Suprachiasmatic Neuromedin-S Neurons Regulate Arousal

Abstract Mammalian circadian rhythms, which orchestrate the daily temporal structure of biological processes, including the sleep-wake cycle, are primarily regulated by the circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN clock is also implicated in providing an arousal ‘signal,’ particularly during the wake-maintenance zone (WMZ) of our biological day, essential for sustaining normal levels of wakefulness in the presence of mounting sleep pressure. Here we identify a role for SCN Neuromedin-S (SCNNMS) neurons in regulating the level of arousal, especially during the WMZ. We used chemogenetic and optogenetic methods to activate SCNNMS neurons in vivo, which potently drove wakefulness. Fiber photometry confirmed the wake-active profile of SCNNM neurons. Genetically ablating SCNNMS neurons disrupted the sleep-wake cycle, reducing wakefulness during the dark period and abolished the circadian rhythm of body temperature. SCNNMS neurons target the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and photostimulation of their terminals within the DMH rapidly produces arousal from sleep. Pre-synaptic inputs to SCNNMS neurons were also identified, including regions known to influence SCN clock regulation. Unexpectedly, we discovered strong input from the preoptic area (POA), which itself receives substantial inhibitory input from the DMH, forming a possible arousal-promoting circuit (SCN->DMH->POA->SCN). Finally, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of SCNNMS neurons via single-nuclei RNA-Seq, revealing three distinct subtypes. Our findings link molecularly-defined SCN neurons to sleep-wake patterns, body temperature rhythms, and arousal control. Significance Statement Our study’s findings provide a cellular and neurobiological understanding of how Neuromedin-S (NMS)-containing SCN neurons contribute to regulating circadian rhythms, sleep-wake patterns, body temperature, and arousal control in mammals. This research illuminates the circuit, cellular, and synaptic mechanisms through which SCN neurons regulate daily cycles of wakefulness and sleep, with implications for understanding and potentially manipulating these processes in health and disease. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.