Efficacy of dietary betaine on growth performance of Japanese quails fed diets containing rice gluten meal

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Hassan, Abeer R. Khosht, Marwa Hosni Abd El-Maged, H. A. Abdlatif, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2056336/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Productivity and Development → Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of the inclusion of rice gluten meal (RGM) at levels of 2.5 and 5% and supplementation of betaine at levels of 0.5 and 1.0 gm/kg diet on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, hematology, serum biochemistry and gastrointestinal tract microbiota of growing Japanese quail. A total of 375 un-sexed Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) chicks (5 days-old) were randomly distributed to 5 experimental groups. Quails were fed a control diet and the other four diets contained 2.5 and 5% RGM with 0.5 or 1.0 gm betainesupplementation. The results showed thatquails fed diets included 5%RGM +0.5 or 1.0 gm betaine recorded the highest (P<0.05) body weight at 5 weeks of age, quails group fed diet contained 5%RGM+0.5 or 1.0 gm betaine recorded the highest (P<0.05) body weight gain at (1-5) weeks of age. Group of quails fed diet contained 5%RGM+1.0 gm betaine enhance (P<0.05) feed intake. 5%RGM +0.5 or 1.0 gm betaine groups recorded the best Feed Conversion Ratio at (1-5) weeks of age. Improved (P<0.05) digestibility of CP and EE in all treatment groups. In conclusion, the combination of RGM and betaine could maintain the growth performance, also promote of nutrients of Japanese quails. Quail gluten of rice performance digestion Introduction Quail meat has a great nutritional content and adds variety to the human diet (Quaresma et al. 2022). The high cost of feed, which makes up over 70% of total production costs, is the primary barrier to the long-term viability of intensive quail production (Mnisi et al. 2021). (Qaid and Al-Garadi, 2021). The industry's reliance on soybean meal will be lessened by the availability of alternative sources of dietary protein, which will also help to lower feed costs associated with quail production (Mnisi and Mlambo, 2018). Rice gluten meal (RGM) is a byproduct of rice wet milling that produced during starch extraction and syrup production. It is a novel feedstuff with a brownish color and coarse powdery texture, it has 50% crude protein (Dinani et al. 2020) and 3330 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) (Metwally and Farhat, 2015), so it could use in poultry diets for economic production (Wani et al. 2018). Some previous studies of using RGM as alternative protein source were done in broiler (Dinani et al. 2020), and Cattle (Malik et al ., 2017). The main objective of the study was to investgate the impact of graded levels of 2.5 and 5 % RGM with 0.5 or 1% of dietary betaine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of Japanese quail. Materials And Methods Animals, experimental design and diets The experimental period from June to August 2021, in the quail farm. A total of 375 five day old, unsexed, hatched Japanese quails ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) chicks with an average initial body weight was 16.18 ± 0.04 g and randomly divided into five experimental groups. Each group was divided into 3 replicates with 25 unsexed chicks each. The five diets were formulated to meet Japanese quail's requirements according to NRC (1994). Quails were fed a control diet without RGM and betaine addition and the other four diets contained 2.5 and 5% RGM with 0.5 and 1.0% betaine supplementation. Rice gluten meal (RGM) was obtained from TIBA Starch & Glucose Manufacturing Company, located in El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Composition and calculated analysis of the control diet are presented in Table 1. Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) of each group were recorded weekly, and then body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed. Dead quails were recorded daily and were expressed as mortality (%). The trial lasted for 5 weeks. Digestibility trail Six 5-wk-old quails from each group were used in digestibility trails to evaluate the nutrients digestibility of the experimental diets. Birds were housed individually in metabolic cages and fed the experimental diets. The chicks were allowed to acclimate for 3 d, then the daily feed intake was recorded and feces were collected every 24 h for 5 d and excreta output was collected daily, oven dried at 70°C for 36 hrs, weighed and ground. The representative samples of diets and feces were used for analysis according to AOAC (2007). Table (1). Feed ingredients and chemical analysis of the quail diet s (as fed basis). Ingredients (%) RGM Basal diet 2.5RGM +0.5B 2.5RGM+1.0B 5RGM +0.5B 5RGM +1.0B Soy bean meal (44%) 46.00 42.54 40.04 42.54 40.03 Rice Gluten 0 2.51 5.01 2.51 5.02 Yellow corn (8.5%) 48.77 51.93 51.91 51.91 51.93 Vegetable oil 2.31 0 0 0 0 Di- Calcium phosphate 0.7 1.2 1.31 1.31 1.31 Limestone 1.33 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.74 NaCl 0.36 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Minerals and vitamins mix 1 0.31 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.36 DL-Methionine 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 L-Laysine 0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Chemical analysis 2 Crude protein% 60.02 24. 1 6 24.1 7 24.1 5 24.52 24.52 Crude fiber % 3.22 4. 20 4.42 4.43 4.43 4.43 Calcium % 2.31 0.8 4 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 Methionine % 2.24 0. 6 6 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 Lysine% 3.58 2.6 8 2.67 2.67 2.71 2.71 Metabolizable energy (ME) Kcal/kg 3510 31 1 6 3110 3110 3116 3116 1 each kg contain Vit. A, 12000.000 IU; Vit. D3, 2000.000 IU; Vit. K2, 1g; Vit. B1, 1g, Vit. B2, 4g, Vit. B6, 1. 5g; Vit. B12, 10g; Pantathenic acid, 10g; Nicotinic acid, 20g; Folic acid, 1000 mg; Biotin, 50g; Choline chloride, 500g; Copper, 10g;. Statistical Analysis All data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA using General Linear Model procedure (GLM) of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2004). Significant differences among the treatment means were determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) with the 5% significance level. Results Growth performance The results presented in Table 2 indicated that the group of quails chicks fed 2.5% RGM+ 1.0 g betaine and 5% RGM+0.5 g betaine achieved higher (P<0.05) LBW compared to the other experimental groups and the control group. While, group of quails chicks fed diets contained 5%RGM +0.5 or 1.0 g betaine recorded the highest (P<0.05) LBW. the greatest (P<0.05) DBWG was with quails groups fed diet contained 2.5% RGM+1.0 g betaine and 5% RGM +0.5 g betaine. furthermore, at the whole period of 1-5 weeks of age, the quails group fed diet contained 5%RGM+0.5 or 1.0 g betaine recorded the highest (P<0.05) DBWG. The quails group fed diet contained 5%RGM+1.0 g betaine enhanced (P<0.05) DFI at 1-3, 3-5 and 1-5 weeks of age compared to the other experimental groups. However, insignificant difference was observed in DFI between the experimental groups and the control group at 3-5 weeks of age. Table 2. The effect of inclusion of RGM and betaine on growth performance of Japanese quails chicks Items Control 2.5RGM +0.5B 2.5RGM+1.0B 5RGM +0.5B 5RGM +1.0B SEM P value Average live body weight (g) 1 weeks of age 16.13 16.14 16.18 16.19 16.15 0.09 0.1945 3 weeks of age 165.73 b 165.71 b 171.37 a 171.37 a 165.03 b 1.62 0.0045 5 weeks of age 224.99 bc 224.37 c 224.54 b 237.21 a 239.28 a 1.39 0.0001 Average body weight gain (g) (1 – 3) weeks of age 7.01 b 7.11 b 7.34 a 7.35 a 7.23 ab 0.07 0.0033 (3-5) weeks of age 4.45 bc 4.12 cd 4.08 d 4.70 ab 5.02 a 0.12 0.0002 (1-5) weeks of age 5.99 bc 5.92 c 6.04 b 6.28 a 6.34 a 0.04 0.0002 Average daily feed intake (g/day) (1 – 3) weeks of age 16.03 b 15.92 c 15.90 c 15.84 d 16.37 a 0.01 0.0002 (3-5)weeks of age 22.84 ab 22.85 ab 22.79 b 22.78 b 22.79 a 0.01 0.0009 (1-5)weeks of age 20.12 b 20.08 a 20.03 d 20.01 d 20.28 a 0.01 0.0002 FCR, (g feed/g gain) (1-3) weeks of age 2.39 a 2.34 ab 2.07 ab 2.35 b 2.36 ab 0.02 0.0134 (3-5)weeks of age 5.23 b 5.52 ab 5.59 a 5.59 a 4.55 d 0.13 0.0003 (1-5) weeks of age 3.36 ab 3.49 a 3.33 b 3.18 c 3.21 c 0.04 0.0003 a, b,c,d Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05. Digestion Coefficients Dietary inclusion of RGM and betaine tended to increase (P<0.05) digestibility of CP and EE were noticed in all treatment groups compared to the control group. the group of quails fed diets contained 2.5%RGM+1.0 g betaine, 5%RGM+0.5g betaine and 5% RGM+1.0 g betaine recorded higher (P<0.05) CF digestibility compared to the control group. Digestibility of DM and OM were negatively correlated with 5% RGM+1.0 g betaine. the quail group fed diet included 5%RGM+1.0 g betaine was lower (P<0.05) in digestibility of DM and OM than the control group. Table 3. Effect of RGM and betaine on digestibility of Japanese quails . Item Control 2.5RGM +0.5B 2.5RGM +1.0B 5RGM +0.5B 5RGM +1.0B SEM P value DM% 76.47 a 74.38 ab 74.99 ab 75.79 ab 75.78 b 8.87 0.0014 OM% 79.24 a 77.24 ab 77.85 ab 78.55 ab 76.35 b 0.75 0.0002 CP% 69.85 c 73.03 b 74.06 ab 75.32 a 75.63 a 0.70 0.0003 CF% 28.19 cd 24.61 d 35.68 b 32.96 b 45.08 a 1.89 0.0040 EE% 83.12 b 87.17 a 87.52 a 87.96 a 87.82 a 0.99 0.0002 NFE% 87.06 a 81.84 b 81.85 b 82.39 b 80.34 b 0.71 0.0004 a, b,c,d Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05. Discussion Growth performance Our results revealed that the combination of two graded levels of RGM and the dietary betaine supplementation enhanced LBW particularly the mix of 5%RGM+1.0 g betaine achieved the highest (P<0.05) LBW at 5 weeks of age. The results were consistent with Metwally and Farahat (2015) who found that the inclusion of RGM up to 12.5% did not significantly affect BW, BWG, FI and FCR for 42 days. Moreover, Agena et al. (2019) stated that broilers fed diets included RGM at levels of 3, 6, 9 and 12% for 6 weeks and observed that body weight, daily weight gain and feed intake did not significantly change. Consideration should be given to the high nutritional value of RGM, which includes a high percentage of crude protein (57.6%) and a low level of crude fiber (1.45%) and a moderate amount of ether extract (3.16%). For most important amino acids (lysine, methionine, arginine, valine, and histidine), the percentage of total amino acid to crude protein in rice gluten meal was found to be higher; for isoleucine and threonine, it was found to be almost similar (Metwally and Farahat, 2015). Conerning, Betaine supplementation, current results showed that 1.0 g betaine/kg diet improved the DWG, DFI and FCR of quails diets. As well, Attia et al. (2009) reported that betaine supplementation at levels of 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg improved the BWG and FI whereas it decreased the FCR of slow-growing white-feathered broilers under heat stress. Also, Yang et al. (2022) found that 1000 mg/kg of betaine improved FCR and BWG in broilers has an antioxidant effect (Yang et al. 2022). Digestion Coefficients The inclusion of RGM and betaine enhanced the digestibility of CP and EE in all experimental diets. 5%RGM plus 0.5 or 1.0 g betaine has higher CF digestibility compared to the control group. In addition, the digestibility of DM did not differ significantly with 2.5 or 5% RGM. This explained that the inclusion of RGM at levels of 2.5 and 5.0 % in quail diets may be necessary to ensure adequate digestible nutrients. These are affirmed by Amagliani et al. (2019) who stated that rice protein meal has excellent physicochemical properties which make it as functional and value-added ingredient. This improvement of CP digestibility could be related to the methionine sparing effect of betainemay that enhanced the effective use of dietary protein Eklundet al. (2005). In this direction, Ratriyanto et al. (2017) reported that the supplementation of 0.06 and 0.12% betainein Japanese quails improved DM, CP, CF and EE digestibilities. This enhancement in nutrients digestibility may be due to the increase of nutrients availability in the gastrointestinal tract leading to better performance. Dietary betaine supplementation increased the activities of amylase and trypsin of jejunaldigesta and improved absorption of nutrients, which might contribute to theimprovementof nutrient digestibility in broiler so improvedthe growth performance (Song et al. 2021). It is noteworthy that betaine supplementation enhanced the efficiency of protein utilization and the performance of experimental quails. Conclusion The results of this experiment demonstrated that the inclusion of RGM at levels of 2.5 and 5%, together with dietary supplementation of betaine at levels of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg diet, could sustain the growth performance and digestibility of experimental quails. References Al-Garadi, M. A.; Suliman, G. M.; Hussein, E. O.; Al-Owaimer, A. N.; Swelum, A. A.; Almalamh, N. A.; Alhotan, R. A. and Qaid, M. M. 2023. The effects of betaine and nano-emulsified plant-oil supplementation on growth performance and serum biochemistry indices of heat-stressed broiler chickens. Talian journal of animal science, 22: (1), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2023.2206417 Agena, M. Y.; Badawi, M. E.; Hassanein, E. I. and El-Gamal, M. E. 2019. Effects of rice gluten meal inclusion on productive and economic performance in broilers Damanhour Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2, (1): 18–22. Attia, Y.A; Hassan, R.A.; Qota, E.M.A. 2009. Recovery from adverse effects of heat stress on slow-growing chicks in the tropics 1: Effect of ascorbic acid and different levels of betaine. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41, 807–818. Dinani, O. P.; Tyagi, P. K.; Wani, M. A.; Ongmoo, H. and Sharma, K. 2020. Review on Feeding Value of Rice Gluten Meal. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci ., 9,(6): 1256-1262. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.155 Hassan, F.A.; Abd El-Maged, M.H.; El-Halim, H.A. and Ramadan, G.S. 2021. Effect of dietary chitosan, nano-chitosan supplementation and different Japanese quail lines on growth performance, plasma constituents, carcass characteristics, antioxidant status and intestinal microflora population. J. Anim. Health Prod. 9(2): 119-131. DO I | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2021/9.2.119.131 . Metwally, A. and Farahat, M. 2015. Nutritive value and feeding of rice gluten meal in broiler chickens. Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci., 5(11): 443-451. Mnisi, C. M.; Marareni, M.; Manyeula, F. and Madibana, M. J. 2021. A way forward for the South African quail sector as a potential contributor to food and nutrition security following the aftermath of COVID‑19: a review. Agriculture & Food Security , 10:48 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00331-8 Mnisi, C. M., Marareni , M.; Manyeula, F. and Madibana M. J. 2021. A way forward for the South African quail sector as a potential contributor to food and nutrition security following the aftermath of COVID‑19: a review Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00331-8 Ratriyanto , A. and Prastowo , S. 2019. Floor space and betaine supplementation alter the nutrient digestibility and performance of Japanese quail in a tropical environment. Journal of Thermal Biology , 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.05.008 Ratriyanto A., Indreswari R., Sunarto 2014. The effect of protein levels and betaine supplementation on digestible nutrient and small intestine characteristic of broilers. Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture Development. Bandung (ID): Faculty of Animal Science, Padjadjaran University, p.1-8. Song, Y.; Chen, R.; Yang, M.; Liu, Q.; Zhou, Y. and Zhuang, S. 2021. Dietary betaine supplementation improves growth performance, digestive function, intestinal integrity, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of yellow-feathered broilers, Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20:1, 1575-1586, DOI: 10.1080/1828051X.2021.1986681 Quaresma, M. A. G.; Antunes, I. C.; Ferreira B. G.; Parada, A.; Elias, A.; Barros, M.; Santos, C.; Partid_ario, A.; Mourato, M. and Roseiro, L. C. 2022. The composition of the lipid, protein and mineral fractions of quail breast meat obtained from wild and farmed specimens of Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and farmed Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica domestica). Poultry Science, 101:101505 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101505 Wani, M. A.; Tyagi, P. K.; Mir, N. A.; Hazarika, R.; Sheikh, S. A.; Tyagi, P. K. and Dinani,O. D.; Mandal, A. B. 2018. Feeding value of rice gluten meal as an alternate protein source in broiler chickens. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 42: 473-479. Yang, M.; Chen, R.; Song, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Q. and Zhuang, S. (2022). Effects of dietary betaine supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, muscle fatty acid composition and antioxidant ability in slow-growing broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 63(3):351–359. Declarations Acknowledgements ; The authors thank the stuff of El-Fayoum research station for providing the research facility. Author Contributions: Conceptualization and writing Fawzia, A.; performed the experiments, Abeer R.; investigation, Marawa.; resources, Abdlatif H.; lab analysis, Samia A. and Ibrahim H. Data availability : The data are available upon request. Ethics approval : The experiment was conducted following animal welfare regulations at Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt with all procedures approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Consent to participate : Consent was obtained from all authors. Consent for publication : All participants have consented to the submission of the article to the journal. Conflict of interest : The authors declare no competing interests. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Productivity and Development → Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2056336","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":138270252,"identity":"dbbedaaf-4f03-45eb-8575-01a65414a6e0","order_by":0,"name":"Fawzia A. 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Salim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agricultural Research Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Salim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-09-12 10:40:43","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2056336/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2056336/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.21608/jpd.2026.476730","type":"published","date":"2026-01-06T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99738406,"identity":"b5aaf389-e0f1-47f9-ba19-745827303550","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-07 20:55:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":759848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2056336/v2/48f2f88d-1107-4d57-9942-acdea5e8f2c5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfficacy of dietary betaine on growth performance of Japanese quails fed diets containing rice gluten meal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eQuail meat has a great nutritional content and adds variety to the human diet (Quaresma et al. 2022).\u0026nbsp;The high cost of feed, which makes up over 70% of total production costs, is the primary barrier to the long-term viability of intensive quail production (Mnisi et al. 2021). (Qaid and Al-Garadi, 2021). The industry\u0026apos;s reliance on soybean meal will be lessened by the availability of alternative sources of dietary protein, which will also help to lower feed costs associated with quail production (Mnisi\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Mlambo, 2018). Rice gluten meal (RGM) is a byproduct of rice wet milling that produced during starch extraction and syrup production. It is a novel feedstuff with a brownish color and coarse powdery texture, it has 50% crude protein (Dinani et al. 2020) and 3330 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) (Metwally and Farhat, 2015), so it could use in poultry diets for economic production (Wani et al. 2018). Some previous studies of using RGM as alternative protein source were done in broiler (Dinani et al. 2020), and Cattle (Malik et al\u003cem\u003e.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2017). The main objective of the study was to investgate the impact of graded levels of 2.5 and 5 % RGM with 0.5 or 1% of dietary betaine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of Japanese quail.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimals, experimental design and diets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental period from June to August 2021, in the quail farm. A total of 375 five day old, unsexed, hatched Japanese quails (\u003cem\u003eCoturnix coturnix\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ejaponica\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026nbsp;chicks\u0026nbsp;with an average initial body weight was\u0026nbsp;16.18\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.04 g\u0026nbsp;and randomly divided into five experimental groups.\u0026nbsp;Each group was divided into 3 replicates with 25 unsexed chicks each. The five diets were formulated to meet Japanese quail\u0026apos;s requirements according to NRC (1994).\u0026nbsp;Quails were fed a control diet without\u0026nbsp;RGM and\u0026nbsp;betaine addition and the other four diets contained 2.5 and 5% RGM with 0.5 and 1.0% betaine\u0026nbsp;supplementation.\u0026nbsp;Rice gluten meal (RGM)\u0026nbsp;was obtained\u0026nbsp;from TIBA Starch \u0026amp; Glucose Manufacturing Company, located in\u0026nbsp;El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.\u0026nbsp;Composition and calculated analysis of the control diet are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u0026nbsp;Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) of each group were recorded weekly,\u0026nbsp;and then\u0026nbsp;body weight gain\u0026nbsp;(BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed. Dead quails were recorded daily and were expressed as mortality (%).\u0026nbsp;The trial lasted for 5 weeks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigestibility trail\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSix 5-wk-old quails from each group were used in digestibility trails to evaluate the nutrients digestibility of the experimental diets. Birds were housed individually in metabolic cages and fed the experimental diets. The chicks were allowed to acclimate for 3 d, then the daily feed intake was recorded and feces were collected every 24 h for 5 d and excreta output was collected daily, oven dried at 70\u0026deg;C for 36 hrs, weighed and ground. The representative samples of diets and feces were used for analysis according to AOAC (2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTable (1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFeed ingredients and chemical analysis of the quail diet\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003es (as fed basis).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.7e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIngredients (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eRGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBasal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ediet\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+0.5B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5RGM+1.0B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+0.5B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+1.0B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSoy bean meal (44%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e46.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e42.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e42.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eRice Gluten\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYellow corn\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;(8.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e48.77\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e51.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e51.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e51.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e51.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVegetable oil\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDi- Calcium phosphate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLimestone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNaCl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMinerals and vitamins mix\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDL-Methionine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 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medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eChemical\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eanalysis\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCrude fiber %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\" style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCalcium %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\" style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMethionine %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\" style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLysine%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3.58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\" style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMetabolizable energy (ME) Kcal/kg\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3510\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\" style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3110\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3110\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-17.05pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eeach kg contain Vit. A, 12000.000 IU; Vit. D3, 2000.000 IU; Vit. K2, 1g; Vit. B1, 1g, Vit. B2, 4g, Vit. B6, 1. 5g; Vit. B12, 10g; Pantathenic acid, 10g; Nicotinic acid, 20g; Folic acid, 1000 mg; Biotin, 50g; Choline chloride, 500g; Copper, 10g;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA using General Linear Model procedure (GLM) of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2004). Significant differences among the treatment means were determined by Duncan\u0026rsquo;s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) with the 5% significance level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth performance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results presented in Table 2 indicated that the group of quails chicks fed 2.5% RGM+ 1.0 g betaine and 5% RGM+0.5 g betaine achieved higher (P\u0026lt;0.05) LBW compared to the other experimental groups and the control group. While, group of quails chicks fed diets contained 5%RGM +0.5 or 1.0 g betaine recorded the highest (P\u0026lt;0.05) LBW. the greatest (P\u0026lt;0.05) DBWG was with quails groups fed diet contained 2.5% RGM+1.0 g betaine and 5% RGM +0.5 g betaine. furthermore, at the whole period of 1-5 weeks of age, the quails group fed diet contained 5%RGM+0.5 or 1.0 g betaine recorded the highest (P\u0026lt;0.05) DBWG. The quails group fed diet contained 5%RGM+1.0 g betaine enhanced (P\u0026lt;0.05) DFI at 1-3, 3-5 and 1-5 weeks of age compared to the other experimental groups. However, insignificant difference was observed in DFI between the experimental groups and the control group at 3-5 weeks of age.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"MhnqprAdvTTb8864ccf.B\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003eThe effect of inclusion of RGM and betaine on growth performance of Japanese quails chicks\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.4e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eItems\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51.4pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+0.5B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5RGM+1.0B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+0.5B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+1.0B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSEM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 440.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAverage live body weight (g)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.1945\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3 weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e165.73\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e165.71\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e171.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e171.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e165.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0045\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5 weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e224.99\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e224.37\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e224.54\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e237.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e239.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 440.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003eAverage body weight gain (g)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003e(1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"HcmbwsAdvTT3713a231+20\",sans-serif;color:#131413;'\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003e3) weeks\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.23\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0033\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(3-5) weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.45\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.12\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.08\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.70\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1-5) weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.99\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.92\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.04\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 440.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003eAverage daily feed intake (g/day)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 1.2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003e(1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"HcmbwsAdvTT3713a231+20\",sans-serif;color:#131413;'\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003e3) weeks\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.92\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.90\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.84\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 1.2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(3-5)weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22.84\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22.85\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22.79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22.78\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 1.2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1-5)weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 440.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003eFCR, (g feed/g gain)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 1.2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1-3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003eweeks\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.34\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.36\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0134\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 1.2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(3-5)weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.52\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.59\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.59\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.55\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 1.2in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1-5) weeks of age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.36\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.49\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.75pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.18\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.21\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ea, b,c,d\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigestion Coefficients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary inclusion of RGM and betaine tended to increase (P\u0026lt;0.05)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003edigestibility of CP and EE\u0026nbsp;were noticed in all treatment groups\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ecompared to the control group. the group of quails fed diets contained 2.5%RGM+1.0 g betaine, 5%RGM+0.5g betaine and 5% RGM+1.0 g betaine recorded higher (P\u0026lt;0.05) CF digestibility compared to the control group. Digestibility of DM and OM were negatively correlated with 5% RGM+1.0 g betaine. the quail group fed diet included 5%RGM+1.0 g betaine was lower (P\u0026lt;0.05) in digestibility of DM and OM than the control group.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3. Effect of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003eRGM and betaine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eon digestibility of\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"XpwdqjAdvTT3713a231\",serif;color:#131413;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Japanese quails\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.5e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:1.65in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eItem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.65pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+0.5B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+1.0B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+0.5B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5RGM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+1.0B\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSEM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:44.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:49.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:1.65in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width:49.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e87.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81.84\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e82.39\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e80.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:44.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:35.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.0004\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ea, b,c,d\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth performance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results revealed that the combination of two graded levels of RGM and the dietary betaine supplementation enhanced LBW particularly the mix of 5%RGM+1.0 g betaine achieved the highest (P\u0026lt;0.05) LBW at 5 weeks of age. The results were consistent with Metwally and Farahat (2015) who found that the inclusion of RGM up to 12.5% did not significantly affect BW, BWG, FI and FCR for 42 days. Moreover, Agena et al. (2019) stated that broilers fed diets included RGM at levels of 3, 6, 9 and 12% for 6 weeks and observed that body weight, daily weight gain and feed intake did not significantly change. Consideration should be given to the high nutritional value of RGM, which includes a high percentage of crude protein (57.6%) and a low level of crude fiber (1.45%) and a moderate amount of ether extract (3.16%). For most important amino acids (lysine, methionine, arginine, valine, and histidine), the percentage of total amino acid to crude protein in rice gluten meal was found to be higher; for isoleucine and threonine, it was found to be almost similar (Metwally and Farahat, 2015). Conerning, Betaine supplementation, current results showed that 1.0 g betaine/kg diet improved the DWG, DFI and FCR of quails diets. As well, Attia et al. (2009) reported that betaine supplementation at levels of 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg improved the BWG and FI whereas it decreased the FCR of slow-growing white-feathered broilers under heat stress. Also, Yang et al. (2022) found that 1000 mg/kg of betaine improved FCR and BWG in broilers has an antioxidant effect (Yang et al. 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigestion Coefficients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion of RGM and betaine enhanced the digestibility of CP and EE in all experimental diets. 5%RGM plus 0.5 or 1.0 g betaine has higher CF digestibility compared to the control group. In addition, the digestibility of DM did not differ significantly with 2.5 or 5% RGM. This explained that the inclusion of RGM at levels of 2.5 and 5.0 % in quail diets may be necessary to ensure adequate digestible nutrients. These are affirmed by Amagliani et al. (2019) who stated that rice protein meal has excellent physicochemical properties which make it as functional and value-added ingredient. This improvement of CP digestibility could be related to the methionine sparing effect of betainemay that enhanced the effective use of dietary protein Eklundet al. (2005). In this direction, Ratriyanto et al. (2017) reported that the supplementation of 0.06 and 0.12% betainein Japanese quails improved DM, CP, CF and EE digestibilities. \u0026nbsp;This enhancement in nutrients digestibility may be due to the increase of nutrients availability in the gastrointestinal tract leading to better performance. Dietary betaine supplementation increased the activities of amylase and trypsin of\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;jejunaldigesta and improved absorption of nutrients, which might contribute to theimprovementof nutrient digestibility in broiler so improvedthe growth performance (Song et al. 2021). It is noteworthy that betaine supplementation enhanced the efficiency of protein utilization and the performance of experimental quails.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this experiment demonstrated that the inclusion of RGM at levels of 2.5 and 5%, together with dietary supplementation of betaine at levels of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg diet, could sustain the growth performance and digestibility of experimental quails. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAl-Garadi, M. A.; Suliman, G. M.; Hussein, E. O.; Al-Owaimer, A. N.; Swelum, A. A.; Almalamh, N. A.; Alhotan, R. A. and Qaid, M. M. 2023. 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Bandung (ID): Faculty\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;of Animal Science, Padjadjaran University, p.1-8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSong, Y.; Chen, R.; Yang, M.; Liu, Q.; Zhou, Y. and Zhuang, S.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;2021. Dietary betaine supplementation improves growth performance, digestive function, intestinal integrity, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of yellow-feathered broilers, Italian Journal of Animal\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Science, 20:1, 1575-1586, DOI: 10.1080/1828051X.2021.1986681\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuaresma, M. A. G.; Antunes, I. C.; Ferreira B. G.; Parada, A.; Elias, A.; Barros, M.; Santos, C.; Partid_ario, A.; Mourato, M. and Roseiro, L. C. \u0026nbsp;2022. The composition of the lipid, protein and mineral fractions of quail breast meat obtained from wild and farmed specimens of Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and farmed Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica domestica). Poultry Science, 101:101505 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101505\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWani, M. A.; Tyagi, P. K.; Mir, N. A.; Hazarika, R.; Sheikh, S. A.; Tyagi, P. K. and Dinani,O. D.; Mandal, A. B. 2018. Feeding value of rice gluten meal as an alternate protein source in broiler chickens. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 42: 473-479. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYang, M.; Chen, R.; Song, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Q. and Zhuang, S. (2022). Effects of dietary betaine supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, muscle fatty acid composition and antioxidant ability in slow-growing broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 63(3):351\u0026ndash;359.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e; The authors thank the stuff of El-Fayoum research station for providing the research facility. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions: \u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization and writing Fawzia, A.; performed the experiments, Abeer R.; investigation, Marawa.; resources, Abdlatif H.; lab analysis, Samia A. and Ibrahim H.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e: The data are available upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e: The experiment was conducted following animal welfare regulations at Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt with all procedures approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: Consent was obtained from all authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: All participants have consented to the submission of the article to the journal.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quail, gluten of rice, performance, digestion","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2056336/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2056336/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of the inclusion of rice gluten meal (RGM) at levels of 2.5 and 5% and supplementation of betaine at levels of 0.5 and 1.0 gm/kg diet on the growth performance, carcass\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003echaracteristics, hematology, serum biochemistry and gastrointestinal tract microbiota of growing Japanese quail. A total of 375 un-sexed Japanese quail (\u003cem\u003eCoturnix coturnix\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ejaponica\u003c/em\u003e) chicks (5 days-old) were randomly distributed to 5 experimental groups. Quails were fed a control diet and the other four diets contained 2.5 and 5% RGM with 0.5 or 1.0 gm betainesupplementation. The results showed thatquails\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003efed diets included 5%RGM +0.5 or 1.0 gm betaine recorded the highest (P\u0026lt;0.05) body weight at 5 weeks of age, quails group fed diet contained 5%RGM+0.5 or 1.0 gm betaine recorded the highest (P\u0026lt;0.05) body weight gain at (1-5) weeks of age. Group of quails fed diet contained 5%RGM+1.0 gm betaine enhance (P\u0026lt;0.05) feed intake. 5%RGM +0.5 or 1.0 gm betaine groups recorded the best Feed Conversion Ratio at (1-5) weeks of age. Improved (P\u0026lt;0.05)\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003edigestibility of CP and EE in all treatment groups. In conclusion, the combination of RGM and betaine could maintain the growth performance, also promote of nutrients of Japanese quails.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Efficacy of dietary betaine on growth performance of Japanese quails fed diets containing rice gluten meal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-03-27 14:18:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2056336/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2022-09-20 21:01:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2056336/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a18ead81-471f-4534-b398-8991dd751260","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-07T20:55:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2056336","link":"https://doi.org/10.21608/jpd.2026.476730","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-productivity-and-development","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Journal of Productivity and Development"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-06 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 6th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-27 14:18:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.21608/jpd.2026.476730","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/jpd.2026.476730","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-2056336","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2056336","identity":"rs-2056336","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}