception\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stepwise regressions in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e show that risk communication is positively associated with risk perception (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.477, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and that risk perception is, in turn, positively associated with cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.149, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001). These results indicate a significant positive mediating effect of risk perception on the pathway from risk communication to cooperation, supporting H6.Disaggregated analyses further reveal that information sources (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.199, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), communication content (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), narrative styles (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.200, pp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and communication media (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.088, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002) each significantly elevate risk perception, which in turn promotes cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Accordingly, H6a\u0026ndash;H6d were supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediating effect of risk perception on risk communication and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk Perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperative Behaviour in Social Dilemmas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.451\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.211\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.835\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.145\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.138\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.401\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.598\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.270\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.632\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.934\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.102\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.147\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.138\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.138\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.161\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.064\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.061\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.274\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.029\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.027\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHukou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.066\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.047\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.034\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.062\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.565\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.728\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.886\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.191\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.181\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.702\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.09\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.228\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.106\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.382\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eModerating role of trust in authoritative information sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eModeration analysis in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e indicated that trust in authoritative information sources exerted a significant negative moderating effect on the path from information sources to risk perception (β =\u0026ndash;0.06, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). In other words, when public trust in authoritative sources is high, the positive influence of information sources on risk perception is reduced. This finding suggests that trust does not invariably enhance the effectiveness of information; rather, its impact is context-dependent and structurally complex. Further dimension-specific tests revealed that the moderating effect of trust in authoritative information sources on the relationship between authoritative information sources and risk perception was not significant (β=\u0026ndash;0.029, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1012). However, significant negative moderation was observed for both mass media (β = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.058, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0038) and interpersonal information sources (β=\u0026ndash;0.048, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0092), thereby supporting H6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026emsp;Moderating Effect of Trust in Authoritative Information Sources on the Relationship between Information Sources and Risk Perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk Perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.369\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.260\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.488\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.837\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.066\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.087\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.063\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHukou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.462\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTIAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.283\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS* TIAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.060\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAIS* TIAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMIS* TIAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIIS*TIAIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.756\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.444\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.809\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.766\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDirect effects of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found that information sources exert a significant positive influence on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with effect sizes following a clear gradient: mass media information sources\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;authoritative information sources\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;interpersonal information sources. With their extensive reach, high timeliness, and strong agenda-setting capacity, mass media emerge as the primary drivers of collective cooperation during public health emergencies (Houston et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).The results suggest that in today\u0026rsquo;s digitized and mobile media ecology, the public tends to rely more on mass-oriented channels, such as social media and online news, to obtain rapid updates and adjust cooperative Behaviour accordingly when confronting public risks (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Although authoritative information sources remain important, their relative influence has weakened, indicating that institutional trust is no longer the sole driver of cooperative action. This finding is consistent with the \"polycentric information competition\" perspective in risk-communication research: when government or official messages coexist with a flood of real-time content on social platforms, audiences draw on multiple sources and engage in self-judgment, thereby reducing their dependence on any single authority (Oh et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the interpersonal level, the independent effect becomes non-significant once multiple sources are modeled together, suggesting that the marginal utility of face-to-face or strong-tie networks is compressed by the structural expansion of digital media and cannot maintain its supplemental role in crisis settings. This trend reflects the deep embedding of mobile social media within risk communication networks and signals the challenges faced by community-based information channels during large-scale emergencies (Jung and Moro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).Overall, these findings highlight the differentiated impact of information sources on cooperative Behaviour in the digital era and provide practical guidance for governmental and public agencies: strengthen collaboration and content alignment with mass media platforms while enhancing the interactivity and shareability of authoritative messages to preserve their central role in risk governance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemic information (EI), institutional response information (IRI), and preventive information (PI) each exert a significant positive influence on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with effect sizes ranked as PI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;IRI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;EI. This pattern indicates that action-oriented preventive directives are the most powerful stimulus for collective cooperation, as concrete control measures and personal protection guidelines are more readily translated into executable collective actions (Paek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).The strong positive effect of institutional response information underscores the critical role of institutional authority during crises and aligns with research showing that institutional trust enhances public compliance and cooperation (Siegrist and Zingg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Although basic epidemic information exerts a comparatively smaller influence, it provides an essential situational framework for public risk appraisal and subsequent action. Overall, the motivational hierarchy of information content can be summarized as follows: preventive directives supply operational guidance, institutional response information confers legitimacy, and epidemic information establishes the cognitive context of risk. Accordingly, public health communication should evolve from simple case reporting to a hybrid model of authoritative endorsement plus actionable directives to maximize the public\u0026rsquo;s willingness to cooperate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth story-based (SS) and data-based (DS) narrative styles significantly promoted cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, supporting H3 and its sub-hypotheses, H3a and H3b. When examined separately, DS exerted a slightly stronger effect than SS, suggesting that rational, evidence-oriented communication strengthens the cognitive foundation for cooperation, consistent with prior findings that factual evidence enhances risk perception and protective intentions (Winter et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).However, when the two narrative styles were entered simultaneously into the regression model, the standardized coefficient for SS exceeded that for DS, indicating that when both types of information coexist, emotion-driven storytelling elicits stronger public resonance and collective action. Narrative communication enhances memorability and persuasiveness through emotional engagement and character identification (Green and Brock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), aligning with the affective pathway of dual-process theory: emotional involvement heightens risk perception and activates cooperative motivation (Nabi and Green, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).These findings suggest that in public health crisis communication, data presentation alone can establish a rational baseline, but integrating storytelling more effectively mobilizes collective action. Therefore, governmental and public agencies should balance empirical evidence with narrative content, employing a \"data-supported plus contextualized storytelling\" approach to achieve more efficient information uptake and social mobilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple communication media significantly promoted cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, with the effects ranked as follows: IT\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;TV\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;F2F\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RB\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;TCSMS\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;NPM. When the media were entered jointly into a single regression model, all channels except TCSMS remained significant positive predictors. This pattern underscores the centrality of digital media in risk communication, as the Internet functions as the strongest driver during public crises, owing to instantaneous dissemination, interactive feedback, and diffusion through social networks (Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Television retains substantial influence, indicating that legacy mainstream media continue to provide broad coverage for framing risks and conveying authoritative information (Austin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Although F2F communication is constrained by reach, it plays an irreplaceable role in strengthening public trust and willingness to comply (Paek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The stable effects of NPM and RB point to the enduring impact of traditional outlets among specific populations, especially older adults and communities with limited Internet access (Finset et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, the attenuated effect of TCSMS in a multichannel environment suggests declining marginal utility; it is better suited as a supplementary or emergency prompt. Taken together, these results reveal a media hierarchy in the digital era: the Internet at the core, broadcast television providing authoritative endorsement, and face-to-face communication consolidating trust. For public health messaging, this implies prioritizing real-time interaction on online platforms while maintaining coordination with traditional media and investing in offline trust building, thereby achieving population-wide, multi-channel coverage of risk information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndirect effects of risk communication on cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk perception plays a significant mediating role in linking risk communication to cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. Beyond mere information transfer, risk communication is a key driver of public cognition and willingness to cooperate (van der Linden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). When risks are accurately perceived, individuals are more likely to engage in collective protection and coordinated actions (Dryhurst et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, the effects of information sources and narrative styles were particularly salient, indicating that authoritative and emotionally engaging messages are more effective in shaping risk cognition. These findings suggest that public health communication should prioritize strengthening risk perception as a core objective and align the communication content, media, and narrative styles accordingly. For example, coupling data-based evidence with story-based expression and synchronizing dissemination across multiple channels can maximize the public\u0026rsquo;s subjective risk appraisal and willingness to cooperate (Paek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrust in authoritative information sources shows a significant negative moderating effect on the pathway from information sources to risk perception, with its impact concentrated on the links from mass media information sources and interpersonal information sources, while the effect on authoritative information sources is not significant. This pattern suggests that when the public places high trust in official channels, they prioritize authoritative information and become less sensitive to and less likely to adopt content from non-authoritative sources, thereby weakening the influence of mass media and interpersonal communication on risk cognition (Besal\u0026uacute; and Pont-Sorribes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).These findings refine traditional risk communication theory by challenging the assumption that trust necessarily enhances communicative efficacy. Trust is not purely facilitative; it can act as an interfering variable in alternative information pathways. Under conditions of limited cognitive resources and path dependence, individuals engage in a cognitive filtering process that produces an information-focus effect: high trust in authority reduces the reception and deep processing of diverse information (Siegrist and Zingg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).For public agencies, the implication is clear: while reinforcing authoritative messaging is important, fostering a balanced, multi-source information environment is equally critical. Encouraging diverse channels and avoiding overconcentration of trust help maintain the breadth and resilience of public risk perception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGrounded in the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) and risk communication theory, this study systematically explicates how multidimensional risk communication strategies during acute public health emergencies shape cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas. The results show that information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media significantly increase public cooperation, with risk perception functioning as a mediating bridge. These findings affirm applicability of the PADM to social dilemma contexts and extend its theoretical boundaries. We further identified a high-trust attenuation effect: trust in authoritative information sources weakens the marginal impact of other sources on risk perception, indicating that trust is not only a facilitator of information uptake but may also operate as a filter that narrows informational diversity, thereby enriching the theoretical account of risk communication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a practical standpoint, this study offers the following guidance for governmental and public health agencies seeking to strengthen crisis communication and mobilize cooperation:First, build a pluralistic information ecology. Integrate authoritative outlets, mass media, and interpersonal networks to expand coverage and interactivity while avoiding dependence on any single source.Second,design targeted, actionable content.Tailor communication content to heterogeneous audience needs; provide specific, operable guidance to translate cognition into Behaviour.Third,optimize narrative strategies. Balance the rational persuasiveness of data-based messaging with the emotional resonance of story-based narrative styles to enhance identification and motivation to act.Fourth,strengthen media coordination. Promote coherent collaboration between traditional media and digital platforms to achieve multiprogram amplification and improve both reach and retention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations and future directions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, the data are drawn from a cross-sectional survey: although geographically broad, the design is subject to self-report bias and potential social-desirability effects. Second, the causal chain between risk communication strategies and cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas has not been verified through longitudinal or experimental designs, making it difficult to rule out reverse causality and unobserved confounders. Third, key psychosocial variables, such as emotional responses, social norms, and cultural differences, were not incorporated into the model, and data collection was limited to a specific time frame, preventing the assessment of dynamic changes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture research can be extended in several directions: (1) Incorporate big-data tracking, eye-tracking experiments, or social media Behaviour mining to improve the precision of measuring actual protective Behaviours in real-world contexts. (2) Examine how emotional variables such as anxiety and subjective well-being, along with social norms and other psychosocial factors, shape the pathway from risk communication to cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas.(3) Conduct deeper comparisons of risk communication responses across different populations, such as older adults and university students, to inform more targeted and effective communication strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and has received ethical approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of Guangxi University (No:GXU-2025-093). This study did not involve the collection of personal or sensitive information. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the use of the data. The consent procedure included clear communication regarding the research objectives, the nature of the data to be used, and the procedures for usage. Anonymity was assured for all participants, and their agreement to provide and permit the use of the specified data was confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eYunpeng Xu and Jian Liang designed this work. Qiaolan Liu collected the data. Yunpeng Xu, Jian Liang and Qiaolan Liu performed the statistical analysis and wrote the draft manuscript. Yunpeng Xu edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region under Grant No. 2025KY0003; and by the Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of Universities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region：Regional Social Governance Innovation Research Center under Grant No. 202501100；and by the National Social Science Foundation of China, Grant Number: 24CZZ063.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dataset generated and analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAustin L, Liu BF, Jin Y (2012) How audiences seek out crisis information: Exploring the social-mediated crisis communication model. 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Health Commun 30(3):282\u0026ndash;289. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.842528\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/10410236.2013.842528\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas, Risk communication, Pubic health crises, Risk perception, Trust in authoritative sources","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7765355/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7765355/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the context of recurrent public health emergencies, mobilizing cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas has become pivotal for strengthening collective resilience and enhancing public governance effectiveness. However, existing research offers only a partial account of cooperation in such dilemmas, particularly lacking a theoretically integrated and empirically tested explanation of how multidimensional risk communication operates. Building on the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) and risk communication theory, this study develops a multidimensional framework encompassing information sources, communication content, narrative styles, and communication media. We further specify risk perception as a mediating mechanism and trust in authoritative sources as a moderating condition to trace how these elements shape cooperation. Using survey data from 11 provinces in China (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,417), we found the following: (1) multidimensional risk communication strategies significantly promote cooperative Behaviour in social dilemmas; (2) risk perception mediates the relationship between risk communication and cooperation; and (3) trust in authoritative sources negatively moderates the link between information sources and risk perception, revealing a \"high-trust attenuation\" effect. This study extends PADM to the domain of collective action in public health, deepens the mechanistic account of risk communication, and offers actionable guidance for targeted messaging and cooperation mobilization by governments during acute public health events.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Decoding cooperative behaviour in social dilemmas amid pubic health crises: how multidimensional risk communication works","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-30 16:00:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7765355/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-04T06:56:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307300718962842728306429975114012354647","date":"2026-03-29T04:25:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T04:21:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-09T03:58:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T15:02:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T13:22:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-10-22T09:18:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b847b1d8-0947-4ad7-83de-fc17f77a8099","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 30th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":65327972,"name":"Humanities/Complex networks"},{"id":65327973,"name":"Social science/Complex networks"},{"id":65327974,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":65327975,"name":"Social science/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:00:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-30 16:00:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7765355","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7765355","identity":"rs-7765355","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}