Herbal Extracts in Orofacial Pain: Systematic Review, Direct and Indirect Meta-analysis

Herbal Extracts in Orofacial Pain: Systematic Review, Direct and Indirect Meta-analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Herbal Extracts in Orofacial Pain: Systematic Review, Direct and Indirect Meta-analysis Sara Delgadillo Barrera, Lilia Jadith Bernal Cepeda, David Augusto Díaz Báez, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4404867/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract There is limited knowledge regarding the efficacy of the use of herbal extracts in orofacial pain. A systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, to assess the analgesic effect of herbal extracts on pain intensity in various painful orofacial conditions was conducted. Sixty-two studies were included. The intervention treatment consisted in the use of herbal extracts compared with placebo and/or standard treatment. The primary outcome was pain intensity assessed before and after the intervention, using any pain scale from 0 to 10. Pain scores were compared with baseline scores in each treatment. When compared with standard therapy, the pooled results of the patients who received herbal extracts reported lower pain intensity; in periodontal pain (mean difference [MD] = -0.92, 95% confidence interval [-6.69, 4.85]), oral surgery pain (MD = 18.80 [8.80, 28.79]), oral neuropathic pain (MD = 20.34 [6.16, 34.52]), endodontic pain (MD = -8.04 [-11.72, -4.37]), oral mucosal pain (MD = 8.74 [2.76, 14.73]), and temporomandibular pain (MD = 30.94 [6.04, 55.83]). The findings indicate a pain-attenuating effect of herbal extracts such as Cannabis, Turmeric, Capsaicin, Licorice, Ginger, Chamomile, Clove, Hypericum perforatum , Arnica montana , Aloe vera and Calendula use in oral surgery pain, oral neuropathic pain, oral mucosal pain, and temporomandibular pain. The findings of this study indicate that herbal extracts may provide a valuable alternative to traditional pain medication. Additionally, it may also be a promising source for developing new active ingredients for pharmaceuticals. Health sciences/Health care/Dentistry/Oral medicine Health sciences/Health care/Dentistry/Oral medicine/Orofacial pain herbal pain orofacial oral non-pharmacological Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Orofacial pain (OFP) refers to a range of painful conditions that affects the soft and hard tissues of the mouth, jaws, and face [1]. It also poses a significant worldwide burden, affecting approximately 32.2% of the global population on average, ranging between 15.1% and 74.9% [2]. Its diverse etiology and involvement of multiple anatomic structures, often requires a multidisciplinary management including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments [3]. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring alternative and natural therapies to alleviate OFP [4]. The pharmaceutical industry has been mostly focused on developing synthetic drugs to address orofacial pain-related conditions [5]. However, the adverse effects, drug interactions, and the need for personalized treatments due to lack of effectivity has caused researchers and healthcare professionals to seek alternative options. [4,6,7]. As a result, herbal extracts have gained attention as a potentially valuable resource in pain management, due to their natural origins, perceived safety profiles, and potential synergistic effects [8]. Herbal extracts have been used for centuries in different cultures to alleviate orofacial pain, numerous plants have been found to have clinical applications after being constantly used by indigenous tribes around the globe [9]. These extracts possess pharmacodynamic characteristics, interacting with receptors similar to conventional drugs. Nevertheless, one of the major concerns is the limited knowledge regarding their impact on oral tissues, mechanisms of action, and potential interactions [10]. Several studies evaluating plants, along with their derived phytochemicals, have revealed promising results for their analgesic effects [11]. Herbal extracts can be quite helpful for alleviate mild to moderate pain, some of their bioactive constituents elicit analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity [12]. The mechanism of action of these herbal extracts is often multifactorial, involving interactions with neurotransmitter receptors, modulation of inflammatory mediators, and inhibition of pain-related enzymes [13]. Moreover, herbal extracts have shown promise as adjuncts in oral health care. Their potential to provide orofacial pain relief makes them attractive options for both patients and healthcare providers. Additionally, the rising demand for natural and plant-based products in oral care has stimulated research and development efforts in utilizing herbal extracts for oral health promotion and disease prevention [14]. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to comprehensively evaluate the literature on the use of herbal extracts in orofacial pain management in humans. By synthesizing the available evidence, we seek to elucidate the potential benefits, efficacy, and safety of herbal extracts as adjunctive therapies for orofacial pain relief. Furthermore, this study wants to identify knowledge gaps and provide valuable insights into future research directions and the integration of herbal extracts into orofacial pain management. 2. Methods 2.1. Protocol and registration This Systematic review and Meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline [15]. The review protocol was registered (CRD42022367553) with the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) system ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ). 2.2. Eligibility criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCT) (center, multicentered, parallel and crossover design) and Systematic reviews, both with and without meta-analysis, comparing the effectiveness and/or safety of herbal extracts for treating patients with orofacial pain of any age against placebo or standard treatments were screened for inclusion. Perspective, opinion, commentary articles, case reports, and grey literature were excluded. The titles, abstracts and full texts were reviewed according to the following criteria: Inclusion Criteria : a) Original research studies published in any language. b) Studies including human subjects. c) Review articles about the use of herbal extracts in orofacial pain. Exclusion Criteria : a) Studies without significant analgesic property. b) Studies in which details of study samples were not mentioned (dosage, timing, frequency, or administration route). c) Studies with no clear explanation of the implemented herbal extract. d) Studies missing out data necessary to assess at the meta-analysis. 2.3. Search strategy The electronic databases were screened without time or language restriction. The last refresh search was carried out on August 11 of 2023. The terms were used as Medical Subject Heading terms (MeSH) and key words are available in the Supplementary File. 2.4. Study selection Retrieved articles with abstracts were compiled in Mendeley software (Elsevier, New York, NY, USA) and uploaded to Rayyan.ai website for Systematic Literature Reviews, after removal of duplicate papers, the titles and abstracts of each study were independently screened by two authors. Following this initial evaluation, full text assessment of all potentially relevant publications was retrieved and data from all relevant studies were extracted using a customized data extraction spreadsheet (Excel, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond WA, USA). Any disagreements regarding eligibility of studies were resolved by consulting a third author. 2.5. Data extraction and quality assessment Data extractions were undertaken independently by the authors (SD, LB, JK, AK) through the full text assessment of the articles. Disagreements during study selection and data extraction were resolved by the third reviewer (JC). For each paper the extracted data contained information on study design, sample size, intervention, measure of the effects and outcomes. Following completion of data extraction, one author (SD) checked all the data entry fields for reliability. Exclusion criteria included (i) trials using herbal synthetic chemicals and natural extracts from fungi, algae, and honey, (ii) studies using unvalidated outcome measurement, (iii) Observational non-randomized and/or non-controlled studies and (iv) studies with measurements not expressed in mean and star deviation or median and interquartile range. For the quality assessment one reviewer (SD) independently assessed the risk of bias for each study using Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2) [16]. The measurement of the outcome, random sequence generation, allocation concealment, selective reporting, blinding of participant and personnel, blinding of outcome assessments, incomplete outcome data and selective reporting were the domains evaluated. Each research result was judged and classified in “low risk of bias”, “high risk of bias”, or “some concerns”. The meta-analysis was performed for two reviewers (SD, DB) with the data from results involving a minimum of 2 measurements presented as a mean and standard deviation. These measurements were taken at the specific timepoint when the pain symptoms were representative to each individual condition. Additionally, before the analysis all the plant species were grouped in their respective plant families as shown in the doughnut chart of the Supplementary File . RevMan version 5.4.1 (Cochrane Collaboration, London, UK) was used to perform pairwise meta-analyses and subgroup analyses, and Stata 17.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used to perform network meta-analyses. 2.6. Data synthesis Only randomized controlled clinical trials, reporting sample size, painful condition, herbal extract, administration route, dosage-time, using validated and comparable scales of pain, and with clear data analysis were included in the study. 3. Results 3.1. Study selection The database search identified 7709 studies, after deduplication, screening and full-text assessment 62 papers were included for data extraction (Fig. 1 ). 3.2. Study characteristics The majority of the studies were blinded (n = 47), the sample size ranged from 270 to 15 patients. Study characteristics are demonstrated in (Table 1 ), 70 different plants from 44 plant families were identified Supplementary File . Table 1 Characteristics of included clinical trials investigating herbal extracts for orofacial pain treatment categorized by type of orofacial pain. Ref Author, Year Type of study Condition Plant Administration route Comparator Dosage - Time Periodontal Pain 18 Shahakbari et al., 2014 SBRCT Pericoronitis Camellia sinensis Green tea Mouthwash Clorhexidine Each patient received a 250-ml dark bottle containing the mouthwash (green tea 5%) and was instructed to rinse with this mouthwash twice a day for 7 days. 23 Keceli et al., 2015 DBRCT Free gingival graft Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alpinia officinarum, Vitis vinifera, Urtica dioica, Thymus vulgaris topical Ankaferd Blood Stopper Placebo After removing the graft, wet gauze with the herbal extract was compressed to the donor site by the surgeon during 60 seconds with moderate finger pressure. six-month follow-up 33 Patil et al., 2018 RCT Orthodontic pain Atropa belladonna Systemic Belladonna globules Ibuprofen In the Belladonna 6C group, four globules given to patient. Patients were given two doses of medication of their respective groups, 1 h before placement of elastomeric separators which was administered in the department and one dose 6 h after the placement. 25 Das et al., 2019 TBRCT Periodontal flap Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum, Aconitum napellus, Bellis perennis, Atropa Belladonna, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Achillea millefolium, Symphytum officinale Systemic Traumeel tablets Ibuprofen Ibuprofen, 600 mg and traumeel, 600 mg (up to three tablets) every 8 h for first 24 h and SOS (Si Opus Sit/if needed) thereafter for a period of 1 week as pain medication, respectively. 34 Anil et al., 2019 RCT Periodontal flap Curcuma longa Topical Curcumin mucoadhesive film Placebo Curcumin mucoadhesive films of 0.5% were cut into smaller rectangular strips of 4–5 mm width and the length depending on the extent of flap surgery in each patient. UKirkland flap surgery was performed. After suturing, the preformed films were adapted on the gingiva in the test and control sites, respectively, over which periodontal pack (Coe-Pack) was placed 39 Alshibani et al., 2022 SBRCT Periodontal Therapy Zingiber officinale Systemic Ginger tablets Ibuprofen ginger tablets (400 mg) every 12 h for 3 days and then as needed for pain 40 Al-Askar et al., 2022 SBRCT Periodontal Therapy Curcuma longa Systemic Curcumin capsules Mefenamic acid Test group: patients received curcumin capsules (200 mg). The participants in the test and control groups were advised to orally take 1 MA tablet and 2 curcumin capsules, respectively, immediately after the procedure and then every 8 h for 3 days. After the third day, participants in the test and control groups were advised to take the respective analgesics as needed for pain. Oral Surgery Pain 44 Alqareer et al., 2006 SBRCT Anesthesia infiltration pain (pre-surgery) Syzygium aromaticum Topical Clove gel 1: Benzocaine 2: Placebo home made clove gel. Approximately 2 g of material were applied to the buccal mucosa superior to the gingiva over the canine prominence, covering an area of about 1.5 cm in diameter for 4 min and then was reapplied for another minute. The material was reapplied because the authors were concerned about material washout by saliva. 21 Mohite et al., 2020 SBRCT Anesthesia infiltration pain (pre-surgery) Anacyclus pyrethrum, Spilanthes acmella Topical herbal anesthesic in gel Lignocaine After isolation, the test region was dried by utilizing a sterile cotton gauze. The topical anesthetic to be tested was drawn for each participant and applied using a cotton applicator stick. After 10 min, a 26gauge sterile needle was inserted . 42 Jesudasan et al., 2015 DBRCT Alveolar osteitis (post-surgery) Syzygium aromaticum Topical Eugenol paste 1: Chlorhexidine 2: No-treatment After the third molar was extracted, eugenol-based paste was applied to the socket 41 Rayati et al., 2017 DBRCT Extraction (surgery) Zingiber officinale Systemic ginger capsules 1: Ibuprofen 2: Placebo one capsule of ginger containing 500 mg of ginger rhizome powder (Zintoma; Goldaru Co., Iran) All medications were administered orally and 6 hourly, 500 mg of ginger rhizome powder 43 Komasawa et al., 2018 SBRCT Extraction (surgery) Cinnamomi Cassiae, Syzygium aromaticum, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis, Ligusticum wallichii, Nuphar japonica, Quercus robur, Rheum rhabarbarum Systemic Jidabokuippo granules No-Treatment Patients were given three oral doses (2.5 g each) of JDI (TJ-89, Tsumura Co, Tokyo, Japan) just before falling asleep the night before surgery, and in the morning and around noon on the day of surgery (total 7.5 g). 22 De Souza et al., 2021 TBRCT Extraction (surgery) Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum, Aconitum napellus, Bellis perennis, Atropa Belladonna, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Achillea millefolium, Symphytum officinale Traumeel S intramuscular injection Dexamethasone Right after anesthezing an intramuscular injection in the masseter muscle of 2 mL at three different points Oral Neuropathic Pain 45 Marino et al., 2010 DBRCT Burning mouth syndrome Capsicum annuum Capsaicin mouthwash 1: Alpha-lipoic 2: Lysozymelactoperoxidase 3: Boric acid daily oral rinses with capsaicin, 250 mg of red pepper emulsion in 50 ml of water for 24 Spanemberg et al., 2012 DBRCT Burning mouth syndrome Paullinia cupana, Trichilia catigua, Zingiber officinale, Ptychopetalum olacoides Systemic Catuama capsules Magnesium silicate take 2 capsules a day, before lunch and dinner, for 8 weeks after the first evaluation. 46 Pakfetrat et al., 2019 DBRCT Burning mouth syndrome Saffron Systemic Crocin Tablets Citalopram For one group, citalopram (Sobhan Darou, Iran) was given orally once daily with an initial dose of 10 mg that increased to 20 mg after a week. For the other group, crocin tablets 15 mg (prepared by a pharmacologist) was prescribed twice daily. Both groups received the treatments for 11 weeks. 47 Bessho et al., 1998 RCT Burning mouth syndrome Bupleurum chinense, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Magnoliae Officinalis, Ziziphus mauritiana, Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Perilla frutescens, Zingiber officinale Systemic Sai-boku-to Tablets Diazepam + Vitamin B Oral administration of 2.5 g of Sai-boku-to (TJ-96, Tsumura & Co, Tokyo, Japan) 3 times per day (before meals) for 3 months was prescribed. 48 Lee et al., 2007 DBRCT Facial sensitivity and pain Capsicum annuum Topical Capsaicin cream No-Treatment Topical capsaicin cream (0·075%), which was applied to the mental area unilaterally, four times daily for 2 weeks. Around 40 µL of capsaicin cream (0·075%)* was applied topically four times daily for 2 weeks on a 4-cm2 area in the treatment side of the mental area. Subjects were instructed to squeeze a 6-mm long strip of capsaicin cream onto a cotton swab and vigorously apply it over the area Endodontic Pain 49 Majji & Murthy, 2016 SBRCT Dentinal hypersensitivity Calendula officinalis, Plantago major Calendula and plantago Toothpaste 1: Potassium nitrate 2: Calcium sodium phosphosilicate 3: Strontium chloride Each patient was advised to brush their teeth in the usual manner for 3 min, twice daily, with soft bristle toothbrush, and to apply the dentifrice in an amount equal to about half the length of the bristle head. 20 Kar et al., 2019 DBRCT Dentinal hypersensitivity Spinacia oleracea, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica Topical paste of palakya, lavanga, and triphala. 1: Potassium salt 2: Arginine Desensitizing paste was applied over the isolated hypersensitive area. Using a disposable applicator tip, pea-sized amount of the toothpaste was applied over the isolated hypersensitive area of the tooth for 5 s, and a rotary polishing cup at moderate-to-high speed was used to polish the paste over this surface for 1 min. Oral Mucosal Pain 17 Liu et al., 2022 DBRCT Orthodontic wounds Glycyrrhiza Glabra Licorice mouthwash Placebo 200cc mouthwash bottle at the start of the study and after 2 days. The patients rinsed with the mouthwash for 10–20 s and four times daily. 50 Mansour et al., 2014 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Commiphora myrrh topical myrrh gel Placebo apply the drug to the ulcer four times a day (after meals and before bedtime) for 5 days using finger or cotton tip applicator and to refrain from eating and drinking for 30 min after application 28 Tadbir et al., 2015 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Matricaria chamomilla Topical chamomile application 1: Placebo 2: Triamcinolone Chamomile in Orabase 51 Motallebnejad et al., 2008 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Hypericum perforatum Hypericum perforatum mouthwash 1: No-treatment 2: Placebo topical hypericum containing mouthwash (0.5%) for seven days 26 Jiang et al., 2012 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Allium sativum Allicin Garlic oral adhesive tablets Placebo Subjects were instructed to apply 1 Allicin oral adhesive tablets 5 mg to the appointed ulcer 4 times a day (after meals and before bedtime) for 5 days (day 1 to day 5). 121 Deshmukh & Bagewadi, 2014 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Curcuma longa Topical Curenext gel Triamcinolone apply the gel three times a day on each ulcer after meals and not to consume food or water for half an hour after application. All patients were provided with same measuring applicator and were instructed about the quantity and method of gel application 52 Pourahmad et al., 2010 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Vachellia erioloba Camel thorn swish and swallow mouthwash Placebo (distillate) The patients were instructed to use 40 milliliters of the solution 4 times a day until they experienced complete resolution of their symptoms. The patients were instructed to keep the drug in their mouths for one minute and then swallow it. The camel thorn dose administered to patients was based on the normal dose used in Iranian folk medicine. 53 Babaee et al., 2012 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Aloe vera Topical Aloe vera gel Placebo To apply the gel on the lesions three-times a day by the patients for at least ten days. 122 Kia et al., 2020a DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Curcuma longa topical Curcumin orabase paste Triamcinolone 5% of Curcumin orabase apply the orabase three times a day after eating meals, for a 10-day period. The patients were asked to clean the lesion by soft and dry clean gauze and then put 1 cm of the orabase on the wet tip of their fingers and dab it on the lesion with no rubbing action. Patients were advised to avoid eating and drinking for at least half an hour after drug application 123 Halim et al., 2013 SBRCT Aphthous ulcers Curcuma longa Topical turmeric powder Triamcinolone apply the medication twice per day for 5 days 54 Yang et al., 2016 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Taraxacum mongolicum, Isatis indigotica, Corydalis bungeana, Scutellaria baicalensis Pudilan Keyanning toothpaste Placebo brush their teeth for 2–3 minutes, twice a day (in the morning and evening), each time covering two thirds the length of the toothbrush provided. After brushing the participants were asked to apply a little toothpaste to cover the ulcer surface with a cotton swab provided for 6 days 29 Ghalayani et al., 2013 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Punica granatum Topical Punica granatum gel Placebo apply the gel three times daily by placing a small sterile cotton pad impregnated with gel on the lesions for 1 min. They were asked not to eat for at least 30 min after administering the preparations. 55 Babaee et al., 2010 DBRCT Aphthous ulcers Myrtus communis Topical Myrtle paste Placebo The paste was applied by subjects themselves four times a day for 6 days 30 Jin et al., 2017 RCT Aphthous ulcers Taraxacum mongolicum, Isatis indigotica, Corydalis bungeana, Scutellaria baicalensis Systemic Pudilan oral solution Placebo Pudilan oral solution for 8 days at a dosage of 10 mL three times per day 124 Thomas et al., 2017 DBRCT Oral lichen planus Curcuma longa Topical curcumin gel Triamcinolone Group 2 (curcumin oral gel thrice daily) and Group 3 (curcumin oral gel six times daily). Curenext Oral Gel (Piramel, Health Care, India) each gram of which contains curcuma longa extracts 10 mg having 1% Curcuminoids. 125 Kia et al., 2020b DBRCT Oral lichen planus Curcuma longa Systemic Nano-Curcumin capsule Prednisolone take one capsule of Nano-Curcumin 80 mg after having their breakfast 56 Jornet & Aznar-Cayuela, 2016 RCT Oral lichen planus Matricaria chamomilla Topical Chamomile gel Placebo The patients received Topical Chamomile gel 2% together with instructions for their correct use. The preparations (0.5 mL/3 times a day) were applied uniformly to the oral cavity in the areas that presented symptoms, spreading the gel with the finger. 31 Keshari et al., 2015 RCT Oral lichen planus Curcuma longa Topical curcumin ointment Triamcinolone Topical curcumin ointment (commercially available as Curenext Oral gel-Abbott Pharmaceuticals, India) each to be applied thrice daily for 2 weeks. 32 Chainani-Wu et al., 2012 RCT Oral lichen planus Curcuma longa Systemic Curcumin C3 complex softgel Placebo 6000 mg/d in 3 divided doses for 12 days 57 Mansourian et al., 2011 DBRCT Oral lichen planus Aloe vera Aloe vera mouthwash Triamcinolone rinse the mouth with 2 tablespoons of AV mouthwash for 2 minutes, 4 times a day and expectorate. 58 Hasheminasab et al., 2020 DBRCT Oral Mucositis Plantago ovata Plantago ovata mouthwash 1:Placebo 2: No-Treatment The herbal compound consisted of a mixture of 500 mg of P. ovate husk in 30 mL water plus three drops of vinegar per dose, three times per day during their next chemotherapy cycle (cycle 1 of treatment) 63 Elhadad et al., 2020 SBRCT Oral Mucositis Matricaria chamomilla Topical chamomile gel Miconazol + Benzocaine chamomile topical oral gel 3% alone which was prescribed three times daily, one day prior to the scheduled cycle of chemotherapy, lasting for 3 weeks 65 De Cássia Dias Viana Andrade et al., 2022 SBRCT Oral Mucositis Curcuma longa Topical Curcumin photosensitizing agent 1: Photobiomodulation 2: Nystatin The curcumin solution (10 mL) was sprayed inside the oral cavity remained for 10 min for impregnation with the mouth closed then the oral cavity was illuminated with a blue diode light emitter for 10 min. This was performed 1 time a week for 30 days, totalized 4 applications, during the period in which the patient was undergoing radiation and/or chemotherapy. 59 Aghamohammadi et al., 2018 DBRCT Oral Mucositis Zataria multiflora Zataria Mouthwash Placebo Patients gargled the ZM mouthwash or a placebo before the beginning of the treatment three times daily and before each radiotherapy session. 60 Soltani et al., 2020 DBRCT Oral Mucositis Plantago major oral consumption of plantago major syrup Placebo take plantago major L syrup 7.5 cc, three times a day for 7 weeks, from three days before the start of radiotherapy to the end of it. Patients were advised not to rinse their mouth for half an hour after taking the drug 61 Kia et al., 2021 DBRCT Oral Mucositis Curcuma longa Systemic Curcumin Capsules Placebo The study group was received Curcumin nanomicelle capsules 80 mg twice a day and the control group took placebo two times a day for 7 weeks. 35 Patil et al., 2015 RCT Oral Mucositis Curcuma longa Curcumin mouthwash Clorhexidine curcumin mouthrinse 0.004% to be used in 1:5 dilution for 1 minutes, three times daily for twenty days 36 Mansouri et al., 2016 RCT Oral Mucositis Aloe vera Aloe vera mouthwash Placebo 5 ml of aloe vera solution for two minutes three times a day for 14 days. 37 Hussain et al., 2019 RCT Oral Mucositis Nigella sativa Nigella sativa oil Mouthwash Nystatin + Tetracycline + Lidocaine + Dexamethasone The patients in both groups received the NS oil mouth rinse and the magic mouthwash topically as a mouth rinse (10 ml each 6 hr) daily, starting from the first day after the initiation of CT up to day 28 (the end of the CT). 62 Monsen et al., 2021 SBRCT Oral Mucositis Salvia officinalis Salvia officinalis Mouthwash Placebo Salvia officinalis solution consisting of 2.5 g SO herbal tea/100 ml water. The SO herbal tea solution was based on dry extract of Salvia officinalis leaves from the Hospital Pharmacy (Sanivo Pharma AS), which were steeped for 2 min in boiled water. rinsing with the assigned solution (10–15 ml) twice for 30s four times a day, and after each rinsing. 38 Wang et al., 2018 RCT Oral Mucositis Rheum rhabarbarum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Scutellaria baicalensis, Liriope, Paeonia lactiflora, Scrophularia ningpoensis, Forsythia Systemic Chining decoction Epidermal growth factor mixed with hot water, 200 mL daily, taken morning and evening, 100 mL each time, from the first day of radiotherapy until the completion of radiotherapy 64 Reis et al., 2016 SBRCT Oral mucositis Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile infusion Cryotherapy Cryotherapy Patients in the chamomile group received a cup of ice chips made with chamomile infusion at 2.5%. Patients were instructed to swish the ice around in their oral cavity for atleast 30 min, starting 5 min before the chemotherapy infusion. 19 Najafi et al., 2017 DBRCT Oral Mucositis Glycyrrhiza Glabra Glycyrrhiza mouthwash Placebo Glycyrrhiza or placebo were given to patients and they were asked to use 20 cc twice per day for 14 days after starting radiotherapy 66 Piyush et al., 2018 DBRCT Oral submucous fibrosis Curcuma longa Systemic Curcumin tablet Placebo Curcumin tablet (300mg) twice daily or Lycopene capsules (8mg) twice daily for six months 126 Jiang et al., 2013 RCT Oral submucous fibrosis Salvia Miltiorrhiza Salvianolic acid B Intralesional injection Triamcinolone All patients received an intralesional injection after 5 minutes of local anesthetic cream application (20% Topcaine; Medental, Balama City, USA) at weekly intervals for 20 weeks. Salvianolic acid B (4mg). 27 Yadav et al., 2014 RCT Oral submucous fibrosis Curcuma longa Systemic Turmix tablets Dexamethasone + Hialuronic Acid + Lignocaine oral administration of 2 tablets of Turmix given once daily for a period of 3 months 67 Hazarey et al., 2015 RCT Oral submucous fibrosis Curcuma longa Longvida Curcumin tablets Clobethasol Longvida lozenges (Mfg Lic.: GA/1482) (400 mg lozenges) manufactured by Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd. The total daily dose decided was 2 g of Longvida lozenges. 68 Srivastava et al., 2021 RCT Oral submucous fibrosis Curcuma longa, Syzygium aromaticum Systemic TurmNova lozenges and Clove oil Dexamethasone Patients were administered curcumin lozenges (TurmNova®, Gelnova Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Navi Mumbai, India) containing turmeric extract 100 mg along with clove oil 10 mg three times daily for 3 months. Patients were advised to chew these lozenges slowly followed by swallowing Temporomandibular Disorder Pain 71 Chaimano et al., 2021 DBRCT Temporomandibular disorder Zingiber cassumunar, Curcuma longa, Cinnamomum camphora Thai herbal compress ball Placebo The compress balls are applied on the painful muscle at least once a day. Two compress balls should be steamed in a stacked electric steamer pot for twenty minutes. After that, the first warm ball (approx 40ºC) was applied to the jaw muscle, then replaced with the second one when it was slightly lukewarm. The two herbal balls were alternately steamed and alternately used for twenty minutes. After each application, the balls were wrapped in a plastic bag and kept in the freezer until they could be reused. This study employed the reuse of herbal balls daily for one month 69 Li et al., 2009 DBRCT Temporomandibular disorder Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum camphora, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Santalum album, Eucalyptus Topical Ping On ointment Placebo rub the ointment over the painful area and then to massage in a circular motion for 5 minutes twice a day. The area of application was just on the skin around the TMJ and affected muscles, which were usually the temporalis and masseters. 72 Nitecka-Buchta et al., 2019 DBRCT Temporomandibular disorder Cannabis Topical CBD oil Placebo Oleum CBD 2.0 g (20% CBD oil). Group1 received CBD formulation. topical use to be applied on the skin surface of the masseter muscle, at the right and left side. Each patient had been taught on the procedure to apply the formulation in equal amounts (the size of peas) on both sides. Patients were informed that the formulation should be applied and rubbed gently into the skin surface (approximately 4 × 4 cm) and were supposed to apply it twice a day for up to a period of 14 days before the follow-up visit. 70 Campbell et al., 2016 DBRCT Temporomandibular disorder Capsicum annuum Topical Capsaicin cream Placebo Topical capsaicin cream (8%), The investigator spread a 0.1-mL dollop of cream to a standardized area overlying the affected TMJ and superficial masseter and then covered the site with a cotton gauge for 2 h. This area extended 3 cm anteriorly and inferiorly from the posterior aspect of the TMJ. A square 3 × 3-cm template was cut into a rubber dental dam to standardize the application site. The drug was applied to the right or left side randomly for subjects without TMD, whereas for the TMD sufferers, the side that was reported as more painful was studied. RCT: Randomized Control Trial; SBRCT: Single Blind Randomized Control Trial; DBRCT: Double Blind Randomized Control Trial, TMD: Temporomandibular Disorder Table 2 Ranking from best to worst herbal treatments for orofacial pain categorized by type of orofacial pain and plant family, using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Rank Best 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Worst SUCRA Periodontal Pain 1 Fabaceae Mix 52.8 7.5 7.7 21.5 N.C 10.5 90.6 2 Solanaceae 0 9.5 33.2 43.7 N.C 13.6 65.3 3 NSAID 24.7 39 30 6.3 N.C 0 32.4 4 Zingiberaceae 22.2 41 23.3 12.7 N.C 0.8 32.2 5 Placebo 0.3 3 5.8 15.8 N.C 75.1 29.5 Endodontic Pain 1 Standard Treatment 16.1 83.9 N.C N.C N.C 0 88.3 2 Asteraceae 0 7.3 N.C N.C N.C 92.7 58 3 Combretaceae Mix 83.9 8.8 N.C N.C N.C 7.3 3.6 Oral Neuropathic Pain 1 Solanaceae 88.1 10.7 1.2 0 0 0 97.4 2 Zingiberaceae Mix 11.6 60.5 22.2 5.7 0 0 75.6 3 Iridaceae 0 0 0 6.8 36.9 56.3 56.5 4 Standard Treatment 0 0 0 4.4 57.6 38 47.1 5 Apiaceae Mix 0.3 14.2 53.3 32.2 0 0 13.3 6 No Treatment 0 14.6 23.3 50.9 5.5 5.7 10.1 Temporomandibular Disorder Pain 1 Zingiberaceae 0.7 0.6 12.6 25.7 N.C 60.4 86.1 2 Cannabaceae 79.7 13.4 6.1 0.8 N.C 0 81.8 3 Solanaceae 12.5 21.5 48.4 10.1 N.C 7.5 44.7 4 Placebo 0 0 4.8 63.1 N.C 32.1 30.4 5 Lauraceae Mix 7.1 64.5 28.1 0.3 N.C 0 7 Oral Surgery Pain 1 Myrtaceae 0 100 0 0 0 0 98 2 Zingiberaceae 0 0 0 4.1 88.9 7 80.6 3 Clorhexidine 0 0 100 0 0 0 61.4 4 Ibuprofen 0 0 0 1.4 7.2 91.4 40 5 Myrtaceae Mix 100 0 0 0 0 0 20 6 Placebo/No Treatment 0 0 0 94.5 3.9 1.6 0 Rank Best 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th Worst SUCRA Oral Mucosal Pain 1 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.2 0.3 1.3 2.8 3 6 7.2 10.5 12.1 13.4 14.8 11.9 9.4 4.2 2.7 0.2 95.6 2 Anesthetic 0 0 0 0.3 0.7 1.7 1.3 2.9 2.6 4 7.5 9.4 14.4 16.3 15.3 11.9 9.1 2.6 88.1 3 Corticoesteroids 0.1 0.1 0.7 2.4 5.5 11.2 18 15.3 17.7 13.1 8.7 5 1.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0 80.7 4 Amaryllidaceae 0.3 0.9 1.6 2.9 4.9 5.2 5.5 6.1 8.2 9.5 9.7 9.1 9.8 10.1 8.8 4.8 1.7 0.9 73.1 5 Lythraceae 7.4 11.7 10.8 12.6 11.2 8.5 6.7 6.2 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.2 2.7 1 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 67.5 6 Lamiaceae Mix 0 0 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.9 3 3.5 4.7 6.7 9.4 13.1 15.7 14.8 12.1 7.4 4.4 1.2 63.2 7 Ranunculaceae 1 1.4 2.1 2.9 4.3 6 4.1 3.4 5.1 5.6 7.5 8.3 10.4 10.3 8 8.3 7.2 4.1 61.6 8 Clorhexidine 0.1 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.8 2.8 2.5 3.6 3.3 5.3 5.1 7 9 12.5 21.2 22.6 60 9 Asphodelaceae 0 0.3 1 1.8 5.1 9.4 10.3 12.1 13 11.8 12.2 9.2 6.2 5 1.4 0.9 0.3 0 57 10 Asteraceae 2.3 6 9.8 13.6 12.7 11 9.4 7.4 4.8 7.1 5.3 4.4 2.8 1.9 1 0.2 0.3 0 49 11 Fabaceae 22.3 31.9 22.7 12 6.7 2.2 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 12 Zingiberaceae 0 0.4 1.2 4.4 9.5 16.6 17.8 19.8 13.4 9.8 4.7 1.8 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 38.3 13 Asteraceae 9.4 16.5 21.6 20.5 13 6.8 5.2 2.8 2.4 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 33.2 14 Myrtaceae 51.5 20.5 11.7 7 3.8 1.8 0.7 1 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 29.4 15 Plantaginaceae 5.5 9.7 14.5 15.9 14.7 9.3 7.6 4.9 4.8 4.7 3.2 2.4 1.1 1.1 0.6 0 0 0 26.3 16 Burseraceae 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.7 4.4 4.5 5.5 5.2 7.1 7.9 9.8 13.2 10.8 10.3 8.4 5.9 3 0.8 17.4 17 Hypericaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 1.4 2.8 4 7.3 20.7 62.5 9.8 18 Placebo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.1 7.1 20.4 36.1 29.1 5 7 3.3. Risk of bias Regarding to de risk of bias assessment the majority of the studies were classified as some concerns (n = 27), followed by low risk (n = 22) and high risk (n = 13). Six studies had high risk in selection of the reported results [17,18,19,20,21,22], 2 studies had high risk in measurement of outcomes [23,24], 2 studies had high risk of bias due to missing outcome data [19,25], 2 studies had high risk of bias due to deviation from intended intervention [26,27], and 11 studies had high risk of bias due to randomization process [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] (Fig. 2 ). 3.5. Synthesis of results The 62 papers included in the study identified 17 orofacial painful conditions, which were categorized into 6 distinct groups based on their origin. These categories are as follows: periodontal pain, endodontic pain, oral mucosal pain, oral neuropathic pain, oral surgery pain, and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain (Table 1 ). 3.5.1 Periodontal Pain The periodontal pain group include 5 conditions: pericoronitis, free gingival graft, orthodontic pain, periodontal flap, and both surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapy. In the study led by Shahakbari et al. (2014), a notable reduction in pain associated with pericoronitis was observed in 97 patients who were treated with green tea, in comparison to those treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Similarly, Keceli et al., (2015) conducted a clinical trial involving 33 patients with free gingival graft, where they noted a significant improvement in pain relief when topical Ankaferd Blood Stopper was administered compared to placebo. Patil et al., (2018) study conducted in 80 patients experiencing orthodontic pain, revealed that belladonna exhibited superior analgesic properties in comparison to ibuprofen. Meanwhile, Das et al., (2019) clinical trial involving 20 patients with periodontal flap, showed that those treated with Traumeel exhibited lower pain scores than those treated with ibuprofen. Additionally, in a study conducted by Anil et al., (2019) involving 15 patients (30 sites) with periodontal flap, significant analgesic properties were observed for curcumin when compared to placebo. Alshibani et al., (2022) examined the effects of ginger tablets in a cohort of 44 patients, while Al-Askar et al., (2022) administered curcumin capsules to a group of 76 patients, all of whom had undergone periodontal therapy. In both investigations, no statistically meaningful distinctions were observed when comparing the results to those of the control groups, which were given ibuprofen and mefenamic acid, respectively. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in 6 studies [18,23,33,34,39,40], it was found that green tea, Atropa belladonna , curcumin and ginger demonstrate more effectiveness in reducing periodontal pain when compared to standard therapies (Fig. 3 ), and Ankaferd Blood Stopper and curcumin showed more effectiveness in reducing periodontal pain when compared to placebo Supplementary File. The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 5 interventions (Fig. 5 ). As shown in (Fig. 6 ), the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) of the treatment with Fabaceae combination was 90.6%, and for Solanaceae was 65.3% confirming that these plant families are the top 2 best interventions for periodontal pain over Zingiberaceae (32.2%), NSAID’s (32.4%) and placebo (29.5%) interventions. The other 2 studies could not be included in the meta-analysis due to, insufficient measurements through time [25], and lack of transitivity [18]. 3.5.2. Oral Surgery Pain Among the studies included 3 conditions were identified: anesthesia infiltration pain, alveolar osteitis, and extraction. In the study conducted by Jesudasan et al. (2015), they examined the efficacy of a eugenol paste derived from Clove in 270 patients who presented alveolar osteitis. The results showed that patients treated with eugenol experienced significant higher relief in postoperative pain, inflammation, infection, and wound healing compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine gel. On the other hand, to address the pain caused by anesthetic infiltration, various topical formulations have been investigated in clinical studies. For instance, Alqareer et al. (2006) evaluated a gel containing clove in 73 patients, while Mohite et al. (2020) used interventions with Anacyclus pyrethrum and Spilanthes acmella gel in 30 patients. In both studies, no statistically significant differences were found when compared to the control groups (benzocaine and lignocaine gel, respectively). In a clinical trial involving 60 patients [41], was concluded that ginger powder proved to be as effective as ibuprofen in managing postsurgical sequelae after extraction. In the study conducted by Komasawa et al. (2018) involving 60 patients, the researchers investigated the efficacy of pre-operative administration of Jidabokuippo, a combination of botanical extracts including Cinnamomi cassiae , Clove, Licorice, Ligusticum wallichii, Nuphar japonica, Quercus robur, and Rheum rhabarbarum . They compared the effects of Jidabokuippo with a no-treatment group in managing pain after tooth extraction. The study's findings revealed that the severity of postoperative pain was significantly reduced in the Jidabokuippo group at 3 and 24 hours after anesthesia recovery. Other homeopathic medicine known as Traumeel (that contains Arnica montana , Calendula, Chamomile, St. John's wort, Aconitum napellus, Bellis perennis, Atropa Belladonna, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Achillea millefolium, Symphytum officinale ), has been used to pain, edema and trismus relief, after third molar surgery in 17 patients [22], suggesting that Traumeel might be a good alternative approach, comparable to dexamethasone. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in 3 studies [41,42,43], it was found that Clove and Ginger demonstrate more effectiveness in reducing oral surgery pain when compared to standard therapies (Fig. 3 ), and Jidabokuippo, Clove and Ginger showed more effectiveness in reducing oral surgery pain compared to negative control or placebo Supplementary File. The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 6 interventions (Fig. 5 ). As shown in Fig. 6 , the SUCRA of the treatment with Myrtaceae was 98%, and for Zingiberaceae 80.6% confirming that these 2 plant families are the best interventions for oral surgical pain over chlorhexidine (61.4%), Myrtaceae combination (20%), and placebo/no-treatment (0%) interventions. The other 3 studies could not be included in the meta-analysis due to; insufficient measurements through time [21,44], and data not being expressed as mean and standard deviation [22]. 3.5.3. Oral Neuropathic Pain Of the studies included in oral neuropathic pain group 2 conditions were identified: burning mouth syndrome and facial pain and sensitivity to mechanical, cold and heat stimuli. Marino et al. (2010) conducted a study with 56 individuals diagnosed with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). These patients received treatments of capsaicin, alpha-lipoic acid, lysozyme-lactoperoxidase, or boric acid. The results revealed significant symptom score reduction in patients treated with capsaicin, alpha-lipoic acid, and lysozyme-lactoperoxidase, showing higher effectiveness when compared to the boric acid treatment. In a research study led by Spanemberg et al. (2012), the impact of utilizing Catuama, an herbal treatment containing Paullinia cupana, Trichilia catigua , Ginger, and Ptychopetalum olacoides , was examined in 72 patients with BMS. The results revealed a notable enhancement in the test group compared to magnesium silicate, following a 4-week treatment period. Furthermore, this considerable improvement persisted even 12 weeks after the initiation of treatment. Pakfetrat et al. (2019) conducted a clinical trial involving 47 patients with BMS who were treated with crocin, an herbal extract derived from saffron. The results of the 11-week trial demonstrated that crocin exhibited a significant decrease in the severity of BMS symptoms, comparable to the effects of citalopram. In the study by Bessho et al. (1998) involving 200 patients, they employed sai-boku-to, an herbal extract derived from Bupleurum chinense, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Magnoliae Officinalis, Ziziphus mauritiana, Panax ginseng , Licorice, Perilla frutescens , and Ginger, for treating BMS. The results demonstrated that sai-boku-to exhibited comparable effectiveness to Diazepam + Vitamin B in reducing pain, burning sensation, and discomfort. In a clinical trial carried out by Lee et al. (2007), they observed that the application of capsaicin on the facial skin of 40 patients resulted in a decrease in their sensitivity to mechanical, heat, and cold-induced pain. Interestingly, this reduction in pain sensitivity occurred without affecting non-painful tactile sensations, as evidenced by a comparison with a control group that did not receive capsaicin treatment. According to the comprehensive meta-analysis of all 5 studies [24,45,46,47,48], it was observed that Catuama, Crocin, Sai-boku-to, and Capsaicin exhibit greater efficacy in diminishing oral neuropathic pain compared to conventional treatment methods (Fig. 3 ). Moreover, Capsaicin had superior effectiveness in alleviating facial pain in comparison to the negative control Supplementary File. The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 6 interventions (Fig. 5 ). As shown in Fig. 6 , the SUCRA of the treatment with Solanaceae was 97.4%, Zingiberaceae combination was 75.6% and Iridaceae was 56.5%, confirming that these 3 plant families are the best interventions for oral neuropathic pain over standard treatment (47.1%), Apiaceae combination (13.3%) and no-treatment (10.1%) interventions. 3.5.4. Endodontic Pain The studies included focused on dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) and utilized tactile and air stimuli to measure DH levels. In the study conducted by Majji & Murthy (2016), 160 cases were divided into four groups, each assigned to use a different type of desensitizing toothpaste. Over a two-month period, the toothpaste formulations were evaluated. The findings indicated that all four toothpaste types, (5% potassium nitrate, 5% CSPS (NovaMin), 10% strontium chloride, and an herbal formulation containing Calendula and Plantago major ), effectively relieved dentinal hypersensitivity. Notably, the CSPS group demonstrated the most favorable clinical response at the end of the two-month period. On the other hand, Kar et al. (2019) conducted a study with 45 adults, dividing them into three groups, each using a different type of toothpaste: potassium salt, 8% arginine, or an herbal desensitizing paste containing Spinacia oleracea , Clove, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica , and Phyllanthus emblica . The results of this study showed that the herbal group was more effective in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity when compared to the potassium nitrate-containing toothpaste. However, the toothpaste containing 8% arginine was found to be the most effective in reducing DH. According to the meta-analysis conducted in the 2 studies [20,49], the standard therapies, typically found in commercially available desensitizing toothpastes, prove to be more effective in reducing endodontic pain when compared to Calendula and plantago and palakya, lavanga, and triphala Toothpaste (Fig. 4 ). The network analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 3 interventions (Fig. 5 ). As shown in Fig. 6 , the SUCRA of the standard treatment was 88.3% and for Asteraceae was 58%, confirming that these 2 treatments are the best interventions for endodontic pain over Combretaceae combination (3.6%) intervention. 3.5.5. Oral mucosal pain Out of the 38 studies included into the oral mucosal pain category, 5 conditions were identified, including aphthous ulcers, oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus, and oral mucosa wounds resulting from orthodontic treatment. Numerous clinical trials have search diverse herbal topical formulations to alleviate the pain and discomfort associated with aphthous ulcers. For instance, the effects of Turmeric were examined by Deshmukh & Bagewadi (2014), Kia et al. (2020a), and Halim et al. (2013), while chamomile was studied by Tadbir et al. (2015). These studies found no statistically significant distinctions when compared to triamcinolone. Conversely, other studies contrasted multiple herbal extracts, such as Myrrh [50], Hypericum perforatum [51], allicin [26], camel thorn [52], Aloe vera [53], pudilan [30,54], Punica granatum [29], and myrtle [55]. These studies found significant analgesic properties through comparisons with placebos. Curcumin's efficacy as a pain-relieving remedy for patients with oral lichen planus was studied by Thomas et al. (2017), Kia et al. (2020b), Keshari et al. (2015), and Chainani-Wu et al. (2012), they conducted studies which demonstrated significant analgesic properties, in comparison to triamcinolone, prednisolone, and placebo. Furthermore, were demonstrated the analgesic attributes in oral lichen planus patients treated with chamomile [56], or aloe vera [57], when compared to placebo and triamcinolone, respectively. Multiple herbal extracts for the treatment of oral mucositis derived from chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy have been studied. For instance, significant analgesic properties were reported for Plantago ovata [58], Zataria multiflora [59], Plantago mayor [60], curcumin [61], Aloe vera [36], Salvia officinalis [62] and licorice [19] when compared to placebo. Other studies have found relevant pain-relieving properties in chamomile [63,64], curcumin [35,65], Nigella sativa [37], and chinning decoction [38] when compared to standard therapies. Curcumin's efficacy as an analgesic have been studied in patients with oral submucous fibrosis [27,66,67,68] when compared to placebo or standard therapies. Additionally, Jiang et al. (2013) found analgesic properties in salvianolic acid in pain related to oral submucous fibrosis. On the other hand, Liu et al. (2022) found that licorice exerts analgesic properties in oral mucosa wounds resulting from orthodontic treatment. According to the comprehensive meta-analysis of 36 studies, it was observed that Curcuma longa , chamomile, Aloe vera, Nigella sativa , chinning decoction, Salvia miltiorrhiza , and clove exhibit greater efficacy in diminishing pain from oral mucosal pain compared to standard therapies (Fig. 4 ). Moreover, licorice, myrtle, Aloe vera, Punica grantum , allicin, pudilan, myrrh, St. John's wort, camel thorn, chamomile, Zataria multiflora , Plantago ovata , Curcuma longa , Salvia officinalis and Plantago major had superior effectiveness in alleviating oral mucosal pain in comparison to placebo Supplementary File. The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 18 interventions (Fig. 5 ). As shown in Fig. 6 , the SUCRA of the treatment with Lamiaceae was 95.6%, for anesthetics was 88.1%, corticoiesteroids was 80.7%, Amaryllidaceae was 73.1%, Lythraceae was 67.5%, Lamiaceae combination was 63.2%, Ranunculaceae was 61.6%, and chlorhexidine was 60%, confirming that these are the best 8 interventions for oral mucosal pain over Asphodelaceae (57%), Asteraceae (49%), Fabaceae (43%), Zingiberaceae (38.3%), Asteraceae (33.2%), Myrtaceae (29.4%), Plantaginaceae (26.3%), Burseraceae (17.4%), Hypericaceae (9.8%) and placebo (7%) interventions. Two studies could not be included in the meta-analysis due to the data not being expressed as mean and standard deviation [32,67]. 3.5.6. Temporomandibular Disorder Pain Four studies were included in the group of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. In the clinical trial of Li et al. (2009), performed in 55 subjects with TMJ pain receiving Ping On ointment, containing Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum camphora, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Santalum album , eucalyptus or placebo for 4 weeks. Patients reported that Ping On ointment significantly reduced the painful symptoms of TMJs and they felt more comfortable opening their mouth than the placebo group. In another study by Campbell et al. (2016) were 15 patients with TMD were intervened with a high-concentration capsaicin (8%) cream or placebo for a week, the results conclude a significantly higher pain-relieve response in the week after application in the capsaicin-treated TMD subjects. Chaimano et al. (2021) showed that the subjects with myogenic TMD pain who underwent pain treatment with the herbal compress ball, containing Cassumunar ginger , turmeric, and camphor, had greater pain-free maximum opening compared to those who only used the warm placebo. In a study carried out by Nitecka-Buchta et al. (2019), they investigated the myorelaxant properties of Cannabidiol (CBD) when administered topically to the masseter muscle in 60 patients who were experiencing myofascial pain. The results revealed a significant reduction of 70.2% in pain intensity within the CBD-treated group, in contrast to the placebo group which only exhibited a 9.81% reduction. Moreover, CBD application led to decreased activity and enhanced condition of the masticatory muscles. According to the comprehensive meta-analysis of all 4 studies [69,70,71,72], it was observed that Capsaicin, Cannabis, Ping on ointment and Cassumunar ginger, turmeric, and camphor exhibit greater efficacy in diminishing TMD pain compared to placebo (Fig. 4 ). The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 5 interventions (Fig. 5 ). As shown in Fig. 6 , the SUCRA of the treatment with Zingiberaceae was 86.1%, and for Cannabaceae was 81.8%, confirming that these 2 treatments are the best interventions for TMD pain over Solanaceae (44.7%), placebo (30.4%) and Lauraceae combination (7%) interventions. 4. Discussion In comparison to synthetic drugs, which often carry concerns related to side effects, trustworthiness, and potential drug interactions, herbal extracts show a significant advantage evidenced in terms of patient adherence [73]. This inherent specificity sets them apart from synthetic drugs, making them an appealing choice for individuals who may not tolerate the side effects associated with conventional pain relief medications. Despite the common belief in the general population that natural remedies are inherently safe, there is still a substantial gap in our understanding of their mechanisms of action, potential adverse effects, and interactions with pharmaceutical drugs [74]. Safety remains a significant concern when it comes to herbal extracts, especially in cases where their use is inadequately monitored or not monitored at all, highlighting deficiencies in pharmacovigilance in most countries [75]. Since herbal extracts are derived from living organisms, they inherently exhibit characteristics optimized through evolution to serve various specific biological functions [76], giving them multipotential properties that allow for simultaneous targeting [77]. Among the 44 plant families identified, 10 of them stand out for their exceptional pain-relieving properties in orofacial pain, as assessed by achieving a SUCRA score over 50%. These families have been the subject of extensive research and have demonstrated compelling evidence of their ability to provide pain relief, primarily attributed to the presence of various bioactive components. For instance, alkaloids found in Amaryllidaceae [78], Ranunculaceae [79], and Solanaceae [80], flavonoids in Asteraceae [81], Fabaceae [82], and Zingiberaceae [83], tannins in Iridaceae [84], terpenoids in Lamiaceae [85], Lythraceae [86], and Myrtaceae [87]. Each of these secondary metabolites potentially contribute to their analgesic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The mechanisms of action of these herbal extracts can be categorized into three main groups based on the most common molecular mechanisms target by their bioactive substances. The first group includes extracts that target inflammatory mediators like COX-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NO, and various interleukins [88,89,90]. The second group comprises extracts that target receptors such as TRPV1, TRPA1, 5-HT, GABA, σ/µ-opioid, and Cannabinoid receptors [91,92,93,94,95]. The third group involves extracts that modulate neurotransmitters like Glutamate, Glutathione, Substance P, NMDA, and MAO [96,97,98,99,100]. These herbal extracts often contain numerous bioactive compounds, allowing them to simultaneously target multiple molecular mechanisms. This multifaceted approach may explain why, in certain cases, they exhibit superior efficacy compared to NSAIDs, topical anesthetics, corticosteroids and other synthetic drugs. Out of the 71 plants identified, the most extensively studied plants were Curcuma longa (turmeric), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Aloe vera, Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), and Capsicum annuum (chili pepper). Additional to their potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, the factor of familiarity also plays a significant role, primarily because these herbal extracts are widely recognized across various cultures. This sense of familiarity cultivates trust and safety [101] making them potentially more appellant to study. Despite their notable in-vitro potential, herbal extracts often exhibit limited in-vivo activity due to their inadequate lipid solubility and irregular molecular sizes, resulting in poor absorption and low bioavailability. Certain natural compounds like piperine, curcumin, naringin, quercetin, and genistein demonstrate to improve that bioavailability [102]. Because of this phenomenon it's essential to acknowledge the potential increase of bioavailability in the herbal combinations containing Curcuma longa or plants rich in quercetin. Additionally, the absorption among other parameters could be modified by a proper formulation for oral cavity, that should be characterized by adequate dispersion, retention, release, and bioadhesivity [103,104]. This is a big concern due to numerous herbal extracts use in oral cavity don’t have adequate formulations, mostly because of the lack of commercially available presentations, also bringing a considerable obstacle to therapeutic applications. Our results revealed that the progress in studying herbal extracts to address orofacial pain primarily centers on challenging-to-manage disorders, like burning mouth syndrome [105], oral mucositis [106], oral submucous fibrosis [107], oral lichen planus [108], and TMD [109], all of which commonly lack effective conventional treatment options. Additionally, two challenges that we identified regarding to some of these conditions, is the frequently lack of consensus regarding their differential diagnosis, and the use of unvalidated scales for evaluating pain, sensitivity, burning sensations, and discomfort. While there is substantial evidence highlighting the promising potential of herbal extracts in managing pain [11], it is crucial to prioritize the development of clinical practice guidelines. This is imperative because healthcare practitioners often lack proper information, contained in scientific evidence [110]. Consequently, these guidelines play a pivotal role in integrating scientific findings into healthcare decision-making recommendations [111]. The proper clinical application of these guidelines could potentially reduce the recently increasing concern surrounding drug-plant interactions. These interactions occur when certain herbal products interact with pharmaceutical drugs, either enhancing or diminishing their effects, potentially leading to adverse outcomes [112]. For example, there are reports about herb-drug interactions with Allium sativum, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Hypericum perforatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Zingiber officinale [113], among many others that haven’t been studied or reported. Healthcare professionals must be aware of these interactions, emphasizing the importance of open communication and informed decision-making to ensure the safe and effective use of both pharmaceuticals and natural remedies [114]. Herbal extracts remain as an invaluable source of bioactive compounds in pharmaceutical industry. Due in part to its chemical diversity, complexity and composition, as well as its specific biological properties, and support by a solid base of ethnopharmacological information, serving as a starting point for the development of new drugs [76,115,116]. Other perspectives suggest that, as soon as the search for pharmacotherapy from natural compounds proves to be a sustainable and economically viable source, comparable or even superior to synthetic medicines, the pharmaceutical industry will increase its investments in this field [117]. Furthermore, to reduce costs, times, and the development cycle, as well as improve the success rate in the discovery and development of this kind of drugs, it becomes crucial to incorporate new standards and regulations, improved analytical tools and biosynthetic engineering strategies [76,115]. Furthermore, it is important to consider the imminent threats on natural products in drug discovery, on the one hand, there is the risk of losing traditional knowledge due to modernization [118], and on the other hand, the extinction of natural species [119,120]. 5. Conclusions The use of herbal extracts has been shown to be an effective approach in the management of orofacial pain in humans. The randomized control clinical trials included confirmed the significant analgesic properties of 71 different plants species. These include Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Aloe vera, Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hypericum perforatum, Mentha piperita, Scutellaria baicalensis, Syzygium aromaticum, Plantago major, Atropa belladonna, Cannabis and Capsicum annuum among many others. Fourty-four plant families such as Amaryllidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Zingiberaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae, and Myrtaceae among others. All of them used in 17 painful conditions, ranging from endodontic pain, periodontal pain, oral neuropathic pain, oral mucosal pain, temporomandibular disorder pain, to oral surgery pain. Nevertheless, given their promising properties, herbal extracts may play an increasingly important role in the treatment of orofacial pain, providing a valuable option for individuals seeking alternative or complementary therapies. However, there is the need of develop clinical practice guidelines, adequate formulations for orofacial tissues, especially for topical formulations, and to identify potential drug-herb interactions. Declarations Data availability: All data related to the study can be provided on reasonable request from the corresponding author. Patient Consent: Not applicable Author Contributions: S.D.B. and L.J.P.C. and D.A.D.B wrote the main manuscript text and J.K., A.S. and J.E.C.P. prepared figures, A.C. and A.M. prepared tables and helped revise the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Ethics Approval: This Systematic review and Meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline [15]. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOrofacial pain (OFP) refers to a range of painful conditions that affects the soft and hard tissues of the mouth, jaws, and face [1]. It also poses a significant worldwide burden, affecting approximately 32.2% of the global population on average, ranging between 15.1% and 74.9% [2]. Its diverse etiology and involvement of multiple anatomic structures, often requires a multidisciplinary management including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments [3]. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring alternative and natural therapies to alleviate OFP [4].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pharmaceutical industry has been mostly focused on developing synthetic drugs to address orofacial pain-related conditions [5]. However, the adverse effects, drug interactions, and the need for personalized treatments due to lack of effectivity has caused researchers and healthcare professionals to seek alternative options. [4,6,7]. As a result, herbal extracts have gained attention as a potentially valuable resource in pain management, due to their natural origins, perceived safety profiles, and potential synergistic effects [8].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbal extracts have been used for centuries in different cultures to alleviate orofacial pain, numerous plants have been found to have clinical applications after being constantly used by indigenous tribes around the globe [9]. These extracts possess pharmacodynamic characteristics, interacting with receptors similar to conventional drugs. Nevertheless, one of the major concerns is the limited knowledge regarding their impact on oral tissues, mechanisms of action, and potential interactions [10].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies evaluating plants, along with their derived phytochemicals, have revealed promising results for their analgesic effects [11]. Herbal extracts can be quite helpful for alleviate mild to moderate pain, some of their bioactive constituents elicit analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity [12]. The mechanism of action of these herbal extracts is often multifactorial, involving interactions with neurotransmitter receptors, modulation of inflammatory mediators, and inhibition of pain-related enzymes [13].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, herbal extracts have shown promise as adjuncts in oral health care. Their potential to provide orofacial pain relief makes them attractive options for both patients and healthcare providers. Additionally, the rising demand for natural and plant-based products in oral care has stimulated research and development efforts in utilizing herbal extracts for oral health promotion and disease prevention [14].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to comprehensively evaluate the literature on the use of herbal extracts in orofacial pain management in humans. By synthesizing the available evidence, we seek to elucidate the potential benefits, efficacy, and safety of herbal extracts as adjunctive therapies for orofacial pain relief. Furthermore, this study wants to identify knowledge gaps and provide valuable insights into future research directions and the integration of herbal extracts into orofacial pain management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Protocol and registration\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis Systematic review and Meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline [15]. The review protocol was registered (CRD42022367553) with the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) system (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Eligibility criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRandomized controlled trials (RCT) (center, multicentered, parallel and crossover design) and Systematic reviews, both with and without meta-analysis, comparing the effectiveness and/or safety of herbal extracts for treating patients with orofacial pain of any age against placebo or standard treatments were screened for inclusion. Perspective, opinion, commentary articles, case reports, and grey literature were excluded. The titles, abstracts and full texts were reviewed according to the following criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/em\u003e: a) Original research studies published in any language. b) Studies including human subjects. c) Review articles about the use of herbal extracts in orofacial pain. \u003cem\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/em\u003e: a) Studies without significant analgesic property. b) Studies in which details of study samples were not mentioned (dosage, timing, frequency, or administration route). c) Studies with no clear explanation of the implemented herbal extract. d) Studies missing out data necessary to assess at the meta-analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Search strategy\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe electronic databases were screened without time or language restriction. The last refresh search was carried out on August 11 of 2023. The terms were used as Medical Subject Heading terms (MeSH) and key words are available in the \u003cspan class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\"\u003eSupplementary File.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Study selection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrieved articles with abstracts were compiled in Mendeley software (Elsevier, New York, NY, USA) and uploaded to Rayyan.ai website for Systematic Literature Reviews, after removal of duplicate papers, the titles and abstracts of each study were independently screened by two authors. Following this initial evaluation, full text assessment of all potentially relevant publications was retrieved and data from all relevant studies were extracted using a customized data extraction spreadsheet (Excel, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond WA, USA). Any disagreements regarding eligibility of studies were resolved by consulting a third author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.5. Data extraction and quality assessment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData extractions were undertaken independently by the authors (SD, LB, JK, AK) through the full text assessment of the articles. Disagreements during study selection and data extraction were resolved by the third reviewer (JC). For each paper the extracted data contained information on study design, sample size, intervention, measure of the effects and outcomes. Following completion of data extraction, one author (SD) checked all the data entry fields for reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria included (i) trials using herbal synthetic chemicals and natural extracts from fungi, algae, and honey, (ii) studies using unvalidated outcome measurement, (iii) Observational non-randomized and/or non-controlled studies and (iv) studies with measurements not expressed in mean and star deviation or median and interquartile range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the quality assessment one reviewer (SD) independently assessed the risk of bias for each study using Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2) [16]. The measurement of the outcome, random sequence generation, allocation concealment, selective reporting, blinding of participant and personnel, blinding of outcome assessments, incomplete outcome data and selective reporting were the domains evaluated. Each research result was judged and classified in \u0026ldquo;low risk of bias\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;high risk of bias\u0026rdquo;, or \u0026ldquo;some concerns\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe meta-analysis was performed for two reviewers (SD, DB) with the data from results involving a minimum of 2 measurements presented as a mean and standard deviation. These measurements were taken at the specific timepoint when the pain symptoms were representative to each individual condition. Additionally, before the analysis all the plant species were grouped in their respective plant families as shown in the doughnut chart of the \u003cspan class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\"\u003eSupplementary File\u003c/span\u003e. RevMan version 5.4.1 (Cochrane Collaboration, London, UK) was used to perform pairwise meta-analyses and subgroup analyses, and Stata 17.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used to perform network meta-analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.6. Data synthesis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnly randomized controlled clinical trials, reporting sample size, painful condition, herbal extract, administration route, dosage-time, using validated and comparable scales of pain, and with clear data analysis were included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Study selection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe database search identified 7709 studies, after deduplication, screening and full-text assessment 62 papers were included for data extraction (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Study characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the studies were blinded (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47), the sample size ranged from 270 to 15 patients. Study characteristics are demonstrated in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), 70 different plants from 44 plant families were identified \u003cspan class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\"\u003eSupplementary File\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of included clinical trials investigating herbal extracts for orofacial pain treatment categorized by type of orofacial pain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor, Year\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdministration route\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparator\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDosage - Time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeriodontal Pain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShahakbari et al., 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePericoronitis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCamellia sinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen tea Mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClorhexidine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach patient received a 250-ml dark bottle containing the mouthwash (green tea 5%) and was instructed to rinse with this mouthwash twice a day for 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeceli et al., 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFree gingival graft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra, Alpinia officinarum, Vitis vinifera, \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrtica dioica, Thymus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etopical Ankaferd Blood Stopper\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter removing the graft, wet gauze with the herbal extract was compressed to the donor site by the surgeon during 60 seconds with moderate finger pressure. six-month follow-up\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatil et al., 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrthodontic pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtropa belladonna\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Belladonna globules\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIbuprofen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Belladonna 6C group, four globules given to patient. Patients were given two doses of medication of their respective groups, 1 h before placement of elastomeric separators which was administered in the department and one dose 6 h after the placement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDas et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeriodontal flap\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum, Aconitum napellus, Bellis perennis, Atropa Belladonna, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Achillea millefolium, Symphytum officinale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Traumeel tablets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIbuprofen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIbuprofen, 600 mg and traumeel, 600 mg (up to three tablets) every 8 h for first 24 h and SOS (Si Opus Sit/if needed) thereafter for a period of 1 week as pain medication, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnil et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeriodontal flap\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Curcumin mucoadhesive film\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurcumin mucoadhesive films of 0.5% were cut into smaller rectangular strips of 4\u0026ndash;5 mm width and the length depending on the extent of flap surgery in each patient. UKirkland flap surgery was performed. After suturing, the preformed films were adapted on the gingiva in the test and control sites, respectively, over which periodontal pack (Coe-Pack) was placed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlshibani et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeriodontal Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZingiber officinale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Ginger tablets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIbuprofen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eginger tablets (400 mg) every 12 h for 3 days and then as needed for pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAl-Askar et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeriodontal Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Curcumin capsules\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMefenamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTest group: patients received curcumin capsules (200 mg). The participants in the test and control groups were advised to orally take 1 MA tablet and 2 curcumin capsules, respectively, immediately after the procedure and then every 8 h for 3 days. After the third day, participants in the test and control groups were advised to take the respective analgesics as needed for pain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral Surgery Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlqareer et al., 2006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnesthesia infiltration pain (pre-surgery)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Clove gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Benzocaine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Placebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehome made clove gel. Approximately 2 g of material were applied to the buccal mucosa superior to the gingiva over the canine prominence, covering an area of about 1.5 cm in diameter for 4 min and then was reapplied for another minute. The material was reapplied because the authors were concerned about material washout by saliva.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohite et al., 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnesthesia infiltration pain (pre-surgery)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnacyclus pyrethrum, Spilanthes acmella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical herbal anesthesic in gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLignocaine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter isolation, the test region was dried by utilizing a sterile cotton gauze. The topical anesthetic to be tested was drawn for each participant and applied using a cotton applicator stick. After 10 min, a 26gauge sterile needle was inserted .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJesudasan et al., 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlveolar osteitis (post-surgery)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Eugenol paste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Chlorhexidine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: No-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the third molar was extracted, eugenol-based paste was applied to the socket\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRayati et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtraction (surgery)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZingiber officinale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic ginger capsules\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Ibuprofen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Placebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eone capsule of ginger containing 500 mg of ginger rhizome powder (Zintoma; Goldaru Co., Iran) All medications were administered orally and 6 hourly, 500 mg of ginger rhizome powder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKomasawa et al., 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtraction (surgery)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCinnamomi Cassiae, Syzygium aromaticum, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis, Ligusticum wallichii, Nuphar japonica, Quercus robur, Rheum rhabarbarum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Jidabokuippo granules\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo-Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients were given three oral doses (2.5 g each) of JDI (TJ-89, Tsumura Co, Tokyo, Japan) just before falling asleep the night before surgery, and in the morning and around noon on the day of surgery (total 7.5 g).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDe Souza et al., 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtraction (surgery)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum, Aconitum napellus, Bellis perennis, Atropa Belladonna, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Achillea millefolium, Symphytum officinale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraumeel S intramuscular injection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDexamethasone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRight after anesthezing an intramuscular injection in the masseter muscle of 2 mL at three different points\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral Neuropathic Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarino et al., 2010\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurning mouth syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCapsaicin mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Alpha-lipoic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Lysozymelactoperoxidase\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3: Boric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edaily oral rinses with capsaicin, 250 mg of red pepper emulsion in 50 ml of water for\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpanemberg et al., 2012\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurning mouth syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePaullinia cupana, Trichilia catigua, Zingiber officinale, Ptychopetalum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eolacoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Catuama capsules\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagnesium silicate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etake 2 capsules a day, before lunch and dinner, for 8 weeks after the first evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePakfetrat et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurning mouth syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaffron\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Crocin Tablets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCitalopram\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor one group, citalopram (Sobhan Darou, Iran) was given orally once daily with an initial dose of 10 mg that increased to 20 mg after a week. For the other group, crocin tablets 15 mg (prepared by a pharmacologist) was prescribed twice daily. Both groups received the treatments for 11 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBessho et al., 1998\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurning mouth syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBupleurum chinense, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Magnoliae Officinalis, Ziziphus mauritiana, Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Perilla frutescens, Zingiber officinale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Sai-boku-to Tablets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiazepam\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Vitamin B\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral administration of 2.5 g of Sai-boku-to (TJ-96, Tsumura \u0026amp; Co, Tokyo, Japan) 3 times per day (before meals) for 3 months was prescribed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLee et al., 2007\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFacial sensitivity and pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Capsaicin cream\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo-Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical capsaicin cream (0\u0026middot;075%), which was applied to the mental area unilaterally, four times daily for 2 weeks. Around 40\u0026emsp;\u0026micro;L of capsaicin cream (0\u0026middot;075%)* was applied topically four times daily for 2\u0026emsp;weeks on a 4-cm2 area in the treatment side of the mental area. Subjects were instructed to squeeze a 6-mm long strip of capsaicin cream onto a cotton swab and vigorously apply it over the area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEndodontic Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajji \u0026amp; Murthy, 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDentinal hypersensitivity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalendula officinalis, Plantago major\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalendula and plantago Toothpaste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Potassium nitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Calcium sodium phosphosilicate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3: Strontium chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach patient was advised to brush their teeth in the usual manner for 3 min, twice daily, with soft bristle toothbrush, and to apply the dentifrice in an amount equal to about half the length of the bristle head.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKar et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDentinal hypersensitivity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical paste of palakya, lavanga, and triphala.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Potassium salt\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Arginine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesensitizing paste was applied over the isolated hypersensitive area. Using a disposable applicator tip, pea-sized amount of the toothpaste was applied over the isolated hypersensitive area of the tooth for 5 s, and a rotary polishing cup at moderate-to-high speed was used to polish the paste over this surface for 1 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral Mucosal Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiu et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrthodontic wounds\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza Glabra\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLicorice mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200cc mouthwash bottle at the start of the study and after 2 days. The patients rinsed with the mouthwash for 10\u0026ndash;20 s and four times daily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMansour et al., 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommiphora myrrh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etopical myrrh gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eapply the drug to the ulcer four times a day (after meals and before bedtime) for 5 days using finger or cotton tip applicator and to refrain from eating and drinking for 30 min after application\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTadbir et al., 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatricaria chamomilla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical chamomile application\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Placebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Triamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChamomile in Orabase\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMotallebnejad et al., 2008\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypericum perforatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypericum perforatum mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: No-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Placebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etopical hypericum containing mouthwash (0.5%) for seven days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJiang et al., 2012\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAllicin Garlic oral adhesive tablets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubjects were instructed to apply 1 Allicin oral adhesive tablets 5 mg to the appointed ulcer 4 times a day (after meals and before bedtime) for 5 days (day 1 to day 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e121\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeshmukh \u0026amp; Bagewadi, 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Curenext gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eapply the gel three times a day on each ulcer after meals and not to consume food or water for half an hour after application. All patients were provided with same measuring applicator and were instructed about the quantity and method of gel application\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePourahmad et al., 2010\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVachellia erioloba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCamel thorn swish and swallow mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(distillate) The patients were instructed to use 40 milliliters of the solution 4 times a day until they experienced complete resolution of their symptoms. The patients were instructed to keep the drug in their mouths for one minute and then swallow it. The camel thorn dose administered to patients was based on the normal dose used in Iranian folk medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBabaee et al., 2012\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Aloe vera gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo apply the gel on the lesions three-times a day by the patients for at\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eleast ten days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e122\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKia et al., 2020a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etopical Curcumin orabase paste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5% of Curcumin orabase apply the orabase three times a day after eating meals, for a 10-day period. The patients were asked to clean the lesion by soft and dry clean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003egauze and then put 1 cm of the orabase on the wet tip of their fingers and dab it on the lesion with no rubbing action. Patients were advised to avoid eating and drinking for at least half an hour after drug application\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e123\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHalim et al., 2013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical turmeric powder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eapply the medication twice per day for 5 days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYang et al., 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTaraxacum mongolicum, Isatis indigotica, Corydalis bungeana, Scutellaria baicalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePudilan Keyanning toothpaste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebrush their teeth for 2\u0026ndash;3 minutes, twice a day (in the morning and evening), each time covering two thirds the length of the toothbrush provided. After brushing the participants were asked to apply a little toothpaste to cover the ulcer surface with a cotton swab provided for 6 days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGhalayani et al., 2013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePunica granatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Punica granatum gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eapply the gel three times daily by placing a small sterile cotton pad impregnated with gel on the lesions for 1 min. They were asked not to eat for at least 30 min after administering the preparations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBabaee et al., 2010\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrtus communis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Myrtle paste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paste was applied by subjects themselves four times a day for 6 days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJin et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAphthous ulcers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTaraxacum mongolicum, Isatis indigotica, Corydalis bungeana, Scutellaria baicalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Pudilan oral solution\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePudilan oral solution for 8 days at a dosage of 10\u0026thinsp;mL three times per day\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e124\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThomas et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral lichen planus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical curcumin gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGroup 2 (curcumin oral gel thrice daily) and Group 3 (curcumin oral gel six times daily). Curenext Oral Gel (Piramel, Health Care, India) each gram of which contains curcuma longa extracts 10 mg having 1% Curcuminoids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e125\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKia et al., 2020b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral lichen planus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Nano-Curcumin capsule\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrednisolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etake one capsule of Nano-Curcumin 80 mg after having their breakfast\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJornet \u0026amp; Aznar-Cayuela, 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral lichen planus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatricaria chamomilla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Chamomile gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe patients received Topical Chamomile gel 2% together with instructions for their correct use. The preparations (0.5 mL/3 times a day) were applied uniformly to the oral cavity in the areas that presented symptoms, spreading the gel with the finger.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeshari et al., 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral lichen planus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical curcumin ointment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical curcumin ointment (commercially available as Curenext Oral gel-Abbott Pharmaceuticals, India) each to be applied thrice daily for 2 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChainani-Wu et al., 2012\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral lichen planus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Curcumin C3 complex softgel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6000 mg/d in 3 divided doses for 12 days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMansourian et al., 2011\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral lichen planus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAloe vera mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003erinse the mouth with 2 tablespoons of AV mouthwash for 2 minutes, 4 times a day and expectorate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e58\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHasheminasab et al., 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlantago ovata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlantago ovata mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1:Placebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: No-Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe herbal compound consisted of a mixture of 500 mg of P. ovate husk in 30 mL water plus three drops of vinegar per dose, three times per day during their next chemotherapy cycle (cycle 1 of treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElhadad et al., 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatricaria chamomilla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical chamomile gel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiconazol\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Benzocaine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003echamomile topical oral gel 3% alone which was prescribed three times daily, one day prior to the scheduled cycle of chemotherapy, lasting for 3 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDe C\u0026aacute;ssia Dias Viana Andrade et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Curcumin photosensitizing agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1: Photobiomodulation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2: Nystatin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe curcumin solution (10 mL) was sprayed inside the oral cavity remained for 10 min for impregnation with the mouth closed then the oral cavity was illuminated with a blue diode light emitter for 10 min. This was performed 1 time a week for 30 days, totalized 4 applications, during the period in which the patient was undergoing radiation and/or chemotherapy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAghamohammadi et al., 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZataria multiflora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZataria Mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients gargled the ZM mouthwash or a placebo before the beginning of the treatment three times daily and before each radiotherapy session.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoltani et al., 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlantago major\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eoral consumption of plantago major syrup\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etake plantago major L syrup 7.5 cc, three times a day for 7 weeks, from three days before the start of radiotherapy to the end of it. Patients were advised not to rinse their mouth for half an hour after taking the drug\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKia et al., 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Curcumin Capsules\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study group was received Curcumin nanomicelle capsules 80 mg twice a day and the control group took placebo two times a day for 7 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatil et al., 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurcumin mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClorhexidine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecurcumin mouthrinse 0.004% to be used in 1:5 dilution for 1 minutes, three times daily for twenty days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMansouri et al., 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAloe vera mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 ml of aloe vera solution for two minutes three times a day for 14 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHussain et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigella sativa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNigella sativa oil Mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNystatin\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Tetracycline\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Lidocaine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Dexamethasone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe patients in both groups received the NS oil mouth rinse and the magic mouthwash topically as a mouth rinse (10 ml each 6 hr) daily, starting from the first day after the initiation of CT up to day 28 (the end of the CT).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonsen et al., 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalvia officinalis Mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalvia officinalis solution consisting of 2.5 g SO herbal tea/100 ml water. The SO herbal tea solution was based on dry extract of Salvia officinalis leaves from the Hospital Pharmacy (Sanivo Pharma AS), which were steeped for 2 min in boiled water. rinsing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewith the assigned solution (10\u0026ndash;15 ml) twice for 30s four times a day, and after each rinsing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWang et al., 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRheum rhabarbarum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Scutellaria baicalensis, Liriope, Paeonia lactiflora, Scrophularia ningpoensis, Forsythia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Chining decoction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEpidermal growth factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emixed with hot water, 200 mL daily, taken morning and evening, 100 mL each time, from the first day of radiotherapy until the completion of radiotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReis et al., 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatricaria chamomilla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChamomile infusion Cryotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCryotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients in the chamomile group received a cup of ice chips made with chamomile infusion at 2.5%. Patients were instructed to swish the ice around in their oral cavity for atleast 30 min, starting 5 min before the chemotherapy infusion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNajafi et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral Mucositis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza Glabra\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlycyrrhiza mouthwash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlycyrrhiza or placebo were given to patients and they were asked to use 20 cc twice per day for 14 days after starting radiotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePiyush et al., 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral submucous fibrosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Curcumin tablet\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurcumin tablet (300mg) twice daily or Lycopene capsules (8mg) twice daily for six months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e126\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJiang et al., 2013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral submucous fibrosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalvia Miltiorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalvianolic acid B Intralesional injection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriamcinolone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll patients received an intralesional injection after 5 minutes of local anesthetic cream application (20% Topcaine; Medental, Balama City, USA) at weekly intervals for 20 weeks. Salvianolic acid B (4mg).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYadav et al., 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral submucous fibrosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic Turmix tablets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDexamethasone\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Hialuronic Acid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Lignocaine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eoral administration of 2 tablets of Turmix given once daily for a period of 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHazarey et al., 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral submucous fibrosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLongvida Curcumin tablets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClobethasol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLongvida lozenges (Mfg Lic.: GA/1482) (400 mg lozenges) manufactured by Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd. The total daily dose decided was 2 g of Longvida lozenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSrivastava et al., 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOral submucous fibrosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa, Syzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic TurmNova lozenges and Clove oil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDexamethasone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients were administered curcumin lozenges (TurmNova\u0026reg;, Gelnova Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Navi Mumbai, India) containing turmeric extract 100 mg along with clove oil 10 mg three times daily for 3 months. Patients were advised to chew these lozenges slowly followed by swallowing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemporomandibular Disorder Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChaimano et al., 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTemporomandibular disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZingiber cassumunar, Curcuma longa, Cinnamomum camphora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThai herbal compress ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe compress balls are applied on the painful muscle at least once a day. Two compress balls should be steamed in a stacked electric steamer pot for twenty minutes. After that, the first warm ball (approx 40\u0026ordm;C) was applied to the jaw muscle, then replaced with the second one when it was slightly lukewarm. The two herbal balls were alternately steamed and alternately used for twenty minutes. After each application, the balls were wrapped in a plastic bag and kept in the freezer until they could be reused. This study employed the reuse of herbal balls daily for one month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLi et al., 2009\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTemporomandibular disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita, Cinnamomum camphora, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Santalum album, Eucalyptus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Ping On ointment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003erub the ointment over the painful area and then to massage in a circular motion for 5 minutes twice a day. The area of application was just on the skin around the TMJ and affected muscles, which were usually the temporalis and masseters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNitecka-Buchta et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTemporomandibular disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCannabis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical CBD oil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOleum CBD 2.0 g (20% CBD oil). Group1 received CBD formulation. topical use to be applied on the skin surface of the masseter muscle, at the right and left side. Each patient had been taught on the procedure to apply the formulation in equal amounts (the size of peas) on both sides. Patients were informed that the formulation should be applied and rubbed gently into the skin surface (approximately 4 \u0026times; 4 cm) and were supposed to apply it twice a day for up to a period of 14 days before the follow-up visit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCampbell et al., 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBRCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTemporomandibular disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical Capsaicin cream\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical capsaicin cream (8%), The investigator spread a 0.1-mL dollop of cream to a standardized area overlying the affected TMJ and superficial masseter and then covered the site with a cotton gauge for 2 h. This area extended 3 cm anteriorly and inferiorly from the posterior aspect of the TMJ. A square 3 \u0026times; 3-cm template was cut into a rubber dental dam to standardize the application site. The drug was applied to the right or left side randomly for subjects without TMD, whereas for the TMD sufferers, the side that was reported as more painful was studied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eRCT: Randomized Control Trial; SBRCT: Single Blind Randomized Control Trial; DBRCT: Double Blind Randomized Control Trial, TMD: Temporomandibular Disorder\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRanking from best to worst herbal treatments for orofacial pain categorized by type of orofacial pain and plant family, using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorst\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSUCRA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"17\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeriodontal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFabaceae Mix\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNSAID\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"17\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEndodontic Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStandard Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCombretaceae Mix\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral Neuropathic Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae Mix\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIridaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStandard Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApiaceae Mix\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemporomandibular Disorder Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCannabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLauraceae Mix\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.C\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"17\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral Surgery Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClorhexidine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIbuprofen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae Mix\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo/No Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3rd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorst\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSUCRA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral Mucosal Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnesthetic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorticoesteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmaryllidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLythraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLamiaceae Mix\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRanunculaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClorhexidine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsphodelaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlantaginaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurseraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypericaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlacebo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Risk of bias\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding to de risk of bias assessment the majority of the studies were classified as some concerns (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27), followed by low risk (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22) and high risk (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13). Six studies had high risk in selection of the reported results [17,18,19,20,21,22], 2 studies had high risk in measurement of outcomes [23,24], 2 studies had high risk of bias due to missing outcome data [19,25], 2 studies had high risk of bias due to deviation from intended intervention [26,27], and 11 studies had high risk of bias due to randomization process [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5. Synthesis of results\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 62 papers included in the study identified 17 orofacial painful conditions, which were categorized into 6 distinct groups based on their origin. These categories are as follows: periodontal pain, endodontic pain, oral mucosal pain, oral neuropathic pain, oral surgery pain, and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5.1 Periodontal Pain\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe periodontal pain group include 5 conditions: pericoronitis, free gingival graft, orthodontic pain, periodontal flap, and both surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study led by Shahakbari et al. (2014), a notable reduction in pain associated with pericoronitis was observed in 97 patients who were treated with green tea, in comparison to those treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Similarly, Keceli et al., (2015) conducted a clinical trial involving 33 patients with free gingival graft, where they noted a significant improvement in pain relief when topical Ankaferd Blood Stopper was administered compared to placebo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatil et al., (2018) study conducted in 80 patients experiencing orthodontic pain, revealed that belladonna exhibited superior analgesic properties in comparison to ibuprofen. Meanwhile, Das et al., (2019) clinical trial involving 20 patients with periodontal flap, showed that those treated with Traumeel exhibited lower pain scores than those treated with ibuprofen. Additionally, in a study conducted by Anil et al., (2019) involving 15 patients (30 sites) with periodontal flap, significant analgesic properties were observed for curcumin when compared to placebo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlshibani et al., (2022) examined the effects of ginger tablets in a cohort of 44 patients, while Al-Askar et al., (2022) administered curcumin capsules to a group of 76 patients, all of whom had undergone periodontal therapy. In both investigations, no statistically meaningful distinctions were observed when comparing the results to those of the control groups, which were given ibuprofen and mefenamic acid, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the meta-analysis conducted in 6 studies [18,23,33,34,39,40], it was found that green tea, \u003cem\u003eAtropa belladonna\u003c/em\u003e, curcumin and ginger demonstrate more effectiveness in reducing periodontal pain when compared to standard therapies (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), and Ankaferd Blood Stopper and curcumin showed more effectiveness in reducing periodontal pain when compared to placebo \u003cspan class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\"\u003eSupplementary File.\u003c/span\u003e The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 5 interventions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) of the treatment with Fabaceae combination was 90.6%, and for Solanaceae was 65.3% confirming that these plant families are the top 2 best interventions for periodontal pain over Zingiberaceae (32.2%), NSAID\u0026rsquo;s (32.4%) and placebo (29.5%) interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe other 2 studies could not be included in the meta-analysis due to, insufficient measurements through time [25], and lack of transitivity [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5.2. Oral Surgery Pain\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the studies included 3 conditions were identified: anesthesia infiltration pain, alveolar osteitis, and extraction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study conducted by Jesudasan et al. (2015), they examined the efficacy of a eugenol paste derived from Clove in 270 patients who presented alveolar osteitis. The results showed that patients treated with eugenol experienced significant higher relief in postoperative pain, inflammation, infection, and wound healing compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine gel. On the other hand, to address the pain caused by anesthetic infiltration, various topical formulations have been investigated in clinical studies. For instance, Alqareer et al. (2006) evaluated a gel containing clove in 73 patients, while Mohite et al. (2020) used interventions with \u003cem\u003eAnacyclus pyrethrum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSpilanthes acmella\u003c/em\u003e gel in 30 patients. In both studies, no statistically significant differences were found when compared to the control groups (benzocaine and lignocaine gel, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a clinical trial involving 60 patients [41], was concluded that ginger powder proved to be as effective as ibuprofen in managing postsurgical sequelae after extraction. In the study conducted by Komasawa et al. (2018) involving 60 patients, the researchers investigated the efficacy of pre-operative administration of Jidabokuippo, a combination of botanical extracts including \u003cem\u003eCinnamomi cassiae\u003c/em\u003e, Clove, Licorice, \u003cem\u003eLigusticum wallichii, Nuphar japonica, Quercus robur, and Rheum rhabarbarum\u003c/em\u003e. They compared the effects of Jidabokuippo with a no-treatment group in managing pain after tooth extraction. The study's findings revealed that the severity of postoperative pain was significantly reduced in the Jidabokuippo group at 3 and 24 hours after anesthesia recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther homeopathic medicine known as Traumeel (that contains \u003cem\u003eArnica montana\u003c/em\u003e, Calendula, Chamomile, St. John's wort, \u003cem\u003eAconitum napellus, Bellis perennis, Atropa Belladonna, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Achillea millefolium, Symphytum officinale\u003c/em\u003e), has been used to pain, edema and trismus relief, after third molar surgery in 17 patients [22], suggesting that Traumeel might be a good alternative approach, comparable to dexamethasone.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the meta-analysis conducted in 3 studies [41,42,43], it was found that Clove and Ginger demonstrate more effectiveness in reducing oral surgery pain when compared to standard therapies (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), and Jidabokuippo, Clove and Ginger showed more effectiveness in reducing oral surgery pain compared to negative control or placebo \u003cspan class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\"\u003eSupplementary File.\u003c/span\u003e The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 6 interventions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the SUCRA of the treatment with Myrtaceae was 98%, and for Zingiberaceae 80.6% confirming that these 2 plant families are the best interventions for oral surgical pain over chlorhexidine (61.4%), Myrtaceae combination (20%), and placebo/no-treatment (0%) interventions. The other 3 studies could not be included in the meta-analysis due to; insufficient measurements through time [21,44], and data not being expressed as mean and standard deviation [22].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5.3. Oral Neuropathic Pain\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the studies included in oral neuropathic pain group 2 conditions were identified: burning mouth syndrome and facial pain and sensitivity to mechanical, cold and heat stimuli.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarino et al. (2010) conducted a study with 56 individuals diagnosed with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). These patients received treatments of capsaicin, alpha-lipoic acid, lysozyme-lactoperoxidase, or boric acid. The results revealed significant symptom score reduction in patients treated with capsaicin, alpha-lipoic acid, and lysozyme-lactoperoxidase, showing higher effectiveness when compared to the boric acid treatment. In a research study led by Spanemberg et al. (2012), the impact of utilizing Catuama, an herbal treatment containing \u003cem\u003ePaullinia cupana, Trichilia catigua\u003c/em\u003e, Ginger, and \u003cem\u003ePtychopetalum olacoides\u003c/em\u003e, was examined in 72 patients with BMS. The results revealed a notable enhancement in the test group compared to magnesium silicate, following a 4-week treatment period. Furthermore, this considerable improvement persisted even 12 weeks after the initiation of treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePakfetrat et al. (2019) conducted a clinical trial involving 47 patients with BMS who were treated with crocin, an herbal extract derived from saffron. The results of the 11-week trial demonstrated that crocin exhibited a significant decrease in the severity of BMS symptoms, comparable to the effects of citalopram. In the study by Bessho et al. (1998) involving 200 patients, they employed sai-boku-to, an herbal extract derived from \u003cem\u003eBupleurum chinense, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Magnoliae Officinalis, Ziziphus mauritiana, Panax ginseng\u003c/em\u003e, Licorice, \u003cem\u003ePerilla frutescens\u003c/em\u003e, and Ginger, for treating BMS. The results demonstrated that sai-boku-to exhibited comparable effectiveness to Diazepam\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Vitamin B in reducing pain, burning sensation, and discomfort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a clinical trial carried out by Lee et al. (2007), they observed that the application of capsaicin on the facial skin of 40 patients resulted in a decrease in their sensitivity to mechanical, heat, and cold-induced pain. Interestingly, this reduction in pain sensitivity occurred without affecting non-painful tactile sensations, as evidenced by a comparison with a control group that did not receive capsaicin treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the comprehensive meta-analysis of all 5 studies [24,45,46,47,48], it was observed that Catuama, Crocin, Sai-boku-to, and Capsaicin exhibit greater efficacy in diminishing oral neuropathic pain compared to conventional treatment methods (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, Capsaicin had superior effectiveness in alleviating facial pain in comparison to the negative control \u003cspan class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\"\u003eSupplementary File.\u003c/span\u003e The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 6 interventions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the SUCRA of the treatment with Solanaceae was 97.4%, Zingiberaceae combination was 75.6% and Iridaceae was 56.5%, confirming that these 3 plant families are the best interventions for oral neuropathic pain over standard treatment (47.1%), Apiaceae combination (13.3%) and no-treatment (10.1%) interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5.4. Endodontic Pain\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe studies included focused on dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) and utilized tactile and air stimuli to measure DH levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study conducted by Majji \u0026amp; Murthy (2016), 160 cases were divided into four groups, each assigned to use a different type of desensitizing toothpaste. Over a two-month period, the toothpaste formulations were evaluated. The findings indicated that all four toothpaste types, (5% potassium nitrate, 5% CSPS (NovaMin), 10% strontium chloride, and an herbal formulation containing Calendula and \u003cem\u003ePlantago major\u003c/em\u003e), effectively relieved dentinal hypersensitivity. Notably, the CSPS group demonstrated the most favorable clinical response at the end of the two-month period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Kar et al. (2019) conducted a study with 45 adults, dividing them into three groups, each using a different type of toothpaste: potassium salt, 8% arginine, or an herbal desensitizing paste containing \u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea\u003c/em\u003e, Clove, \u003cem\u003eTerminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePhyllanthus emblica\u003c/em\u003e. The results of this study showed that the herbal group was more effective in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity when compared to the potassium nitrate-containing toothpaste. However, the toothpaste containing 8% arginine was found to be the most effective in reducing DH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the meta-analysis conducted in the 2 studies [20,49], the standard therapies, typically found in commercially available desensitizing toothpastes, prove to be more effective in reducing endodontic pain when compared to Calendula and plantago and palakya, lavanga, and triphala Toothpaste (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The network analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 3 interventions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the SUCRA of the standard treatment was 88.3% and for Asteraceae was 58%, confirming that these 2 treatments are the best interventions for endodontic pain over Combretaceae combination (3.6%) intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5.5. Oral mucosal pain\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of the 38 studies included into the oral mucosal pain category, 5 conditions were identified, including aphthous ulcers, oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus, and oral mucosa wounds resulting from orthodontic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous clinical trials have search diverse herbal topical formulations to alleviate the pain and discomfort associated with aphthous ulcers. For instance, the effects of Turmeric were examined by Deshmukh \u0026amp; Bagewadi (2014), Kia et al. (2020a), and Halim et al. (2013), while chamomile was studied by Tadbir et al. (2015). These studies found no statistically significant distinctions when compared to triamcinolone. Conversely, other studies contrasted multiple herbal extracts, such as Myrrh [50], \u003cem\u003eHypericum perforatum\u003c/em\u003e [51], allicin [26], camel thorn [52], \u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e [53], pudilan [30,54], \u003cem\u003ePunica granatum\u003c/em\u003e [29], and myrtle [55]. These studies found significant analgesic properties through comparisons with placebos.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurcumin's efficacy as a pain-relieving remedy for patients with oral lichen planus was studied by Thomas et al. (2017), Kia et al. (2020b), Keshari et al. (2015), and Chainani-Wu et al. (2012), they conducted studies which demonstrated significant analgesic properties, in comparison to triamcinolone, prednisolone, and placebo. Furthermore, were demonstrated the analgesic attributes in oral lichen planus patients treated with chamomile [56], or aloe vera [57], when compared to placebo and triamcinolone, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiple herbal extracts for the treatment of oral mucositis derived from chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy have been studied. For instance, significant analgesic properties were reported for \u003cem\u003ePlantago ovata\u003c/em\u003e [58], \u003cem\u003eZataria multiflora\u003c/em\u003e [59], \u003cem\u003ePlantago mayor\u003c/em\u003e [60], curcumin [61], \u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e [36], \u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e [62] and licorice [19] when compared to placebo. Other studies have found relevant pain-relieving properties in chamomile [63,64], curcumin [35,65], \u003cem\u003eNigella sativa\u003c/em\u003e [37], and chinning decoction [38] when compared to standard therapies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurcumin's efficacy as an analgesic have been studied in patients with oral submucous fibrosis [27,66,67,68] when compared to placebo or standard therapies. Additionally, Jiang et al. (2013) found analgesic properties in salvianolic acid in pain related to oral submucous fibrosis. On the other hand, Liu et al. (2022) found that licorice exerts analgesic properties in oral mucosa wounds resulting from orthodontic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the comprehensive meta-analysis of 36 studies, it was observed that \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e, chamomile, \u003cem\u003eAloe vera, Nigella sativa\u003c/em\u003e, chinning decoction, \u003cem\u003eSalvia miltiorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, and clove exhibit greater efficacy in diminishing pain from oral mucosal pain compared to standard therapies (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, licorice, myrtle, \u003cem\u003eAloe vera, Punica grantum\u003c/em\u003e, allicin, pudilan, myrrh, St. John's wort, camel thorn, chamomile, \u003cem\u003eZataria multiflora\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePlantago ovata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePlantago major\u003c/em\u003e had superior effectiveness in alleviating oral mucosal pain in comparison to placebo \u003cspan class=\"BoldItalicUnderline\"\u003eSupplementary File.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 18 interventions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the SUCRA of the treatment with Lamiaceae was 95.6%, for anesthetics was 88.1%, corticoiesteroids was 80.7%, Amaryllidaceae was 73.1%, Lythraceae was 67.5%, Lamiaceae combination was 63.2%, Ranunculaceae was 61.6%, and chlorhexidine was 60%, confirming that these are the best 8 interventions for oral mucosal pain over Asphodelaceae (57%), Asteraceae (49%), Fabaceae (43%), Zingiberaceae (38.3%), Asteraceae (33.2%), Myrtaceae (29.4%), Plantaginaceae (26.3%), Burseraceae (17.4%), Hypericaceae (9.8%) and placebo (7%) interventions. Two studies could not be included in the meta-analysis due to the data not being expressed as mean and standard deviation [32,67].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5.6. Temporomandibular Disorder Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour studies were included in the group of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. In the clinical trial of Li et al. (2009), performed in 55 subjects with TMJ pain receiving Ping On ointment, containing \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita, Cinnamomum camphora, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Santalum album\u003c/em\u003e, eucalyptus or placebo for 4 weeks. Patients reported that Ping On ointment significantly reduced the painful symptoms of TMJs and they felt more comfortable opening their mouth than the placebo group. In another study by Campbell et al. (2016) were 15 patients with TMD were intervened with a high-concentration capsaicin (8%) cream or placebo for a week, the results conclude a significantly higher pain-relieve response in the week after application in the capsaicin-treated TMD subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChaimano et al. (2021) showed that the subjects with myogenic TMD pain who underwent pain treatment with the herbal compress ball, containing \u003cem\u003eCassumunar ginger\u003c/em\u003e, turmeric, and camphor, had greater pain-free maximum opening compared to those who only used the warm placebo. In a study carried out by Nitecka-Buchta et al. (2019), they investigated the myorelaxant properties of Cannabidiol (CBD) when administered topically to the masseter muscle in 60 patients who were experiencing myofascial pain. The results revealed a significant reduction of 70.2% in pain intensity within the CBD-treated group, in contrast to the placebo group which only exhibited a 9.81% reduction. Moreover, CBD application led to decreased activity and enhanced condition of the masticatory muscles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the comprehensive meta-analysis of all 4 studies [69,70,71,72], it was observed that Capsaicin, Cannabis, Ping on ointment and Cassumunar ginger, turmeric, and camphor exhibit greater efficacy in diminishing TMD pain compared to placebo (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The network meta-analysis and the ranking based on the probability of each treatment being the best was performed among the 5 interventions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the SUCRA of the treatment with Zingiberaceae was 86.1%, and for Cannabaceae was 81.8%, confirming that these 2 treatments are the best interventions for TMD pain over Solanaceae (44.7%), placebo (30.4%) and Lauraceae combination (7%) interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn comparison to synthetic drugs, which often carry concerns related to side effects, trustworthiness, and potential drug interactions, herbal extracts show a significant advantage evidenced in terms of patient adherence [73]. This inherent specificity sets them apart from synthetic drugs, making them an appealing choice for individuals who may not tolerate the side effects associated with conventional pain relief medications. Despite the common belief in the general population that natural remedies are inherently safe, there is still a substantial gap in our understanding of their mechanisms of action, potential adverse effects, and interactions with pharmaceutical drugs [74]. Safety remains a significant concern when it comes to herbal extracts, especially in cases where their use is inadequately monitored or not monitored at all, highlighting deficiencies in pharmacovigilance in most countries [75].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince herbal extracts are derived from living organisms, they inherently exhibit characteristics optimized through evolution to serve various specific biological functions [76], giving them multipotential properties that allow for simultaneous targeting [77]. Among the 44 plant families identified, 10 of them stand out for their exceptional pain-relieving properties in orofacial pain, as assessed by achieving a SUCRA score over 50%. These families have been the subject of extensive research and have demonstrated compelling evidence of their ability to provide pain relief, primarily attributed to the presence of various bioactive components. For instance, alkaloids found in Amaryllidaceae [78], Ranunculaceae [79], and Solanaceae [80], flavonoids in Asteraceae [81], Fabaceae [82], and Zingiberaceae [83], tannins in Iridaceae [84], terpenoids in Lamiaceae [85], Lythraceae [86], and Myrtaceae [87]. Each of these secondary metabolites potentially contribute to their analgesic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanisms of action of these herbal extracts can be categorized into three main groups based on the most common molecular mechanisms target by their bioactive substances. The first group includes extracts that target inflammatory mediators like COX-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NO, and various interleukins [88,89,90]. The second group comprises extracts that target receptors such as TRPV1, TRPA1, 5-HT, GABA, σ/\u0026micro;-opioid, and Cannabinoid receptors [91,92,93,94,95]. The third group involves extracts that modulate neurotransmitters like Glutamate, Glutathione, Substance P, NMDA, and MAO [96,97,98,99,100]. These herbal extracts often contain numerous bioactive compounds, allowing them to simultaneously target multiple molecular mechanisms. This multifaceted approach may explain why, in certain cases, they exhibit superior efficacy compared to NSAIDs, topical anesthetics, corticosteroids and other synthetic drugs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the 71 plants identified, the most extensively studied plants were Curcuma longa (turmeric), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Aloe vera, Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), and Capsicum annuum (chili pepper). Additional to their potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, the factor of familiarity also plays a significant role, primarily because these herbal extracts are widely recognized across various cultures. This sense of familiarity cultivates trust and safety [101] making them potentially more appellant to study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite their notable \u003cem\u003ein-vitro\u003c/em\u003e potential, herbal extracts often exhibit limited \u003cem\u003ein-vivo\u003c/em\u003e activity due to their inadequate lipid solubility and irregular molecular sizes, resulting in poor absorption and low bioavailability. Certain natural compounds like piperine, curcumin, naringin, quercetin, and genistein demonstrate to improve that bioavailability [102]. Because of this phenomenon it's essential to acknowledge the potential increase of bioavailability in the herbal combinations containing Curcuma longa or plants rich in quercetin. Additionally, the absorption among other parameters could be modified by a proper formulation for oral cavity, that should be characterized by adequate dispersion, retention, release, and bioadhesivity [103,104]. This is a big concern due to numerous herbal extracts use in oral cavity don\u0026rsquo;t have adequate formulations, mostly because of the lack of commercially available presentations, also bringing a considerable obstacle to therapeutic applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results revealed that the progress in studying herbal extracts to address orofacial pain primarily centers on challenging-to-manage disorders, like burning mouth syndrome [105], oral mucositis [106], oral submucous fibrosis [107], oral lichen planus [108], and TMD [109], all of which commonly lack effective conventional treatment options. Additionally, two challenges that we identified regarding to some of these conditions, is the frequently lack of consensus regarding their differential diagnosis, and the use of unvalidated scales for evaluating pain, sensitivity, burning sensations, and discomfort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e While there is substantial evidence highlighting the promising potential of herbal extracts in managing pain [11], it is crucial to prioritize the development of clinical practice guidelines. This is imperative because healthcare practitioners often lack proper information, contained in scientific evidence [110]. Consequently, these guidelines play a pivotal role in integrating scientific findings into healthcare decision-making recommendations [111]. The proper clinical application of these guidelines could potentially reduce the recently increasing concern surrounding drug-plant interactions. These interactions occur when certain herbal products interact with pharmaceutical drugs, either enhancing or diminishing their effects, potentially leading to adverse outcomes [112]. For example, there are reports about herb-drug interactions with Allium sativum, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Hypericum perforatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Zingiber officinale [113], among many others that haven\u0026rsquo;t been studied or reported. Healthcare professionals must be aware of these interactions, emphasizing the importance of open communication and informed decision-making to ensure the safe and effective use of both pharmaceuticals and natural remedies [114].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbal extracts remain as an invaluable source of bioactive compounds in pharmaceutical industry. Due in part to its chemical diversity, complexity and composition, as well as its specific biological properties, and support by a solid base of ethnopharmacological information, serving as a starting point for the development of new drugs [76,115,116]. Other perspectives suggest that, as soon as the search for pharmacotherapy from natural compounds proves to be a sustainable and economically viable source, comparable or even superior to synthetic medicines, the pharmaceutical industry will increase its investments in this field [117]. Furthermore, to reduce costs, times, and the development cycle, as well as improve the success rate in the discovery and development of this kind of drugs, it becomes crucial to incorporate new standards and regulations, improved analytical tools and biosynthetic engineering strategies [76,115]. Furthermore, it is important to consider the imminent threats on natural products in drug discovery, on the one hand, there is the risk of losing traditional knowledge due to modernization [118], and on the other hand, the extinction of natural species [119,120].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of herbal extracts has been shown to be an effective approach in the management of orofacial pain in humans. The randomized control clinical trials included confirmed the significant analgesic properties of 71 different plants species. These include Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Aloe vera, Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hypericum perforatum, Mentha piperita, Scutellaria baicalensis, Syzygium aromaticum, Plantago major, Atropa belladonna, Cannabis and Capsicum annuum among many others. Fourty-four plant families such as Amaryllidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Zingiberaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae, and Myrtaceae among others. All of them used in 17 painful conditions, ranging from endodontic pain, periodontal pain, oral neuropathic pain, oral mucosal pain, temporomandibular disorder pain, to oral surgery pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, given their promising properties, herbal extracts may play an increasingly important role in the treatment of orofacial pain, providing a valuable option for individuals seeking alternative or complementary therapies. However, there is the need of develop clinical practice guidelines, adequate formulations for orofacial tissues, especially for topical formulations, and to identify potential drug-herb interactions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data related to the study can be provided on reasonable request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient Consent:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eS.D.B. and L.J.P.C. and D.A.D.B wrote the main manuscript text and J.K., A.S. and J.E.C.P. prepared figures, A.C. and A.M. prepared tables and helped revise the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis Systematic review and Meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline [15]. The review protocol was registered (CRD42022367553) with the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) system (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding was applied or obtained for this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e De Rossi, S. S. (2013). Orofacial Pain. 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BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03128-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, H., L\u0026uuml;, K., \u0026amp; Sun, G. (2013). Efficacy of salvianolic acid B combined with triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology, 115(3), 339\u0026ndash;344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2012.10.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"herbal, pain, orofacial, oral, non-pharmacological","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4404867/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4404867/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThere is limited knowledge regarding the efficacy of the use of herbal extracts in orofacial pain. A systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, to assess the analgesic effect of herbal extracts on pain intensity in various painful orofacial conditions was conducted. Sixty-two studies were included. The intervention treatment consisted in the use of herbal extracts compared with placebo and/or standard treatment. The primary outcome was pain intensity assessed before and after the intervention, using any pain scale from 0 to 10. Pain scores were compared with baseline scores in each treatment. When compared with standard therapy, the pooled results of the patients who received herbal extracts reported lower pain intensity; in periodontal pain (mean difference [MD] = -0.92, 95% confidence interval [-6.69, 4.85]), oral surgery pain (MD = 18.80 [8.80, 28.79]), oral neuropathic pain (MD = 20.34 [6.16, 34.52]), endodontic pain (MD = -8.04 [-11.72, -4.37]), oral mucosal pain (MD = 8.74 [2.76, 14.73]), and temporomandibular pain (MD = 30.94 [6.04, 55.83]). The findings indicate a pain-attenuating effect of herbal extracts such as Cannabis, Turmeric, Capsaicin, Licorice, Ginger, Chamomile, Clove, \u003cem\u003eHypericum perforatum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eArnica montana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e and Calendula use in oral surgery pain, oral neuropathic pain, oral mucosal pain, and temporomandibular pain. The findings of this study indicate that herbal extracts may provide a valuable alternative to traditional pain medication. Additionally, it may also be a promising source for developing new active ingredients for pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Herbal Extracts in Orofacial Pain: Systematic Review, Direct and Indirect Meta-analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-06 18:46:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4404867/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-20T06:33:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-21T01:48:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-08T20:37:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"11945211974466061863269509142069103436","date":"2024-07-08T19:36:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"283908419841009836537599324623236138206","date":"2024-07-08T16:43:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-29T08:15:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-29T08:14:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-28T17:50:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-22T07:56:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-05-11T09:58:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"921f3729-f307-44f5-b70c-4b5bf36ab0e8","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":32796774,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Dentistry/Oral medicine"},{"id":32796775,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Dentistry/Oral medicine/Orofacial pain"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-02T16:01:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4404867","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77796-7","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-29 15:57:19","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 29th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-06 18:46:22","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-77796-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77796-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4404867","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4404867","identity":"rs-4404867","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}