Mercury-methylating bacteria are associated with zooplankton: a proof-of-principle survey in the Baltic Sea

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin that biomagnifies in marine food-webs. Inorganic mercury (Hg) methylation is generally considered to be conducted by bacteria associated with sediment or detritus, but endogenous methylation by the gut microbiome of animals in the lower food webs is another possible source. We examined the occurrence of the bacterial gene ( hgcA ), required for Hg methylation, in the guts of dominant Baltic zooplankters. A qPCR assay targeting the hgcA sequence in three main clades ( Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Archaea ) was used in the field-collected specimens of copepods ( Acartia bifilosa, Eurytemora affinis, Pseudocalanus acuspes and Limnocalanus macrurus ) and cladocerans ( Bosmina coregoni maritima and Cercopagis pengoi ). All copepods were found to carry hgcA genes in their gut microbiome, whereas no positive amplification was recorded in the cladocerans. In the copepods, hgcA genes belonging to only Deltaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were detected. These findings suggest that endogenous Hg methylation can occur in zooplankton and may contribute to seasonal, spatial and vertical MeHg variability in water column and food webs. Additional molecular and metagenomics studies are needed to identify bacteria carrying hgcA genes and improve their quantification in microbiota.