Diversity and functional analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in three different parts of Brasenia schreberi

Diversity and functional analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in three different parts of Brasenia schreberi | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Diversity and functional analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in three different parts of Brasenia schreberi Wen Luo, Pei Liu, Yue Qiu, Mingxing Li, Yizhong Huang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831565/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Microbial Ecology → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel ( B. schreberi )is a traditional medicinal and edible plant in China, with its mucilage exhibiting antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the community structure and functional roles of epiphytic and endophytic microorganisms in mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi , as well as their influence on mucilage biosynthesis. A total of 560 epiphytic and 118 endophytic bacterial ASVs were obtained from B. schreberi samples. There were significant differences in OTU counts, ACE, Chao1, Simpson, and Shannon indices between mature leaves/petioles and young leaves of B. schreberi ( P < 0.05), with the values of mature leaves and petioles being significantly higher than those of young leaves. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota dominated the epiphytic bacterial communities across all tissues, while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were dominant in the endophytic bacteria. The KEGG functional classification of epiphytic bacteria in mature and young leaves of B. schreberi showed significant differences in metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and energy metabolism. Our results elucidate the composition and diversity of bacterial communities on three parts of B. schreberi and preliminarily demonstrate the critical role of epiphytic bacteria in the biosynthesis of its mucilage. B. schreberi mucilage epiphytic bacteria endophytic bacteria high-throughput sequencing Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel ( B. schreberi ), also known as water shield, water mallow, lake vegetable, etc., is a perennial aquatic herb belonging to the family Cabombaceae [ 1 , 2 ]. It prefers warm and humid aquatic environments and mainly grows in ponds, marshes and lakes, especially in areas with water depths of 20 to 60 cm. The species has been cultivated as an aquatic vegetable in East Asia for over 3,000 years, but its natural populations have declined significantly in recent decades and have become endangered in several regional countries [ 3 , 4 ]. In September 2021, the new edition of the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants was published, and B. schreberi was listed as a Grade II nationally protected wild plant [ 5 ]. B. schreberi is a traditional medicinal and edible plant in China, and its young leaves and petioles are covered with a layer of transparent mucilage [ 6 ]. This mucilage has been found to possess anti-algal and antibacterial properties, functioning as a herbivore defense mechanism, protecting tender buds from abrasion, and acting as an excellent bio-lubricant [ 7 ]. Additionally, the amount of mucilage not only serves as an indicator for assessing the growth status of B. schreberi plants but also significantly influences their growth [ 4 , 8 ]. The main component of B. schreberi mucilage is polysaccharides, which also contain many bioactive constituents such as polyphenols, proteins, terpenes and polyketones [ 9 , 10 ]. B. schreberi polysaccharides have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol levels [ 11 ], and exhibit bioactive properties such as antidiabetic [ 12 , 13 ], anti-inflammatory [ 14 , 15 ], and antioxidant properties [ 16 , 17 ], indicating significant therapeutic potential. It is worth mentioning that B. schreberi plays an important role in the field of antioxidant activity [ 16 ]. Its polysaccharide and conjugate have been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and have recently gained considerable attention due to their biological properties. Due to its high economic value and health benefits, B. schreberi has attracted wide attention from researchers in recent years. Previous studies have shown that the rubber production efficiency of B. schreberi is greatly influenced by its own development stage and environmental factors. For example, Shi et al. found that the growth and mucilage accumulation of B. schreberi depended on clean water quality and nutrient-rich sediment [ 18 ]. Furthermore, key factors in aquatic environments, such as the permanganate index, total nitrogen, conductivity, dissolved oxygen in water bodies, as well as sediment organic carbon and total nitrogen also significantly impact mucilage accumulation in B. schreberi plants [ 4 , 19 ]. Regarding the origin of B. schreberi mucilage, two mainstream theories are widely accepted: host plant production and microbial sources. Substantial research has confirmed that the plant's structures and metabolism significantly influence mucilage secretion. Lü et al. observed glandular cells with secretory functions on the plant surface, noting that their distribution positively correlates with mucilage abundance. Chemical analysis confirmed that the mucilage produced by these glandular cells shared primary components with B. schreberi mucilage, leading to the conclusion that mucilage was an endogenous metabolic product of the plant [ 20 ]. Moreover, multi-omics analysis, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, has been used to study the mechanisms of mucilage production or disappearance [ 1 , 7 , 8 , 10 ]. However, research on the diversity of phyllosphere microbiota associated with B. schreberi and their specific impact on mucilage production capacity remains inconclusive. Many scholars contend that these co-colonizing microorganisms exert direct or indirect influences on mucilage biosynthesis. Studies indicate that epiphytic microorganisms may exhibit synergistic effects in mucilage production [ 21 , 22 ]. Current investigations into microbe-mucilage interactions are still in the preliminary exploration phase, necessitating deeper research to elucidate detailed underlying mechanisms. Jiangxi Province has established a wild germplasm conservation zone at the native habitat of B. schreberi , implementing artificial population restoration, restricting transplantation and harvesting, while promoting sustainable cultivation and expansion [ 23 ]. As the edible and medicinal values of B. schreberi gain increasing recognition, its industrialized cultivation has progressively matured through refined agronomic techniques. However, current research remains fragmented across domestic and international studies, primarily focusing on cultivation systems, mucilage purification, morphological anatomy, and culinary applications, with no integrated framework established. Crucially, investigations into the diversity of epiphytic and endophytic microbiota remain notably scarce [ 22 ]. Therefore, this study employed B. schreberi from Longhu Mountain (Jiangxi) as experimental material. Utilizing Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, we analyze the V3–V4 hypervariable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to: (1) Decipher taxonomic composition and distribution patterns of epiphytic bacteria; (2) Elucidate structural characteristics of the microbial community; (3) Investigate potential correlations between epiphytic microbiota and biosynthesis of key functional metabolites. The findings will provide theoretical groundwork for applied research on B. schreberi polysaccharides and related bioproduct development. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Plant samples: B. schreberi samples from Jiangxi Chunyuan Agricultural Co., Ltd in Longhu Mountain in YingTan City, Jiangxi Province, were selected based on the following criteria: moderately-sized leaves fully coated with translucent mucilage, disease-free status, and with attached petioles, as described in our previous study [ 10 ]. Reagents and consumables: DNA Extraction: TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit (TIANGEN Biotech, Beijing Co., Ltd.) PCR Product Purification: GeneJET Gel Extraction Kit (Thermo Scientific™) Library Preparation: TruSeq® DNA PCR-Free Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina Inc.) 2.2 Pretreatment of B. schreberi samples Mature leaves, petioles, and tender leaves samples of B. schreberi were collected and immediately transported back to the laboratory using dry ice. The samples were first treated with sterile water to remove surface mud and other impurities. Subsequently, they were cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner at 50 W power for 1 minute (10 seconds of cleaning followed by 10 seconds of interval). The washing solution collected during this process was used as the raw material for epiphytic microorganisms. After cleaning, the leaves were rinsed three times with sterile water. The samples were then immersed in 10% hydrogen peroxide for 40 minutes, followed by washing three times with sterile water. Subsequently, the samples were treated with 70% alcohol for 1 minute and rinsed three times with sterile water. The cleaned leaf samples were then placed on filter paper to dry. After drying, the samples were wrapped in aluminum foil, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 30 seconds, and then ground in a pre-chilled mortar while adding liquid nitrogen. The resulting powder was used as the raw material for endophytic microorganisms. The samples were divided into six groups, each with three replicates: Leaves 1, 2, 3: Epiphytic bacteria from mature leaves (YP1-3) Leaves 4, 5, 6: Endophytic bacteria from mature leaves (YP4-6) Leaves 11, 12, 13: Epiphytic bacteria from tender leaves (YP11-13) Leaves 14, 15, 16: Endophytic bacteria from tender leaves (YP14-16) Leaves 21, 22, 23: Epiphytic bacteria from petioles (YP21-23) Leaves 24, 25, 26: Endophytic bacteria from petioles (YP24-26) 2.3 Extraction and sequencing of total genomic DNA of B. schreberi samples The DNA extraction steps for all samples were performed following the instructions of the TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit for bacterial genomic DNA extraction. The quality of the extracted genomic DNA was detected using 1% (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis, and the concentration and purity of the DNA were measured using the NanoDropTM 200. After quality control, the DNA samples were amplified using primers 319F (5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3') and 806R (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3') to target the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The PCR reaction system (50 µL) was as follows: 2 µL of DNA template (20 ng/µL), 1 µL of forward primer (5 µmol/L), 1 µL of reverse primer (5 µmol/L), 25 µL of 2×Taq PCR Master Mix, and ddH2O to a final volume of 50 µL. The PCR reaction conditions were: 95℃ for 5 min; 95℃ for 30 s, 55℃ for 45 s, 72℃ for 1 min, repeated for 30 cycles; and a final extension at 72℃ for 7 min. The PCR products were purified, quantified, and normalized to construct the sequencing library. After library quality control, the qualified libraries were sequenced using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform with paired-end sequencing (PE250). The sequencing of bacterial genomic DNA from the B. schreberi samples was completed by Beijing Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd. 2.4 Processing and analysis of sequencing data First, the raw sequencing data were subjected to quality control using Trimmomatic (v0.33) [ 24 ]. Subsequently, Cutadapt (v1.9.1) was used to identify and remove primer sequences, resulting in clean reads that did not contain primer sequences [ 25 ]. Based on the clean reads, the QIIME2 (v2020.6) platform was employed to perform denoising using the divisive amplicon denoising algorithm 2 (DADA2), and sequences with a frequency count less than 5 were filtered out [ 26 , 27 ]. This process yielded the final amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) [ 28 ], which were analogous to operational taxonomic units (OTU) representative sequences. For the obtained ASVs, two main analyses were conducted: (1) taxonomic annotation and classification of the representative sequences of each ASV to obtain species information and abundance distribution at the species level; and (2) using R software (v1.4.17), analyses of ASV abundance, alpha diversity (α diversity), and beta diversity (β diversity) were performed. Additionally, dimensionality reduction analysis and sample clustering trees were conducted using methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) to investigate differences in community structures among different samples. To further explore differences in community structures among different groups, statistical methods such as t-test and LEfSe were used to perform significance tests on the species composition and community structure of grouped samples. Finally, PICRUSt2 software was used to predict the functional profiles of bacterial communities in the sample [ 29 ]. 2.5 Statistical analysis The data was presented as mean ± standard error. All statistical analyses were conducted using R software (version 1.4.17), with multigroup comparisons assessed via one-way ANOVA. 3. Results 3.1 Sequence assembly and quality control As shown in Table 1 , a total of 1,549,823 epiphytic and endophytic bacterial raw sequences were obtained from 18 B. schreberi samples. Following quality control and assembly, 1,385,408 high-quality sequences of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria were retained. After removing the chimeras, a total of 1253,339 sequences were finally obtained for subsequent analysis. Table 1 Basic information of high-throughput sequencing of bacteria 16S rRNA gene epiphytic and endophytic with B. schreberi Group Sample ID Raw Reads Clean Reads Denoised Reads Merged Reads Non-chimeric Reads CYF YP1 87039 81493 81151 78857 70903 YP2 83883 79384 79038 75841 66653 YP3 85024 78992 78483 73406 59844 CYN YP4 84382 74781 74728 73943 73298 YP5 86212 76394 76300 74693 73841 YP6 88168 71852 71738 70547 69933 YYF YP11 90879 83285 83008 79466 68966 YP12 91196 85345 85017 81383 71129 YP13 86934 78559 78117 73367 62861 YYN YP14 87415 69300 69260 68365 67609 YP15 87832 80296 80269 79598 78648 YP16 84661 76783 76734 75800 74088 YBF YP21 85601 79497 79146 77103 72442 YP22 89069 83673 83291 80207 73138 YP23 84484 74851 74558 69914 65112 YBN YP24 89360 71499 71389 69926 68955 YP25 80285 72102 72064 71323 70598 YP26 77399 67322 67241 66283 65321 3.2 Gene sequencing depth analysis The rarefaction curve analysis showed that when the bacterial sequencing depth of B. schreberi samples reached approximately 10000 reads, the rarefaction curve plateaued ( Fig. S1 ). With the increase of sequencing depth, the number of observed bacteria no longer increases, indicating that the sequencing depth was sufficient and the sample sequencing results could be used for all subsequent analyses. 3.3 Community structure analysis of endophytic and epiphytic bacteria in three tissues of B. schreberi 3.3.1 ASV distribution analysis There are significant differences in the number of ASVs in different parts and developmental stages of B. schreberi (Fig. 1 ). A total of 578 epiphytic and endophytic bacterial ASVs were identified in 18 B. schreberi samples. The number of epiphytic bacterial ASVs in the three tissues of B. schreberi was significantly higher than that of endophytic bacteria (Fig. 1 A). The Venn diagram showed that a total of 560 epiphytic bacterial ASVs and 118 endophytic bacterial ASVs were detected in the B. schreberi samples (Fig. 1 B & 1 C). There were 396 shared epiphytic bacterial ASVs and 40 shared endophytic bacterial ASVs in all groups, which may represent the core taxa in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi . As shown in Fig. 1 B, the number of epiphytic bacterial ASVs detected in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi was 522, 431, and 526, respectively. Among these, 5, 11, and 21 ASVs were unique to each tissue, accounting for 0.96%, 2.55%, and 3.99% of the corresponding total ASVs, respectively. The number of epiphytic bacterial ASVs in the mature leaves and petioles of B. schreberi was the largest. This may be attributed to the mature leaves floating on the water surface, while the petioles are submerged. Submerged petioles had closer contact with the aquatic environment, likely leading to a higher diversity of epiphytic bacteria shared between the plant and the surrounding water. As shown in Fig. 1 C, the number of endophytic bacterial ASVs detected in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi was 84, 68, and 73, respectively. Among these, 23, 15, and 13 ASVs were unique to each tissue, representing 26.19%, 22.06%, and 17.81% of the total ASVs, respectively. The phylogenetic diversity of endophytic bacterial ASVs in mature leaves was the largest among the three tissues of B. schreberi , indicating that the longer the developmental duration, the richer the endophytic bacterial community. The above results showed that the diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves was closely related to their developmental stage and the microenvironment of each tissue. 3.3.2 Changes in alpha diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves The Shannon diversity index rarefaction curve showed that as sequencing depth increased, the curve plateaued ( Fig. S2 ). With the increase of sequencing depth, the Shannon diversity index basically remained unchanged, indicating that the amount of sequencing data was sufficient, and new taxa would not increase with the increase of sequencing volume. In addition, the Shannon index of epiphytic bacteria in the three tissues of B. schreberi was significantly greater than that of endophytic bacteria, indicating that the species of epiphytic bacteria were more diverse and abundant. The alpha diversity indices of bacterial communities in B. schreberi leaf samples were summarized in Table 2 . Overall, the epiphytic bacterial community exhibited higher richness and diversity compared to the endophytic community. Significant differences were observed in OTUs, ACE, Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, and other indices between the mature leaves/petioles and the young leaves ( P < 0.05), with higher values in the former, which indicates greater richness of epiphytic bacteria in mature tissues. Among the endophytic bacteria, the Simpson and Shannon indices of the bacterial community in mature leaves were significantly higher than those of petioles and young leaves ( P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in other indicators. The diversity of the endophytic bacterial community in mature leaves was higher than that in petioles and young leaves. These results further proved that the diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves was related to the tissues and development stage. Table 2 Alpha-diversity index statistics of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria from three different parts of B. schreberi Microbiome Group OTUs ACE Chao1 Simpson Shannon PD_whole_tree CYF 453.33 ± 11.02a 453.52 ± 10.98a 453.40 ± 10.95a 0.99 ± 0.00a 7.22 ± 0.05a 22.89 ± 0.43a Epiphytes YYF 341.67 ± 21.55b 341.76 ± 21.58b 341.67 ± 21.55b 0.96 ± 0.01b 6.38 ± 0.09b 19.53 ± 0.15b YBF 466.67 ± 13.58a 467.04 ± 13.46a 467.83 ± 13.34a 0.99 ± 0.00a 7.37 ± 0.08a 23.53 ± 0.80a CYN 53.33 ± 12.9a 54.33 ± 12.09a 55.00 ± 12.29a 0.58 ± 0.18a 2.71 ± 0.89a 8.93 ± 1.86a Endophytes YYN 41.00 ± 5.29a 41.32 ± 5.26a 41.33 ± 4.93a 0.17 ± 0.04b 0.83 ± 0.16b 7.33 ± 1.15a YBN 40.33 ± 7.51a 40.49 ± 7.37a 40.33 ± 7.51a 0.22 ± 0.06b 1.08 ± 0.28b 7.45 ± 1.47a Note: Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different ( P < 0.05). 3.3.3 β-diversity analysis of c epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves To evaluate the similarity and difference in their community composition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) were applied to assess the beta-diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves. In addition, the Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) was used to test whether there were significant differences in beta-diversity among different groups. The results of PCA showed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 62.45% and 22.38% of the total variation of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria communities, respectively. At the OTU level, clustering patterns among epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities from mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles were indistinct, suggesting no clear separation of community composition similarity (Fig. 2 A). PCoA further demonstrated that the three groups of samples of epiphytic bacteria from mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles were close and concentrated, indicating high compositional similarity, while the community composition of endophytic bacteria was quite different (Fig. 2 B). PERMANOVA analysis of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves was shown in Fig. 2 C. The results indicated that the differences in the bacterial community structures of different tissues of B. schreberi leaves were explanatory (R 2 = 0.758), and there were significant differences in the community structures between the epiphytic bacteria and endophytic bacteria in the leaves, which indicated that different ecological niches had a significant impact on the community composition of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves. 3.3.4 Taxonomic comparison of the epiphytic and endophytic bacterial community in B. schreberi leaves at the phylum and genus levels According to the species annotation results, the top 10 most abundant taxa at the phylum and genus levels were selected from each B. schreberi sample, and a relative abundance bar chart was generated. These results illustrated the dominant taxa within epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities across mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles at distinct taxonomic resolutions. The taxonomic richness (number of taxa) at each classification level is summarized in Table 3 . Table 3 Statistics of epiphytic and endophytic bacterial species in three different parts of B. schreberi Group Sample Kindom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species CYF YP1 1 14 18 55 94 162 186 YP2 1 14 18 56 97 168 192 YP3 1 14 19 57 102 173 197 CYN YP4 1 9 11 18 25 28 28 YP5 2 13 16 29 40 49 50 YP6 2 10 13 24 34 45 46 YYF YP11 1 14 17 49 80 142 159 YP12 1 14 17 48 81 142 158 YP13 1 14 18 48 79 137 153 YYN YP14 1 9 12 19 29 33 34 YP15 1 9 10 21 28 31 32 YP16 2 9 12 24 34 40 41 YBF YP21 1 14 19 53 93 159 184 YP22 1 14 19 56 100 172 197 YP23 1 14 19 56 99 173 198 YBN YP24 2 10 13 23 32 38 38 YP25 1 9 10 17 25 30 30 YP26 1 10 12 22 26 29 29 Total 2 17 23 64 117 199 226 At the phylum classification level, epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves comprised 17 phyla (Table 3 , Fig. 3 A). The dominant phyla of epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota . Endophytic bacterial communities in B. schreberi shared the dominant phyla (e.g., Proteobacteria , Firmicutes ) with aquatic environmental microbes, suggesting host-environment coadaptation [29] , and their proportions were 89.25%, 93.34%, 75.18% and 5.28%, 1.99%, 4.50%, respectively. Minor phyla included Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota (each 1%) in mature leaves, and Verrucomicrobiota (1%) in young leaves. Notably, epiphytic bacteria in petioles exhibited higher diversity, with unclassified bacteria (9.82%), Verrucomicrobiota (4.33%), Actinobacteriota (1.86%), and Myxomycota (1.04%). The above results indicated that epiphytic bacterial phyla on B. schreberi petioles exhibit higher diversity and abundance. For endophytic bacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were dominant across tissues: Proteobacteria accounted for 88.05%, 96.90%, and 95.22% in mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles, respectively, while Firmicutes represented 4.56%, 1.33%, and 1.45%. In addition, the endophytic bacteria in the petioles also contained 1.67% Actinobacteriota . Mature leaves exhibited the highest phylum richness, with Actinobacteriota (2.38%), Halobacterota (1.74%), Chloroflexi (1.40%), and unclassified bacteria (0.94%). These findings revealed that endophytic bacterial phyla in mature leaves were both more diverse and abundant compared to other tissues. From the genus level, the epiphytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves belonged to 199 genera (Table 3 , Fig. 3 A). The dominant genera of epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi were unclassified_Comamonadaceae , Aquitalea , Curvibacter , unclassified Sphingomonadaceae, Novosphingobium , unclassified Acetobacteraceae , and Duganella . The proportions of their abundances were 17.08%, 14.78%, 15.66%; 3.63%, 18.40%, 1.58%; 7.69%, 6.17%, 4.57%; 6.00%, 1.94%, 2.45%; 4.80%, 3.02%, 3.11%; 3.55%, 2.16%, 3.45% and 4.49%, 1.58%, 3.20%. Notably, the proportion of Aquitalea in young leaves was significantly higher than that in the other two groups, suggesting its potential role in mucilage formation. In addition, unclassified_Methylophilaceae was prominent in mature leaves (3.77%) and petioles (3.87%), while unclassified_Bacteria was unique to petioles. For endophytic bacteria, the dominant genera in the mature leaves of B. schreberi were only unclassified_Comamonadaceae and unclassified_Sphingomonadaceae , with abundance proportions of 4.45% and 1.42%, respectively. The abundance proportions of endophytic bacterial genera in young leaves were all less than 1%. In petioles, only u nclassified_Comamonadaceae (4.45%) had an abundance proportion above 1%. These results highlighted that epiphytic bacterial communities exhibited substantially higher genus richness compared to endophytic communities. The limited enrichment of specific endophytic genera suggested that epiphytic taxa might play a more critical role in B. schreberi development. 2.3.5 Analysis of differentially expressed species LEfSe analysis ( LDA > 4, P < 0.05) identified representative taxa within epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities across three tissues of B. schreberi , and the results revealed distinct community structures from phylum to species level, with 81 significantly differentiated taxa (Table 4 , Fig. 4 ). For epiphytic bacteria, 28, 17, and 17 taxa were enriched in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi , respectively. The significantly enriched epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves of B. schreberi were 4 orders, namely Acetobacterales , Burkholderiales , Cytophagales , and Sphingomonadales ; 6 families, namely Acetobacteraceae , Comamonadaceae , Oxalobacteraceae , Rhodocyclaceae , Spirosomaceae , and Sphingomonadaceae ; 9 genera, including Aquabacterium , Curvibacter, Duganella , Emticicia , Novosphingobium , unclassified_Acetobacteraceae , unclassified_Sphingomonadaceae , unclassified_Comamonadaceae , and unclassified_ Rhodocyclaceae , as well as 9 species. The epiphytic bacteria in the young leaves were significantly enriched in 3 orders, namely Burkholderiales , Rhizobiales , and Rhodospirillales ; 5 families, namely Chromobacteriaceae , Comamonadaceae , Magnetospirillaceae , Rhizobiaceae , and Rhodocyclaceae ; 5 genera, namely Aquitalea , Allorhizobium/Neorhizobium/Pararhizobium/Rhizobium , Curvibacter , Uliginosibacterium , and unclassified_Rhizobiaceae , as well as 5 species. The epiphytic bacteria on the petioles were significantly enriched in 4 orders, namely Burkholderiales , Caulobacterales , Salinisphaerales , and unclassified_Bacteria ; 4 families, namely Caulobacteraceae , Methylophilaceae , Solimonadaceae , and unclassified_Bacteria ; 3 genera, namely Nevskia , unclassified_Bacteria , and unclassified_ Methylophilaceae , as well as 3 species. Table 4 Bacterial communities differences in three different parts of B. schreberi based on Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) Groups Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species LDA_scores P values CYF Bacteroidota Bacteroidia Cytophagales Spirosomaceae Emticicia uncultured_Bacteroidetes_bacterium 4.16 0.0062 CYF Bacteroidota Bacteroidia Cytophagales Spirosomaceae 4.22 0.0062 CYF Bacteroidota Bacteroidia Cytophagales Spirosomaceae Emticicia 4.24 0.0062 CYF Bacteroidota Bacteroidia Cytophagales 4.26 0.0064 CYF Bacteroidota Bacteroidia 4.39 0.0063 CYF Bacteroidota 4.41 0.0063 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Acetobacterales Acetobacteraceae unclassified_Acetobacteraceae 4.18 0.0125 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Acetobacterales Acetobacteraceae 4.20 0.0125 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Acetobacterales 4.21 0.0125 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Acetobacterales Acetobacteraceae unclassified_Acetobacteraceae unclassified_Acetobacteraceae 4.22 0.0125 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Novosphingobium unclassified_Novosphingobium 4.34 0.0076 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Novosphingobium 4.37 0.0076 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae unclassified_Sphingomonadaceae 4.43 0.0052 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae unclassified_Sphingomonadaceae unclassified_Sphingomonadaceae 4.45 0.0052 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales 4.71 0.0058 CYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae 4.73 0.0058 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae Aquabacterium 4.03 0.0056 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae Aquabacterium unclassified_Aquabacterium 4.04 0.0056 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Rhodocyclaceae unclassified_Rhodocyclaceae 4.14 0.0093 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Rhodocyclaceae unclassified_Rhodocyclaceae unclassified_Rhodocyclaceae 4.15 0.0093 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae Curvibacter Curvibacter_lanceolatus 4.23 0.0062 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae Duganella 4.31 0.0050 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae Duganella unclassified_Duganella 4.33 0.0050 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae Curvibacter 4.54 0.0073 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae 4.60 0.0107 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae unclassified_Comamonadaceae unclassified_Comamonadaceae 4.88 0.0079 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae unclassified_Comamonadaceae 4.88 0.0079 CYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae 5.18 0.0058 CYN Actinobacteriota Actinobacteria Kineosporiales Kineosporiaceae 4.04 0.0078 CYN Actinobacteriota Actinobacteria Kineosporiales 4.04 0.0078 CYN Actinobacteriota Actinobacteria Kineosporiales Kineosporiaceae unclassified_Kineosporiaceae unclassified_Kineosporiaceae 4.04 0.0073 CYN Actinobacteriota Actinobacteria Kineosporiales Kineosporiaceae unclassified_Kineosporiaceae 4.04 0.0073 CYN Actinobacteriota Actinobacteria 4.06 0.0115 CYN Actinobacteriota 4.03 0.0112 CYN Firmicutes Bacilli Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae Allobaculum Allobaculum_stercoricanis 4.25 0.0062 CYN Firmicutes Bacilli Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae 4.27 0.0062 CYN Firmicutes Bacilli Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae Allobaculum 4.28 0.0062 CYN Firmicutes Bacilli Erysipelotrichales 4.29 0.0062 CYN Firmicutes Bacilli 4.22 0.0131 CYN Firmicutes 4.32 0.0386 CYN Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Xanthobacteraceae 4.18 0.0160 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Rhizobiaceae Allorhizobium_Neorhizobium_ Pararhizobium_Rhizobium unclassified_Allorhizobium_Neorhizobium _Pararhizobium_Rhizobium 4.05 0.0089 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Rhizobiaceae Allorhizobium_Neorhizobium_ Pararhizobium_Rhizobium 4.06 0.0089 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Rhizobiaceae unclassified_Rhizobiaceae 4.25 0.0123 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Rhizobiaceae unclassified_Rhizobiaceae unclassified_Rhizobiaceae 4.26 0.0123 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Rhizobiaceae 4.47 0.0054 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales 4.57 0.0147 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhodospirillales Magnetospirillaceae 4.19 0.0106 YYF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhodospirillales 4.31 0.0101 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Rhodocyclaceae Uliginosibacterium unclassified_Uliginosibacterium 4.03 0.0050 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Rhodocyclaceae Uliginosibacterium 4.04 0.0058 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae Curvibacter Curvibacter_gracilis 4.26 0.0076 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Rhodocyclaceae 4.39 0.0100 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Chromobacteriaceae Aquitalea Aquitalea_magnusonii 4.85 0.0060 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Chromobacteriaceae Aquitalea 4.87 0.0060 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Chromobacteriaceae 4.92 0.0062 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales 5.39 0.0073 YYF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria 5.44 0.0062 YYN Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rickettsiales Mitochondria Brasenia_schreberi unclassified_Brasenia_schreberi 5.61 0.0058 YYN Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rickettsiales 5.62 0.0058 YYN Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rickettsiales Mitochondria 5.62 0.0063 YYN Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rickettsiales Mitochondria Brasenia_schreberi 5.63 0.0058 YYN Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria 5.53 0.0071 YYN Proteobacteria 5.33 0.0106 YBF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Caulobacterales Caulobacteraceae 4.11 0.0064 YBF Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Caulobacterales 4.13 0.0056 YBF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Methylophilaceae unclassified_Methylophilaceae 4.24 0.0090 YBF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Methylophilaceae unclassified_Methylophilaceae unclassified_Methylophilaceae 4.25 0.0090 YBF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Methylophilaceae 4.31 0.0090 YBF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Salinisphaerales 4.10 0.0050 YBF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Salinisphaerales Solimonadaceae Nevskia unclassified_Nevskia 4.12 0.0050 YBF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Salinisphaerales Solimonadaceae 4.12 0.0050 YBF Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Salinisphaerales Solimonadaceae Nevskia 4.14 0.0050 YBF unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria 4.61 0.0379 YBF unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria 4.61 0.0379 YBF unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria 4.61 0.0379 YBF unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria 4.63 0.0379 YBF unclassified_Bacteria unclassified_Bacteria 4.64 0.0379 YBF unclassified_Bacteria 4.59 0.0379 YBF Verrucomicrobiota Verrucomicrobiae 4.28 0.0130 YBF Verrucomicrobiota 4.27 0.0130 For endophytic bacteria, 13 and 6 taxa were significantly enriched in the mature leaves and young leaves of B. schreberi , respectively. In contrast, no significantly enriched taxa were detected in petioles (Table 4 , Fig. 4 ). The endophytic bacteria in the mature leaves were significantly enriched in 3 orders, namely Erysipelotrichales , Kineosporiales , and Rhizobiales ; 3 families, namely Erysipelotrichaceae , Kineosporiaceae , and Xanthobacteraceae ; 2 genera, namely Allobaculum and unclassified_Kineosporiaceae , and 2 species. The endophytic bacteria in the young leaves were significantly enriched in Rickettsiales . Based on tissue-specific differences and the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 4 ), the epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves of B. schreberi had the largest number of significantly enriched taxa, followed by petioles, young leaves, endophytic bacteria in mature leaves, and young leaves. Notably, no taxa met the enrichment threshold ( LDA > 4) in petiole endophytes. The results indicated that significant divergence in epiphytic and endophytic bacterial community structures occurred across mature leaves, young leaves, and the petiole of B. schreberi . 3.4 Functional prediction of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi The PICRUSt2 was used to perform functional annotation and relative abundance analysis of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in three parts of B. schreberi . The results showed that a total of 300 KEGG pathways were identified across all samples, with annotations at Levels 1, 2, and 3 comprising 6, 44, and 300 pathways, respectively ( Supplementary Table S1 ) . At the KEGG level 1, metabolism-related pathways dominated, accounting for 76.28% (mature leaf epiphytes), 76.18% (young leaf epiphytes), 76.59% (petiole epiphytes), 76.87% (mature leaf endophytes), 76.45% (young leaf endophytes), and 77.37% (petiole endophytes), respectively. Environmental information processing and genetic information processing ranked second (Fig. 5 A). At the KEGG level 2, the "Global and overview maps" pathway was the KEGG pathway with the highest abundance proportion (> 40%), followed by carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, membrane transport, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, signal transduction, nucleotide metabolism, xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, and lipid metabolism (Fig. 5 B). At the KEGG level 3, metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and biosynthesis of antibiotics were dominant. The average relative abundance proportions of these four functions in the epiphytic bacteria of mature leaves, young leaves, petioles, endophytic bacteria of mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles were 32.23%, 32.33%, 32.71%, 32.79%, 32.64%, and 32.94%, respectively (Fig. 5 C). PCA analysis was performed based on the abundance statistics of database functional annotations. The results showed that at the three KEGG levels, there were significant differences in the relative abundances of metabolic pathways of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of B. schreberi (Fig. 5 D-E). This result was consistent with the analysis trend of the bacterial community composition differences, indicating significant functional differences among the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of B. schreberi . Differential analysis of KEGG metabolic pathways revealed functional adaptations of bacterial communities in different parts of B. schreberi to environmental changes. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) were observed in epiphytic bacteria between mature and young leaves for pathways including membrane transport, metabolism of amino acids/terpenoids/polyketides, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, cofactor/vitamin metabolism, and replication/repair (Fig. 6 , Supplementary Table S2 ). However, endophytic bacteria showed minimal functional divergence, with only the "bacterial infectious diseases" pathway differing significantly ( P = 0.031) between mature and young leaves ( Supplementary Table S3 ). The above results indicated that there were differences in the metabolic functions of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi leaves at different development stages, especially between mature leaves and mucilage-rich young leaves. This difference was closely related to the growth and metabolic processes of B. schreberi . 4. Discussion The mucilage of B. schreberi has multiple effects and it can also protect young buds from damage. The mechanism behind the mucilage formation in B. schreberi is primarily explained by two hypotheses. One suggests that the mucilaginous substance originates from the Golgi vesicles within the secretory glands of plants and then projects into the intercellular spaces of the organs, which is closely related to the plants themselves [ 14 ]. Ai et al. revealed the potential factors for mucilage disappearance in B. schreberi through proteomics analysis and found that mucilage accumulation was positively correlated with tryptophan metabolism, with high levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contributing to mucilage accumulation [ 8 ]. One of our previous multi-omics approaches combining metabolomics, transcriptomics and proteomics also identified the metabolite, gene and protein markers associated with the generation or disappearance of mucilage [ 10 ]. The other proposes that the mucilage is excreted by symbiotic bacteria residing in B. schreberi , specifically belonging to the genus Acinetobacter (Feng, Ning, et al., 2019). Xu et al. revealed that the mucilage polysaccharides of B. schreberi leaf surface contained abundant gum-producing bacteria (e.g., strain 5242). The polysaccharide composition of the fermentation products from these bacteria closely resembled that of B. schreberi 's mucilage polysaccharides, thus demonstrating an intimate relationship between the formation of B. schreberi polysaccharides and polysaccharide-producing bacteria [ 21 ]. Zhang et al. explored the endophytic bacterial resources of B. schreberi and found that the diversity of endophytic bacteria in the stems of B. schreberi was greater than that in other tissues, and each tissue had its specific bacterial genus [ 22 ]. Currently, the exact mechanism of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria responsible for the mucilage production or disappearance in B. schreberi remains unclear. In this study, the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi , and then to explore the community structure and functions of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria, aiming to reveal the changes in B. schreberi mucilage from the perspective of bacterial metabolism. This study found that mature leaves and petioles harbored significantly more ASVs than young leaves, with epiphytic bacteria showing greater richness than endophytic communities. This likely stems from prolonged developmental time and larger surface areas in mature tissues and petioles, enhancing microbial colonization and resource acquisition. Meanwhile, diversity index analysis revealed that the epiphytic bacterial communities exhibited higher diversity than the endophytic bacterial communities. Significant differences were observed in the OTU number, ACE, Chao1, Simpson, and Shannon indices between mature leaves/petioles and young leaves of B. schreberi , with mature leaves and petioles showing significantly higher values than young leaves ( P < 0.05). This indicated that the epiphytic bacterial communities of mature leaves and petioles have greater richness and diversity. Among the endophytic bacteria, the Simpson and Shannon indices of the bacterial community in mature leaves were significantly higher than those in petioles and young leaves ( P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in other indicators. These results highlighted tissue-specific variations in epiphytic and endophytic bacterial diversity, driven by distinct ecological niches, environmental exposures, and developmental demands in B. schreberi . In addition, to further understand the community structure composition of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different tissues of B. schreberi , we analyzed the relative abundance and differential taxa of epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities. Dominant bacterial phyla showed no significant differences between epiphytes and endophytes. At the phylum classification level, the types of epiphytic bacteria and endophytic bacteria were more diverse and abundant in the petioles and mature leaves of B. schreberi , respectively. The dominant phyla of epiphytic bacteria were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota , with minor contributions from Firmicutes , Actinobacteriota , and Verrucomicrobiota . In terms of the endophytic bacterial community structure, the results of our study were consistent with those of Zhang et al. [ 22 ], and the dominant phyla of endophytic bacteria in B. schreberi were Proteobacteria , Firmicutes , Actinobacteriota , etc. Bacteria within the phylum Proteobacteria are all Gram-negative, and most species are facultative or obligate anaerobes, exhibiting heterotrophic or chemolithoautotrophic metabolisms. Studies have indicated that a higher abundance of Proteobacteria correlates with increased levels of organic matter and nutrients (C, N) in their environment [ 30 , 31 ], which may be related to the formation of mucilage in B. schreberi . LEfSe analysis revealed that the significantly different epiphytic bacteria on the young leaves of B. schreberi were Rhodospirillales , Rhizobiales , and Burkholderiales under the phylum Proteobacteria (LDA > 4, P < 0.05). Rhodospirillales bacteria are typical facultative phototrophic bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll a and rhodobactinal-like carotenoids, which perform non-oxygenic photosynthesis. Under anaerobic conditions, members of the order Rhodospirillales may produce polysaccharides by metabolizing by-products through photosynthesis [ 32 ]. Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium are typical genera of Rhizobiales , and their biological nitrogen fixation process is often accompanied by the synthesis of capsular polysaccharides, which are used for interaction with plant roots and environmental adaptation [ 33 ]. The mucilage in the B. schreberi leaves is rich in polysaccharides and proteins. It is speculated that the synthesis of polysaccharides and mucilage in B. schreberi is closely related to the bacteria of the Proteobacteria phylum in the epiphytic bacteria of the leaves. The dominant genera of epiphytic bacteria in mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of B. schreberi included unclassified _ Comamonadaceae , Aquitalea , Curvibacter , unclassified_Sphingomonadaceae , Novosphingobium , unclassified _ Acetobacteraceae , and Duganella . It is worth noting that the relative abundance of Aquitalea in young leaves is 5-fold and 11-fold higher than in mature levels and petioles, respectively. Aquitalea plays crucial roles in organic matter degradation, nitrogen cycling, bioremediation, plant-microbe interactions, and secondary metabolite synthesis, exerting broad impacts on ecosystems and biotechnological applications. In a study on Aquitalea magnusonii H3 colonizing duckweed, Ishizawa et al. found that genes related to bacterial motility, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and type IV pili were critical for host adaptation. These structures likely facilitate surface colonization by secreting adhesive polysaccharides [ 34 ]. Moreover, research by Xu et al. revealed that the mucilage polysaccharides of B. schreberi contained abundant exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria, such as the mucilage-producing strain 5242. The polysaccharide composition of the bacterial fermentation products closely resembled that of B. schreberi mucilage polysaccharides, demonstrating a strong correlation between B. schreberi polysaccharide formation and exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria [ 21 ]. Further studies are needed to identify additional functional bacteria associated with B. schreberi mucilage production. To reveal the potential functions of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different tissues of B. schreberi , this study employed PICRUSt2 for functional prediction. At the KEGG level 1, metabolic pathways dominated the functional profile, followed by environmental information processing and genetic information processing. At the KEGG level 2, the "Global and overview maps" category dominated the functional profile, followed by carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. At the KEGG level 3, metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were dominant. These results suggest that the dominant functions of epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities on B. schreberi leaves mainly focus on anabolic metabolism of carbon and nitrogen. Further comparative analysis revealed significant differences in the abundance of KEGG functional categories between epiphytic bacteria on mature and young leaves of B. schreberi ( P < 0.05). These divergences were prominent in metabolic pathways including membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and energy metabolism. This suggests that these pathways may be functionally associated with mucilage production in B. schreberi . The mucilage of B. schreberi contains abundant polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and polyketides. This compositional profile suggests that epiphytic bacteria on B. schreberi leaves participate in the biosynthesis of proteins, terpenoids, and polyketide metabolites within the mucilage. 5. Conclusion This study suggested that epiphytic bacterial diversity in B. schreberi was correlated with its developmental stage and environment. Significant differences existed in bacterial community structure and function across the young leaves, mature leaves and petioles of B. schreberi , suggesting potential involvement of epiphytic bacteria in B. schreberi mucilage biosynthesis. This study provides preliminary insights into the mechanism of B. schreberi mucilage biosynthesis from a bacterial metabolic perspective. However, current research on epiphytic microorganisms associated with B. schreberi is still in its early stages. Future research can further explore the significantly enriched families and genera of epiphytic microorganisms in young leaves, identify core bacterial taxa driving B. schreberi polysaccharide metabolism, and validate functional links between microbial metabolism and mucilage biosynthesis via in vitro synthetic communities. Integrative analysis of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can unravel cross-kingdom regulatory networks between B. schreberi and its microbiota, providing targets for synthetic biology applications. This approach may enable innovative applications of B. schreberi resources while informing conservation strategies for this threatened species. Declarations Data Availability Statement Data will be made available on request. Author Contributions WL: Supervision, Resources, Writing – review & editing. PL: Investigation, data analysis, Writing –original draft. YQ: Investigation, data analysis. ML: Investigation, data analysis. YH: Methodology, Supervision, Resources, Writing – review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. We gratefully acknowledge Nanchang Normal University 2024 Youth Science and Technology Talent Training Project (Grant No. 24XJQN04), Nanchang Normal University Doctoral Research Start-up Fund (Grant No. NSBSJJ2023003), and Nanchang Normal University Funds for Improvement and Research (Grant No. 24FZZX13). Conflict of Interest The authors declare no competing interests. References Wu LF, Zhu WG, Yu EP, Cao HL, Wang ZF (2024) Draft genome of Brasenia schreberi, a worldwide distributed and endangered aquatic plant. BMC Genomic Data 25:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-024-01212-2 Li ZZ, Gichira AW, Wang QF, Chen JM (2018) Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered basal angiosperm Brasenia schreberi (Cabombaceae) in China. PeerJ 6:e5296. 10.7717/peerj.5296 Wang Y, Zou Y, Fang Q, Feng R, Zhang J, Zhou W, Wei Q (2023) Polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi with Great Antioxidant Ability and the Potential Application in Yogurt. Molecules 29:150. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010150 Xie C, Li J, Pan F, Fu J, Zhou W, Lu S, Li P, Zhou C (2018) Environmental factors influencing mucilage accumulation of the endangered Brasenia schreberi in China. Sci Rep 8:17955. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36448-3 Yue M (2021) Officially released the adjusted List of National Key Protected Wild Plants. Green China: 74–79 Li J, Yi C, Zhang C, Pan F, Xie C, Zhou W, Zhou C (2021) Effects of light quality on leaf growth and photosynthetic fluorescence of Brasenia schreberi seedlings. Heliyon 7:e06082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06082 Lu B, Shi T, Chen J (2023) Chromosome-level genome assembly of watershield (Brasenia schreberi). Sci Data 10:467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02380-z Ai T, Liu H, Wan J, Lu B, Yu X, Liu J, Yimamu A, Aishan S, Liu C, Qin R (2024) Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Underlying Factors of Mucilage Disappearance in Brasenia schreberi and Its Influence on Nutrient Accumulation. Foods 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040518 Kakuta M, Misaki A (1979) Polysaccharide of Junsai (Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel) Mucilage: Constitution and Linkage Analysis. Agric Biol Chem 43:993–1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1979.10863568 Huang Y, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Kuang Q, Luo W (2025) Combined analysis of metabolomic, transcriptomic and proteomics to reveal the underlying mechanism of mucilage disappearance in Brasenia schreberi. Ind Crops Prod 232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121178 Kim H, Wang Q, Shoemaker CF, Zhong F, Bartley GE, Yokoyama WH (2015) Polysaccharide gel coating of the leaves of Brasenia schreberi lowers plasma cholesterol in hamsters. J Traditional Complement Med 5:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.003 Liu G, Feng S, Yan J, Luan D, Sun P, Shao P (2022) Antidiabetic potential of polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi regulating insulin signaling pathway and gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice. Curr Res Food Sci 5:1465–1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.09.001 Feng S, Luan D, Ning K, Shao P, Sun P (2019) Ultrafiltration isolation, hypoglycemic activity analysis and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi. Int J Biol Macromol 135:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.129 Legault J, Perron T, Mshvildadze V, Girard-Lalancette K, Perron S, Laprise C, Sirois P, Pichette A (2011) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from the leaves of Brasenia schreberi. J Med Food 14:1127–1134. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0198 Wan J, Yu X, Liu J, Li J, Ai T, Yin C, Liu H, Qin R (2023) A special polysaccharide hydrogel coated on Brasenia schreberi: preventive effects against ulcerative colitis via modulation of gut microbiota. Food Funct 14:3564–3575. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo03207d Xiao H, Cai X, Fan Y, Luo A (2016) Antioxidant Activity of Water-soluble Polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi. Pharmacogn Mag 12:193–197. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.186343 Feng S, Ning K, Luan D, Lu S, Sun P (2019) Chemical composition and antioxidant capacities analysis of different parts of Brasenia schreberi. J Food Process Preserv 43:e14014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14014 Shi J, Li S, Xi L, Peng F, Li Y (2024) Characteristics of Brasenia schreberi Community and Its Relationship with Water Environmental Factors in Alpine Wetland of Southern Hunan. Wetland Sci 22:972–980. https://doi.org/10.13248/j.cnki.wetlandsci.2024.06.016 Wang T, Yang H, Chen H, Zhang W, Liu Z, Li Q, Sun M (2025) Growth of Brasenia schreberi requries good water quality and appropriate sediment nitrogen content. Front Plant Sci 16:1535395. 10.3389/fpls.2025.1535395 Lü J, Zhu J, Li M (1995) A primary study on glandular cell and mucilage producing mechanism of water shield. J Zhejiang Agric Univ 21:314–318 Xu G, Ma W, Jiang F, Ma X (1992) Study on the Microbial Ecological Distribution on the Leaf Surface of Brasenia schreberi and the conditions for the Formation of Polysaccharide fermentation by Viscose-producing Bacteria Strain 5242. Wuyi Sci J 333–344. https://doi.org/10.15914/j.cnki.wykx.1992.00.041 Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhou X, Gong H, Yu G (2022) Diversity of entophytic bacteria in different tissues of Brasenia schreberi. J South-Central Minzu Univ (Natural Sci Edition) 41:285–291. https://doi.org/10.12130/znmdzk.20220305 Kuang Q, Tu H, XIa K, Zou X, Guo Y (2021) Development Status of Brasenia schreberi Industry in Jiangxi Province. J Changjiang Vegetables 75–77. https://doi.org/10.3865/j.issn.1001-3547.2021.10.025 Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30:2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170 Martin M (2011) Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 2011 17: 3. https://doi.org/10.14806/ej.17.1.200 Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, Alexander H, Alm EJ, Arumugam M, Asnicar F, Bai Y, Bisanz JE, Bittinger K, Brejnrod A, Brislawn CJ, Brown CT, Callahan BJ, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Chase J, Cope EK, Da Silva R, Diener C, Dorrestein PC, Douglas GM, Durall DM, Duvallet C, Edwardson CF, Ernst M, Estaki M, Fouquier J, Gauglitz JM, Gibbons SM, Gibson DL, Gonzalez A, Gorlick K, Guo J, Hillmann B, Holmes S, Holste H, Huttenhower C, Huttley GA, Janssen S, Jarmusch AK, Jiang L, Kaehler BD, Kang KB, Keefe CR, Keim P, Kelley ST, Knights D, Koester I, Kosciolek T, Kreps J, Langille MGI, Lee J, Ley R, Liu Y-X, Loftfield E, Lozupone C, Maher M, Marotz C, Martin BD, McDonald D, McIver LJ, Melnik AV, Metcalf JL, Morgan SC, Morton JT, Naimey AT, Navas-Molina JA, Nothias LF, Orchanian SB, Pearson T, Peoples SL, Petras D, Preuss ML, Pruesse E, Rasmussen LB, Rivers A, Robeson MS, Rosenthal P, Segata N, Shaffer M, Shiffer A, Sinha R, Song SJ, Spear JR, Swafford AD, Thompson LR, Torres PJ, Trinh P, Tripathi A, Turnbaugh PJ, Ul-Hasan S, van der Hooft JJJ, Vargas F, Vázquez-Baeza Y, Vogtmann E, von Hippel M, Walters W, Wan Y, Wang M, Warren J, Weber KC, Williamson CHD, Willis AD, Xu ZZ, Zaneveld JR, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Knight R, Caporaso JG (2019) Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat Biotechnol 37:852–857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9 Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP (2016) DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods 13:581–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869 Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Holmes SP (2017) Exact sequence variants should replace operational taxonomic units in marker-gene data analysis. ISME J 11:2639–2643. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2017.119 Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM, Huttenhower C, Langille MGI (2020) PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol 38:685–688. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0548-6 Dai Z, Su W, Chen H, Barberán A, Zhao H, Yu M, Yu L, Brookes PC, Schadt CW, Chang SX, Xu J (2018) Long-term nitrogen fertilization decreases bacterial diversity and favors the growth of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in agro-ecosystems across the globe. Glob Change Biol 24:3452–3461. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14163 Chang-ming LI, Xin-fan Z, Lin Z, Guo-dong C, Shi-jian XU (2012) Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria Isolates and Community Function in Permafrost-Affected Soil along Different Vegetation Types in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Glaciology Geocryology 34:713–725. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0088 Suresh G, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2015) Bioprospecting anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria from natural environments. Crit Rev Microbiol 41:514–526. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2014.966259 Gharbi S, Elyemlahi A, H’daidane H, Bakrim H, Zerrouk MH, Laglaoui A, Lamhamdi M, Arakrak A, El Galiou O (2025) Potential use of rhizobial exopolysaccharides to protect wheat (Triticum aestivum) germination under salt stress. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 67:103627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2025.103627 Ishizawa H, Kuroda M, Inoue D, Ike M (2022) Genome-wide identification of bacterial colonization and fitness determinants on the floating macrophyte, duckweed. Commun Biology 5:68. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03014-7 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarytables.xlsx Table S1. Details about the KEGG functional analysis at three levels in three different parts of B. schreberi . Table S2. Details about the KEGG functional classification differences of epiphytic bacteria between mature and young leaves of B. schreberi . Table S3. Details about the KEGG functional classification differences of endophytic bacteria between mature and young leaves of B. schreberi . FigS1S2.docx Fig. S1 Rarefaction curves of epiphytic and endophyticbacteria in leaves of B. schreberi . Fig. S2. Shannon curves of epiphytic and endophyticbacteria in leaves of B. schreberi . Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Microbial Ecology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7831565","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":534631452,"identity":"519e53fc-bd01-44c2-9573-0190f96a8e7d","order_by":0,"name":"Wen Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wen","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":534631453,"identity":"d1997b96-dcb4-4de8-9660-2d087f87aa44","order_by":1,"name":"Pei Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pei","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":534631454,"identity":"a2944888-e38b-46f9-babd-cefa662c17bf","order_by":2,"name":"Yue Qiu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yue","middleName":"","lastName":"Qiu","suffix":""},{"id":534631455,"identity":"1ca48a00-378a-4ffe-a412-86e24e15deb2","order_by":3,"name":"Mingxing Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingxing","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":534631456,"identity":"d67512d3-4f8b-44ac-953c-f4f96dffdb39","order_by":4,"name":"Yizhong Huang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAzAuYEjgZ2Y+/IAELQYMCZLtbGkGRGsBkQkG53kUJIjSYi6R/qCYx8Auz/gwD1BnjU00QS2WMxISDGcYJBebHeY98IDhWFpuA0GH3Ug4YPDBgDlx22G+BAPGhsPEaElsMEgwqE/c3MxjIEGklmQGoC2HEzcwE63lzDMGoF+OF0scBgZyAlF+OZ7+zJinojqPv//w4QcfamwIa2EQSGBDxGACQeUgwH+A+QFRCkfBKBgFo2DkAgDcVD8muVMaFQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yizhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-11 04:23:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831565/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831565/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02688-w","type":"published","date":"2026-01-21T15:57:07+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94629265,"identity":"b0aebf48-5652-417b-a8dc-9ca77dcc181a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7322167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptBraseniaschreberi.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/0369b1d8a59d3fb9d240cb07.docx"},{"id":94629238,"identity":"c27a34b9-a460-4769-a5a5-644b6685a6c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"76a189468bc247c693dc6b9383459ace.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/ea82d925cbaf9b94a122e367.json"},{"id":94640765,"identity":"4c6b20c1-6089-4198-ab9d-67500a1324a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:50:12","extension":"xlsx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarytables.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/8aa07ada782d887ee887b9f3.xlsx"},{"id":94640278,"identity":"60144ad1-f4c8-46a0-a7ac-d8483e1dfb53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:49:00","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":233018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"76a189468bc247c693dc6b9383459ace1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/27eccac1c526c5543949eff7.xml"},{"id":94629250,"identity":"3cf0aff4-f999-4a43-8c44-c8a534caf188","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"emf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1644636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/59ac383f7929a1eefe02b1bc.emf"},{"id":94640936,"identity":"0318fc46-72df-4a13-b2bb-0239d9ce1623","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:50:23","extension":"emf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1868248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/da5f949d6cf29ff4dbb98b50.emf"},{"id":94640205,"identity":"f96f63c1-4705-415c-b1b5-732727239fd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:48:45","extension":"emf","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1873720,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/847ab61a7e1901d8374f1c88.emf"},{"id":94629264,"identity":"fcdf7827-d80c-4087-81ca-f6594041829c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6327584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/8bad61d4aa05c14204992f6b.emf"},{"id":94629253,"identity":"3f3e8c0d-77c9-4df7-90e7-a0d71a27ab68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"emf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2285516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/f93fc3762698dadb9293e968.emf"},{"id":94640738,"identity":"f6060fbb-bf1f-4f10-9b8e-e0d5f8009d16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:50:10","extension":"emf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1888532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/b68b8d696ab061db249ce49d.emf"},{"id":94629246,"identity":"092ccc1e-1645-4dee-9de7-dece512d8639","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/b607f3945834ad52d531ee77.png"},{"id":94640290,"identity":"3fa7250e-6949-4653-a950-1b41f6329d65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:49:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":183353,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/d27e75c0e327f0e883cde2f9.jpeg"},{"id":94629247,"identity":"b8411399-f761-42e6-9cba-5747214b633b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/81da239f279f5defbcea632b.png"},{"id":94629255,"identity":"3ffa043c-d516-4a35-8dbd-a4e330c5d8b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/c045bc79dcc9289712acbe2b.png"},{"id":94629248,"identity":"d2ab94eb-2ad8-44a8-8d97-30a11c15053f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/a201e255243f8c4925910b87.png"},{"id":94629259,"identity":"d3aefab5-0219-4ca9-82df-0abc7df4cc60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/a7668ba8d9fa668c3deac6c1.png"},{"id":94639954,"identity":"04b9c5e4-d9a5-4926-b835-5133477915ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:47:02","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/0f8cac15e8ae853b1d03736a.png"},{"id":94639993,"identity":"c94c7394-fbb0-4abb-9f35-4ed5725519fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:47:39","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/3f6bb762fa6021e1f18b80fc.png"},{"id":94640931,"identity":"0f2ebbfb-9bed-4450-80ca-fbdb91941f6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:50:23","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/724285fb9712fe00fa26cc00.png"},{"id":94640238,"identity":"bae43d73-885e-45a0-832b-a31e346526c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:48:54","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/75b9c8d050fcb8980ddef4a7.png"},{"id":94629263,"identity":"d4a29bf6-e3ab-4ce2-9335-1b39d5fde654","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"xml","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":234143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"76a189468bc247c693dc6b9383459ace1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/df4dc2d9bd9c42849780fcd4.xml"},{"id":94629262,"identity":"65ad650e-39cc-49f6-b467-5af0ee66066f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"html","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":253141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/b1be4c0a302b0ec9098f8686.html"},{"id":94629236,"identity":"43d48d22-5144-4823-b5fb-1685d3189388","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eASV of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. (A) \u003c/strong\u003eNumber distribution of ASV of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e(B) \u003c/strong\u003eASV Venn diagram analysis of epiphytic bacteria in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e(C)\u003c/strong\u003e ASV Venn diagram analysis of endophytic bacteria in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: CYF: Mature leaf epiphytes. CYN: Mature leaf endophytes. YYF: Young leaf epiphytes. YYN: Young leaf endophytes. YBF: Petiole epiphytes. YBN: Petiole endophytes. The same as below.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/2676bfcedec877099e1b0ef3.png"},{"id":94629237,"identity":"04a7f35f-2b60-49b0-adc5-34540e19c376","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ-diversity analysis of epiphytic and endophyticbacteria in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. (A) \u003c/strong\u003ePCA analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e(B) \u003c/strong\u003ePCoA analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e(C)\u003c/strong\u003e Box plot of Permanova analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/e0a7b5cc53952cee1faf6778.png"},{"id":94629239,"identity":"8f48eeea-18f7-4595-9908-bd7fc6ae9abc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":133220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative abundance of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in leaves of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eat phylum (A) and genus (B) levels.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/751ea401fd314e3ebbef5b78.png"},{"id":94629242,"identity":"08e25894-4264-49e7-aae9-ac197e5b9034","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":266244,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRepresentative core bacteria and their LDA scores of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (A)\u003c/strong\u003e The phylogenetic trees of the representative core bacteria in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e(B)\u003c/strong\u003e LDA scores of the representative core bacteria in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/4cba0f47512d78348b3f7f93.png"},{"id":94640284,"identity":"a8efb98c-95e2-4f97-b9e0-b660a6fd51fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:49:00","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":286381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKEGG function analysis and principal component analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(A-C) \u003c/strong\u003eKEGG function analysis in Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3, respectively. \u003cstrong\u003e(D-E) \u003c/strong\u003ePCA analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria function Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/2d8bda6530c3115de4c05e50.png"},{"id":94629261,"identity":"6a2459d8-766a-41be-b835-853527cd017b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of KEGG functional classification differences of epiphytic bacteria between mature and young leaves of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/e8039256eda2d8fb84581819.png"},{"id":101151659,"identity":"c0c52d67-39a1-4f36-9f8e-9526f3f2eea6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-26 16:00:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2943321,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/45b8af8f-0445-4e69-92c2-59cd7ef3761f.pdf"},{"id":94640168,"identity":"95518f81-90cb-4fed-a724-3c67eeb052f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 07:48:35","extension":"xlsx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":60457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable S1. Details about the KEGG functional analysis at three levels in three different parts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable S2. Details about the KEGG functional classification differences of epiphytic bacteria between mature and young leaves of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable S3. Details about the KEGG functional classification differences of endophytic bacteria between mature and young leaves of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supplementarytables.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/f105c55be36a46512cfa4e83.xlsx"},{"id":94629244,"identity":"8f63afb4-cfb2-483e-9394-4eb903bcac08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 05:41:07","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":302207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S1 Rarefaction curves of epiphytic and endophyticbacteria in leaves of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e B. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S2. Shannon curves of epiphytic and endophyticbacteria in leaves of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e B. schreberi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FigS1S2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831565/v1/f20d46d3a797321eb2c4f443.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Diversity and functional analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in three different parts of Brasenia schreberi","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrasenia schreberi\u003c/em\u003e J.F. Gmel (\u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e), also known as water shield, water mallow, lake vegetable, etc., is a perennial aquatic herb belonging to the family \u003cem\u003eCabombaceae\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. It prefers warm and humid aquatic environments and mainly grows in ponds, marshes and lakes, especially in areas with water depths of 20 to 60 cm. The species has been cultivated as an aquatic vegetable in East Asia for over 3,000 years, but its natural populations have declined significantly in recent decades and have become endangered in several regional countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In September 2021, the new edition of the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants was published, and \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was listed as a Grade II nationally protected wild plant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e is a traditional medicinal and edible plant in China, and its young leaves and petioles are covered with a layer of transparent mucilage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. This mucilage has been found to possess anti-algal and antibacterial properties, functioning as a herbivore defense mechanism, protecting tender buds from abrasion, and acting as an excellent bio-lubricant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the amount of mucilage not only serves as an indicator for assessing the growth status of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e plants but also significantly influences their growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The main component of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage is polysaccharides, which also contain many bioactive constituents such as polyphenols, proteins, terpenes and polyketones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e polysaccharides have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], and exhibit bioactive properties such as antidiabetic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], anti-inflammatory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], and antioxidant properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], indicating significant therapeutic potential. It is worth mentioning that \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e plays an important role in the field of antioxidant activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Its polysaccharide and conjugate have been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and have recently gained considerable attention due to their biological properties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to its high economic value and health benefits, \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e has attracted wide attention from researchers in recent years. Previous studies have shown that the rubber production efficiency of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e is greatly influenced by its own development stage and environmental factors. For example, Shi et al. found that the growth and mucilage accumulation of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e depended on clean water quality and nutrient-rich sediment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, key factors in aquatic environments, such as the permanganate index, total nitrogen, conductivity, dissolved oxygen in water bodies, as well as sediment organic carbon and total nitrogen also significantly impact mucilage accumulation in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Regarding the origin of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage, two mainstream theories are widely accepted: host plant production and microbial sources. Substantial research has confirmed that the plant's structures and metabolism significantly influence mucilage secretion. L\u0026uuml; et al. observed glandular cells with secretory functions on the plant surface, noting that their distribution positively correlates with mucilage abundance. Chemical analysis confirmed that the mucilage produced by these glandular cells shared primary components with \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage, leading to the conclusion that mucilage was an endogenous metabolic product of the plant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, multi-omics analysis, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, has been used to study the mechanisms of mucilage production or disappearance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, research on the diversity of phyllosphere microbiota associated with \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e and their specific impact on mucilage production capacity remains inconclusive. Many scholars contend that these co-colonizing microorganisms exert direct or indirect influences on mucilage biosynthesis. Studies indicate that epiphytic microorganisms may exhibit synergistic effects in mucilage production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Current investigations into microbe-mucilage interactions are still in the preliminary exploration phase, necessitating deeper research to elucidate detailed underlying mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJiangxi Province has established a wild germplasm conservation zone at the native habitat of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, implementing artificial population restoration, restricting transplantation and harvesting, while promoting sustainable cultivation and expansion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. As the edible and medicinal values of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e gain increasing recognition, its industrialized cultivation has progressively matured through refined agronomic techniques. However, current research remains fragmented across domestic and international studies, primarily focusing on cultivation systems, mucilage purification, morphological anatomy, and culinary applications, with no integrated framework established. Crucially, investigations into the diversity of epiphytic and endophytic microbiota remain notably scarce [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, this study employed \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e from Longhu Mountain (Jiangxi) as experimental material. Utilizing Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, we analyze the V3\u0026ndash;V4 hypervariable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to: (1) Decipher taxonomic composition and distribution patterns of epiphytic bacteria; (2) Elucidate structural characteristics of the microbial community; (3) Investigate potential correlations between epiphytic microbiota and biosynthesis of key functional metabolites. The findings will provide theoretical groundwork for applied research on \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e polysaccharides and related bioproduct development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant samples: \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples from Jiangxi Chunyuan Agricultural Co., Ltd in Longhu Mountain in YingTan City, Jiangxi Province, were selected based on the following criteria: moderately-sized leaves fully coated with translucent mucilage, disease-free status, and with attached petioles, as described in our previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReagents and consumables:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDNA Extraction: TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit (TIANGEN Biotech, Beijing Co., Ltd.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePCR Product Purification: GeneJET Gel Extraction Kit (Thermo Scientific\u0026trade;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLibrary Preparation: TruSeq\u0026reg; DNA PCR-Free Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina Inc.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Pretreatment of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMature leaves, petioles, and tender leaves samples of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e were collected and immediately transported back to the laboratory using dry ice. The samples were first treated with sterile water to remove surface mud and other impurities. Subsequently, they were cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner at 50 W power for 1 minute (10 seconds of cleaning followed by 10 seconds of interval). The washing solution collected during this process was used as the raw material for epiphytic microorganisms. After cleaning, the leaves were rinsed three times with sterile water. The samples were then immersed in 10% hydrogen peroxide for 40 minutes, followed by washing three times with sterile water. Subsequently, the samples were treated with 70% alcohol for 1 minute and rinsed three times with sterile water. The cleaned leaf samples were then placed on filter paper to dry. After drying, the samples were wrapped in aluminum foil, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 30 seconds, and then ground in a pre-chilled mortar while adding liquid nitrogen. The resulting powder was used as the raw material for endophytic microorganisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe samples were divided into six groups, each with three replicates:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves 1, 2, 3: Epiphytic bacteria from mature leaves (YP1-3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves 4, 5, 6: Endophytic bacteria from mature leaves (YP4-6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves 11, 12, 13: Epiphytic bacteria from tender leaves (YP11-13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves 14, 15, 16: Endophytic bacteria from tender leaves (YP14-16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves 21, 22, 23: Epiphytic bacteria from petioles (YP21-23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves 24, 25, 26: Endophytic bacteria from petioles (YP24-26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Extraction and sequencing of total genomic DNA of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe DNA extraction steps for all samples were performed following the instructions of the TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit for bacterial genomic DNA extraction. The quality of the extracted genomic DNA was detected using 1% (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis, and the concentration and purity of the DNA were measured using the NanoDropTM 200. After quality control, the DNA samples were amplified using primers 319F (5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3') and 806R (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3') to target the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The PCR reaction system (50 \u0026micro;L) was as follows: 2 \u0026micro;L of DNA template (20 ng/\u0026micro;L), 1 \u0026micro;L of forward primer (5 \u0026micro;mol/L), 1 \u0026micro;L of reverse primer (5 \u0026micro;mol/L), 25 \u0026micro;L of 2\u0026times;Taq PCR Master Mix, and ddH2O to a final volume of 50 \u0026micro;L. The PCR reaction conditions were: 95℃ for 5 min; 95℃ for 30 s, 55℃ for 45 s, 72℃ for 1 min, repeated for 30 cycles; and a final extension at 72℃ for 7 min. The PCR products were purified, quantified, and normalized to construct the sequencing library. After library quality control, the qualified libraries were sequenced using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform with paired-end sequencing (PE250). The sequencing of bacterial genomic DNA from the \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples was completed by Beijing Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Processing and analysis of sequencing data\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, the raw sequencing data were subjected to quality control using Trimmomatic (v0.33) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Subsequently, Cutadapt (v1.9.1) was used to identify and remove primer sequences, resulting in clean reads that did not contain primer sequences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on the clean reads, the QIIME2 (v2020.6) platform was employed to perform denoising using the divisive amplicon denoising algorithm 2 (DADA2), and sequences with a frequency count less than 5 were filtered out [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. This process yielded the final amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], which were analogous to operational taxonomic units (OTU) representative sequences. For the obtained ASVs, two main analyses were conducted: (1) taxonomic annotation and classification of the representative sequences of each ASV to obtain species information and abundance distribution at the species level; and (2) using R software (v1.4.17), analyses of ASV abundance, alpha diversity (α diversity), and beta diversity (β diversity) were performed. Additionally, dimensionality reduction analysis and sample clustering trees were conducted using methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) to investigate differences in community structures among different samples. To further explore differences in community structures among different groups, statistical methods such as \u003cem\u003et-test\u003c/em\u003e and LEfSe were used to perform significance tests on the species composition and community structure of grouped samples. Finally, PICRUSt2 software was used to predict the functional profiles of bacterial communities in the sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data was presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error. All statistical analyses were conducted using R software (version 1.4.17), with multigroup comparisons assessed via one-way ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Sequence assembly and quality control\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, a total of 1,549,823 epiphytic and endophytic bacterial raw sequences were obtained from 18 \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples. Following quality control and assembly, 1,385,408 high-quality sequences of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria were retained. After removing the chimeras, a total of 1253,339 sequences were finally obtained for subsequent analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasic information of high-throughput sequencing of bacteria 16S rRNA gene epiphytic and endophytic with \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample ID\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw Reads\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClean Reads\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDenoised Reads\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMerged Reads\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-chimeric Reads\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78857\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83883\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75841\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66653\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78483\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73406\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84382\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73298\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76394\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74693\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73841\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71852\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71738\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69933\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86934\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73367\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87415\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68365\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67609\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79598\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84661\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76783\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76734\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79497\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83673\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74851\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71499\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69926\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70598\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77399\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66283\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Gene sequencing depth analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rarefaction curve analysis showed that when the bacterial sequencing depth of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples reached approximately 10000 reads, the rarefaction curve plateaued (\u003cb\u003eFig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e). With the increase of sequencing depth, the number of observed bacteria no longer increases, indicating that the sequencing depth was sufficient and the sample sequencing results could be used for all subsequent analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Community structure analysis of endophytic and epiphytic bacteria in three tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 ASV distribution analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are significant differences in the number of ASVs in different parts and developmental stages of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 578 epiphytic and endophytic bacterial ASVs were identified in 18 \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples. The number of epiphytic bacterial ASVs in the three tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was significantly higher than that of endophytic bacteria (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eA). The Venn diagram showed that a total of 560 epiphytic bacterial ASVs and 118 endophytic bacterial ASVs were detected in the \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eB \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC). There were 396 shared epiphytic bacterial ASVs and 40 shared endophytic bacterial ASVs in all groups, which may represent the core taxa in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eB, the number of epiphytic bacterial ASVs detected in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was 522, 431, and 526, respectively. Among these, 5, 11, and 21 ASVs were unique to each tissue, accounting for 0.96%, 2.55%, and 3.99% of the corresponding total ASVs, respectively. The number of epiphytic bacterial ASVs in the mature leaves and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was the largest. This may be attributed to the mature leaves floating on the water surface, while the petioles are submerged. Submerged petioles had closer contact with the aquatic environment, likely leading to a higher diversity of epiphytic bacteria shared between the plant and the surrounding water. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC, the number of endophytic bacterial ASVs detected in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was 84, 68, and 73, respectively. Among these, 23, 15, and 13 ASVs were unique to each tissue, representing 26.19%, 22.06%, and 17.81% of the total ASVs, respectively. The phylogenetic diversity of endophytic bacterial ASVs in mature leaves was the largest among the three tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, indicating that the longer the developmental duration, the richer the endophytic bacterial community. The above results showed that the diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves was closely related to their developmental stage and the microenvironment of each tissue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.2 Changes in alpha diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Shannon diversity index rarefaction curve showed that as sequencing depth increased, the curve plateaued (\u003cb\u003eFig. S2\u003c/b\u003e). With the increase of sequencing depth, the Shannon diversity index basically remained unchanged, indicating that the amount of sequencing data was sufficient, and new taxa would not increase with the increase of sequencing volume. In addition, the Shannon index of epiphytic bacteria in the three tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was significantly greater than that of endophytic bacteria, indicating that the species of epiphytic bacteria were more diverse and abundant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe alpha diversity indices of bacterial communities in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaf samples were summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Overall, the epiphytic bacterial community exhibited higher richness and diversity compared to the endophytic community. Significant differences were observed in OTUs, ACE, Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, and other indices between the mature leaves/petioles and the young leaves (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with higher values in the former, which indicates greater richness of epiphytic bacteria in mature tissues. Among the endophytic bacteria, the Simpson and Shannon indices of the bacterial community in mature leaves were significantly higher than those of petioles and young leaves (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and there was no significant difference in other indicators. The diversity of the endophytic bacterial community in mature leaves was higher than that in petioles and young leaves. These results further proved that the diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves was related to the tissues and development stage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlpha-diversity index statistics of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria from three different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrobiome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eACE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD_whole_tree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e453.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e453.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.98a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e453.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.95a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpiphytes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.55b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.58b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.55b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e466.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.58a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e467.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.46a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e467.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.34a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.09a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.29a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndophytes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.29a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.26a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.93a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.51a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.37a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.51a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.3 β-diversity analysis of c epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the similarity and difference in their community composition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) were applied to assess the beta-diversity of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves. In addition, the Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) was used to test whether there were significant differences in beta-diversity among different groups. The results of PCA showed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 62.45% and 22.38% of the total variation of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria communities, respectively. At the OTU level, clustering patterns among epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities from mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles were indistinct, suggesting no clear separation of community composition similarity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA). PCoA further demonstrated that the three groups of samples of epiphytic bacteria from mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles were close and concentrated, indicating high compositional similarity, while the community composition of endophytic bacteria was quite different (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePERMANOVA analysis of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves was shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC. The results indicated that the differences in the bacterial community structures of different tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves were explanatory (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.758), and there were significant differences in the community structures between the epiphytic bacteria and endophytic bacteria in the leaves, which indicated that different ecological niches had a significant impact on the community composition of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3.4 Taxonomic comparison of the epiphytic and endophytic bacterial community in\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eleaves at the phylum and genus levels\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the species annotation results, the top 10 most abundant taxa at the phylum and genus levels were selected from each \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e sample, and a relative abundance bar chart was generated. These results illustrated the dominant taxa within epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities across mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles at distinct taxonomic resolutions. The taxonomic richness (number of taxa) at each classification level is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistics of epiphytic and endophytic bacterial species in three different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKindom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhylum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrder\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYP26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the phylum classification level, epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves comprised 17 phyla (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). The dominant phyla of epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e were \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e. Endophytic bacterial communities in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e shared the dominant phyla (e.g., \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e) with aquatic environmental microbes, suggesting host-environment coadaptation\u003csup\u003e[29]\u003c/sup\u003e, and their proportions were 89.25%, 93.34%, 75.18% and 5.28%, 1.99%, 4.50%, respectively. Minor phyla included \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e (each 1%) in mature leaves, and \u003cem\u003eVerrucomicrobiota\u003c/em\u003e (1%) in young leaves. Notably, epiphytic bacteria in petioles exhibited higher diversity, with \u003cem\u003eunclassified bacteria\u003c/em\u003e (9.82%), \u003cem\u003eVerrucomicrobiota\u003c/em\u003e (4.33%), \u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e (1.86%), and \u003cem\u003eMyxomycota\u003c/em\u003e (1.04%). The above results indicated that epiphytic bacterial phyla on \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e petioles exhibit higher diversity and abundance. For endophytic bacteria, \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e were dominant across tissues: \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e accounted for 88.05%, 96.90%, and 95.22% in mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles, respectively, while \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e represented 4.56%, 1.33%, and 1.45%. In addition, the endophytic bacteria in the petioles also contained 1.67% \u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e. Mature leaves exhibited the highest phylum richness, with \u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e (2.38%), \u003cem\u003eHalobacterota\u003c/em\u003e (1.74%), \u003cem\u003eChloroflexi\u003c/em\u003e (1.40%), and \u003cem\u003eunclassified bacteria\u003c/em\u003e (0.94%). These findings revealed that endophytic bacterial phyla in mature leaves were both more diverse and abundant compared to other tissues.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the genus level, the epiphytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves belonged to 199 genera (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). The dominant genera of epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e were \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Comamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCurvibacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified Sphingomonadaceae, Novosphingobium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified Acetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eDuganella\u003c/em\u003e. The proportions of their abundances were 17.08%, 14.78%, 15.66%; 3.63%, 18.40%, 1.58%; 7.69%, 6.17%, 4.57%; 6.00%, 1.94%, 2.45%; 4.80%, 3.02%, 3.11%; 3.55%, 2.16%, 3.45% and 4.49%, 1.58%, 3.20%. Notably, the proportion of \u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e in young leaves was significantly higher than that in the other two groups, suggesting its potential role in mucilage formation. In addition, \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Methylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e was prominent in mature leaves (3.77%) and petioles (3.87%), while \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e was unique to petioles. For endophytic bacteria, the dominant genera in the mature leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e were only \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Comamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Sphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, with abundance proportions of 4.45% and 1.42%, respectively. The abundance proportions of endophytic bacterial genera in young leaves were all less than 1%. In petioles, only u\u003cem\u003enclassified_Comamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e (4.45%) had an abundance proportion above 1%. These results highlighted that epiphytic bacterial communities exhibited substantially higher genus richness compared to endophytic communities. The limited enrichment of specific endophytic genera suggested that epiphytic taxa might play a more critical role in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.5 Analysis of differentially expressed species\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEfSe analysis (\u003cem\u003eLDA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) identified representative taxa within epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities across three tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, and the results revealed distinct community structures from phylum to species level, with 81 significantly differentiated taxa (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). For epiphytic bacteria, 28, 17, and 17 taxa were enriched in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. The significantly enriched epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e were 4 orders, namely \u003cem\u003eAcetobacterales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCytophagales\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/em\u003e; 6 families, namely \u003cem\u003eAcetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOxalobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSpirosomaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e; 9 genera, including \u003cem\u003eAquabacterium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCurvibacter, Duganella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEmticicia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNovosphingobium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Acetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Sphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Comamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eunclassified_ Rhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e, as well as 9 species. The epiphytic bacteria in the young leaves were significantly enriched in 3 orders, namely \u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRhodospirillales\u003c/em\u003e; 5 families, namely \u003cem\u003eChromobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMagnetospirillaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e; 5 genera, namely \u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAllorhizobium/Neorhizobium/Pararhizobium/Rhizobium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCurvibacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eUliginosibacterium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Rhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e, as well as 5 species. The epiphytic bacteria on the petioles were significantly enriched in 4 orders, namely \u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCaulobacterales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSalinisphaerales\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e; 4 families, namely \u003cem\u003eCaulobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMethylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSolimonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e; 3 genera, namely \u003cem\u003eNevskia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eunclassified_ Methylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e, as well as 3 species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBacterial communities differences in three different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e based on Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhylum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrder\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLDA_scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e values\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCytophagales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpirosomaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmticicia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003euncultured_Bacteroidetes_bacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCytophagales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpirosomaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCytophagales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpirosomaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmticicia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCytophagales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcetobacterales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Acetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcetobacterales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcetobacterales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcetobacterales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Acetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Acetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNovosphingobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Novosphingobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNovosphingobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Sphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Sphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Sphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAquabacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAquabacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Aquabacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Rhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0093\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Rhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Rhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0093\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvibacter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvibacter_lanceolatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxalobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuganella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxalobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuganella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Duganella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvibacter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxalobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Comamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Comamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Comamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKineosporiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKineosporiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKineosporiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Kineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Kineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKineosporiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Kineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacilli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllobaculum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllobaculum_stercoricanis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacilli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacilli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllobaculum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacilli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacilli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXanthobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllorhizobium_Neorhizobium_\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePararhizobium_Rhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Allorhizobium_Neorhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e_Pararhizobium_Rhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllorhizobium_Neorhizobium_\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePararhizobium_Rhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Rhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Rhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Rhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodospirillales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagnetospirillaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodospirillales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUliginosibacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Uliginosibacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUliginosibacterium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvibacter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvibacter_gracilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodocyclaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChromobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAquitalea_magnusonii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChromobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChromobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRickettsiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMitochondria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrasenia_schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Brasenia_schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRickettsiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRickettsiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMitochondria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRickettsiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMitochondria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrasenia_schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYYN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaulobacterales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaulobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlphaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaulobacterales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Methylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Methylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Methylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethylophilaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalinisphaerales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalinisphaerales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolimonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNevskia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Nevskia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalinisphaerales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolimonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGammaproteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalinisphaerales\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolimonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNevskia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eunclassified_Bacteria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVerrucomicrobiota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVerrucomicrobiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYBF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVerrucomicrobiota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor endophytic bacteria, 13 and 6 taxa were significantly enriched in the mature leaves and young leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. In contrast, no significantly enriched taxa were detected in petioles (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The endophytic bacteria in the mature leaves were significantly enriched in 3 orders, namely \u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKineosporiales\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e; 3 families, namely \u003cem\u003eErysipelotrichaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eXanthobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e; 2 genera, namely \u003cem\u003eAllobaculum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Kineosporiaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and 2 species. The endophytic bacteria in the young leaves were significantly enriched in \u003cem\u003eRickettsiales\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on tissue-specific differences and the phylogenetic tree (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), the epiphytic bacteria in the mature leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e had the largest number of significantly enriched taxa, followed by petioles, young leaves, endophytic bacteria in mature leaves, and young leaves. Notably, no taxa met the enrichment threshold (\u003cem\u003eLDA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4) in petiole endophytes. The results indicated that significant divergence in epiphytic and endophytic bacterial community structures occurred across mature leaves, young leaves, and the petiole of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Functional prediction of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PICRUSt2 was used to perform functional annotation and relative abundance analysis of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in three parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. The results showed that a total of 300 KEGG pathways were identified across all samples, with annotations at Levels 1, 2, and 3 comprising 6, 44, and 300 pathways, respectively (\u003cb\u003eSupplementary Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. At the KEGG level 1, metabolism-related pathways dominated, accounting for 76.28% (mature leaf epiphytes), 76.18% (young leaf epiphytes), 76.59% (petiole epiphytes), 76.87% (mature leaf endophytes), 76.45% (young leaf endophytes), and 77.37% (petiole endophytes), respectively. Environmental information processing and genetic information processing ranked second (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA). At the KEGG level 2, the \"Global and overview maps\" pathway was the KEGG pathway with the highest abundance proportion (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40%), followed by carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, membrane transport, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, signal transduction, nucleotide metabolism, xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, and lipid metabolism (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eB). At the KEGG level 3, metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and biosynthesis of antibiotics were dominant. The average relative abundance proportions of these four functions in the epiphytic bacteria of mature leaves, young leaves, petioles, endophytic bacteria of mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles were 32.23%, 32.33%, 32.71%, 32.79%, 32.64%, and 32.94%, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eC). PCA analysis was performed based on the abundance statistics of database functional annotations. The results showed that at the three KEGG levels, there were significant differences in the relative abundances of metabolic pathways of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eD-E). This result was consistent with the analysis trend of the bacterial community composition differences, indicating significant functional differences among the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferential analysis of KEGG metabolic pathways revealed functional adaptations of bacterial communities in different parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e to environmental changes. Significant differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were observed in epiphytic bacteria between mature and young leaves for pathways including membrane transport, metabolism of amino acids/terpenoids/polyketides, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, cofactor/vitamin metabolism, and replication/repair (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSupplementary Table S2\u003c/b\u003e). However, endophytic bacteria showed minimal functional divergence, with only the \"bacterial infectious diseases\" pathway differing significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031) between mature and young leaves (\u003cb\u003eSupplementary Table S3\u003c/b\u003e). The above results indicated that there were differences in the metabolic functions of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves at different development stages, especially between mature leaves and mucilage-rich young leaves. This difference was closely related to the growth and metabolic processes of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mucilage of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e has multiple effects and it can also protect young buds from damage. The mechanism behind the mucilage formation in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e is primarily explained by two hypotheses. One suggests that the mucilaginous substance originates from the Golgi vesicles within the secretory glands of plants and then projects into the intercellular spaces of the organs, which is closely related to the plants themselves [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Ai et al. revealed the potential factors for mucilage disappearance in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e through proteomics analysis and found that mucilage accumulation was positively correlated with tryptophan metabolism, with high levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contributing to mucilage accumulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. One of our previous multi-omics approaches combining metabolomics, transcriptomics and proteomics also identified the metabolite, gene and protein markers associated with the generation or disappearance of mucilage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The other proposes that the mucilage is excreted by symbiotic bacteria residing in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, specifically belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter\u003c/em\u003e (Feng, Ning, et al., 2019). Xu et al. revealed that the mucilage polysaccharides of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaf surface contained abundant gum-producing bacteria (e.g., strain 5242). The polysaccharide composition of the fermentation products from these bacteria closely resembled that of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e's mucilage polysaccharides, thus demonstrating an intimate relationship between the formation of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e polysaccharides and polysaccharide-producing bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Zhang et al. explored the endophytic bacterial resources of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e and found that the diversity of endophytic bacteria in the stems of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was greater than that in other tissues, and each tissue had its specific bacterial genus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Currently, the exact mechanism of the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria responsible for the mucilage production or disappearance in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e remains unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in the mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, and then to explore the community structure and functions of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria, aiming to reveal the changes in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage from the perspective of bacterial metabolism. This study found that mature leaves and petioles harbored significantly more ASVs than young leaves, with epiphytic bacteria showing greater richness than endophytic communities. This likely stems from prolonged developmental time and larger surface areas in mature tissues and petioles, enhancing microbial colonization and resource acquisition. Meanwhile, diversity index analysis revealed that the epiphytic bacterial communities exhibited higher diversity than the endophytic bacterial communities. Significant differences were observed in the OTU number, ACE, Chao1, Simpson, and Shannon indices between mature leaves/petioles and young leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, with mature leaves and petioles showing significantly higher values than young leaves (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This indicated that the epiphytic bacterial communities of mature leaves and petioles have greater richness and diversity. Among the endophytic bacteria, the Simpson and Shannon indices of the bacterial community in mature leaves were significantly higher than those in petioles and young leaves (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while there was no significant difference in other indicators. These results highlighted tissue-specific variations in epiphytic and endophytic bacterial diversity, driven by distinct ecological niches, environmental exposures, and developmental demands in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, to further understand the community structure composition of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, we analyzed the relative abundance and differential taxa of epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities. Dominant bacterial phyla showed no significant differences between epiphytes and endophytes. At the phylum classification level, the types of epiphytic bacteria and endophytic bacteria were more diverse and abundant in the petioles and mature leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. The dominant phyla of epiphytic bacteria were \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e, with minor contributions from \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eVerrucomicrobiota\u003c/em\u003e. In terms of the endophytic bacterial community structure, the results of our study were consistent with those of Zhang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], and the dominant phyla of endophytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e were \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eActinobacteriota\u003c/em\u003e, etc. Bacteria within the phylum \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e are all Gram-negative, and most species are facultative or obligate anaerobes, exhibiting heterotrophic or chemolithoautotrophic metabolisms. Studies have indicated that a higher abundance of \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e correlates with increased levels of organic matter and nutrients (C, N) in their environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], which may be related to the formation of mucilage in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEfSe analysis revealed that the significantly different epiphytic bacteria on the young leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e were \u003cem\u003eRhodospirillales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/em\u003e under the phylum \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e (LDA\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). \u003cem\u003eRhodospirillales\u003c/em\u003e bacteria are typical facultative phototrophic bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll a and rhodobactinal-like carotenoids, which perform non-oxygenic photosynthesis. Under anaerobic conditions, members of the order \u003cem\u003eRhodospirillales\u003c/em\u003e may produce polysaccharides by metabolizing by-products through photosynthesis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBradyrhizobium\u003c/em\u003e are typical genera of \u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e, and their biological nitrogen fixation process is often accompanied by the synthesis of capsular polysaccharides, which are used for interaction with plant roots and environmental adaptation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The mucilage in the \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves is rich in polysaccharides and proteins. It is speculated that the synthesis of polysaccharides and mucilage in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e is closely related to the bacteria of the \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e phylum in the epiphytic bacteria of the leaves. The dominant genera of epiphytic bacteria in mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e included \u003cem\u003eunclassified\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eComamonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCurvibacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified_Sphingomonadaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNovosphingobium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eunclassified\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eAcetobacteraceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eDuganella\u003c/em\u003e. It is worth noting that the relative abundance of \u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e in young leaves is 5-fold and 11-fold higher than in mature levels and petioles, respectively. \u003cem\u003eAquitalea\u003c/em\u003e plays crucial roles in organic matter degradation, nitrogen cycling, bioremediation, plant-microbe interactions, and secondary metabolite synthesis, exerting broad impacts on ecosystems and biotechnological applications. In a study on \u003cem\u003eAquitalea magnusonii H3\u003c/em\u003e colonizing duckweed, Ishizawa et al. found that genes related to bacterial motility, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and type IV pili were critical for host adaptation. These structures likely facilitate surface colonization by secreting adhesive polysaccharides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, research by Xu et al. revealed that the mucilage polysaccharides of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e contained abundant exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria, such as the mucilage-producing strain 5242. The polysaccharide composition of the bacterial fermentation products closely resembled that of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage polysaccharides, demonstrating a strong correlation between \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e polysaccharide formation and exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Further studies are needed to identify additional functional bacteria associated with \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo reveal the potential functions of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in different tissues of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, this study employed PICRUSt2 for functional prediction. At the KEGG level 1, metabolic pathways dominated the functional profile, followed by environmental information processing and genetic information processing. At the KEGG level 2, the \"Global and overview maps\" category dominated the functional profile, followed by carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. At the KEGG level 3, metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were dominant. These results suggest that the dominant functions of epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities on \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves mainly focus on anabolic metabolism of carbon and nitrogen. Further comparative analysis revealed significant differences in the abundance of KEGG functional categories between epiphytic bacteria on mature and young leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These divergences were prominent in metabolic pathways including membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and energy metabolism. This suggests that these pathways may be functionally associated with mucilage production in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e. The mucilage of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e contains abundant polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and polyketides. This compositional profile suggests that epiphytic bacteria on \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e leaves participate in the biosynthesis of proteins, terpenoids, and polyketide metabolites within the mucilage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study suggested that epiphytic bacterial diversity in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e was correlated with its developmental stage and environment. Significant differences existed in bacterial community structure and function across the young leaves, mature leaves and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, suggesting potential involvement of epiphytic bacteria in \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage biosynthesis. This study provides preliminary insights into the mechanism of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e mucilage biosynthesis from a bacterial metabolic perspective. However, current research on epiphytic microorganisms associated with \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e is still in its early stages. Future research can further explore the significantly enriched families and genera of epiphytic microorganisms in young leaves, identify core bacterial taxa driving \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e polysaccharide metabolism, and validate functional links between microbial metabolism and mucilage biosynthesis via \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e synthetic communities. Integrative analysis of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can unravel cross-kingdom regulatory networks between \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e and its microbiota, providing targets for synthetic biology applications. This approach may enable innovative applications of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e resources while informing conservation strategies for this threatened species.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWL:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSupervision, Resources, Writing – review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003ePL:\u003c/strong\u003e Investigation, data analysis, Writing –original draft. \u003cstrong\u003eYQ:\u003c/strong\u003e Investigation, data analysis. \u003cstrong\u003eML:\u003c/strong\u003e Investigation, data analysis. \u003cstrong\u003eYH:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, Supervision, Resources, Writing – review \u0026amp; editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. We gratefully acknowledge Nanchang Normal University 2024 Youth Science and Technology Talent Training Project (Grant No. 24XJQN04), Nanchang Normal University Doctoral Research Start-up Fund (Grant No. NSBSJJ2023003), and Nanchang Normal University Funds for Improvement and Research (Grant No. 24FZZX13).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWu LF, Zhu WG, Yu EP, Cao HL, Wang ZF (2024) Draft genome of Brasenia schreberi, a worldwide distributed and endangered aquatic plant. BMC Genomic Data 25:24. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-024-01212-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12863-024-01212-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi ZZ, Gichira AW, Wang QF, Chen JM (2018) Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered basal angiosperm Brasenia schreberi (Cabombaceae) in China. PeerJ 6:e5296. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.7717/peerj.5296\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7717/peerj.5296\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang Y, Zou Y, Fang Q, Feng R, Zhang J, Zhou W, Wei Q (2023) Polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi with Great Antioxidant Ability and the Potential Application in Yogurt. Molecules 29:150. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010150\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/molecules29010150\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXie C, Li J, Pan F, Fu J, Zhou W, Lu S, Li P, Zhou C (2018) Environmental factors influencing mucilage accumulation of the endangered Brasenia schreberi in China. Sci Rep 8:17955. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36448-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41598-018-36448-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYue M (2021) Officially released the adjusted List of National Key Protected Wild Plants. Green China: 74\u0026ndash;79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi J, Yi C, Zhang C, Pan F, Xie C, Zhou W, Zhou C (2021) Effects of light quality on leaf growth and photosynthetic fluorescence of Brasenia schreberi seedlings. Heliyon 7:e06082. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06082\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06082\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLu B, Shi T, Chen J (2023) Chromosome-level genome assembly of watershield (Brasenia schreberi). Sci Data 10:467. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02380-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41597-023-02380-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAi T, Liu H, Wan J, Lu B, Yu X, Liu J, Yimamu A, Aishan S, Liu C, Qin R (2024) Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Underlying Factors of Mucilage Disappearance in Brasenia schreberi and Its Influence on Nutrient Accumulation. Foods 13. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040518\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/foods13040518\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKakuta M, Misaki A (1979) Polysaccharide of Junsai (Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel) Mucilage: Constitution and Linkage Analysis. Agric Biol Chem 43:993\u0026ndash;1005. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1979.10863568\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/00021369.1979.10863568\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang Y, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Kuang Q, Luo W (2025) Combined analysis of metabolomic, transcriptomic and proteomics to reveal the underlying mechanism of mucilage disappearance in Brasenia schreberi. Ind Crops Prod 232. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121178\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121178\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKim H, Wang Q, Shoemaker CF, Zhong F, Bartley GE, Yokoyama WH (2015) Polysaccharide gel coating of the leaves of Brasenia schreberi lowers plasma cholesterol in hamsters. J Traditional Complement Med 5:56\u0026ndash;61. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu G, Feng S, Yan J, Luan D, Sun P, Shao P (2022) Antidiabetic potential of polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi regulating insulin signaling pathway and gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice. Curr Res Food Sci 5:1465\u0026ndash;1474. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.09.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.crfs.2022.09.001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFeng S, Luan D, Ning K, Shao P, Sun P (2019) Ultrafiltration isolation, hypoglycemic activity analysis and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi. Int J Biol Macromol 135:141\u0026ndash;151. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.129\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.129\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLegault J, Perron T, Mshvildadze V, Girard-Lalancette K, Perron S, Laprise C, Sirois P, Pichette A (2011) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from the leaves of Brasenia schreberi. J Med Food 14:1127\u0026ndash;1134. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0198\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1089/jmf.2010.0198\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWan J, Yu X, Liu J, Li J, Ai T, Yin C, Liu H, Qin R (2023) A special polysaccharide hydrogel coated on Brasenia schreberi: preventive effects against ulcerative colitis via modulation of gut microbiota. Food Funct 14:3564\u0026ndash;3575. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo03207d\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1039/d2fo03207d\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXiao H, Cai X, Fan Y, Luo A (2016) Antioxidant Activity of Water-soluble Polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi. Pharmacogn Mag 12:193\u0026ndash;197. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.186343\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/0973-1296.186343\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFeng S, Ning K, Luan D, Lu S, Sun P (2019) Chemical composition and antioxidant capacities analysis of different parts of Brasenia schreberi. J Food Process Preserv 43:e14014. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jfpp.14014\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShi J, Li S, Xi L, Peng F, Li Y (2024) Characteristics of Brasenia schreberi Community and Its Relationship with Water Environmental Factors in Alpine Wetland of Southern Hunan. Wetland Sci 22:972\u0026ndash;980. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.13248/j.cnki.wetlandsci.2024.06.016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.13248/j.cnki.wetlandsci.2024.06.016\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang T, Yang H, Chen H, Zhang W, Liu Z, Li Q, Sun M (2025) Growth of Brasenia schreberi requries good water quality and appropriate sediment nitrogen content. Front Plant Sci 16:1535395. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fpls.2025.1535395\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpls.2025.1535395\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL\u0026uuml; J, Zhu J, Li M (1995) A primary study on glandular cell and mucilage producing mechanism of water shield. J Zhejiang Agric Univ 21:314\u0026ndash;318\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu G, Ma W, Jiang F, Ma X (1992) Study on the Microbial Ecological Distribution on the Leaf Surface of Brasenia schreberi and the conditions for the Formation of Polysaccharide fermentation by Viscose-producing Bacteria Strain 5242. Wuyi Sci J 333\u0026ndash;344. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.15914/j.cnki.wykx.1992.00.041\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15914/j.cnki.wykx.1992.00.041\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Q, Chen J, Zhou X, Gong H, Yu G (2022) Diversity of entophytic bacteria in different tissues of Brasenia schreberi. J South-Central Minzu Univ (Natural Sci Edition) 41:285\u0026ndash;291. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.12130/znmdzk.20220305\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12130/znmdzk.20220305\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKuang Q, Tu H, XIa K, Zou X, Guo Y (2021) Development Status of Brasenia schreberi Industry in Jiangxi Province. J Changjiang Vegetables 75\u0026ndash;77. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3865/j.issn.1001-3547.2021.10.025\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3865/j.issn.1001-3547.2021.10.025\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30:2114\u0026ndash;2120. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartin M (2011) Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 2011 17: 3. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.14806/ej.17.1.200\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.14806/ej.17.1.200\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, Alexander H, Alm EJ, Arumugam M, Asnicar F, Bai Y, Bisanz JE, Bittinger K, Brejnrod A, Brislawn CJ, Brown CT, Callahan BJ, Caraballo-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez AM, Chase J, Cope EK, Da Silva R, Diener C, Dorrestein PC, Douglas GM, Durall DM, Duvallet C, Edwardson CF, Ernst M, Estaki M, Fouquier J, Gauglitz JM, Gibbons SM, Gibson DL, Gonzalez A, Gorlick K, Guo J, Hillmann B, Holmes S, Holste H, Huttenhower C, Huttley GA, Janssen S, Jarmusch AK, Jiang L, Kaehler BD, Kang KB, Keefe CR, Keim P, Kelley ST, Knights D, Koester I, Kosciolek T, Kreps J, Langille MGI, Lee J, Ley R, Liu Y-X, Loftfield E, Lozupone C, Maher M, Marotz C, Martin BD, McDonald D, McIver LJ, Melnik AV, Metcalf JL, Morgan SC, Morton JT, Naimey AT, Navas-Molina JA, Nothias LF, Orchanian SB, Pearson T, Peoples SL, Petras D, Preuss ML, Pruesse E, Rasmussen LB, Rivers A, Robeson MS, Rosenthal P, Segata N, Shaffer M, Shiffer A, Sinha R, Song SJ, Spear JR, Swafford AD, Thompson LR, Torres PJ, Trinh P, Tripathi A, Turnbaugh PJ, Ul-Hasan S, van der Hooft JJJ, Vargas F, V\u0026aacute;zquez-Baeza Y, Vogtmann E, von Hippel M, Walters W, Wan Y, Wang M, Warren J, Weber KC, Williamson CHD, Willis AD, Xu ZZ, Zaneveld JR, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Knight R, Caporaso JG (2019) Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat Biotechnol 37:852\u0026ndash;857. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCallahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP (2016) DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods 13:581\u0026ndash;583. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/nmeth.3869\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCallahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Holmes SP (2017) Exact sequence variants should replace operational taxonomic units in marker-gene data analysis. ISME J 11:2639\u0026ndash;2643. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2017.119\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/ismej.2017.119\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDouglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM, Huttenhower C, Langille MGI (2020) PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol 38:685\u0026ndash;688. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0548-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41587-020-0548-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDai Z, Su W, Chen H, Barber\u0026aacute;n A, Zhao H, Yu M, Yu L, Brookes PC, Schadt CW, Chang SX, Xu J (2018) Long-term nitrogen fertilization decreases bacterial diversity and favors the growth of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in agro-ecosystems across the globe. Glob Change Biol 24:3452\u0026ndash;3461. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14163\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/gcb.14163\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChang-ming LI, Xin-fan Z, Lin Z, Guo-dong C, Shi-jian XU (2012) Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria Isolates and Community Function in Permafrost-Affected Soil along Different Vegetation Types in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Glaciology Geocryology 34:713\u0026ndash;725. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0088\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0088\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuresh G, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2015) Bioprospecting anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria from natural environments. Crit Rev Microbiol 41:514\u0026ndash;526. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2014.966259\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3109/1040841X.2014.966259\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGharbi S, Elyemlahi A, H\u0026rsquo;daidane H, Bakrim H, Zerrouk MH, Laglaoui A, Lamhamdi M, Arakrak A, El Galiou O (2025) Potential use of rhizobial exopolysaccharides to protect wheat (Triticum aestivum) germination under salt stress. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 67:103627. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2025.103627\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.bcab.2025.103627\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIshizawa H, Kuroda M, Inoue D, Ike M (2022) Genome-wide identification of bacterial colonization and fitness determinants on the floating macrophyte, duckweed. Commun Biology 5:68. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03014-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s42003-022-03014-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"microbial-ecology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meco","sideBox":"Learn more about [Microbial Ecology](https://www.springer.com/journal/248)","snPcode":"248","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/248/3","title":"Microbial Ecology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"B. schreberi, mucilage, epiphytic bacteria, endophytic bacteria, high-throughput sequencing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831565/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831565/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrasenia schreberi\u003c/em\u003e J.F. Gmel (\u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e)is a traditional medicinal and edible plant in China, with its mucilage exhibiting antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the community structure and functional roles of epiphytic and endophytic microorganisms in mature leaves, young leaves, and petioles of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e, as well as their influence on mucilage biosynthesis. A total of 560 epiphytic and 118 endophytic bacterial ASVs were obtained\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003efrom\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e samples. There were significant differences in OTU counts, ACE, Chao1, Simpson, and Shannon indices between mature leaves/petioles and young leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05), with the values of mature leaves and petioles being significantly higher than those of young leaves.\u003cem\u003e Proteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003edominated the epiphytic bacterial communities across all tissues, while \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e were dominant in the endophytic bacteria. The KEGG functional classification of epiphytic bacteria in mature and young leaves of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e showed significant differences in metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and energy metabolism.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eOur results elucidate the composition and diversity of bacterial communities on three parts of \u003cem\u003eB. schreberi\u003c/em\u003e and preliminarily demonstrate the critical role of epiphytic bacteria in the biosynthesis of its mucilage.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Diversity and functional analysis of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria in three different parts of Brasenia schreberi","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-29 05:41:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831565/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-20T14:35:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-19T15:33:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-16T11:51:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T11:13:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"284376753694518781691653031702062806111","date":"2025-10-20T15:35:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"231433602001146723371533116036004713894","date":"2025-10-15T04:18:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172179456028862242685948087955518202412","date":"2025-10-14T22:28:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-14T19:01:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T05:04:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T05:04:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Microbial Ecology","date":"2025-10-11T04:21:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"microbial-ecology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meco","sideBox":"Learn more about [Microbial Ecology](https://www.springer.com/journal/248)","snPcode":"248","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/248/3","title":"Microbial Ecology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c4748278-1be5-4833-9ce8-6ca44ea1ad7d","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-26T15:59:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7831565","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02688-w","journal":{"identity":"microbial-ecology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Microbial Ecology"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-21 15:57:07","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 21st, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-29 05:41:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00248-025-02688-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02688-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7831565","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7831565","identity":"rs-7831565","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}