High near-field electromagnetic wave attenuation at 5G millimeter-wave bands in graphene films printed by jet dispensing

High near-field electromagnetic wave attenuation at 5G millimeter-wave bands in graphene films printed by jet dispensing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article High near-field electromagnetic wave attenuation at 5G millimeter-wave bands in graphene films printed by jet dispensing Masato Watanabe This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9361758/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Since traditional magnetic noise suppression sheets (NSS) are hard to address recent trend toward higher frequencies in the 5G mobile communication system, nonmagnetic NSS based on graphene has been developed in this study by jet dispensing (JD) on flexible polyimide sheets using a water ink composed of physically exfoliated graphene flakes and sulfate ester modified cellulose nanofiber (S-CNF). Graphene in the films was found to have c-axis alignment perpendicular to the film plane with a wide degree of dispersion from X-ray diffraction. Raman spectrometry showed an integral intensity ratio of D to G bands I D /I G less than 0.9 and an asymmetrical G'(2D) band, which implies few-layers graphene less than ten atomic layers. Evaluation of transmission attenuation power ratio R tp , which is degree of near-field electromagnetic wave attenuation on a microstripline, up to 40 GHz revealed that the graphene film has a maximum R tp of 72.4 dB at 26.8 GHz and an extremely wide bandwidth of 26.1 GHz (13.9 - 40 GHz) in which R tp exceeds 20 dB. R tp is found to significantly depend on sheet resistance R S . R tp 's in the 5G frequencies of 3.7, 28 and 39 GHz have maxima at R S of 0.49 Ω, 10.5 Ω and 35.1 Ω, respectively. Flat press process increases packing density and conductive paths between graphene flakes in the films, leading to reduction of their resistivity ρ and R S . The graphene JD sheets are quite promising as an advanced NSS for the 5G networks due to their high R tp , wide bandwidth of R tp >20dB, lightweight, high heat resistance and high radiation resistance of graphene. Electronic Materials and Devices Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9361758","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":619950272,"identity":"253b80f6-607a-49c4-9751-b8c2dac7035b","order_by":0,"name":"Masato Watanabe","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADAwbmAxIMDGw8ElABZrzKD4C1sCWQrIXHAKxaAq9SINBt4DH8/KHmjrw5e8/HGx938MlItvceYC6oYGA3x6HF7ACPscSBY88Md/ac3Ww58wwbjzTPuQTmGWcYmC0bcGnh3SBxgO0w44YbudukedvYeOQkcgyYedsYmA0O4NSy+ceBf4ftN9x/80z6L0iL/Bugln94tWyTONh2OHHDDR42aUagFmkJHqCWBnxa+L9ZnO07nLyzJ83YsheoRbInx+AwzzEJPH5hS75R8e2w7Xb2ww9v/Gw7Zi9x/IzhY54am2RcIcYg/wCFewxMAp0kkWyASwsaqIGz7IjVMgpGwSgYBcMeAACn01lrQDsZRwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6329-8738","institution":"Research Institute for Electromagnetic Materials","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Masato","middleName":"","lastName":"Watanabe","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-09 01:10:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9361758/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9361758/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107479610,"identity":"ad484aed-711b-4add-9ee4-6fbe97d53102","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 01:29:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4290507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9361758/v1_covered_406ae157-8f82-4a6b-84f8-b48108d8637f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eHigh near-field electromagnetic wave attenuation at 5G millimeter-wave bands in graphene films printed by jet dispensing\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Research Institute For Electromagnetic Materials","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9361758/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9361758/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSince traditional magnetic noise suppression sheets (NSS) are hard to address recent trend toward higher frequencies in the 5G mobile communication system, nonmagnetic NSS based on graphene has been developed in this study by jet dispensing (JD) on flexible polyimide sheets using a water ink composed of physically exfoliated graphene flakes and sulfate ester modified cellulose nanofiber (S-CNF). Graphene in the films was found to have c-axis alignment perpendicular to the film plane with a wide degree of dispersion from X-ray diffraction. Raman spectrometry showed an integral intensity ratio of D to G bands I\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e/I\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e less than 0.9 and an asymmetrical G'(2D) band, which implies few-layers graphene less than ten atomic layers. Evaluation of transmission attenuation power ratio R\u003csub\u003etp\u003c/sub\u003e, which is degree of near-field electromagnetic wave attenuation on a microstripline, up to 40 GHz revealed that the graphene film has a maximum R\u003csub\u003etp\u003c/sub\u003e of 72.4 dB at 26.8 GHz and an extremely wide bandwidth of 26.1 GHz (13.9 - 40 GHz) in which R\u003csub\u003etp\u003c/sub\u003e exceeds 20 dB. R\u003csub\u003etp\u003c/sub\u003e is found to significantly depend on sheet resistance R\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e. R\u003csub\u003etp\u003c/sub\u003e's in the 5G frequencies of 3.7, 28 and 39 GHz have maxima at R\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e of 0.49 Ω, 10.5 Ω and 35.1 Ω, respectively. Flat press process increases packing density and conductive paths between graphene flakes in the films, leading to reduction of their resistivity ρ and R\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e. The graphene JD sheets are quite promising as an advanced NSS for the 5G networks due to their high R\u003csub\u003etp\u003c/sub\u003e, wide bandwidth of R\u003csub\u003etp\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026gt;20dB, lightweight, high heat resistance and high radiation resistance of graphene.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"High near-field electromagnetic wave attenuation at 5G millimeter-wave bands in graphene films printed by jet dispensing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-10 17:37:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9361758/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b9c4f380-e7a1-4cf9-a72b-5a2540f3f7b3","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":65974747,"name":"Electronic Materials and Devices"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-10T17:37:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-10 17:37:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9361758","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9361758","identity":"rs-9361758","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}