Influence stacking sequence and heat-treatments on the out-of-plane mechanical properties of 3D printed fiberglass-reinforced thermoplastics

Influence stacking sequence and heat-treatments on the out-of-plane mechanical properties of 3D printed fiberglass-reinforced thermoplastics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence stacking sequence and heat-treatments on the out-of-plane mechanical properties of 3D printed fiberglass-reinforced thermoplastics Rodolfo Hermosilla, Angelo Oñate, Rodrigo Castillo, Andres De la Fuente, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2272954/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Feb, 2023 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Additive manufacturing of composite materials is a promising technology. It could solve one of the most critical drawbacks of 3D-printed fiber-reinforced thermoplastics: their low out-of-plane mechanical properties. However, due to their novelty, the number of standards and research papers addressing the characterization of these materials is scarce, especially in the out-of-plane direction. Due to this factor, it is still unknown how most design and manufacturing parameters affect the out-of-plane properties of composite materials. As a solution, this paper proposes an experimental methodology to characterize out-of-plane printed composite materials. For this purpose, existing standards for traditionally fabricated composites are adapted, investigated, and validated for 3D-printed laminates reinforced with long fibers using the fused filament fabrication technique. Consequently, the methodology is employed to study the impact of stacking sequence and heat treatment conditions on the composites' out-of-plane mechanical properties. The main results showed that increasing the thickness between stacking layers increases the mechanical response due to reducing the number of fiber/matrix interfaces and, consequently, the reduction of porosity. Compared to the initial sample, a heat treatment at 175°C for 6 hours increased the interfacial strength by 101.09% and reduced the porosity in the fiber produced by the additive manufacturing process by 72%. Fused Filament Fabrication Interlaminar strength Stacking Sequences void reduction Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1. Introduction Even though the benefits of 3D printing have been widely documented, there still remain some critical challenges to overcome in order to make the technology viable to fabricate thermoplastic industrial end products, such as increasing its repeatability and dimensional accuracy [ 1 ], and the relatively low mechanical properties when compared with those manufactured by traditional fabrication techniques [ 2 , 3 ]. A recent solution has been to reinforce thermoplastic printed components with stiffening and strengthening elements like short-fibers [ 4 – 6 ], long-fibers [ 7 – 9 ], and particles [ 10 , 11 ], or in other words, to 3D print fiber-reinforced composite materials. 3D printed composites extend the capabilities of traditional composites, as they can be easily manufactured with complex geometries [ 12 – 14 ]. However, compared with traditionally fabricated parts, they still exhibit a notably lower mechanical performance as the thermomechanical nature of AM processes negatively impacts the resulting microstructure and, consequently, their behavior. For example, 3D printed composites present more internal voids and discontinuities than their counterparts, which facilitates the propagation of transverse cracks and degrades the bonds between their constitutive elements [ 15 , 16 ]. Some approaches to correct this issue include compacting forces on the printing process through external devices like compression molds [ 15 ] and compaction rollers [ 17 , 18 ]. These investigations have also confirmed the strong correlation between void content and mechanical performance, as void reduction has produced proportional improvements in mechanical properties. Other drawbacks of printed composites are poor interlaminar adhesion caused by the premature cooling of in-bed layers before the following layer is deposited [ 19 , 20 ], low fiber volume fractions due to limitations of the process, difficulting in the extrusion of denser fiber bundles through the nozzle [ 21 ]. These negative impacts cannot be avoided but can be dampened by adjusting the printing parameters. For example, Rimasauskas et al. [ 22 ] analyzed the dependency of tensile properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polylactide acid (PLA) on layer height and line width by comparing the mechanical properties, voids percentage, and fiber content. They concluded that manufacturing parameters greatly affect the features of the resulting microstructure, mainly the void content and the fiber volume fraction, modifying mechanical performance. Other investigations addressing the impact of printing configuration on mechanical properties include the effects of nozzle geometry [ 23 , 24 ], reinforcement type [ 25 , 26 ], printing speed [ 24 ], printing temperature [ 27 ], and stacking sequence [ 28 ]. Chacón et al. [ 26 ] studied the influence of fiber volume content on tensile and flexural properties of 3D printed specimens by varying the number of fiber layers at the cross-section, noting that increasing the number of fiber plies both increases stiffness and strength, rises the number of microstructural defects. Shi et al. [ 29 ] compared the tensile properties of three reinforcement distributions: concentrated, halve, and quartering. The mechanical constants varied for each arrangement, with the quartering sequences showing the highest tensile modulus and the halving sequences the highest stiffness. Nevertheless, most of these investigations have addressed the repercussions of printing configuration on the in-plane directions, with few exceptions focused on the out-of-plane response, and usually covering the impact of a limited number of parameters on the flexural stiffness and strength [ 26 , 30 ] and the interlaminar behavior [ 31 ]. In part, this scarcity is caused by the absence of investigations aiming to develop new methods or exploring the feasibility of existing methods and standards usually employed for traditional composites, to identify the out-of-plane mechanical constants of printed materials. Hence, an experimental methodology to characterize the out-of-plane mechanical behavior of 3D printed composite materials under tensile, compression, and interlaminar shear loading is proposed. The procedures consist in adaptations of the ASTM D7291/D7291M [ 32 ], ASTM D695-15 [ 33 ], and the ASTM D2344/D2344M [ 34 ] standards, complemented with previous works addressing the out-of-plane characterization of traditionally fabricated composites. Afterwards, the proposed methodology is employed to study the influence of the number of stacked plies on the tensile elastic modulus ( \({E}_{33}^{tr}\) ), the ultimate tensile strength ( \({\sigma }_{33,u}^{tr}\) ), the compressive elastic modulus ( \({E}_{33}^{com}\) ), the compressive yield strength ( \({\sigma }_{\text{33,0}}^{com}\) ), the ultimate compressive strength ( \({\sigma }_{33,u}^{com}\) ), and the interlaminar shear strength ( \({\tau }_{ILSS}\) ). For this purpose, mentioned mechanical properties of three stacking configurations are compared: 1 fiber − 1 matrix − 1 fiber (1O1F), 2 fiber − 2 matrix − 2 fiber (2O2F), and 3 fiber − 3 matrix − 3 fiber (3O3F), with all specimens made of fiberglass-reinforced Onyx printed by the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique. Then, the results are compared with those present in the literature. A technique that has been effective in enhancing the mechanical properties of 3D printed composites is the use of heat-treatments (HT) once fabricated. Microscopical observations have demonstrated that as the polymeric matrix is heated over its crystallization point, its microstructure progressively rearranges, causing a decrease of its discontinuities and an improvement of its interlayer bonds and crystallization [ 30 , 35 , 36 ]. Analogously to the repercussions of fiber distribution, the effects of HT in the out-of-plane mechanical constants, have been vaguely studied for printed laminates. To the best of the author’s knowledge the only published research work on this matter is the work of Wang et al. [ 30 ] consistent in determining how heat-treatment conditions affect the crystallization, porosity, and flexural and tensile properties of laminates, continuously and separately reinforced with UD-fiber plies. Consequently, the proposed methodology is employed to study the influence of HT conditions on the laminate's \({\tau }_{ILSS}\) . With that in mind, a set of 3O3F specimens are heat-treated at 100°C, 150°C and 175°C; for 6h. Then, the treated specimens are characterized in terms of \({\tau }_{ILSS}\) , mass, size, and voids percentage, with the latter being especially important as several authors point it out as a determinant factor to the mechanical performance, as previously explained. Based on these results, the relation between HT conditions, and interlaminar shear strength is discussed and contrasted with the results available in the literature. 2. Methodology 2.1 Experimental setup The coupons are fabricated using a Markforged Mark Two printer, capable of printing continuously reinforced thermoplastics using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method. This machine can fabricate up to 320 x 132 x 154 mm parts with a 100 \(\mu m\) to 200 \(\mu m\) layer thickness by depositing material through two independent nozzles: one for thermoplastic matrix, and another for fiber bundles. The materials used to fabricate the specimens are ONYX ® and HSHT ® fiberglass continuous filament developed by Markforged [ 37 ]. The mechanical properties are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Mechanical properties of the specimens constitutive materials [ 37 ]. Material Tensile Modulus GPa Tensile Strength MPa Compressive Modulus GPa Compressive Strength MPa Flexural Modulus GPa Flexural Strength MPa Onyx 2.4 37 - - 3 71 HSHT fiberglass 21 600 21 216 21 420 Tensile mechanical characterization and flexure was performed on a ZwickRoell Z005 universal testing machine with a load capacity of 5 kN at a strain rate of 1 mm/min. The compression test was performed on an Instron 8801 universal testing machine with a 100 kN load cell at a loading rate of 1 mm/min. An RS PRO 120 Ω extensometer connected to a Micro-Measurements P3 strain gauge system was used to assist testing requirements. Heat treatments (HT) were performed on an SZGL-1200C vacuum tube furnace with a heating ramp of 15°C/min and air natural cooling, and the temperatures used were 100°C, 150°C and 175°C. Heat treatments were applied for 6 hours only to the stacking sample that obtained the best mechanical response, similar, as Wang et al. [ 30 ] and Pascual-Gonzalez et al. [ 38 ]. To analyze the reduction in porosity heat-treated samples were cross-sectioned and sanded with SiC sandpaper mesh size between 240–2400, and polished on a polishing table with 0.05 µm alumina suspension. The cross-section of the samples was characterized to quantify porosity using a Leica DMi8 microscope with a magnification of 200x. Images were then processed using ImageJ software to quantify porosities. Porosities were quantified by particle analysis, calibrating the image, and transforming it to 8 bits to adjust the porosity threshold. Furthermore, the density was measured by the Archimedean principle using a Radwag AS 220/C/2 precision analytical balance. 2.2 Stacking sequences Figure 1 outlines the characterized reinforcement distributions, where F and O stand for fiber- and Onyx-section. All continuous fibers were printed with a 0° orientation as tensile and flexural properties are maximized at this fiber angle [ 39 ]. Subsequently, the XOYF notation will be employed to designate the reinforcement configurations, where X represents the number of intermediate Onyx layers and Y the number of continuous fiber plies above and below them, with 0.1 mm thickness each. Three samples were fabricated for each test of each reinforcement distribution to ensure statistical representativeness. Even though standards such as ASTM D7291/D7291M suggest employing at least five specimens, it points out that valid results can be obtained using fewer specimens. As for the HTs, two specimens were subjected to each treatment configuration and subsequently characterized. 2.3 Out-of-plane compression test Up to now, no standard has been developed for compression mechanical testing of 3D printed composites. In this paper, the methodology proposed by Kim et al. [ 40 ] based on the ASTM D695 standard was adopted. As opposed to Kim, who cut the specimens from a laminate using a wheel cutter, the specimens depicted in Fig. 2 were printed ready to be tested. Analogously to tensile properties (section 2.4), elastic compressive modulus \({E}_{33}^{com}\) and ultimate compressive strength \({\sigma }_{33,u}^{com}\) correspond to the slope of the elastic region and the stress at failure in the stress-strain curve, respectively. Compressive yield strength \({\sigma }_{\text{33,0}}^{com}\) is estimated as the value of stress where the relationship between \({\sigma }\) and \({\epsilon }\) is no longer linear. 2.4 Out-of-plane tensile test The monotonic tensile tests were carried out based on recommendations by San Juan et al. [ 41 ] and the ASTM D7291/7291M standard. Accordingly, the specimens were designed with the spool configuration and the load acting as illustrated in Fig. 3 . At first, the tabs were made of steel and attached to the specimens through a fast-action epoxy adhesive, as suggested by San Juan et al. [ 41 ]. However, most tests were unsuccessful as the adhesive interface between the tab and the specimen failed prematurely due to a weak bond between the adhesive and the Onyx matrix. This issue was corrected by taking advantage of feature of 3D printing mentioned: its capacity to print complex geometries by including the tabs directly in the CAD model. Nonetheless, as Onyx-matrix tabs are quite flexible, the strain measured with the machine's extensometer is not representative. Hence, out-of-plane strain was measured by allocating a strain gauge on the laminate to guarantee that measured deformation only corresponds to the reinforced section. The two-layer coating added by the printer is removed on a lathe through a 2 mm diameter reduction. As exemplified in Fig. 4 , the extracted material adds up to 50% of the original transverse area, potentially interfering with the laminate's response. From measured stress-strain response, the out-of-plane tensile elastic modulus \({E}_{33}^{tr}\) corresponds to the slope of the elastic region of the curve, and the ultimate tensile strength \({\sigma }_{33.u}^{tr}\) is equal to the stress at failure. 2.5 Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) test The ASTM D2344/D2344M standard was used to obtain the interlaminar shear strength, adopting the 3-point bending test on a short beam shear (SBS). The specimen dimensions are a function of the thickness t = 5.9 mm for all stacking sequences (see Fig. 5 ). The nose and the supports are free of indentations and burrs that allow lateral displacement of the specimen, reducing additional stresses that generate non-representative results. The schematic detail of the test is shown in Fig. 5 . The load is applied with a speed of 1 mm/min monotonically until a load drop of 30% is reached, the specimen fails, or the head travel exceeds the nominal thickness of the specimen. According to mentioned standard the ILSS of the laminate is calculated as follows: $${\tau }_{ILSS}=\frac{3{P}_{max}}{4 bt} \left(1\right)$$ Where \({P}_{max}\) is the value of the load at failure, b is the laminates width, and t is its height. 3. Results And Discussions 3.1 Reinforcement distribution The results of the compressive tests are shown in Fig. 6 . Because of the similarities in the measured response of specimens for each stacking sequence, the mean stress-strain curves of 1O1F, 2O2F, and 3O3F laminates are presented. Mean curves were estimated as the interpolation of the experimental data of each test in terms of a normalized strain array and the subsequent point-by-point averaging of stress values. It is evident that out-of-plane compression behavior exhibits almost complete independence from the number of stacked plies, as its variation produces nearly insignificant changes in compressive stiffness and ultimate compressive strength, as detailed in Table 2 . All failed specimens presented multiple transverse cracks demonstrating that the laminate's failure occurs as the matrix collapses when it cannot support the compressive load any longer. The augmentation of the plies' thickness seems only to affect the length of these cracks but does not influence their propagation, resulting in an almost identical behavior for all the stacking arrangements. Figure 7 shows the stress-strain response obtained for the out-of-plane monotonic tensile tests. The increase in the number of plies results in an increase in the ultimate tensile strength of the laminate due to a reduction in the number of fiber/onyx interfaces, with the 1O1F samples being the least strong and the 3O3F being the strongest. An inverse relation exists regarding the material's stiffness, with its progressive decrease for a higher number of plies. This effect is attributed to porosity effects at the fiber/Onyx interface caused by the FFF printing method. Studies such as Ning et al. [ 8 ] corroborate the effect of porosity on mechanical response in thermoplastic composites made by additive manufacturing, showing that increased porosity at the interface reduces the tensile mechanical response. However, reinforcement distribution also influences ductility, with 3O3F elements reaching approximately three times the 1O1F coupons strain at failure. Another significant observation at this point, is that specimens presented different failure modes. For 1O1F and 2O2F sequences, when ultimate tensile strength is reached, the laminates present a fragile rupture characterized by an abrupt drop in stress. Furthermore, for 3O3F sequences, this transition is smoother even after failure evidencing a ductile behavior. Figure 8 presents the measured flexural mechanical behavior for all coupons tested by short beam shear. Analogous to the out-of-plane tensile tests in Fig. 7 , the increase in the number of plies results in vertical displacement of the stress-strain curve, especially after the onset of creep. Consequently, the average interlaminar shear strength of the 3O3F laminate is 22% higher than the τ I L S S of the 1O1F stacking sequence, as shown in Table 2 . The increased porosity causes the above in laminates with a higher number of fibers/onyx interface. This porosity decreases the interfacial strength due to the increased stress inducing damage. Two failure modes occurred regardless of the reinforcement distribution, i.e., both were present for each stacking configuration. The first is interlaminar delamination from the ends of the specimen (see Fig. 9 .d), causing a brittle failure noticeable in the τ I L S S vs δ response of the material (see Fig. 8 ) through the sharp decrease in strain once the interlaminar shear strength is exceeded. The second type is delamination splitting consecutive interlaminar (see Fig. 9 .e), reducing the damage rate, and causing a ductile failure characterized by a smooth stress transition after τ I L S S . Table 2 Identified out-of-plane mechanical properties for different stacking sequences of fiberglass-reinforced Onyx. Stacking Sequence Tension Compression SBS Elastic Modulus GPa Strength MPa Elastic Modulus GPa Yield Strength MPa Strength MPa Strength MPa 101F 4.48 7.34 1.19 44.58 142.4 15.81 202F 3.2 8.32 1.14 38.77 148.8 16.04 303F 2.53 8.97 1.02 38.36 147.2 19.27 Figure 9 shows the types of failures obtained for each test. It can be seen that the tensile samples represented in Fig. 9 .a failed at the fiber/matrix interface induced by the effect of porosity. Figures 9 .b represent the samples tested at 101F compression. Figures 9 .c and 9.d represent the specimens tested in 3-point bending SBS, indicating the types of failure indicated above, which consist of delamination from the edge of the specimen causing severe damage causing brittle failure (see Fig. 9 .c) and delamination in multiple internal layers (see Fig. 9 .d), which causes a significant reduction in the damage rate by increasing the energy absorption between the interlaminar layers producing a ductile failure. 3.2 Heat treatment For the sake of simplicity, only the HTs that caused the most significant improvements of the mechanical properties are analyzed. Figure 10 shows the τ v s . δ response of the 3O3F treated specimens. While stiffness seems unaffected by the HT, except for the 175°C 6H-1 configuration, it is clear the existence of a strong dependency of τ I L S S and plasticity evolution on the HT conditions, with the enhancement of the mechanical properties as temperature and duration increase. Consistently, better performance is achieved by the 175°C 6H treatments with almost two times the τ I L S S exhibited by the untreated specimens of identical stacking configuration. As detailed in Table 3 , a correctly designed heat treatment is more effective in enhancing the interlaminar properties of the laminate than augmenting its number of plies, whether of fiber or matrix. For example, untreated 3O3F laminates reached a 32.16% superior τ I L S S than untreated 1O1F laminates (from 15.14 MPa to 20.01 MPa), while 175°C 6H 3O3F laminates achieved a 93.65% improvement vs. untreated 3O3F sequences (from 20.01 MPa to 38.75 MPa). With the combination of both factors, i.e., an increase in the number of stacked plies and subsequent heat treatment, an improvement of 155.94% in τ I L S S is achieved (from 15.14 MPa to 38.75 MPa). Table 3 Summary of the heat-treatment conditions that achieved the most significant improvement of τ I L S S . Stacking Sequence Heat-Treatment τ I L S S MPa Temperature °C Duration h 303F -- -- 20.01 303F 100 6 25.62 303F 150 6 33.17 303F 175 6 38.75 As mentioned in sections 1 and 3.1 , the porosities obtained by additive manufacturing processes of composites negatively affect the mechanical response of the material [ 15 ]. The heat-treated samples increased interlaminar adhesion, which is attributed to a reduction of porosities at the fiber/onyx interface due to an entanglement effect of the reinforcement and matrix at the points of lower interfacial energy (porosities) resulting from molecular activation and diffusion. This entanglement effect between the fiber and the onyx reduces the pores because they cover the voids at the interface, improving their interfacial mechanical response. Additionally, there is an increase in the crystallinity of the composite, increasing the interfacial binding energy. The result of porosity reduction obtained by optical microscopy analysis and image processing in ImageJ software are represented in Table 4 . It is possible to observe that two types of porosities were found, which were classified as fiber porosity and matrix porosity. The prosody in the matrix is mainly due to the preparation of the sample by tearing off the short fiber reinforcement with sanding and subsequent polishing. The above shows a porosity rate without significant variation in the heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples, respectively. However, the porosity in the fibre directly affects the interfacial strength because it interacts with the fiber/matrix interface, and the voids are significantly reduced with heat treatment (see Fig. 11 ). Based on the results obtained from the heat treatment, it is deduced that the interfacial strength is strongly related to the porosity produced in the fiber during the additive manufacturing process by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method. Table 4 Voids percentage variation for 6h of heat-treatment at 100°C, 150°C, and 175°C. Temperature Without HT 100°C 150°C 175°C Porosity in matrix 10.73% 10.42% 9.62% 8.28% Porosity in fiber 6.58% 4.11% 2.90% 1.83% Total porosity 17.31% 14.53% 12.52% 10.11% The relationship between temperature and the reduction of porosity in the fiber is attributed to molecular activity; therefore, the higher the temperature, the more intense the molecular activity is, and the more porosity is reduced by increasing the diffusion of entanglement between the fiber and the matrix. Figure 11 shows the morphology and effect of heat treatment on porosity at 200x magnification. Figure 11 .a shows sample 303 without heat treatment and with the characteristic porosity in the fiber. As the heat treatment is increased, it is observed how the effect of entanglement covers the porosity. For the temperature of 100°C, it is observed that the molecular activation energy is low, so the porosity is not entirely covered, resulting in an insignificant change in the interfacial resistance (see Table 3 ). In contrast, for samples heat treated at 150°C and 175°C, complete entanglement and a reduction in porosity size are observed. The increase in interfacial strength with the reduction in thickness obtained in this study is consistent with results obtained by Hart et al. [ 42 , 43 ], thus validating our findings. The density results indicated that the density increased with an increase in heat treatment temperature. This increase in density is attributed to the reduction of porosity while keeping the volume constant, which corresponds with the optical microscopy results observed in Table 4 and Fig. 11 . Conclusion The effect of stacking configuration on the composite material's mechanical response and heat treatment's effect on interfacial mechanical strength and porosity reduction were studied separately. The results showed that: The increase in fiber and matrix thickness of the stack improves the mechanical response of the composite material by reducing the amount of porosity produced by the FFF manufacturing process and increasing the contribution of matrix ductility. The out-of-plane compression test is unsuitable for measuring interlaminar behavior due to the failure mode. The heat treatment generating the best interlaminar response was 175°C for 6 hours. This best response is attributed to the higher molecular activation for mobility and entanglement effect on fiber and matrix porosity. The results indicated a 101.09% increase in interlaminar strength and a 72% reduction in fiber porosities over the 303 laminates without heat treatment. Declarations Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Data Availability Statement The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study. Author contributions statement Rodolfo Hermosilla: Investigation, Methodology, Data curation. Angelo Oñate: Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft - review & editing, Conceptualization. Rodrigo Castillo: Writing – original draft. Andrés De la Fuente: Methodology. Joaquín Sepulveda: Resources. Benjamín Escudero: Resources. Gustavo Vargas-Silva: Writing - Review & Editing. Manuel Meléndrez: Conceptualization, Resources. 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Gardner, Enhancing the interlayer tensile strength of 3D printed short carbon fiber reinforced PETG and PLA composites via annealing, Addit Manuf. 30 (2019) 100922. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDMA.2019.100922. Markforged, Material Datasheet: Composites, 2021. C. Pascual-González, P. San Martín, I. Lizarralde, A. Fernández, A. León, C.S. Lopes, J.P. Fernández-Blázquez, Post-processing effects on microstructure, interlaminar and thermal properties of 3D printed continuous carbon fibre composites, Compos B Eng. 210 (2021) 108652. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2021.108652. A. Parmiggiani, M. Prato, M. Pizzorni, Effect of the fiber orientation on the tensile and flexural behavior of continuous carbon fiber composites made via fused filament fabrication, (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06997-5/Published. B.C. Kim, D.C. Park, B.J. Kim, D.G. Lee, Through-thickness compressive strength of a carbon/epoxy composite laminate, Compos Struct. 92 (2010) 480–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2009.08.032. V. San Juan, E. Fernández, G. Pincheira, M. Meléndrez, P. Flores, Evaluation of the fill yarns effect on the out-of-plane compressive fatigue behavior for an unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite, Compos Struct. 138 (2016) 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2015.11.061. K.R. Hart, R.M. Dunn, E.D. Wetzel, Increased fracture toughness of additively manufactured semi-crystalline thermoplastics via thermal annealing, Polymer (Guildf). 211 (2020) 123091. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMER.2020.123091. K.R. Hart, R.M. Dunn, J.M. Sietins, C.M. Hofmeister Mock, M.E. Mackay, E.D. Wetzel, Increased fracture toughness of additively manufactured amorphous thermoplastics via thermal annealing, Polymer (Guildf). 144 (2018) 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMER.2018.04.024. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Feb, 2023 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 25 Dec, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Dec, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Nov, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 22 Nov, 2022 First submitted to journal 15 Nov, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2272954","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":154203054,"identity":"a4373c8c-1e1f-41a5-9600-8dc7748af5a9","order_by":0,"name":"Rodolfo Hermosilla","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rodolfo","middleName":"","lastName":"Hermosilla","suffix":""},{"id":154203055,"identity":"c10beb34-19ed-4f0e-b6a3-4baab1d0fdcd","order_by":1,"name":"Angelo Oñate","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADOQaGBBBtQaT6AwwMxlAtEsRrSWwgWgt/e+/Bzx8q6tI3HE8++IGhhggtEmfOJUscOHM4d8OZZ8kSDMeIcdiNHAOJg20HcjfcyDFjYGwgQov8jRzjHwf/1aUb3Mj/RpwWA6DhEgcbmBOADDbitBieOWNmcebYYcOZZ54ZSyQQ4xe54z3GNypq6uT5jic//PChxoawFlSQQKqGUTAKRsEoGAXYAQBHfDxFM30l4wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Concepción: Universidad de Concepcion","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angelo","middleName":"","lastName":"Oñate","suffix":""},{"id":154203056,"identity":"16a39867-10b7-49d9-afbc-199638556321","order_by":2,"name":"Rodrigo Castillo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rodrigo","middleName":"","lastName":"Castillo","suffix":""},{"id":154203058,"identity":"6188319e-f92d-4505-acf9-35225e807723","order_by":3,"name":"Andres De 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16:47:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2272954/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2272954/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11050-8","type":"published","date":"2023-02-09T18:46:25+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":29610681,"identity":"502a516e-bc99-4074-9ef7-ed77ba17654f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCharacterized stacking sequences.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/28f7797de3c271b66a10c570.png"},{"id":29611230,"identity":"77076593-3a49-4fe2-9bc1-eaa033bc91f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:55:35","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOut-of-plane compressive mechanical testing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIgure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/3bdb21eb05d2c600530bca16.png"},{"id":29611231,"identity":"4d67a702-1a9f-4589-94db-5087f27c5f82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:55:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":493524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOut-of-plane tensile mechanical testing.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/2eb8436bb180db390967e291.png"},{"id":29610682,"identity":"4836c69d-02f7-4a84-bb6e-a8519c8dd7fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72730,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCross-section of the tensile specimens before and after a 2 mm diameter reduction in a lathe\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/e2deb3bd129abf2b06021744.png"},{"id":29610688,"identity":"b32393b2-1c09-4bfc-a634-19c4ef5ff6a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":324234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the three-point bending short beam shear test performed to identify the laminate interlaminar shear strength\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/3968aec609e1e2e6378fa67a.png"},{"id":29610685,"identity":"77f6875d-b1a3-4b2c-90cc-94bcfa080c24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":186700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOut-of-plane stress-strain response of the monotonic compressive tests for all reinforcement distributions.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIgure6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/42be4bafa9e06f506992efcc.png"},{"id":29610690,"identity":"7db78d50-e809-40c6-9f1b-f3f51afbff2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":287814,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOut-of-plane stress-strain response of the monotonic tensile tests for all reinforcement distributions.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/f1615472f576f481fbf69c70.png"},{"id":29610686,"identity":"fea30b8d-f088-49ae-b8fa-8636b602f7ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":312108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlexural stress-displacement response of the three-point bending short beam shear test for all reinforcement distributions.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/c7d1b1d59285901c68011792.png"},{"id":29610683,"identity":"26317d16-05c5-4490-836a-5a9361e77d34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1445484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepresentative failed specimens of the different stacking sequences: a) traction, b) compression 101F, c) shear debonding d) shear delamination.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/55f1aa0fe412018330a61c15.png"},{"id":29611232,"identity":"474cb927-6916-4b6d-b631-c92c2d2ef1ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:55:35","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":601563,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlexural stress-displacement response of the three-point bending tests performed in heat-treated specimens.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/bd2dcf5814b5c86dad68adaf.png"},{"id":29610691,"identity":"f2ebfec0-3c33-44c9-9032-732a67a45b7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-28 19:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1826168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePorosity in mechanically characterized 303 samples: a) sample without heat treatment, b) sample with heat treatment at 100°C for 6 hours, c) sample with heat treatment at 150°C for 6 hours, d) sample with heat treatment at 175°C for 6 hours.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/6453b2adededfc10985b87d1.png"},{"id":44719220,"identity":"8612d92b-44c7-4bfd-95fa-bac2f1ccdca0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 18:53:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5677981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2272954/v1/48e82444-e7ed-43b2-bab7-2e7370b8650d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Influence stacking sequence and heat-treatments on the out-of-plane mechanical properties of 3D printed fiberglass-reinforced thermoplastics","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEven though the benefits of 3D printing have been widely documented, there still remain some critical challenges to overcome in order to make the technology viable to fabricate thermoplastic industrial end products, such as increasing its repeatability and dimensional accuracy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], and the relatively low mechanical properties when compared with those manufactured by traditional fabrication techniques [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA recent solution has been to reinforce thermoplastic printed components with stiffening and strengthening elements like short-fibers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], long-fibers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], and particles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], or in other words, to 3D print fiber-reinforced composite materials. 3D printed composites extend the capabilities of traditional composites, as they can be easily manufactured with complex geometries [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. However, compared with traditionally fabricated parts, they still exhibit a notably lower mechanical performance as the thermomechanical nature of AM processes negatively impacts the resulting microstructure and, consequently, their behavior. For example, 3D printed composites present more internal voids and discontinuities than their counterparts, which facilitates the propagation of transverse cracks and degrades the bonds between their constitutive elements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Some approaches to correct this issue include compacting forces on the printing process through external devices like compression molds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and compaction rollers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These investigations have also confirmed the strong correlation between void content and mechanical performance, as void reduction has produced proportional improvements in mechanical properties. Other drawbacks of printed composites are poor interlaminar adhesion caused by the premature cooling of in-bed layers before the following layer is deposited [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], low fiber volume fractions due to limitations of the process, difficulting in the extrusion of denser fiber bundles through the nozzle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese negative impacts cannot be avoided but can be dampened by adjusting the printing parameters. For example, Rimasauskas et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] analyzed the dependency of tensile properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polylactide acid (PLA) on layer height and line width by comparing the mechanical properties, voids percentage, and fiber content. They concluded that manufacturing parameters greatly affect the features of the resulting microstructure, mainly the void content and the fiber volume fraction, modifying mechanical performance. Other investigations addressing the impact of printing configuration on mechanical properties include the effects of nozzle geometry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], reinforcement type [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], printing speed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], printing temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and stacking sequence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Chac\u0026oacute;n et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] studied the influence of fiber volume content on tensile and flexural properties of 3D printed specimens by varying the number of fiber layers at the cross-section, noting that increasing the number of fiber plies both increases stiffness and strength, rises the number of microstructural defects. Shi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] compared the tensile properties of three reinforcement distributions: concentrated, halve, and quartering. The mechanical constants varied for each arrangement, with the quartering sequences showing the highest tensile modulus and the halving sequences the highest stiffness. Nevertheless, most of these investigations have addressed the repercussions of printing configuration on the in-plane directions, with few exceptions focused on the out-of-plane response, and usually covering the impact of a limited number of parameters on the flexural stiffness and strength [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] and the interlaminar behavior [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn part, this scarcity is caused by the absence of investigations aiming to develop new methods or exploring the feasibility of existing methods and standards usually employed for traditional composites, to identify the out-of-plane mechanical constants of printed materials. Hence, an experimental methodology to characterize the out-of-plane mechanical behavior of 3D printed composite materials under tensile, compression, and interlaminar shear loading is proposed. The procedures consist in adaptations of the ASTM D7291/D7291M [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], ASTM D695-15 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], and the ASTM D2344/D2344M [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] standards, complemented with previous works addressing the out-of-plane characterization of traditionally fabricated composites. Afterwards, the proposed methodology is employed to study the influence of the number of stacked plies on the tensile elastic modulus (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({E}_{33}^{tr}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), the ultimate tensile strength (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{33,u}^{tr}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), the compressive elastic modulus (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({E}_{33}^{com}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), the compressive yield strength (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{\\text{33,0}}^{com}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), the ultimate compressive strength (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{33,u}^{com}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and the interlaminar shear strength (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\tau }_{ILSS}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). For this purpose, mentioned mechanical properties of three stacking configurations are compared: 1 fiber \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 matrix \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 fiber (1O1F), 2 fiber \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 matrix \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 fiber (2O2F), and 3 fiber \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 matrix \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 fiber (3O3F), with all specimens made of fiberglass-reinforced Onyx printed by the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique. Then, the results are compared with those present in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA technique that has been effective in enhancing the mechanical properties of 3D printed composites is the use of heat-treatments (HT) once fabricated. Microscopical observations have demonstrated that as the polymeric matrix is heated over its crystallization point, its microstructure progressively rearranges, causing a decrease of its discontinuities and an improvement of its interlayer bonds and crystallization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Analogously to the repercussions of fiber distribution, the effects of HT in the out-of-plane mechanical constants, have been vaguely studied for printed laminates. To the best of the author\u0026rsquo;s knowledge the only published research work on this matter is the work of Wang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] consistent in determining how heat-treatment conditions affect the crystallization, porosity, and flexural and tensile properties of laminates, continuously and separately reinforced with UD-fiber plies. Consequently, the proposed methodology is employed to study the influence of HT conditions on the laminate's \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\tau }_{ILSS}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. With that in mind, a set of 3O3F specimens are heat-treated at 100\u0026deg;C, 150\u0026deg;C and 175\u0026deg;C; for 6h. Then, the treated specimens are characterized in terms of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\tau }_{ILSS}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, mass, size, and voids percentage, with the latter being especially important as several authors point it out as a determinant factor to the mechanical performance, as previously explained. Based on these results, the relation between HT conditions, and interlaminar shear strength is discussed and contrasted with the results available in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Experimental setup\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coupons are fabricated using a Markforged Mark Two printer, capable of printing continuously reinforced thermoplastics using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method. This machine can fabricate up to 320 x 132 x 154 mm parts with a 100 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu m\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e to 200 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu m\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e layer thickness by depositing material through two independent nozzles: one for thermoplastic matrix, and another for fiber bundles. The materials used to fabricate the specimens are ONYX\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e and HSHT \u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e fiberglass continuous filament developed by Markforged [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The mechanical properties are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical properties of the specimens constitutive materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Modulus GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive Modulus GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive Strength MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexural Modulus GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexural Strength MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnyx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHSHT fiberglass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile mechanical characterization and flexure was performed on a ZwickRoell Z005 universal testing machine with a load capacity of 5 kN at a strain rate of 1 mm/min. The compression test was performed on an Instron 8801 universal testing machine with a 100 kN load cell at a loading rate of 1 mm/min. An RS PRO 120 Ω extensometer connected to a Micro-Measurements P3 strain gauge system was used to assist testing requirements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat treatments (HT) were performed on an SZGL-1200C vacuum tube furnace with a heating ramp of 15\u0026deg;C/min and air natural cooling, and the temperatures used were 100\u0026deg;C, 150\u0026deg;C and 175\u0026deg;C. Heat treatments were applied for 6 hours only to the stacking sample that obtained the best mechanical response, similar, as Wang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] and Pascual-Gonzalez et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo analyze the reduction in porosity heat-treated samples were cross-sectioned and sanded with SiC sandpaper mesh size between 240\u0026ndash;2400, and polished on a polishing table with 0.05 \u0026micro;m alumina suspension. The cross-section of the samples was characterized to quantify porosity using a Leica DMi8 microscope with a magnification of 200x. Images were then processed using ImageJ software to quantify porosities. Porosities were quantified by particle analysis, calibrating the image, and transforming it to 8 bits to adjust the porosity threshold. Furthermore, the density was measured by the Archimedean principle using a Radwag AS 220/C/2 precision analytical balance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Stacking sequences\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e outlines the characterized reinforcement distributions, where F and O stand for fiber- and Onyx-section. All continuous fibers were printed with a 0\u0026deg; orientation as tensile and flexural properties are maximized at this fiber angle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Subsequently, the XOYF notation will be employed to designate the reinforcement configurations, where X represents the number of intermediate Onyx layers and Y the number of continuous fiber plies above and below them, with 0.1 mm thickness each.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree samples were fabricated for each test of each reinforcement distribution to ensure statistical representativeness. Even though standards such as ASTM D7291/D7291M suggest employing at least five specimens, it points out that valid results can be obtained using fewer specimens. As for the HTs, two specimens were subjected to each treatment configuration and subsequently characterized.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Out-of-plane compression test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to now, no standard has been developed for compression mechanical testing of 3D printed composites. In this paper, the methodology proposed by Kim et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] based on the ASTM D695 standard was adopted. As opposed to Kim, who cut the specimens from a laminate using a wheel cutter, the specimens depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e were printed ready to be tested. Analogously to tensile properties (section 2.4), elastic compressive modulus \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({E}_{33}^{com}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and ultimate compressive strength \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{33,u}^{com}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e correspond to the slope of the elastic region and the stress at failure in the stress-strain curve, respectively. Compressive yield strength \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{\\text{33,0}}^{com}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is estimated as the value of stress where the relationship between \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is no longer linear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Out-of-plane tensile test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe monotonic tensile tests were carried out based on recommendations by San Juan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] and the ASTM D7291/7291M standard. Accordingly, the specimens were designed with the spool configuration and the load acting as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. At first, the tabs were made of steel and attached to the specimens through a fast-action epoxy adhesive, as suggested by San Juan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. However, most tests were unsuccessful as the adhesive interface between the tab and the specimen failed prematurely due to a weak bond between the adhesive and the Onyx matrix. This issue was corrected by taking advantage of feature of 3D printing mentioned: its capacity to print complex geometries by including the tabs directly in the CAD model. Nonetheless, as Onyx-matrix tabs are quite flexible, the strain measured with the machine's extensometer is not representative. Hence, out-of-plane strain was measured by allocating a strain gauge on the laminate to guarantee that measured deformation only corresponds to the reinforced section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe two-layer coating added by the printer is removed on a lathe through a 2 mm diameter reduction. As exemplified in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the extracted material adds up to 50% of the original transverse area, potentially interfering with the laminate's response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom measured stress-strain response, the out-of-plane tensile elastic modulus \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({E}_{33}^{tr}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e corresponds to the slope of the elastic region of the curve, and the ultimate tensile strength \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{33.u}^{tr}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is equal to the stress at failure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ASTM D2344/D2344M standard was used to obtain the interlaminar shear strength, adopting the 3-point bending test on a short beam shear (SBS). The specimen dimensions are a function of the thickness t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.9 mm for all stacking sequences (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The nose and the supports are free of indentations and burrs that allow lateral displacement of the specimen, reducing additional stresses that generate non-representative results. The schematic detail of the test is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The load is applied with a speed of 1 mm/min monotonically until a load drop of 30% is reached, the specimen fails, or the head travel exceeds the nominal thickness of the specimen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to mentioned standard the ILSS of the laminate is calculated as follows:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\tau }_{ILSS}=\\frac{3{P}_{max}}{4 bt} \\left(1\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({P}_{max}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the value of the load at failure, b is the laminates width, and t is its height.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Reinforcement distribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the compressive tests are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Because of the similarities in the measured response of specimens for each stacking sequence, the mean stress-strain curves of 1O1F, 2O2F, and 3O3F laminates are presented. Mean curves were estimated as the interpolation of the experimental data of each test in terms of a normalized strain array and the subsequent point-by-point averaging of stress values. It is evident that out-of-plane compression behavior exhibits almost complete independence from the number of stacked plies, as its variation produces nearly insignificant changes in compressive stiffness and ultimate compressive strength, as detailed in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. All failed specimens presented multiple transverse cracks demonstrating that the laminate's failure occurs as the matrix collapses when it cannot support the compressive load any longer. The augmentation of the plies' thickness seems only to affect the length of these cracks but does not influence their propagation, resulting in an almost identical behavior for all the stacking arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the stress-strain response obtained for the out-of-plane monotonic tensile tests. The increase in the number of plies results in an increase in the ultimate tensile strength of the laminate due to a reduction in the number of fiber/onyx interfaces, with the 1O1F samples being the least strong and the 3O3F being the strongest. An inverse relation exists regarding the material's stiffness, with its progressive decrease for a higher number of plies. This effect is attributed to porosity effects at the fiber/Onyx interface caused by the FFF printing method. Studies such as Ning et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] corroborate the effect of porosity on mechanical response in thermoplastic composites made by additive manufacturing, showing that increased porosity at the interface reduces the tensile mechanical response. However, reinforcement distribution also influences ductility, with 3O3F elements reaching approximately three times the 1O1F coupons strain at failure. Another significant observation at this point, is that specimens presented different failure modes. For 1O1F and 2O2F sequences, when ultimate tensile strength is reached, the laminates present a fragile rupture characterized by an abrupt drop in stress. Furthermore, for 3O3F sequences, this transition is smoother even after failure evidencing a ductile behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e presents the measured flexural mechanical behavior for all coupons tested by short beam shear. Analogous to the out-of-plane tensile tests in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, the increase in the number of plies results in vertical displacement of the stress-strain curve, especially after the onset of creep. Consequently, the average interlaminar shear strength of the 3O3F laminate is 22% higher than the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"195\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"215\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"235\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"245\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; 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position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"305\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eI\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eL\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e of the 1O1F stacking sequence, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The increased porosity causes the above in laminates with a higher number of fibers/onyx interface. This porosity decreases the interfacial strength due to the increased stress inducing damage. Two failure modes occurred regardless of the reinforcement distribution, i.e., both were present for each stacking configuration. The first is interlaminar delamination from the ends of the specimen (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.d), causing a brittle failure noticeable in the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"196\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"216\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"236\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"246\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"256\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"266\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"276\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"286\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"306\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eI\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eL\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e vs δ response of the material (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) through the sharp decrease in strain once the interlaminar shear strength is exceeded. The second type is delamination splitting consecutive interlaminar (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.e), reducing the damage rate, and causing a ductile failure characterized by a smooth stress transition after \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"197\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"217\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"237\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"247\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"257\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"267\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"277\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"287\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"307\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eI\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eL\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentified out-of-plane mechanical properties for different stacking sequences of fiberglass-reinforced Onyx.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStacking Sequence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElastic Modulus GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElastic Modulus GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield Strength MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows the types of failures obtained for each test. It can be seen that the tensile samples represented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.a failed at the fiber/matrix interface induced by the effect of porosity. Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.b represent the samples tested at 101F compression. Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.c and 9.d represent the specimens tested in 3-point bending SBS, indicating the types of failure indicated above, which consist of delamination from the edge of the specimen causing severe damage causing brittle failure (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.c) and delamination in multiple internal layers (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.d), which causes a significant reduction in the damage rate by increasing the energy absorption between the interlaminar layers producing a ductile failure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Heat treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the sake of simplicity, only the HTs that caused the most significant improvements of the mechanical properties are analyzed. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"198\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"218\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"238\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"248\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"258\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"268\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"278\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"288\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"308\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c76\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c73\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mo class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c2E\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mo\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom space=\"2\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D6FF TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmtext\u003ev\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003es\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmo\u003e.\u003c/mo\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eδ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e response of the 3O3F treated specimens. While stiffness seems unaffected by the HT, except for the 175°C 6H-1 configuration, it is clear the existence of a strong dependency of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"199\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"219\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"239\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"249\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"259\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"269\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"279\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"289\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"309\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eI\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eL\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and plasticity evolution on the HT conditions, with the enhancement of the mechanical properties as temperature and duration increase. Consistently, better performance is achieved by the 175°C 6H treatments with almost two times the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"200\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"220\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"240\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"250\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"260\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"270\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"280\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"290\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"310\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eI\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eL\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e exhibited by the untreated specimens of identical stacking configuration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs detailed in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, a correctly designed heat treatment is more effective in enhancing the interlaminar properties of the laminate than augmenting its number of plies, whether of fiber or matrix. For example, untreated 3O3F laminates reached a 32.16% superior \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"201\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"221\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"241\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"251\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"261\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"271\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"281\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"291\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"311\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eI\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eL\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e than untreated 1O1F laminates (from 15.14 MPa to 20.01 MPa), while 175°C 6H 3O3F laminates achieved a 93.65% improvement vs. untreated 3O3F sequences (from 20.01 MPa to 38.75 MPa). With the combination of both factors, i.e., an increase in the number of stacked plies and subsequent heat treatment, an improvement of 155.94% in \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"202\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"222\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"242\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"252\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"262\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"272\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"282\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"292\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"312\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c49\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c4C\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003cmjx-mtext class=\"mjx-n\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c53\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mtext\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eI\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eL\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003cmtext\u003eS\u003c/mtext\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is achieved (from 15.14 MPa to 38.75 MPa).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of the heat-treatment conditions that achieved the most significant improvement of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"203\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"223\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"243\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"253\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"263\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"273\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"283\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"293\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"313\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmath xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\u003e\u003cmsub\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eτ\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003cmrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmi\u003eI\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eL\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003cmi\u003eS\u003c/mi\u003e\u003c/mrow\u003e\u003c/msub\u003e\u003c/math\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/mjx-assistive-mml\u003e\u003c/mjx-container\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStacking Sequence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat-Treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"204\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"224\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"244\" style=\"font-size: 120%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"254\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"264\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"274\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"284\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"294\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; position: relative;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-math class=\"MJX-TEX\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cmjx-msub\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D70F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003cmjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.08em;\"\u003e\u003cmjx-texatom size=\"s\" texclass=\"ORD\"\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43C TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D43F TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003cmjx-mi class=\"mjx-i\"\u003e\u003cmjx-c class=\"mjx-c1D446 TEX-I\"\u003e\u003c/mjx-c\u003e\u003c/mjx-mi\u003e\u003c/mjx-texatom\u003e\u003c/mjx-script\u003e\u003c/mjx-msub\u003e\u003c/mjx-math\u003e\u003cmjx-assistive-mml unselectable=\"on\" display=\"inline\"\u003e\u003cmjx-container class=\"MathJax CtxtMenu_Attached_0\" jax=\"CHTML\" tabindex=\"0\" ctxtmenu_counter=\"314\" style=\"font-size: 119.9%; 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The heat-treated samples increased interlaminar adhesion, which is attributed to a reduction of porosities at the fiber/onyx interface due to an entanglement effect of the reinforcement and matrix at the points of lower interfacial energy (porosities) resulting from molecular activation and diffusion. This entanglement effect between the fiber and the onyx reduces the pores because they cover the voids at the interface, improving their interfacial mechanical response. Additionally, there is an increase in the crystallinity of the composite, increasing the interfacial binding energy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of porosity reduction obtained by optical microscopy analysis and image processing in ImageJ software are represented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. It is possible to observe that two types of porosities were found, which were classified as fiber porosity and matrix porosity. The prosody in the matrix is mainly due to the preparation of the sample by tearing off the short fiber reinforcement with sanding and subsequent polishing. The above shows a porosity rate without significant variation in the heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples, respectively. However, the porosity in the fibre directly affects the interfacial strength because it interacts with the fiber/matrix interface, and the voids are significantly reduced with heat treatment (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the results obtained from the heat treatment, it is deduced that the interfacial strength is strongly related to the porosity produced in the fiber during the additive manufacturing process by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoids percentage variation for 6h of heat-treatment at 100°C, 150°C, and 175°C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout HT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100°C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150°C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175°C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePorosity in matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.73%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.42%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.62%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.28%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePorosity in fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal porosity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.31%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.52%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between temperature and the reduction of porosity in the fiber is attributed to molecular activity; therefore, the higher the temperature, the more intense the molecular activity is, and the more porosity is reduced by increasing the diffusion of entanglement between the fiber and the matrix. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e shows the morphology and effect of heat treatment on porosity at 200x magnification. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e.a shows sample 303 without heat treatment and with the characteristic porosity in the fiber. As the heat treatment is increased, it is observed how the effect of entanglement covers the porosity. For the temperature of 100°C, it is observed that the molecular activation energy is low, so the porosity is not entirely covered, resulting in an insignificant change in the interfacial resistance (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, for samples heat treated at 150°C and 175°C, complete entanglement and a reduction in porosity size are observed. The increase in interfacial strength with the reduction in thickness obtained in this study is consistent with results obtained by Hart et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], thus validating our findings. The density results indicated that the density increased with an increase in heat treatment temperature. This increase in density is attributed to the reduction of porosity while keeping the volume constant, which corresponds with the optical microscopy results observed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effect of stacking configuration on the composite material's mechanical response and heat treatment's effect on interfacial mechanical strength and porosity reduction were studied separately. The results showed that:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increase in fiber and matrix thickness of the stack improves the mechanical response of the composite material by reducing the amount of porosity produced by the FFF manufacturing process and increasing the contribution of matrix ductility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe out-of-plane compression test is unsuitable for measuring interlaminar behavior due to the failure mode.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe heat treatment generating the best interlaminar response was 175°C for 6 hours. This best response is attributed to the higher molecular activation for mobility and entanglement effect on fiber and matrix porosity. The results indicated a 101.09% increase in interlaminar strength and a 72% reduction in fiber porosities over the 303 laminates without heat treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRodolfo Hermosilla:\u003c/strong\u003e Investigation, Methodology, Data curation. \u003cstrong\u003eAngelo O\u0026ntilde;ate:\u003c/strong\u003e Investigation, Data curation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft - review \u0026amp; editing, Conceptualization.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eRodrigo Castillo:\u003c/strong\u003e Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. \u003cstrong\u003eAndr\u0026eacute;s De la Fuente:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eJoaqu\u0026iacute;n Sepulveda:\u003c/strong\u003e Resources. \u003cstrong\u003eBenjam\u0026iacute;n Escudero:\u003c/strong\u003e Resources. \u003cstrong\u003eGustavo Vargas-Silva:\u003c/strong\u003e Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eManuel Mel\u0026eacute;ndrez:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Resources. \u003cstrong\u003eCarlos Medina:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Resources, Methodology, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing, Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFounding Information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. Dowling, J. Kennedy, S. O\u0026rsquo;Shaughnessy, D. Trimble, A review of critical repeatability and reproducibility issues in powder bed fusion, Mater Des. 186 (2020) 108346. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATDES.2019.108346.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS.M.F. Kabir, K. Mathur, A.F.M. Seyam, A critical review on 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced composites: History, mechanism, materials and properties, Compos Struct. 232 (2020) 111476. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2019.111476.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Chapiro, Current achievements and future outlook for composites in 3D printing, Reinforced Plastics. 60 (2016) 372\u0026ndash;375. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REPL.2016.10.002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eW. Zhong, F. Li, Z. Zhang, L. Song, Z. Li, Short fiber reinforced composites for fused deposition modeling, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 301 (2001) 125\u0026ndash;130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01810-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. Zak, M. 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Wetzel, Increased fracture toughness of additively manufactured amorphous thermoplastics via thermal annealing, Polymer (Guildf). 144 (2018) 192\u0026ndash;204. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMER.2018.04.024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Fused Filament Fabrication, Interlaminar strength, Stacking Sequences, void reduction","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2272954/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2272954/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAdditive manufacturing of composite materials is a promising technology. It could solve one of the most critical drawbacks of 3D-printed fiber-reinforced thermoplastics: their low out-of-plane mechanical properties. However, due to their novelty, the number of standards and research papers addressing the characterization of these materials is scarce, especially in the out-of-plane direction. Due to this factor, it is still unknown how most design and manufacturing parameters affect the out-of-plane properties of composite materials. As a solution, this paper proposes an experimental methodology to characterize out-of-plane printed composite materials. For this purpose, existing standards for traditionally fabricated composites are adapted, investigated, and validated for 3D-printed laminates reinforced with long fibers using the fused filament fabrication technique. Consequently, the methodology is employed to study the impact of stacking sequence and heat treatment conditions on the composites' out-of-plane mechanical properties. The main results showed that increasing the thickness between stacking layers increases the mechanical response due to reducing the number of fiber/matrix interfaces and, consequently, the reduction of porosity. Compared to the initial sample, a heat treatment at 175\u0026deg;C for 6 hours increased the interfacial strength by 101.09% and reduced the porosity in the fiber produced by the additive manufacturing process by 72%.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence stacking sequence and heat-treatments on the out-of-plane mechanical properties of 3D printed fiberglass-reinforced thermoplastics","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-11-28 19:47:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2272954/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2022-12-25T14:40:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-12-06T16:09:48+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-11-22T13:55:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-11-22T05:52:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","date":"2022-11-15T12:49:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"569fa081-90f2-49d8-b482-a7d8ae2311d1","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 28th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T18:51:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2272954","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11050-8","journal":{"identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},"publishedOn":"2023-02-09 18:46:25","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 9th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-11-28 19:47:30","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00170-023-11050-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11050-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2272954","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2272954","identity":"rs-2272954","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"ehx78VzkSd0WSzXnipQa-","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}