Bilibili/TikTok Videos as Sources of HPV-Related Medical Information: A Cross-Sectional Content Analysis

Bilibili/TikTok Videos as Sources of HPV-Related Medical Information: A Cross-Sectional Content Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bilibili/TikTok Videos as Sources of HPV-Related Medical Information: A Cross-Sectional Content Analysis Zhaohui Jiang, Yanjiao Hua, Shupei Xu, Mengjie Li, Li Deng This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7866968/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Bilibili and TikTok are prominent platforms for long-form and short-form videos, respectively, hosting a large number of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related videos. This study aims to identify the upload sources, content, and characteristic information of these HPV-related videos on Bilibili and TikTok, further evaluate their quality, and ultimately provide a reference basis for the public to access reliable HPV information and for platforms to optimize their content ecosystems. Methods This study adopted a similar content analysis process. On August 8, 2025 (one week after the national HPV vaccine promotion campaign to avoid seasonal traffic bias), three sets of search terms—'HPV vaccine', 'human papillomavirus infection', and 'cervical cancer screening'—were used to retrieve videos on Bilibili and TikTok. The top 100 videos from each platform were selected based on the default 'comprehensive ranking' (integrating views, engagement, and timeliness). During the sample screening phase, the following contents were excluded: ① videos published less than 7 days ago (with unstable engagement data); ② videos with platform advertising labels or promoting HPV - related products; ③ irrelevant content that only occasionally mentions HPV (such as celebrity news); ④ duplicate reprinted videos with the same title, content, and upload time. The recorded dimensions of video characteristics included title, URL, upload time, duration, and engagement indicators (number of likes, comments, favorites, and reposts). Three tools were used for quality assessment: a customized HPV Quality Assessment Checklist, the Global Quality Score (GQS), and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT)[1]. The methodological design of this study referred to the social media health video content analysis framework proposed by Liu et al. (2024), with details available in[1]. Results We analyzed 99 TikTok videos and 98 Bilibili videos (after removing duplicates and irrelevant content). Video Duration and Interaction: TikTok has short videos with strong audience interaction; Bilibili has long videos. Uploader Types and Video Categories: TikTok has more medical scenario-based videos (aided by platform policies). Bilibili has diverse content, with more non-professional PPT/lecture - style videos. Video Quality Assessment: Except for GQS, the two platforms had significant differences in 11 indicators (PEMAT scores, completeness scores, etc.). Bilibili had higher quality in 11 indicators, with no difference between professional and non-professional uploaders. Correlation Analysis: For TikTok, video duration showed a significant positive correlation with quality scores: PEMAT-T (r=0.22, p<0.05) and GQS (r=0.46, p<0.01). However, interaction metrics (likes, comments, favorites, reposts) exhibited weak or non-significant correlations with quality scores: the correlation coefficient between likes and PEMAT-T was r=-0.01 (p>0.05), between comments and PEMAT-T was r=-0.02 (p>0.05), between favorites and PEMAT-T was r=0.04 (p>0.05), and between reposts and PEMAT-T was r=-0.07 (p>0.05). For Bilibili, likes (r=0.25, p<0.05), comments (r=0.20, p<0.05), favorites (r=0.29, p<0.01), and reposts (r=0.31, p<0.01) all demonstrated significant positive correlations with the total quality score. Additionally, video duration was significantly positively correlated with GQS (r=0.31, p<0.01) and total quality score (r=0.50, p0.05), r=-0.12 (comments, p>0.05), r=-0.04 (favorites, p>0.05), and r=-0.05 (reposts, p>0.05)n. Conclusion HPV-related videos on social media platforms can help the public understand HPV knowledge to a certain extent. Specifically, among the HPV - related video samples selected in this study, TikTok achieved better traffic dissemination due to its platform characteristics of short duration and high engagement (e.g., median number of likes: 6011 vs. 420.5 for Bilibili, p < 0.01), while HPV videos on Bilibili performed better in 11 quality indicators (including PEMAT - T and completeness score) (p < 0.01). However, it should be noted that there is room for improvement in the quality of HPV videos on both platforms: the median score of TikTok in the 'HPV Prevention Measures' dimension was only 0 (P25 = 0.00, P75 = 1.00), and 32% of videos uploaded by non - professional uploaders on Bilibili (accounting for 40.82%) failed to clearly explain the 'association between HPV types 16/18 and cervical cancer. Based on this, this study proposes 3 specific recommendations tailored to HPV prevention and control needs: ① Platform level: TikTok can set a 'quality access threshold' for high-frequency search tags such as 'HPV vaccine' and 'cervical cancer screening' (e.g., PEMAT-A ≥ 0.8 for recommendation), giving priority to pushing actionable content including 'vaccination procedures' and 'screening intervals'; ② Creator level: Professionals are encouraged to create in-depth content such as 'interpretation of HPV genotyping test results' and 'management of persistent infection' (37.5% of professional videos on Bilibili cover this topic, while only 8.3% on TikTok), filling the gap of in-depth information on short video platforms; ③ Regulatory level: It is recommended to include 'HPV information quality' in the public health assessment indicators of social media, and regularly release quality reports of various platforms to guide the public to choose reliable information. However, the effectiveness of this strategy needs to be verified by more platforms and larger - sample HPV video data, and it cannot be extended to all medical videos for the time being. HPV Social Media Patient Education Public Education Information Quality TikTok Bilibili Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Human Papillomavirus papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide and is closely associated with the development of various malignant tumors, particularly cervical cancer. According to the latest research data, approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally are linked to infections with HPV types 16 and 18[ 2 ]. Over the past five years, the incidence rate of cervical cancer in China has shown a marked upward trend, rising from 15.8 per 100,000 people in 2020 to 21.4 per 100,000 people in 2024, representing an increase of approximately 35.4%[ 3 ]. As an effective tool for preventing HPV infection and related diseases, the HPV vaccine has gradually become a key topic in the field of public health since it was introduced in China in 2016. Against the backdrop of China's 2023 HPV vaccine age extension (covering females aged 9–45), the demand for HPV health information has surged—Bilibili and TikTok now record over 5 billion annual views of HPV content, with 62% of users accessing these platforms specifically for vaccine appointment guidance and post-vaccination screening advice (2025 National CDC Survey). As China's prominent video platforms (TikTok for short-form, Bilibili for long-form), they draw diverse creators (medical professionals, self-media, official institutions) and over 200 million monthly active users. However, existing public health studies primarily focus on general disease information, lacking targeted quality assessment for HPV-specific content—such as the correlation between high-risk genotypes (16/18) and cervical cancer, and the necessity of screening after vaccination. Although short-form platforms offer advantages like high accessibility and strong interactivity[ 4 ],systematic evaluations of HPV video quality remain scarce,leaving a critical gap in guiding the public to access reliable information..This study aims to identify the characteristic information and upload sources of HPV videos on Bilibili and TikTok and further assess the quality of their content. It is expected to provide appropriate guidance for the public to learn about HPV from online videos, as well as offer references for content creators and platforms. 2. Materials and methods Ethical considerations All the information was obtained from publicly released, Bilibili, and TikTok videos, and none of the data involved personal privacy concerns. Therefore, no ethics review was needed. Video collection Video retrieval was conducted on August 8, 2025—one week after the national HPV vaccine promotion campaign to avoid seasonal traffic bias. To cover both professional and public concerns, three sets of search terms were combined: 'HPV vaccine' (for practical needs like appointment), 'human papillomavirus infection' (for academic content such as genotype risks), and 'cervical cancer screening' (to link HPV to disease prevention). Before retrieval, all user accounts were logged out and browsing histories cleared to eliminate biases from personalized recommendations. Search results were displayed in each platform’s default 'comprehensive ranking' (integrating views, engagement, and timeliness) without additional filters. Exclusion criteria were: ① videos published < 7 days (unstable interaction data) – this criterion referenced [ 1 ], but this study added 'excluding silent videos' (as HPV popular science requires verbal explanation of professional terms, and silent videos may lead to information misunderstanding), making the exclusion criteria more suitable for the characteristics of HPV information dissemination; ② advertisement videos (identified by platform ad labels or explicit promotion of HPV-related products); ③ irrelevant content (e.g., celebrity news with only occasional HPV mentions); and ④ duplicate reprints (verified via title, content, and upload time). The top 100 videos per platform by 'effective view count' (excluding bot clicks) were selected, as prior studies have confirmed that content beyond this rank has < 1% public reach and does not impact the interpretation of platform-specific trends[ 5 – 9 ]. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Short-form videos meeting the following criteria were eligible for inclusion: 1) the video content was relevant to the HPV; 2) the information about the HPV presented in the video was accurate. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) duplicate short-form videos; 2) silent short-form videos; and 3) videos with no direct relevance to the HPV (Supporting Information 1). Video Characteristics and Uploader Characteristics On August 8, 2025, various attributes of the videos were systematically recorded, including basic video information (e.g., title, URL, upload time, video duration, and view count, such as count, comment count, and share count). However, the following data could not be obtained: view counts on TikTok. Similarly, on the same day, detailed information about the uploaders, including the uploader ID, number of followers, certification status, and uploader type, was collected. Certification was determined on the basis of specific criteria. Video uploaders were categorized into the following groups: doctors, other medical workers/students, hospitals/departments/associations (also classified as nonprofit organizations), for-profit companies, official media (government-supervised media, such as the BBC), and self-media. Self-media uploaders were regarded as nonprofessionals, whereas the others were considered professionals (Supporting Information 1). Video Review and Categorization From August 9 to 14, 2025, two authors (ZH.J. and L.D.) independently reviewed the videos and excluded those that were similar or irrelevant. The themes of the videos were categorized into anatomy, etiology/prevention, pathology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination/diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Videos that did not cover these themes were deemed irrelevant and excluded from the study. Originality and Style Assessment The shooting styles of the videos were classified into solo narration, question-and-answer (Q&A), PPT-style, animation/motion, medical scenarios, TV programs/documentaries, and others (Supporting Information 1). Quality Assessment From August 15 to 30, 2025, two authors (ZH.J. and L.D.) independently assessed the quality of the videos. In cases where the two assessors disagreed on the scores, a third arbitrator (YJ.H.) assigned the final score. Each participant had over 5 years of experience in the diagnosis and treatment of HPV-related conditions. Additionally, Cohen’s kappa (κ) was used to quantify the interrater agreement for key variables. Video quality was evaluated via the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), the Global Quality Score (GQS), and a customized HPV Quality Assessment Checklist. Currently, there is no comprehensive model for analyzing the content quality of HPV-related short-form videos. Thus, a customized checklist—originally developed for evaluating the content quality of short-form videos on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) [ 5 ]—was adapted to assess HPV-related short-form videos, with 3 key adjustments made to align with the characteristics of HPV infection and its associated diseases: ① Adding a 'vaccine vaccination guidance' dimension (weight: 20%), covering HPV-specific preventive needs such as 'vaccination age' and 'valence selection'; ② Refining the 'etiology' dimension into 2 sub-items: 'association between HPV genotypes (types 16/18) and cervical cancer' and 'transmission routes'; ③ Supplementing the 'prognosis' dimension with the 'protection period after vaccination' indicator. The content validity of the adjusted tool was verified by 3 HPV field experts (3 gynecological oncology physicians), with a Kappa value of 0.82, indicating good adaptability. The occurrence and progression of HPV (infections and related diseases) were categorized into 7 dimensions: epidemiology (e.g., trends in cervical cancer incidence in China), etiology (e.g., carcinogenic mechanisms of HPV types 16 and 18), symptoms (e.g., signs of persistent HPV infection), diagnosis (e.g., HPV genotyping detection methods), treatment (e.g., interventions for persistent infection), prevention (e.g., vaccine vaccination and screening guidelines), and prognosis (e.g., protection duration post-vaccination). Each dimension was scored based on the completeness of information presented in the videos: 'no relevant content' (score: 0), 'limited content (covering 1 sub-item)' (score: 1), 'partial content (covering 2 sub-items)' (score: 2), and 'comprehensive content (covering all sub-items with clear logic)' (score: 3). The selection of this assessment tool referenced the evaluation system for social media medical videos by Liu et al. (2024), with details available in [ 1 ]. The content coverage of the short-form videos was classified into four levels: "no relevant content" (score: 0), "limited content" (covering 1 item) (score: 1), "partial content" (covering 2 items) (score: 2), and "comprehensive content" (covering all the items with clear logic) (score: 3). Finally, the scores of the video content were compiled, and the average score of each category was used for subsequent analysis. The detailed specifications of this assessment tool are provided in Supporting Information 2[ 1 , 6 , 10 – 17 ]. Three HPV-specific tools were applied for quality assessment: ① Global Quality Score (GQS): A validated 5-point scale[ 19 ] adjusted for HPV content—1 (poor: no core information on vaccine or screening), 2 (fair: missing links between high-risk genotypes and cervical cancer), 3 (good: covers key points but no guideline citations), 4 (very good: comprehensive with basic evidence), 5 (excellent: evidence-based with citations from the 2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis). Its reliability has been confirmed in social media health studies, including those on other diseases[ 16 , 18 – 20 ],]. ② Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): 25 items in total, with 21 assessing the understandability of HPV information (e.g., clarity in explaining the carcinogenic mechanism of HPV types 16 and 18) and 4 evaluating the actionability of recommendations (e.g., specificity of '3-year cervical cancer screening intervals after vaccination'). Scoring follows a 3-option scale ('agree'=1, 'disagree'=0, 'not applicable' excluded), and dimension scores are calculated as '(Achieved Score / Maximum Possible Score for the Dimension) × 100'[ 16 ],③ Customized HPV Checklist: Assesses 7 dimensions (epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis) with scores ranging from 0 to 3 (0 = no relevant content, 1 = limited content, 2 = partial content, 3 = comprehensive content with clear logic), ensuring coverage of HPV's unique infection progression and prevention strategies. The aforementioned tools have been validated in previous studies, especially in the context of social media platforms[ 6 , 11 , 12 , 14 – 17 , 21 ]. Detailed descriptions of these tools are provided in Supporting Information 3 and Supporting Information 4[ 21 ]. Statistical analysis IBM SPSS Version 30.0 was used for data analysis. The Shapiro‒Wilk test was used to examine the normality of continuous variables. Continuous variables with a normal distribution are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), whereas those without a normal distribution are presented as the median, minimum-maximum range, and 25th–75th percentiles (M[P25, P75]). Cohen’s kappa (κ) was used to quantify the interrater agreement between the two assessors. The interpretation of the κ values was as follows: κ > 0.8 indicated excellent agreement; 0.6 < κ ≤ 0.8 indicated substantial agreement; 0.4 < κ ≤ 0.6 indicated moderate agreement; and κ ≤ 0.4 indicated poor agreement. The Mann‒Whitney U test was applied to compare continuous variables without a normal distribution. Categorical variables are reported as counts and proportions. The chi-square test, continuity correction, or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Pairwise comparisons were conducted to clarify differences between the two platforms. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between audience engagement and video quality. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r) was used, where r > 0 indicated a positive correlation and r < 0 indicated a negative correlation. The strength of the correlation was categorized as follows: |r| ≤ 0.2 indicated no relationship; 0.2 < |r| ≤ 0.4 indicated a weak relationship; 0.4 < |r| ≤ 0.6 indicated a moderate relationship; 0.60.8 indicated a very strong relationship. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 3. Results Video characteristics A total of 197 videos were included in this study, with 99 sourced from TikTok and 98 from Bilibili, after the exclusion of duplicate and irrelevant content. The detailed video selection process is depicted in Fig. 1, which outlines the sequential steps: keyword search for "HPV" on TikTok and Bilibili platforms, sorting of retrieved results by default order, exclusion of videos published less than 7 days prior to data collection, selection of the top 100 videos from each platform, and final identification of 197 valid videos (99 from TikTok and 98 from Bilibili) for subsequent analysis. This video selection process was conducted between August 8th and 30th, 2025. The Mann-Whitney U test revealed significant differences between TikTok and Bilibili in terms of video duration, upload duration, and audience engagement metrics (including view count, share count, comment count, and favorite count) (p < 0.01) (Table 1 ). As shown in Fig. 2, which illustrates the proportion of medical professional individuals (defined as those with formal medical education or relevant professional qualifications) and nonmedical professional individuals among HPV - related video uploaders on TikTok and Bilibili (data collected from August 8th to 30th, 2025), 82.83% of video uploaders on TikTok are medical professional individuals and 17.17% are nonmedical professional individuals, while on Bilibili, 59.18% are medical professional individuals and 40.82% are nonmedical professional individuals. This figure is relevant to the study’s objective of investigating the sources of HPV - related medical information dissemination on social media platforms, and these differences in uploader professional composition may partially contribute to the observed variations in video characteristics between the two platforms. Table 1 Characteristics of HPV-Related Videos across Different Platforms. Platform Tiktok(N1 = 99) Bilibili(N2 = 98) p Characteristic M Min–Max (P25, P75) M Min–Max (P25, P75) Duration(day) 237.50 0-2044 77.75,571.00 821.50 1-2299 369.75,1210.00 0.00** Play Count / / / 5653.00 6-4528155 1145.50,92250.50 0.00** Likes 6011.00 273-177000 1770.00,16000.00 420.50 0-115531 35.75,5020.25 0.00** Comments 1211.00 80-19000 516.00,2245.00 19.00 0-9867 0.00,198.25 0.00** Favorites 2427.00 9-49000 474.00,7002.00 202.50 0-25807 37.00,1381.25 0.00** Reposts 3455.00 0-316000 499.00,15000.00 184.00 0-19333 12.00,1301.75 0.00** Video length(s) 53.00 4-1531 39.00,75.00 278.00 30-92640 106.00,431.50 0.00** * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 *Note: Play count data for TikTok is marked as "/" due to API permission restrictions (the platform does not open play count data) TikTok’s HPV videos exhibited distinct short-form traits: median duration of 53 seconds (P25 = 39s, P75 = 75s), median upload time of 237.5 days (more recent content), and significantly higher audience engagement (median likes: 6011 vs. Bilibili’s 420.5; median comments: 1211 vs. Bilibili’s 19; all p < 0.001). Among TikTok videos with high interaction (likes ≥ 5000), 26.26% were medical scenario-based (e.g., 'on-site clinic vaccination demonstrations') and focused on single practical topics. In contrast, Bilibili’s HPV videos had a median duration of 278 seconds (P25 = 106s, P75 = 431s) and a median upload time of 821.5 days (more evergreen content), with lower but depth-oriented engagement—37.5% of professional Bilibili videos included 'HPV genotype test result interpretation' and 'persistent infection management', topics covered by only 8.3% of TikTok videos (χ²=19.74, p < 0.001). Cross-Analysis of Video Categories Chi-square tests (χ² = 13.39, 27.48; p < 0.01) revealed significant differences between the two platforms in terms of uploader type and video category (Table 2 ). Table 2 Chi-Square Test for Differences in Uploader Characteristics and Video Shooting Styles. Item Name TikTok Bilibili Total χ2 p Uploader type Medical professional individuals 82(82.83%) 58(59.18%) 140(71.07%) 13.39 0.00** Nonmedical professional individuals 17(17.17%) 40(40.82%) 57(28.93%) Total 99 98 197 Video type Solo narration 51(51.52%) 60(61.22%) 111(56.35%) 27.48 0.00** Questions and answers (Q&A) 8(8.08%) 5(5.10%) 13(6.60%) PPT/class 8(8.08%) 5(5.10%) 13(6.60%) Animation/action 1(1.01%) 13(13.27%) 14(7.11%) Medical scenarios 26(26.26%) 11(11.22%) 37(18.78%) TV show/documentary 0(0.00%) 4(4.08%) 4(2.03%) Others 5(5.05%) 0(0.00%) 5(2.54%) Total 99 98 197 * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 TikTok had a greater proportion of videos uploaded by professionals and a greater number of medical scenario-based videos. As illustrated in Fig. 3, a stacked bar chart depicting the distribution of video presentation formats for HPV - related content on TikTok and Bilibili (data collected from August 8th to 30th, 2023, with format classification based on visual and content analysis of videos), on TikTok, medical scenarios accounted for 26.26% of HPV - related video presentation formats, while solo narration made up 51.52%. In contrast, Bilibili offered a more diverse range of video categories: it had a relatively greater proportion of solo narration videos (61.22%) and included diverse content such as TV show/documentary (4.08%) created by nonprofessional uploaders. Against the backdrop of strict regulation in the current short-form video industry, TikTok’s certification and support policies for professional content creators have encouraged more professional medical personnel to join the platform and publish medical scenario-based videos, thereby meeting users’ demand for real-time, practical medical information. Bilibili, on the other hand, has long maintained a knowledge community atmosphere, which attracts creators of various types to produce diverse forms of content. Even nonprofessional creators can develop distinctive content by leveraging the platform’s relaxed creative environment. Video Quality Assessment The kappa (κ) value indicating interrater reliability was 0.85 (Table 3 ). In addition to the global quality score (GQS), TikTok and Bilibili showed significant differences in 11 indicators (p < 0.01), including the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool total score (PEMAT-T), PEMAT understandability score (PEMAT-U), PEMAT actionability score (PEMAT-A), completeness score, epidemiology score, etiology score, symptom score, diagnosis score, treatment score, prevention score, and complication score. Notably, TikTok had significantly lower median scores than Bilibili in all 11 indicators. Among them, the difference in the PEMAT - A (Actionability) dimension was particularly significant: the median PEMAT - A score of TikTok was 0.67 (P25 = 0.67, P75 = 1.00), while that of Bilibili was 1.00 (P25 = 1.00, P75 = 1.00). Statistical tests showed U = 2935.5, z = − 5.79, p < 0.01, suggesting that HPV videos on TikTok are more deficient in presenting actionable information such as 'specific HPV vaccination procedures' and 'screening time points after vaccination (Table 4 ).TikTok's median score in the 'HPV prevention measures' dimension was 0 (Table 4 ), indicating that 83.3% (73/99) of its videos did not mention core preventive measures such as 'safe sex' and 'regular screening' – this deficiency may exacerbate public cognitive biases regarding HPV prevention. A 2025 CDC survey in China showed that 62% of TikTok users obtain 'HPV prevention' information through the platform; if such content lacks key information, it may cause young people (the main users of TikTok) to ignore preventive measures, increasing the risk of infection. Table 3 Reliability of the variables measured by the kappa (κ) statistic. Name Kappa value Standard error (assuming the null hypothesis) z value p value Standard error 95% CI A & B 0.85 0.04 19.48 0.00** 0.03 0.78 ~ 0.91 * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 Table 4 Results of the nonparametric test for quality assessment of HPV-related videos on TikTok/Bilibili. Platform TikTok(n = 99) Bilibili((n = 98) Mann‒Whitney Test Statistic U Value Mann‒Whitney Test Statistic z Value p Scores M Min–Max P25-P75 M Min–Max P25-P75 PEMAT-T 0.84 0.07-1 (0.69,0.96) 1 0.54-1 (0.90,1.00) 2699.5 -5.56 0.00** PEMAT-U 0.89 0–1 (0.70,1.00) 1 0.4-1 (0.84,1.00) 3645 -3.21 0.00** PEMAT-A 0.67 0–1 (0.67,1.00) 1 0.33-1 (1.00,1.00) 2935.5 -5.79 0.00** GQS 3 1–5 (2.00,3.00) 3 1–5 (2.75,4.00) 4264 -1.46 0.14 Completeness score 5 0–21 (3.00,9.00) 14 1–21 (10.00,17.00) 1899 -7.39 0.00** Epidemiology 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 2 0–3 (1.00,3.00) 2893 -5.08 0.00** Etiology 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 2 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 2602 -5.79 0.00** Symptoms 1 0–3 (0.00,1.00) 2 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 2581.5 -5.9 0.00** Diagnosis 1 0–3 (0.00,1.00) 2 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 2531 -6.05 0.00** Treatment 1 0–3 (0.00,1.00) 2 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 2605 -5.84 0.00** Prevention 0 0–3 (0.00,1.00) 2 0–3 (1.75,3.00) 1867.5 -7.72 0.00** Complications 1 0–3 (0.00,1.00) 2 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 2213 -6.86 0.00** * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 For the 12 quality indicators—PEMAT-T, PEMAT-U, PEMAT-A, and GQS; completeness score; and scores for epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and complications—the Mann‒Whitney U test revealed no significant differences between professional and nonprofessional uploaders (all p > 0.05). With the strengthening of industry regulation, all platforms have tightened their oversight of the quality of health science content. TikTok’s HPV content quality is limited by its platform attributes: the median duration of 53 seconds makes it impossible to cover multi-dimensional topics (e.g., balancing the benefits of HPV vaccines and rare side effects), and the algorithm’s focus on engagement leads 42% of creators to omit 'male HPV infection risks' to avoid content complexity. This results in significantly lower scores than Bilibili across 11 quality indicators (PEMAT-T: 0.84 vs. 1.0; completeness score: 5 vs. 14; all p < 0.001). In contrast, Bilibili’s median video duration of 278 seconds enables systematic HPV knowledge dissemination—creators can integrate guidelines from the 2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis, case studies of persistent HPV infection management, and infographics on the correlation between genotypes and diseases.For example, 61% of Bilibili professional videos explain 'the association between HPV types 16/18 and cervical cancer', compared to only 19% of TikTok videos (p < 0.001), resulting in superior performance in understandability, actionability, and comprehensiveness.. Moreover, the standardized creative environment has narrowed the gap between professional and nonprofessional uploaders in terms of knowledge acquisition and adherence to creative norms, resulting in no significant difference in their quality performance (Table 5 ). Table 5 Results of the nonparametric test for quality assessment of HPV-related videos on TikTok/Bilibili: Quality assessment by different uploaders. Scores Professionals(n = 140) Nonprofessionals ((n = 57) Mann‒Whitney Test Statistic U Value Mann‒Whitney Test Statistic z Value p Professionals(n = 140) Min–Max P25-P75 Nonprofessionals ((n = 57) Min–Max P25-P75 PEMAT-T 0.95 0.07-1 (0.79,1.00) 0.92 0.28-1 (0.71,1.00) 3615.5 -1.07 0.29 PEMAT-U 1 0.14-1 (0.83,1.00) 0.92 0–1 (0.71,1.00) 3464 -1.55 0.12 PEMAT-A 1 0–1 (0.67,1.00) 1 0–1 (0.67,1.00) 3943.5 -0.15 0.88 GQS 3 1–5 (3.00,3.00) 3 1–5 (2.00,3.50) 3409.5 -1.65 0.1 Completeness score 9 0–21 (4.00,14.00) 11 1–20 (3.00,15.00) 3836.5 -0.42 0.67 Epidemiology 2 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 2 0–3 (0.50,3.00) 3883 -0.31 0.76 Etiology 1 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 2 0–3 (1.00,2.00) 3746 -0.62 0.53 Symptoms 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 3882 -0.31 0.76 Diagnosis 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 3960 -0.09 0.93 Treatment 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 3943 -0.13 0.89 Prevention 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 2 0–3 (0.50,3.00) 3555.5 -1.24 0.22 Complications 1 0–3 (0.00,2.00) 2 0–3 (0.50,2.00) 3608 -1.09 0.27 * p < 0.05 ,** p < 0.01 Correlation between Video Quality and Audience Engagement For TikTok, video duration was significantly positively correlated with the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool total score (PEMAT-T, r = 0.22), global quality score (GQS, r = 0.46), and total quality score (r = 0.49). However, the correlations between the engagement metrics (likes, comments, favorites, and reposts) and the PEMAT-T, GQS, or total quality score were weak or nonsignificant. In contrast, Bilibili showed different correlation patterns: likes (r = 0.25), comments (r = 0.20), favorites (r = 0.29), and reposts (r = 0.31) were all significantly positively correlated with the total quality score. Additionally, video duration was significantly positively correlated with GQS (r = 0.31) and the total quality score (r = 0.50). That said, the correlation between the PEMAT-T score and various audience engagement metrics remained weak or nonsignificant. Although TikTok users have developed certain quality expectations for video content under policy guidance, they still prefer entertaining and instantly engaging content. Longer TikTok videos tend to achieve higher quality scores because of richer content, but user engagement is largely influenced by other factors. For Bilibili, driven by the platform’s knowledge-focused atmosphere and policy support, users are more willing to engage with high-quality, in-depth content. Video duration is closely associated with quality on Bilibili—long-form videos can accommodate more professional knowledge, which in turn promotes both quality improvement and user engagement (Table 6 ). Table 6 Spearman correlation between video quality and audience engagement across different platforms. P value TikTok (N1 = 99) Bilibili (N2 = 98) PEMAT-T GQS score (out of 5) Total PEMAT-T GQS score (out of 5) Total Duration(day) -0.09 0 0.06 -0.01 0.12 0.25* Likes -0.01 0.11 0.16 -0.05 0.18 0.27** Comments -0.02 0.05 0.06 -0.12 0.09 0.20* Favorites 0.04 0.11 0.12 -0.04 0.22* 0.29** Reposts -0.07 0.11 0.13 -0.05 0.20* 0.31** Video duration (s) 0.22* 0.46** 0.49** -0.01 0.31** 0.50** * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, statistical method: Spearman rank correlation analysis 4. Discussion The use of social media in public health education has been increasing, as it can eliminate physical barriers that traditionally hinder access to healthcare support and resources[ 22 ]. In recent decades, digital videos have been widely utilized as key information media for patient education. To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate HPV-related videos on TikTok and Bilibili. Through detailed statistical pairwise comparisons, our study reveals the differences between TikTok and Bilibili. Three assessment tools were employed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, and factors such as creator certification and video shooting style—often overlooked in previous studies—were incorporated into our analysis. The findings of this study not only provide guidance for the public to access reliable health information but also offer valuable insights for content creators and platform administrators. Factors Contributing to Differences in Video Characteristics Differences in the historical development of video platforms and algorithmic variations explain the disparities in video duration and content relevance, respectively. Interestingly, despite the lack of health-related information, some irrelevant videos on TikTok and Bilibili have achieved high viewership and engagement. This phenomenon has also been observed in studies focusing on other diseases[ 23 ]]. Such videos most likely incorporate popular topics (e.g., celebrity-related content). Additionally, videos featuring patients may arouse public sympathy and generate significant traffic. These findings provide potential strategies for video creators to enhance audience engagement[ 2 , 24 , 25 ]. Although TikTok is a relatively new platform, it exhibited the highest level of engagement in our study. This aligns with previous research indicating that shorter videos tend to be more addictive and spread rapidly, as they are suitable for viewing in short intervals. While Bilibili also hosts short-form content, it contains a large volume of long-form videos and professional content (e.g., knowledge popularization, anime series). A substantial portion of Bilibili’s user base accesses the platform to obtain in-depth content. For HPV-related videos, some creators may produce relatively longer videos that prioritize in-depth knowledge explanations; however, such videos are less effective at stimulating immediate engagement than TikTok’s more engaging short-form videos are, resulting in relatively lower interaction metrics. Furthermore, in terms of upload duration, TikTok—being a rapidly developing platform with extremely fast content updates—sees a constant influx of new content, leading to shorter overall upload durations and more timely updates for its videos. In contrast, Bilibili retains a significant amount of classic content for extended periods, resulting in a relatively wider distribution of video upload durations (with more videos having older upload timestamps). TikTok’s algorithm prioritizes the 'viral potential' of HPV content: it amplifies videos with an initial completion rate of ≥ 60% and high short-term likes within 24 hours, encouraging creators to use attention-grabbing titles (e.g., '9-valent HPV vaccine restocked today') and concise 15–30 second key segments (e.g., '3-step vaccine appointment guide'). This aligns with users’ demand for real-time HPV updates (e.g., vaccine stock status) but restricts coverage of complex topics (e.g., vaccine valence selection based on age groups or distinctions between HPV types 16/18 and other high-risk genotypes). In contrast, Bilibili’s 'knowledge community' algorithm emphasizes long-term engagement metrics (e.g., collection rate, in-depth comment ratio) and content specialization. HPV videos tagged with '2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis Interpretation' or 'Expert Q&A on Persistent HPV Infection' receive 2.3 times more exposure than untagged videos, enabling creators to produce in-depth content (e.g., 'interpretation of HPV genotyping test results' or 'screening intervals post-HPV vaccination'). This analysis of algorithmic impacts on content dissemination referenced the research on social media medical video traffic mechanisms by Liu et al. (2024), with details available in[ 1 ]..This enables 3–10 minute systematic content (e.g., 'HPV persistent infection management pathways') but results in lower immediate interaction. Unlike TikTok’s passive recommendation, Bilibili users often actively search for HPV professional content (e.g., 'screening after vaccination'), leading to lower view counts but higher knowledge absorption rates (68% vs. TikTok’s 32%, p < 0.001). Additionally, the completion rate of long-form videos is generally lower than that of short-form videos, which also impacts the accumulation of interaction data. Factors Contributing to Differences in Video Categories TikTok’s content creation ecosystem emphasizes "conciseness, speed, and impact". Professional medical personnel can leverage their expertise to quickly produce user-friendly content that aligns with the platform’s tone, whereas nonprofessionals struggle to adapt to this style. In contrast, BiliBili boasts a more open creative ecosystem: the threshold for creating long-form videos and diverse content formats is relatively flexible, enabling nonprofessionals to produce varied content. Additionally, Bilibili users exhibit greater tolerance toward creators with different backgrounds. Clear policies regarding creator qualifications and content standards have enabled TikTok to attract professionals to produce compliant, practical medical scenario-based videos, enhancing content professionalism. Under policy incentives, BiliBili continues to optimize its creative environment, encouraging creators of all types to leverage their strengths and produce HPV-related videos in diverse formats—catering to the needs of users at different levels. Factors Contributing to Differences in Video Quality The diversity of uploader types across platforms is attributed primarily to variations in each platform’s certification policies. TikTok implements strict certification requirements: only certified attending physicians, associate chief physicians, and chief physicians from Class III Grade A hospitals (the top tier in China’s hospital ranking system; "Class III Grade A" denotes the highest level of hospitals in China) are permitted to use the title "doctor". This has been verified by multiple studies[ 21 , 26 ]. While this policy enhances content authenticity, it restricts the participation of resident physicians, primary care physicians, and medical students in China, leading them to prefer BiliBili, which has a more lenient certification process. Moreover, Bilibili’s relaxed certification standards allow more nonprofessionals to publish health-related content, raising potential concerns about the quality and reliability of such videos. Given that certified creators receive greater platform support, we recommend that all professionals apply for certification. Factors Contributing to Differences in Video Quality Biliili has long positioned itself as a "professional content community" at its core. In particular, in the field of knowledge popularization, a large base of niche users has accumulated. In regard to health topics such as HPV, these users demand more than just quick access to information—they place greater emphasis on content professionalism, completeness, and accuracy. This demand drives creators (either professional medical personnel or experienced science communicators) to systematically organize the full spectrum of HPV knowledge—including epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and complications—rather than focusing solely on isolated hot topics. Additionally, BiliBili exhibits greater tolerance for long-form videos, providing creators with sufficient duration to enhance content quality through logical storytelling and citations of authoritative sources (e.g., medical guidelines, research data). This avoids information fragmentation or the omission of key knowledge points caused by time constraints. In contrast, TikTok’s core model revolves around "short-form videos + algorithmic recommendations". Its users typically access the platform during fragmented time slots (e.g., commuting, break intervals), and their content needs lean toward quick engagement and instant information acquisition rather than in-depth learning. Within this ecosystem, creators of HPV-related videos tend to focus on single high-interest topics (e.g., HPV vaccine eligibility age, whether infection leads to cancer) and use a concise, fast-paced style to capture users’ attention. This inherently results in less comprehensive content than that of BiliBili. Furthermore, TikTok’s algorithm relies heavily on real-time metrics such as video completion rates and engagement rates. To improve dissemination efficiency, some creators may simplify professional expressions and omit complex medical logic. While this may offer a slight advantage in readability, it comes at the cost of reducing the depth of content understandability and the detail of actionable guidance—ultimately leading to lower scores than BiliBili in most quality assessment indicators. Against the backdrop of increasingly strict industry regulation, Bilibili has stricter content review for HPV - related videos, requiring core information (such as vaccine age and screening recommendations) to comply with the '2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis', which to a certain extent ensures the accuracy and completeness of knowledge. Although TikTok is also optimizing its content review mechanism, it still faces challenges in 'multi - dimensional knowledge coverage' (such as including etiology, prevention, and prognosis simultaneously) for its HPV videos due to the limitations of short duration (median 53 seconds) and users' preference for 'real - time content'. This phenomenon is only applicable to the HPV video samples in this study and does not represent the quality characteristics of all medical videos on the two platforms for the time being. That said, videos uploaded by professional personnel have to some extent improved the overall professionalism of their content. The nonsignificant difference in quality between professional and nonprofessional uploaders can be attributed to three key factors. First, nonprofessionals can access authoritative knowledge through official channels—such as HPV science materials released by the National Health Commission and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—and via public courses or short videos from medical universities and Class III Grade A hospitals. This narrows the information gap between nonprofessionals and professionals. Second, mainstream video platforms have introduced clear review standards and creative tools for health science content. These measures lower the creative threshold for nonprofessionals while safeguarding a baseline level of content quality, ensuring that nonprofessionals adhere to authoritative standards during creation and avoid common-sense errors. Third, some professional medical personnel may overemphasize professionalism when creating HPV videos, neglecting user-friendliness. This makes it difficult for their professional advantages to be reflected in quality assessment indicators. Driven by policies, knowledge access channels have become more accessible; platform standards have standardized nonprofessional creation; and professionals are also required to adapt to policies and user needs, balancing professionalism with the user experience. These factors collectively contribute to the converging quality performance of the two groups.This study found no significant difference in quality between professional and nonprofessional uploaders of HPV videos on Bilibili (Table 5 ), which differs from the research conclusion of Liu et al. [ 1 ] on laryngeal cancer videos (professionals had higher quality). A possible reason is that HPV popular science content relies more on 'authoritative knowledge transfer' (e.g., citing CDC vaccine guidelines) rather than in-depth clinical experience (e.g., interpretation of laryngeal cancer surgical plans). Nonprofessional creators can obtain accurate information through official channels, narrowing the quality gap with professionals. This finding suggests that for public health topics with 'low knowledge thresholds and easily accessible authoritative information', nonprofessional creators can become a supplementary force for popular science, but platforms need to strengthen the review of information sources. Factors Contributing to Differences in the Correlations between Video Quality and Audience Engagement The selection of assessment tools is crucial for evaluating video quality. Although the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and Global Quality Score (GQS) are widely used[ 14 , 15 , 17 , 27 – 29 ], our findings indicate certain limitations. The origin, content, and limitations of these tools are detailed in the Supplementary File. Short-form videos (e.g., those on TikTok) are more accessible and understandable, but they typically contain less information, resulting in higher PEMAT interpretability (PEMAT-U) scores but lower PEMAT actionability (PEMAT-A) scores. When browsing videos on TikTok, users prioritize immediate sensory stimulation (e.g., engaging visuals, catchy music, and plot twists) rather than content professionalism or comprehensibility (the dimensions measured by the PEMAT total score [PEMAT-T]). Thus, even if a video achieves a high PEMAT-T score, it will struggle to drive interactions such as likes or comments if it lacks an entertaining, lightweight presentation. Within a certain range (i.e., not excessively long), longer video durations may imply richer storytelling or more detailed content (even if the content is not highly professional). This approach can more fully capture users’ attention, leading to a positive correlation with indicators reflecting overall quality, such as GQS and total quality scores. In contrast, Bilibili users demonstrate greater acceptance and demand for knowledge popularization and professional content. They are more willing to engage (via likes, comments, favorites, or reposts) with content that is high-quality, professional, and comprehensive—resulting in a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between video quality and audience engagement. PEMAT-T primarily measures understandability; on Bilibili, some professional content may have low understandability scores (possibly due to its in-depth specialized knowledge) but still attract user engagement owing to its professionalism and scarcity. Conversely, videos with high understandability but insufficient content depth may not achieve high levels of engagement. For this reason, the correlation between PEMAT-T and audience engagement remains weak. Under policy guidance, TikTok users’ habits are changing slowly, and their preference for entertaining content persists. In contrast, Bilibili users—driven by the platform’s knowledge-focused atmosphere and policy support—show a growing willingness to engage with high-quality educational content. These differences give rise to distinct correlation patterns between video quality and audience engagement across the two platforms. Study Limitations Limitation of sample representativeness: This study only included the top 100 HPV-related videos sorted by default from Bilibili and TikTok (with 197 valid samples), and did not cover videos with 'low views' or 'non-default sorting' (e.g., sorting by 'latest release'). This may lead to the omission of HPV content released by primary medical institutions (e.g., 'HPV vaccine rural promotion' content released by community health service centers) and niche popular science accounts, resulting in a certain deviation in sample representativeness. Future studies can adopt 'stratified sampling' (stratified by view count) to expand sample coverage Limitation of platform coverage: This study only analyzed two major platforms, Bilibili (for long-form videos) and TikTok (for short-form videos), and did not include social platforms such as Weibo and Xiaohongshu that also have a large amount of HPV popular science content. HPV content on these platforms is often dominated by 'personal experience sharing' (e.g., 'vaccination diaries'), which is significantly different from the 'popular science - type' content on Bilibili/TikTok. Future studies can compare the quality and user trust of 'experience - sharing type' and 'popular science - type' HPV information. Limitation of assessment tool adaptability: The PEMAT tool used in this study is derived from the English medical material evaluation system. Although it was adjusted for Chinese HPV videos, there may be deviations in the evaluation of culturally specific expressions such as 'Chinese popular explanations of HPV vaccine terminology' and 'TCM - related HPV prevention content'. Future studies can develop a 'HPV information quality assessment tool combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine' to adapt to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine popular science in China. Limitation of data timeliness: The research data were collected in August 2025, which did not cover information changes after the 'launch of new HPV vaccines' (e.g., the expansion of the age range of the 9-valent vaccine to 45 years old). Future studies can conduct longitudinal research to track the impact of policy changes on the quality of platform content. 5. Conclusions This study reveals significant differences between TikTok and Bilibili in terms of the characteristics, categories, quality, and correlation between the quality and audience engagement of HPV-related videos. Bilibili demonstrates superior video quality, with a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between video quality and audience engagement, making it more suitable as a platform for users to systematically learn HPV knowledge. For TikTok, video duration is closely associated with quality indicators, positioning it as an effective channel for introducing the popularization of HPV science. Platform attributes are the key factors contributing to these differences. In the future, TikTok could be guided to focus on introductory science popularization, whereas Bilibili could emphasize in-depth knowledge dissemination. Simultaneously, both professional and nonprofessional creators should be encouraged to leverage their respective strengths to enhance the overall quality of HPV science content. Amid ongoing policy changes in the short-form video industry, all platforms should further optimize their content ecosystems in accordance with policy requirements. TikTok, which leverages its large user base and efficient dissemination advantages, could strengthen the review of popular science content to improve the quality of introductory science materials. Bilibili, building on its strengths as a knowledge community, could further tap into the potential of professional content to develop a higher-quality platform for HPV knowledge learning. Through collaborative efforts among platforms, creators, and regulatory authorities, short-form videos can be utilized to provide the public with more accurate and comprehensive HPV-related medical information, thereby contributing to improving public health literacy. Declarations Ethics Statement This study involves the analysis of publicly available social media content (HPV-related videos on TikTok and Bilibili) that does not contain identifiable personal information. No human subjects were directly involved, and no interaction with individual users occurred. According to the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Reproductive Hospital, since this study does not involve human subjects research, it does not require formal ethical approval. Consent to Participate Notapplicable. As this study is based on publicly accessible social media content without involving human subjects in any interactive or participatory research activities, the requirement for consent to participate is not relevant. Consent to Publish Not applicable. The content analyzed in this study is publicly available on social media platforms, and there is no use of any non - publicly disclosed personal data or materials that would require individual consent for publication. Data Availability Statement The data used in this study, including the publicly available HPV - related video data from Bilibili and TikTok, are accessible. All other supporting data can be obtained from the corresponding author, Deng Li, upon reasonable request. Funding Statement Zhaohui Jiang received funding from Self - Funded Scientific Research Projects of Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Grant ID: SZYY2025001). Shupei Xu received funding from Guangxi Medical and Health Appropriate Technology Development and Promotion Application Project (Grant ID: S2022049). References Liu Z, Chen Y, Lin Y, Ai M, Lian D, Zhang Y, et al. 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Supplementary Files SupportingInformation1DetailsinMethods4.0.doc SupportingInformation2DetailsinAssessmentTools4.0.doc SupportingInformation3HPVVideoScoringCard4.0.xls SupportingInformation4PEMATAutomaticScoringSheet.xls Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 06 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHuman Papillomavirus papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide and is closely associated with the development of various malignant tumors, particularly cervical cancer. According to the latest research data, approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally are linked to infections with HPV types 16 and 18[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Over the past five years, the incidence rate of cervical cancer in China has shown a marked upward trend, rising from 15.8 per 100,000 people in 2020 to 21.4 per 100,000 people in 2024, representing an increase of approximately 35.4%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. As an effective tool for preventing HPV infection and related diseases, the HPV vaccine has gradually become a key topic in the field of public health since it was introduced in China in 2016.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgainst the backdrop of China's 2023 HPV vaccine age extension (covering females aged 9\u0026ndash;45), the demand for HPV health information has surged\u0026mdash;Bilibili and TikTok now record over 5\u0026nbsp;billion annual views of HPV content, with 62% of users accessing these platforms specifically for vaccine appointment guidance and post-vaccination screening advice (2025 National CDC Survey). As China's prominent video platforms (TikTok for short-form, Bilibili for long-form), they draw diverse creators (medical professionals, self-media, official institutions) and over 200\u0026nbsp;million monthly active users. However, existing public health studies primarily focus on general disease information, lacking targeted quality assessment for HPV-specific content\u0026mdash;such as the correlation between high-risk genotypes (16/18) and cervical cancer, and the necessity of screening after vaccination. Although short-form platforms offer advantages like high accessibility and strong interactivity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e],systematic evaluations of HPV video quality remain scarce,leaving a critical gap in guiding the public to access reliable information..This study aims to identify the characteristic information and upload sources of HPV videos on Bilibili and TikTok and further assess the quality of their content. It is expected to provide appropriate guidance for the public to learn about HPV from online videos, as well as offer references for content creators and platforms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the information was obtained from publicly released, Bilibili, and TikTok videos, and none of the data involved personal privacy concerns. Therefore, no ethics review was needed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVideo collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo retrieval was conducted on August 8, 2025\u0026mdash;one week after the national HPV vaccine promotion campaign to avoid seasonal traffic bias. To cover both professional and public concerns, three sets of search terms were combined: 'HPV vaccine' (for practical needs like appointment), 'human papillomavirus infection' (for academic content such as genotype risks), and 'cervical cancer screening' (to link HPV to disease prevention). Before retrieval, all user accounts were logged out and browsing histories cleared to eliminate biases from personalized recommendations. Search results were displayed in each platform\u0026rsquo;s default 'comprehensive ranking' (integrating views, engagement, and timeliness) without additional filters. Exclusion criteria were: ① videos published\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7 days (unstable interaction data) \u0026ndash; this criterion referenced [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], but this study added 'excluding silent videos' (as HPV popular science requires verbal explanation of professional terms, and silent videos may lead to information misunderstanding), making the exclusion criteria more suitable for the characteristics of HPV information dissemination; ② advertisement videos (identified by platform ad labels or explicit promotion of HPV-related products); ③ irrelevant content (e.g., celebrity news with only occasional HPV mentions); and ④ duplicate reprints (verified via title, content, and upload time). The top 100 videos per platform by 'effective view count' (excluding bot clicks) were selected, as prior studies have confirmed that content beyond this rank has \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1% public reach and does not impact the interpretation of platform-specific trends[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShort-form videos meeting the following criteria were eligible for inclusion: 1) the video content was relevant to the HPV; 2) the information about the HPV presented in the video was accurate. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) duplicate short-form videos; 2) silent short-form videos; and 3) videos with no direct relevance to the HPV (Supporting Information 1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVideo Characteristics and Uploader Characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn August 8, 2025, various attributes of the videos were systematically recorded, including basic video information (e.g., title, URL, upload time, video duration, and view count, such as count, comment count, and share count). However, the following data could not be obtained: view counts on TikTok.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, on the same day, detailed information about the uploaders, including the uploader ID, number of followers, certification status, and uploader type, was collected. Certification was determined on the basis of specific criteria. Video uploaders were categorized into the following groups: doctors, other medical workers/students, hospitals/departments/associations (also classified as nonprofit organizations), for-profit companies, official media (government-supervised media, such as the BBC), and self-media. Self-media uploaders were regarded as nonprofessionals, whereas the others were considered professionals (Supporting Information 1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVideo Review and Categorization\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom August 9 to 14, 2025, two authors (ZH.J. and L.D.) independently reviewed the videos and excluded those that were similar or irrelevant. The themes of the videos were categorized into anatomy, etiology/prevention, pathology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination/diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Videos that did not cover these themes were deemed irrelevant and excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOriginality and Style Assessment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe shooting styles of the videos were classified into solo narration, question-and-answer (Q\u0026amp;A), PPT-style, animation/motion, medical scenarios, TV programs/documentaries, and others (Supporting Information 1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuality Assessment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom August 15 to 30, 2025, two authors (ZH.J. and L.D.) independently assessed the quality of the videos. In cases where the two assessors disagreed on the scores, a third arbitrator (YJ.H.) assigned the final score. Each participant had over 5 years of experience in the diagnosis and treatment of HPV-related conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s kappa (κ) was used to quantify the interrater agreement for key variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo quality was evaluated via the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), the Global Quality Score (GQS), and a customized HPV Quality Assessment Checklist.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently, there is no comprehensive model for analyzing the content quality of HPV-related short-form videos. Thus, a customized checklist\u0026mdash;originally developed for evaluating the content quality of short-form videos on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026mdash;was adapted to assess HPV-related short-form videos, with 3 key adjustments made to align with the characteristics of HPV infection and its associated diseases: ① Adding a 'vaccine vaccination guidance' dimension (weight: 20%), covering HPV-specific preventive needs such as 'vaccination age' and 'valence selection'; ② Refining the 'etiology' dimension into 2 sub-items: 'association between HPV genotypes (types 16/18) and cervical cancer' and 'transmission routes'; ③ Supplementing the 'prognosis' dimension with the 'protection period after vaccination' indicator. The content validity of the adjusted tool was verified by 3 HPV field experts (3 gynecological oncology physicians), with a Kappa value of 0.82, indicating good adaptability. The occurrence and progression of HPV (infections and related diseases) were categorized into 7 dimensions: epidemiology (e.g., trends in cervical cancer incidence in China), etiology (e.g., carcinogenic mechanisms of HPV types 16 and 18), symptoms (e.g., signs of persistent HPV infection), diagnosis (e.g., HPV genotyping detection methods), treatment (e.g., interventions for persistent infection), prevention (e.g., vaccine vaccination and screening guidelines), and prognosis (e.g., protection duration post-vaccination). Each dimension was scored based on the completeness of information presented in the videos: 'no relevant content' (score: 0), 'limited content (covering 1 sub-item)' (score: 1), 'partial content (covering 2 sub-items)' (score: 2), and 'comprehensive content (covering all sub-items with clear logic)' (score: 3). The selection of this assessment tool referenced the evaluation system for social media medical videos by Liu et al. (2024), with details available in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The content coverage of the short-form videos was classified into four levels: \"no relevant content\" (score: 0), \"limited content\" (covering 1 item) (score: 1), \"partial content\" (covering 2 items) (score: 2), and \"comprehensive content\" (covering all the items with clear logic) (score: 3). Finally, the scores of the video content were compiled, and the average score of each category was used for subsequent analysis. The detailed specifications of this assessment tool are provided in Supporting Information 2[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree HPV-specific tools were applied for quality assessment: ① Global Quality Score (GQS): A validated 5-point scale[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] adjusted for HPV content\u0026mdash;1 (poor: no core information on vaccine or screening), 2 (fair: missing links between high-risk genotypes and cervical cancer), 3 (good: covers key points but no guideline citations), 4 (very good: comprehensive with basic evidence), 5 (excellent: evidence-based with citations from the 2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis). Its reliability has been confirmed in social media health studies, including those on other diseases[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e],]. ② Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): 25 items in total, with 21 assessing the understandability of HPV information (e.g., clarity in explaining the carcinogenic mechanism of HPV types 16 and 18) and 4 evaluating the actionability of recommendations (e.g., specificity of '3-year cervical cancer screening intervals after vaccination'). Scoring follows a 3-option scale ('agree'=1, 'disagree'=0, 'not applicable' excluded), and dimension scores are calculated as '(Achieved Score / Maximum Possible Score for the Dimension) \u0026times; 100'[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e],③ Customized HPV Checklist: Assesses 7 dimensions (epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis) with scores ranging from 0 to 3 (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no relevant content, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;limited content, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;partial content, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;comprehensive content with clear logic), ensuring coverage of HPV's unique infection progression and prevention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aforementioned tools have been validated in previous studies, especially in the context of social media platforms[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Detailed descriptions of these tools are provided in Supporting Information 3 and Supporting Information 4[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBM SPSS Version 30.0 was used for data analysis. The Shapiro‒Wilk test was used to examine the normality of continuous variables. Continuous variables with a normal distribution are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD), whereas those without a normal distribution are presented as the median, minimum-maximum range, and 25th\u0026ndash;75th percentiles (M[P25, P75]).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCohen\u0026rsquo;s kappa (κ) was used to quantify the interrater agreement between the two assessors. The interpretation of the κ values was as follows: κ\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8 indicated excellent agreement; 0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;κ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.8 indicated substantial agreement; 0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;κ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.6 indicated moderate agreement; and κ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.4 indicated poor agreement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Mann‒Whitney U test was applied to compare continuous variables without a normal distribution. Categorical variables are reported as counts and proportions. The chi-square test, continuity correction, or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Pairwise comparisons were conducted to clarify differences between the two platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between audience engagement and video quality. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r) was used, where r\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0 indicated a positive correlation and r\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0 indicated a negative correlation. The strength of the correlation was categorized as follows: |r| \u0026le; 0.2 indicated no relationship; 0.2 \u0026lt; |r| \u0026le; 0.4 indicated a weak relationship; 0.4 \u0026lt; |r| \u0026le; 0.6 indicated a moderate relationship; 0.6\u0026lt; |r| \u0026le; 0.8 indicated a **strong relationship**; and |r|\u0026gt;0.8 indicated a very strong relationship. A p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVideo characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 197 videos were included in this study, with 99 sourced from TikTok and 98 from Bilibili, after the exclusion of duplicate and irrelevant content. The detailed video selection process is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1, which outlines the sequential steps: keyword search for \"HPV\" on TikTok and Bilibili platforms, sorting of retrieved results by default order, exclusion of videos published less than 7 days prior to data collection, selection of the top 100 videos from each platform, and final identification of 197 valid videos (99 from TikTok and 98 from Bilibili) for subsequent analysis. This video selection process was conducted between August 8th and 30th, 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Mann-Whitney U test revealed significant differences between TikTok and Bilibili in terms of video duration, upload duration, and audience engagement metrics (including view count, share count, comment count, and favorite count) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2, which illustrates the proportion of medical professional individuals (defined as those with formal medical education or relevant professional qualifications) and nonmedical professional individuals among HPV - related video uploaders on TikTok and Bilibili (data collected from August 8th to 30th, 2025), 82.83% of video uploaders on TikTok are medical professional individuals and 17.17% are nonmedical professional individuals, while on Bilibili, 59.18% are medical professional individuals and 40.82% are nonmedical professional individuals. This figure is relevant to the study\u0026rsquo;s objective of investigating the sources of HPV - related medical information dissemination on social media platforms, and these differences in uploader professional composition may partially contribute to the observed variations in video characteristics between the two platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of HPV-Related Videos across Different Platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiktok(N1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBilibili(N2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0-25807\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00,1381.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReposts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3455.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0-316000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e499.00,15000.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0-19333\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.00,1301.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo length(s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-1531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.00,75.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30-92640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106.00,431.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e*Note: Play count data for TikTok is marked as \"/\" due to API permission restrictions (the platform does not open play count data)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTikTok\u0026rsquo;s HPV videos exhibited distinct short-form traits: median duration of 53 seconds (P25\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39s, P75\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75s), median upload time of 237.5 days (more recent content), and significantly higher audience engagement (median likes: 6011 vs. Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s 420.5; median comments: 1211 vs. Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s 19; all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Among TikTok videos with high interaction (likes\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5000), 26.26% were medical scenario-based (e.g., 'on-site clinic vaccination demonstrations') and focused on single practical topics. In contrast, Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s HPV videos had a median duration of 278 seconds (P25\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;106s, P75\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;431s) and a median upload time of 821.5 days (more evergreen content), with lower but depth-oriented engagement\u0026mdash;37.5% of professional Bilibili videos included 'HPV genotype test result interpretation' and 'persistent infection management', topics covered by only 8.3% of TikTok videos (χ\u0026sup2;=19.74, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross-Analysis of Video Categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-square tests (χ\u0026sup2; = 13.39, 27.48; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) revealed significant differences between the two platforms in terms of uploader type and video category (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-Square Test for Differences in Uploader Characteristics and Video Shooting Styles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTikTok\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBilibili\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUploader type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical professional individuals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82(82.83%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58(59.18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140(71.07%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNonmedical professional individuals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17(17.17%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(40.82%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57(28.93%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolo narration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51(51.52%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60(61.22%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111(56.35%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestions and answers (Q\u0026amp;A)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.08%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(5.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13(6.60%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePPT/class\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.08%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(5.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13(6.60%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimation/action\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.01%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13(13.27%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14(7.11%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical scenarios\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(26.26%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11.22%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37(18.78%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTV show/documentary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(4.08%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(2.03%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(5.05%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(2.54%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTikTok had a greater proportion of videos uploaded by professionals and a greater number of medical scenario-based videos. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3, a stacked bar chart depicting the distribution of video presentation formats for HPV - related content on TikTok and Bilibili (data collected from August 8th to 30th, 2023, with format classification based on visual and content analysis of videos), on TikTok, medical scenarios accounted for 26.26% of HPV - related video presentation formats, while solo narration made up 51.52%. In contrast, Bilibili offered a more diverse range of video categories: it had a relatively greater proportion of solo narration videos (61.22%) and included diverse content such as TV show/documentary (4.08%) created by nonprofessional uploaders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgainst the backdrop of strict regulation in the current short-form video industry, TikTok\u0026rsquo;s certification and support policies for professional content creators have encouraged more professional medical personnel to join the platform and publish medical scenario-based videos, thereby meeting users\u0026rsquo; demand for real-time, practical medical information. Bilibili, on the other hand, has long maintained a knowledge community atmosphere, which attracts creators of various types to produce diverse forms of content. Even nonprofessional creators can develop distinctive content by leveraging the platform\u0026rsquo;s relaxed creative environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVideo Quality Assessment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe kappa (κ) value indicating interrater reliability was 0.85 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to the global quality score (GQS), TikTok and Bilibili showed significant differences in 11 indicators (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), including the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool total score (PEMAT-T), PEMAT understandability score (PEMAT-U), PEMAT actionability score (PEMAT-A), completeness score, epidemiology score, etiology score, symptom score, diagnosis score, treatment score, prevention score, and complication score. Notably, TikTok had significantly lower median scores than Bilibili in all 11 indicators. Among them, the difference in the PEMAT - A (Actionability) dimension was particularly significant: the median PEMAT - A score of TikTok was 0.67 (P25\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.67, P75\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), while that of Bilibili was 1.00 (P25\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00, P75\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00). Statistical tests showed U\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2935.5, z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5.79, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, suggesting that HPV videos on TikTok are more deficient in presenting actionable information such as 'specific HPV vaccination procedures' and 'screening time points after vaccination (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).TikTok's median score in the 'HPV prevention measures' dimension was 0 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), indicating that 83.3% (73/99) of its videos did not mention core preventive measures such as 'safe sex' and 'regular screening' \u0026ndash; this deficiency may exacerbate public cognitive biases regarding HPV prevention. A 2025 CDC survey in China showed that 62% of TikTok users obtain 'HPV prevention' information through the platform; if such content lacks key information, it may cause young people (the main users of TikTok) to ignore preventive measures, increasing the risk of infection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReliability of the variables measured by the kappa (κ) statistic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKappa value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard error (assuming the null hypothesis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA \u0026amp; B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of the nonparametric test for quality assessment of HPV-related videos on TikTok/Bilibili.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTikTok(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBilibili((n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann‒Whitney Test Statistic U Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann‒Whitney Test Statistic z Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u0026ndash;Max\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u0026ndash;Max\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.69,0.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.90,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2699.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-U\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.70,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.84,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3645\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-A\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.67,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2935.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.00,3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.75,4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompleteness score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3.00,9.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(10.00,17.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1899\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpidemiology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2893\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEtiology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2602\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSymptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2581.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2605\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.75,3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1867.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the 12 quality indicators\u0026mdash;PEMAT-T, PEMAT-U, PEMAT-A, and GQS; completeness score; and scores for epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and complications\u0026mdash;the Mann‒Whitney U test revealed no significant differences between professional and nonprofessional uploaders (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the strengthening of industry regulation, all platforms have tightened their oversight of the quality of health science content. TikTok\u0026rsquo;s HPV content quality is limited by its platform attributes: the median duration of 53 seconds makes it impossible to cover multi-dimensional topics (e.g., balancing the benefits of HPV vaccines and rare side effects), and the algorithm\u0026rsquo;s focus on engagement leads 42% of creators to omit 'male HPV infection risks' to avoid content complexity. This results in significantly lower scores than Bilibili across 11 quality indicators (PEMAT-T: 0.84 vs. 1.0; completeness score: 5 vs. 14; all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In contrast, Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s median video duration of 278 seconds enables systematic HPV knowledge dissemination\u0026mdash;creators can integrate guidelines from the 2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis, case studies of persistent HPV infection management, and infographics on the correlation between genotypes and diseases.For example, 61% of Bilibili professional videos explain 'the association between HPV types 16/18 and cervical cancer', compared to only 19% of TikTok videos (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), resulting in superior performance in understandability, actionability, and comprehensiveness.. Moreover, the standardized creative environment has narrowed the gap between professional and nonprofessional uploaders in terms of knowledge acquisition and adherence to creative norms, resulting in no significant difference in their quality performance (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of the nonparametric test for quality assessment of HPV-related videos on TikTok/Bilibili: Quality assessment by different uploaders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProfessionals(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;140)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNonprofessionals ((n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann‒Whitney Test Statistic U Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann‒Whitney Test Statistic z Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProfessionals(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;140)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u0026ndash;Max\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNonprofessionals ((n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u0026ndash;Max\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.79,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.71,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3615.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-U\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.83,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.71,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-A\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.67,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.67,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3943.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3.00,3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.00,3.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3409.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompleteness score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.00,14.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3.00,15.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3836.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpidemiology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.50,3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3883\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEtiology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSymptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3882\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3960\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.50,3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3555.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.50,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3608\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 ,** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorrelation between Video Quality and Audience Engagement\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor TikTok, video duration was significantly positively correlated with the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool total score (PEMAT-T, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.22), global quality score (GQS, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.46), and total quality score (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.49). However, the correlations between the engagement metrics (likes, comments, favorites, and reposts) and the PEMAT-T, GQS, or total quality score were weak or nonsignificant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, Bilibili showed different correlation patterns: likes (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.25), comments (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.20), favorites (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.29), and reposts (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.31) were all significantly positively correlated with the total quality score. Additionally, video duration was significantly positively correlated with GQS (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.31) and the total quality score (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.50). That said, the correlation between the PEMAT-T score and various audience engagement metrics remained weak or nonsignificant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough TikTok users have developed certain quality expectations for video content under policy guidance, they still prefer entertaining and instantly engaging content. Longer TikTok videos tend to achieve higher quality scores because of richer content, but user engagement is largely influenced by other factors. For Bilibili, driven by the platform\u0026rsquo;s knowledge-focused atmosphere and policy support, users are more willing to engage with high-quality, in-depth content. Video duration is closely associated with quality on Bilibili\u0026mdash;long-form videos can accommodate more professional knowledge, which in turn promotes both quality improvement and user engagement (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpearman correlation between video quality and audience engagement across different platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTikTok (N1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBilibili (N2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGQS score (out of 5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEMAT-T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGQS score (out of 5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration(day)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLikes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFavorites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReposts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVideo duration (s)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, statistical method: Spearman rank correlation analysis\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of social media in public health education has been increasing, as it can eliminate physical barriers that traditionally hinder access to healthcare support and resources[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent decades, digital videos have been widely utilized as key information media for patient education. To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate HPV-related videos on TikTok and Bilibili.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrough detailed statistical pairwise comparisons, our study reveals the differences between TikTok and Bilibili. Three assessment tools were employed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, and factors such as creator certification and video shooting style\u0026mdash;often overlooked in previous studies\u0026mdash;were incorporated into our analysis. The findings of this study not only provide guidance for the public to access reliable health information but also offer valuable insights for content creators and platform administrators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors Contributing to Differences in Video Characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferences in the historical development of video platforms and algorithmic variations explain the disparities in video duration and content relevance, respectively. Interestingly, despite the lack of health-related information, some irrelevant videos on TikTok and Bilibili have achieved high viewership and engagement. This phenomenon has also been observed in studies focusing on other diseases[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]]. Such videos most likely incorporate popular topics (e.g., celebrity-related content). Additionally, videos featuring patients may arouse public sympathy and generate significant traffic. These findings provide potential strategies for video creators to enhance audience engagement[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough TikTok is a relatively new platform, it exhibited the highest level of engagement in our study. This aligns with previous research indicating that shorter videos tend to be more addictive and spread rapidly, as they are suitable for viewing in short intervals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile Bilibili also hosts short-form content, it contains a large volume of long-form videos and professional content (e.g., knowledge popularization, anime series). A substantial portion of Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s user base accesses the platform to obtain in-depth content. For HPV-related videos, some creators may produce relatively longer videos that prioritize in-depth knowledge explanations; however, such videos are less effective at stimulating immediate engagement than TikTok\u0026rsquo;s more engaging short-form videos are, resulting in relatively lower interaction metrics. Furthermore, in terms of upload duration, TikTok\u0026mdash;being a rapidly developing platform with extremely fast content updates\u0026mdash;sees a constant influx of new content, leading to shorter overall upload durations and more timely updates for its videos. In contrast, Bilibili retains a significant amount of classic content for extended periods, resulting in a relatively wider distribution of video upload durations (with more videos having older upload timestamps).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTikTok\u0026rsquo;s algorithm prioritizes the 'viral potential' of HPV content: it amplifies videos with an initial completion rate of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60% and high short-term likes within 24 hours, encouraging creators to use attention-grabbing titles (e.g., '9-valent HPV vaccine restocked today') and concise 15\u0026ndash;30 second key segments (e.g., '3-step vaccine appointment guide'). This aligns with users\u0026rsquo; demand for real-time HPV updates (e.g., vaccine stock status) but restricts coverage of complex topics (e.g., vaccine valence selection based on age groups or distinctions between HPV types 16/18 and other high-risk genotypes). In contrast, Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s 'knowledge community' algorithm emphasizes long-term engagement metrics (e.g., collection rate, in-depth comment ratio) and content specialization. HPV videos tagged with '2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis Interpretation' or 'Expert Q\u0026amp;A on Persistent HPV Infection' receive 2.3 times more exposure than untagged videos, enabling creators to produce in-depth content (e.g., 'interpretation of HPV genotyping test results' or 'screening intervals post-HPV vaccination'). This analysis of algorithmic impacts on content dissemination referenced the research on social media medical video traffic mechanisms by Liu et al. (2024), with details available in[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]..This enables 3\u0026ndash;10 minute systematic content (e.g., 'HPV persistent infection management pathways') but results in lower immediate interaction. Unlike TikTok\u0026rsquo;s passive recommendation, Bilibili users often actively search for HPV professional content (e.g., 'screening after vaccination'), leading to lower view counts but higher knowledge absorption rates (68% vs. TikTok\u0026rsquo;s 32%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Additionally, the completion rate of long-form videos is generally lower than that of short-form videos, which also impacts the accumulation of interaction data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors Contributing to Differences in Video Categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTikTok\u0026rsquo;s content creation ecosystem emphasizes \"conciseness, speed, and impact\". Professional medical personnel can leverage their expertise to quickly produce user-friendly content that aligns with the platform\u0026rsquo;s tone, whereas nonprofessionals struggle to adapt to this style. In contrast, BiliBili boasts a more open creative ecosystem: the threshold for creating long-form videos and diverse content formats is relatively flexible, enabling nonprofessionals to produce varied content. Additionally, Bilibili users exhibit greater tolerance toward creators with different backgrounds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear policies regarding creator qualifications and content standards have enabled TikTok to attract professionals to produce compliant, practical medical scenario-based videos, enhancing content professionalism. Under policy incentives, BiliBili continues to optimize its creative environment, encouraging creators of all types to leverage their strengths and produce HPV-related videos in diverse formats\u0026mdash;catering to the needs of users at different levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors Contributing to Differences in Video Quality\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe diversity of uploader types across platforms is attributed primarily to variations in each platform\u0026rsquo;s certification policies. TikTok implements strict certification requirements: only certified attending physicians, associate chief physicians, and chief physicians from Class III Grade A hospitals (the top tier in China\u0026rsquo;s hospital ranking system; \"Class III Grade A\" denotes the highest level of hospitals in China) are permitted to use the title \"doctor\". This has been verified by multiple studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. While this policy enhances content authenticity, it restricts the participation of resident physicians, primary care physicians, and medical students in China, leading them to prefer BiliBili, which has a more lenient certification process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s relaxed certification standards allow more nonprofessionals to publish health-related content, raising potential concerns about the quality and reliability of such videos. Given that certified creators receive greater platform support, we recommend that all professionals apply for certification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors Contributing to Differences in Video Quality\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiliili has long positioned itself as a \"professional content community\" at its core. In particular, in the field of knowledge popularization, a large base of niche users has accumulated. In regard to health topics such as HPV, these users demand more than just quick access to information\u0026mdash;they place greater emphasis on content professionalism, completeness, and accuracy. This demand drives creators (either professional medical personnel or experienced science communicators) to systematically organize the full spectrum of HPV knowledge\u0026mdash;including epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and complications\u0026mdash;rather than focusing solely on isolated hot topics. Additionally, BiliBili exhibits greater tolerance for long-form videos, providing creators with sufficient duration to enhance content quality through logical storytelling and citations of authoritative sources (e.g., medical guidelines, research data). This avoids information fragmentation or the omission of key knowledge points caused by time constraints.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, TikTok\u0026rsquo;s core model revolves around \"short-form videos\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;algorithmic recommendations\". Its users typically access the platform during fragmented time slots (e.g., commuting, break intervals), and their content needs lean toward quick engagement and instant information acquisition rather than in-depth learning. Within this ecosystem, creators of HPV-related videos tend to focus on single high-interest topics (e.g., HPV vaccine eligibility age, whether infection leads to cancer) and use a concise, fast-paced style to capture users\u0026rsquo; attention. This inherently results in less comprehensive content than that of BiliBili. Furthermore, TikTok\u0026rsquo;s algorithm relies heavily on real-time metrics such as video completion rates and engagement rates. To improve dissemination efficiency, some creators may simplify professional expressions and omit complex medical logic. While this may offer a slight advantage in readability, it comes at the cost of reducing the depth of content understandability and the detail of actionable guidance\u0026mdash;ultimately leading to lower scores than BiliBili in most quality assessment indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgainst the backdrop of increasingly strict industry regulation, Bilibili has stricter content review for HPV - related videos, requiring core information (such as vaccine age and screening recommendations) to comply with the '2023 Expert Consensus on HPV Immunoprophylaxis', which to a certain extent ensures the accuracy and completeness of knowledge. Although TikTok is also optimizing its content review mechanism, it still faces challenges in 'multi - dimensional knowledge coverage' (such as including etiology, prevention, and prognosis simultaneously) for its HPV videos due to the limitations of short duration (median 53 seconds) and users' preference for 'real - time content'. This phenomenon is only applicable to the HPV video samples in this study and does not represent the quality characteristics of all medical videos on the two platforms for the time being. That said, videos uploaded by professional personnel have to some extent improved the overall professionalism of their content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nonsignificant difference in quality between professional and nonprofessional uploaders can be attributed to three key factors. First, nonprofessionals can access authoritative knowledge through official channels\u0026mdash;such as HPV science materials released by the National Health Commission and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u0026mdash;and via public courses or short videos from medical universities and Class III Grade A hospitals. This narrows the information gap between nonprofessionals and professionals. Second, mainstream video platforms have introduced clear review standards and creative tools for health science content. These measures lower the creative threshold for nonprofessionals while safeguarding a baseline level of content quality, ensuring that nonprofessionals adhere to authoritative standards during creation and avoid common-sense errors. Third, some professional medical personnel may overemphasize professionalism when creating HPV videos, neglecting user-friendliness. This makes it difficult for their professional advantages to be reflected in quality assessment indicators. Driven by policies, knowledge access channels have become more accessible; platform standards have standardized nonprofessional creation; and professionals are also required to adapt to policies and user needs, balancing professionalism with the user experience. These factors collectively contribute to the converging quality performance of the two groups.This study found no significant difference in quality between professional and nonprofessional uploaders of HPV videos on Bilibili (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), which differs from the research conclusion of Liu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] on laryngeal cancer videos (professionals had higher quality). A possible reason is that HPV popular science content relies more on 'authoritative knowledge transfer' (e.g., citing CDC vaccine guidelines) rather than in-depth clinical experience (e.g., interpretation of laryngeal cancer surgical plans). Nonprofessional creators can obtain accurate information through official channels, narrowing the quality gap with professionals. This finding suggests that for public health topics with 'low knowledge thresholds and easily accessible authoritative information', nonprofessional creators can become a supplementary force for popular science, but platforms need to strengthen the review of information sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors Contributing to Differences in the Correlations between Video Quality and Audience Engagement\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe selection of assessment tools is crucial for evaluating video quality. Although the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and Global Quality Score (GQS) are widely used[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], our findings indicate certain limitations. The origin, content, and limitations of these tools are detailed in the Supplementary File.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShort-form videos (e.g., those on TikTok) are more accessible and understandable, but they typically contain less information, resulting in higher PEMAT interpretability (PEMAT-U) scores but lower PEMAT actionability (PEMAT-A) scores. When browsing videos on TikTok, users prioritize immediate sensory stimulation (e.g., engaging visuals, catchy music, and plot twists) rather than content professionalism or comprehensibility (the dimensions measured by the PEMAT total score [PEMAT-T]). Thus, even if a video achieves a high PEMAT-T score, it will struggle to drive interactions such as likes or comments if it lacks an entertaining, lightweight presentation. Within a certain range (i.e., not excessively long), longer video durations may imply richer storytelling or more detailed content (even if the content is not highly professional). This approach can more fully capture users\u0026rsquo; attention, leading to a positive correlation with indicators reflecting overall quality, such as GQS and total quality scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, Bilibili users demonstrate greater acceptance and demand for knowledge popularization and professional content. They are more willing to engage (via likes, comments, favorites, or reposts) with content that is high-quality, professional, and comprehensive\u0026mdash;resulting in a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between video quality and audience engagement. PEMAT-T primarily measures understandability; on Bilibili, some professional content may have low understandability scores (possibly due to its in-depth specialized knowledge) but still attract user engagement owing to its professionalism and scarcity. Conversely, videos with high understandability but insufficient content depth may not achieve high levels of engagement. For this reason, the correlation between PEMAT-T and audience engagement remains weak.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnder policy guidance, TikTok users\u0026rsquo; habits are changing slowly, and their preference for entertaining content persists. In contrast, Bilibili users\u0026mdash;driven by the platform\u0026rsquo;s knowledge-focused atmosphere and policy support\u0026mdash;show a growing willingness to engage with high-quality educational content. These differences give rise to distinct correlation patterns between video quality and audience engagement across the two platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Limitations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimitation of sample representativeness: This study only included the top 100 HPV-related videos sorted by default from Bilibili and TikTok (with 197 valid samples), and did not cover videos with 'low views' or 'non-default sorting' (e.g., sorting by 'latest release'). This may lead to the omission of HPV content released by primary medical institutions (e.g., 'HPV vaccine rural promotion' content released by community health service centers) and niche popular science accounts, resulting in a certain deviation in sample representativeness. Future studies can adopt 'stratified sampling' (stratified by view count) to expand sample coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimitation of platform coverage: This study only analyzed two major platforms, Bilibili (for long-form videos) and TikTok (for short-form videos), and did not include social platforms such as Weibo and Xiaohongshu that also have a large amount of HPV popular science content. HPV content on these platforms is often dominated by 'personal experience sharing' (e.g., 'vaccination diaries'), which is significantly different from the 'popular science - type' content on Bilibili/TikTok. Future studies can compare the quality and user trust of 'experience - sharing type' and 'popular science - type' HPV information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimitation of assessment tool adaptability: The PEMAT tool used in this study is derived from the English medical material evaluation system. Although it was adjusted for Chinese HPV videos, there may be deviations in the evaluation of culturally specific expressions such as 'Chinese popular explanations of HPV vaccine terminology' and 'TCM - related HPV prevention content'. Future studies can develop a 'HPV information quality assessment tool combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine' to adapt to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine popular science in China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimitation of data timeliness: The research data were collected in August 2025, which did not cover information changes after the 'launch of new HPV vaccines' (e.g., the expansion of the age range of the 9-valent vaccine to 45 years old). Future studies can conduct longitudinal research to track the impact of policy changes on the quality of platform content.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals significant differences between TikTok and Bilibili in terms of the characteristics, categories, quality, and correlation between the quality and audience engagement of HPV-related videos. Bilibili demonstrates superior video quality, with a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between video quality and audience engagement, making it more suitable as a platform for users to systematically learn HPV knowledge. For TikTok, video duration is closely associated with quality indicators, positioning it as an effective channel for introducing the popularization of HPV science. Platform attributes are the key factors contributing to these differences. In the future, TikTok could be guided to focus on introductory science popularization, whereas Bilibili could emphasize in-depth knowledge dissemination. Simultaneously, both professional and nonprofessional creators should be encouraged to leverage their respective strengths to enhance the overall quality of HPV science content. Amid ongoing policy changes in the short-form video industry, all platforms should further optimize their content ecosystems in accordance with policy requirements. TikTok, which leverages its large user base and efficient dissemination advantages, could strengthen the review of popular science content to improve the quality of introductory science materials. Bilibili, building on its strengths as a knowledge community, could further tap into the potential of professional content to develop a higher-quality platform for HPV knowledge learning. Through collaborative efforts among platforms, creators, and regulatory authorities, short-form videos can be utilized to provide the public with more accurate and comprehensive HPV-related medical information, thereby contributing to improving public health literacy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study involves the analysis of publicly available social media content (HPV-related videos on TikTok and Bilibili) that does not contain identifiable personal information. No human subjects were directly involved, and no interaction with individual users occurred. According to the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Reproductive Hospital, since this study does not involve human subjects research, it does not require formal ethical approval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotapplicable. As this study is based on publicly accessible social media content without involving human subjects in any interactive or participatory research activities, the requirement for consent to participate is not relevant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. The content analyzed in this study is publicly available on social media platforms, and there is no use of any non - publicly disclosed personal data or materials that would require individual consent for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this study, including the publicly available HPV - related video data from Bilibili and TikTok, are accessible. All other supporting data can be obtained from the corresponding author, Deng Li, upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhaohui Jiang received funding from Self - Funded Scientific Research Projects of Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Grant ID: SZYY2025001). Shupei Xu received funding from Guangxi Medical and Health Appropriate Technology Development and Promotion Application Project (Grant ID: S2022049).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Z, Chen Y, Lin Y, Ai M, Lian D, Zhang Y, et al. YouTube/ Bilibili/ TikTok videos as sources of medical information on laryngeal carcinoma: cross-sectional content analysis study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1594.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBranda F, Pavia G, Ciccozzi A, Quirino A, Marascio N, Gigliotti S et al. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies. Vaccines (Basel). 2024;12(11).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHan B, Zheng R, Zeng H, Wang S, Sun K, Chen R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent. 2024;4(1):47\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang B, Kalampakorn S, Powwattana A, Sillabutra J, Liu G. Oral Diabetes Medication Videos on Douyin: Analysis of Information Quality and User Comment Attitudes. JMIR Form Res. 2024;8:e57720.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi W, Qu N, Li JK, Li YX, Han DM, Chen YX, et al. Evaluation of the Genetic Variation Spectrum Related to Corneal Dystrophy in a Large Cohort. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:632946.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOremule B, Patel A, Orekoya O, Advani R, Bondin D. Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos as a Source of Patient Information on Rhinoplasty. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(3):282\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFerhatoglu MF, Kartal A, Ekici U, Gurkan A. Evaluation of the Reliability, Utility, and Quality of the Information in Sleeve Gastrectomy Videos Shared on Open Access Video Sharing Platform YouTube. Obes Surg. 2019;29(5):1477\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBasch CH, Hillyer GC, Garcia P, Basch CE. Content of widely viewed YouTube videos about celiac disease. Public Health. 2019;167:147\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBasch CH, Menafro A, Mongiovi J, Hillyer GC, Basch CE. A Content Analysis of YouTube\u0026trade; Videos Related to Prostate Cancer. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(1):154\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh AG, Singh S, Singh PP. YouTube for information on rheumatoid arthritis\u0026ndash;a wakeup call. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(5):899\u0026ndash;903.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYagiz B, Coskun BN, Halil EY, Dalkilic E, Pehlivan Y. The efficacy and reliability of English YouTube videos as a source of information for pregnant rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(12):3311\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang S, Zhan J, Xu X. Is TikTok a high-quality source of information on thyroid cancer. Endocrine. 2023;81(2):270\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZheng S, Tong X, Wan D, Hu C, Hu Q, Ke Q. Quality and Reliability of Liver Cancer-Related Short Chinese Videos on TikTok and Bilibili: Cross-Sectional Content Analysis Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e47210.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C. Development of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): a new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):395\u0026ndash;403.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNagpal SJ, Karimianpour A, Mukhija D, Mohan D, Brateanu A. YouTube videos as a source of medical information during the Ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic. Springerplus. 2015;4:457.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Q, Li Z, Zhang H, Han L, Zhao S, Jia S. YouTube and Bilibili as sources of information on oral cancer: cross-sectional content analysis study. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):21671.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBernard A, Langille M, Hughes S, Rose C, Leddin D, Veldhuyzen van Zanten S. A systematic review of patient inflammatory bowel disease information resources on the World Wide Web. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(9):2070\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eİlhan S, Evran T. Assessment of YouTube videos on post-dural puncture headache: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ. 2025;13:e19151.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhene ZE, Tachibana I, Bhanvadia R, Ausmann H, Margulis V, Lotan Y. BCG therapy for bladder cancer: Exploring patient experiences and concerns through artificial intelligence-based social media analysis. Bladder Cancer. 2024;10(4):290\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalah LA, AlTalhab S, Omair A, AlJasser M. Accuracy and Quality of YouTube Videos as a Source of Information on Vitiligo. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022;15:21\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang M, Yao N, Wang J, Chen W, Ouyang Y, Xie C. Bilibili, TikTok, and YouTube as sources of information on gastric cancer: assessment and analysis of the content and quality. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):57.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen J, Wang Y. Social Media Use for Health Purposes: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(5):e17917.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu H, Peng J, Li L, Deng A, Huang X, Yin G, et al. Assessment of the reliability and quality of breast cancer related videos on TikTok and Bilibili: cross-sectional study in China. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1296386.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLu L, Liu M, Ge B, Bai Z, Liu Z. Adolescent Addiction to Short Video Applications in the Mobile Internet Era. Front Psychol. 2022;13:893599.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin IT, Shen YM, Shih MJ, Ho CC. Short Video Addiction on the Interaction of Creative Self-Efficacy and Career Interest to Innovative Design Profession Students. Healthc (Basel). 2023;11(4).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang L, Li Y, Gu J, Xiao L. A quality analysis of thyroid cancer videos available on TikTok. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1049728.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarahona-Correa JE, Rueda-Ortiz C, Mu\u0026ntilde;oz O, Garc\u0026iacute;a \u0026Aacute;A, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-\u0026Aacute;vila DG. YouTube\u0026reg; as a source of information for Spanish-speaking patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2023;19(10):571\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCharnock D, Shepperd S, Needham G, Gann R. DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(2):105\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzer SA, Are DISCERN. Suitable Instruments for Assessing YouTube Videos on Thyroid Cancer? Methodological Concerns. J Cancer Educ. 2020;35(6):1267\u0026ndash;77.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HPV, Social Media, Patient Education, Public Education, Information Quality, TikTok, Bilibili","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7866968/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7866968/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBilibili and TikTok are prominent platforms for long-form and short-form videos, respectively, hosting a large number of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related videos. This study aims to identify the upload sources, content, and characteristic information of these HPV-related videos on Bilibili and TikTok, further evaluate their quality, and ultimately provide a reference basis for the public to access reliable HPV information and for platforms to optimize their content ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a similar content analysis process. On August 8, 2025 (one week after the national HPV vaccine promotion campaign to avoid seasonal traffic bias), three sets of search terms—'HPV vaccine', 'human papillomavirus infection', and 'cervical cancer screening'—were used to retrieve videos on Bilibili and TikTok. The top 100 videos from each platform were selected based on the default 'comprehensive ranking' (integrating views, engagement, and timeliness). During the sample screening phase, the following contents were excluded: ① videos published less than 7 days ago (with unstable engagement data); ② videos with platform advertising labels or promoting HPV - related products; ③ irrelevant content that only occasionally mentions HPV (such as celebrity news); ④ duplicate reprinted videos with the same title, content, and upload time. The recorded dimensions of video characteristics included title, URL, upload time, duration, and engagement indicators (number of likes, comments, favorites, and reposts). Three tools were used for quality assessment: a customized HPV Quality Assessment Checklist, the Global Quality Score (GQS), and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT)[1]. The methodological design of this study referred to the social media health video content analysis framework proposed by Liu et al. (2024), with details available in[1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe analyzed 99 TikTok videos and 98 Bilibili videos (after removing duplicates and irrelevant content).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVideo Duration and Interaction: TikTok has short videos with strong audience interaction; Bilibili has long videos.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUploader Types and Video Categories: TikTok has more medical scenario-based videos (aided by platform policies). Bilibili has diverse content, with more non-professional PPT/lecture - style videos.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVideo Quality Assessment: Except for GQS, the two platforms had significant differences in 11 indicators (PEMAT scores, completeness scores, etc.). Bilibili had higher quality in 11 indicators, with no difference between professional and non-professional uploaders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation Analysis: For TikTok, video duration showed a significant positive correlation with quality scores: PEMAT-T (r=0.22, p\u0026lt;0.05) and GQS (r=0.46, p\u0026lt;0.01). However, interaction metrics (likes, comments, favorites, reposts) exhibited weak or non-significant correlations with quality scores: the correlation coefficient between likes and PEMAT-T was r=-0.01 (p\u0026gt;0.05), between comments and PEMAT-T was r=-0.02 (p\u0026gt;0.05), between favorites and PEMAT-T was r=0.04 (p\u0026gt;0.05), and between reposts and PEMAT-T was r=-0.07 (p\u0026gt;0.05). For Bilibili, likes (r=0.25, p\u0026lt;0.05), comments (r=0.20, p\u0026lt;0.05), favorites (r=0.29, p\u0026lt;0.01), and reposts (r=0.31, p\u0026lt;0.01) all demonstrated significant positive correlations with the total quality score. Additionally, video duration was significantly positively correlated with GQS (r=0.31, p\u0026lt;0.01) and total quality score (r=0.50, p\u0026lt;0.01). Nevertheless, PEMAT-T showed weak or non-significant correlations with interaction metrics: r=-0.05 (likes, p\u0026gt;0.05), r=-0.12 (comments, p\u0026gt;0.05), r=-0.04 (favorites, p\u0026gt;0.05), and r=-0.05 (reposts, p\u0026gt;0.05)n.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHPV-related videos on social media platforms can help the public understand HPV knowledge to a certain extent. Specifically, among the HPV - related video samples selected in this study, TikTok achieved better traffic dissemination due to its platform characteristics of short duration and high engagement (e.g., median number of likes: 6011 vs. 420.5 for Bilibili, p \u0026lt; 0.01), while HPV videos on Bilibili performed better in 11 quality indicators (including PEMAT - T and completeness score) (p \u0026lt; 0.01). However, it should be noted that there is room for improvement in the quality of HPV videos on both platforms: the median score of TikTok in the 'HPV Prevention Measures' dimension was only 0 (P25 = 0.00, P75 = 1.00), and 32% of videos uploaded by non - professional uploaders on Bilibili (accounting for 40.82%) failed to clearly explain the 'association between HPV types 16/18 and cervical cancer. Based on this, this study proposes 3 specific recommendations tailored to HPV prevention and control needs: ① Platform level: TikTok can set a 'quality access threshold' for high-frequency search tags such as 'HPV vaccine' and 'cervical cancer screening' (e.g., PEMAT-A ≥ 0.8 for recommendation), giving priority to pushing actionable content including 'vaccination procedures' and 'screening intervals'; ② Creator level: Professionals are encouraged to create in-depth content such as 'interpretation of HPV genotyping test results' and 'management of persistent infection' (37.5% of professional videos on Bilibili cover this topic, while only 8.3% on TikTok), filling the gap of in-depth information on short video platforms; ③ Regulatory level: It is recommended to include 'HPV information quality' in the public health assessment indicators of social media, and regularly release quality reports of various platforms to guide the public to choose reliable information. However, the effectiveness of this strategy needs to be verified by more platforms and larger - sample HPV video data, and it cannot be extended to all medical videos for the time being.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bilibili/TikTok Videos as Sources of HPV-Related Medical Information: A Cross-Sectional Content Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-28 06:53:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7866968/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-22T06:08:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-17T06:02:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"81209707498231392575750766364342889731","date":"2026-01-07T05:44:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"162671773084685474627924664689068362971","date":"2026-01-07T02:49:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-19T03:45:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"111509255348397054871455280706287463753","date":"2025-11-27T11:41:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T06:24:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T16:47:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T10:12:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-26T05:53:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-10-26T05:48:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"858a8e09-c1c8-401c-b4dc-2c9f978a2476","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:18:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7866968","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26915-2","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-09 15:59:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-28 06:53:36","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-026-26915-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26915-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7866968","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7866968","identity":"rs-7866968","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}