Effect of Common Children's Beverages on Surface Properties of Single-Shade Restorative Material: An in vitro Study

Effect of Common Children's Beverages on Surface Properties of Single-Shade Restorative Material: An in vitro Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Effect of Common Children's Beverages on Surface Properties of Single-Shade Restorative Material: An in vitro Study Manal Almutairi, Ihab Mousa, Raghad Alqahtani, Rahaf Alqahtani, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842196/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Single-shade composite restorations can adapt to the tooth structure, improve aesthetics, and reduce reliance on shade selection. To assess the effect of four different children's beverages on the color changes, gloss, and surface microhardness of a resin composite. Methods Forty-eight specimens were prepared from each Shade A2 universal (Filtek Z250) and single shade resin composite material (Vittra APS Unique). Then, the specimens were divided into four subgroups: Distilled water (control group), cola, orange juice, and chocolate milk, all at 24°C. These specimens underwent 30 minutes of daily immersion in their respective beverages. Color changes, gloss, and microhardness values were evaluated at baseline, first, 7th, and 30th days of immersion. Results Color change was significantly higher in Vittra APS than in Filtek Z250 across all time intervals, especially in cola after 30 days. For gloss, Vittra APS and Filtek Z250 at all time periods for four storage media showed statistically significant differences. Microhardness of Vittra APS was significantly affected by all time periods and all media except water. Filtek Z250 showed significant differences across all storage media at baseline and after 1 day. Conclusion The single-shade composite showed more color change, gloss loss, and hardness reduction—especially in storage media like cola and orange —compared to the universal composite, which demonstrated greater stability and durability, emphasizing the need to choose materials with both aesthetic and mechanical resilience in clinical practice. Health sciences/Health care Physical sciences/Materials science Beverages Children Single-shade composite resin Pediatric dentistry Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Resin-based composites as direct restoration have become a preferred dental restorative option due to their enhanced aesthetics, adhesive properties, and minimal tooth removal requirements [ 1 ]. Aesthetic indications of Resin Composite restorations in the anterior region, such as fracture of the incisal edge and closure of diastemas, are often preferred due to their superior optical properties, translucency effect, and high polishability [ 2 ]. It has been recommended to use layering techniques for color matching; this method works extremely well, but it takes a lot of professional skills and more clinical time [ 3 ]. Clinicians have challenges when dealing with the layering of resin composite restorations in the cosmetic area, since it might be difficult to achieve color matching between the tooth and the dental structure [ 4 ]. Therefore, single-shade composite restoration can adapt to tooth structure and improve aesthetics, reducing reliance on shade selection. This effect is referred to as the “Chameleon effect” [ 5 ]. However, multiple studies assessing the discoloration of Single-shade composites have demonstrated that significant discoloration from beverages like coffee and tea, despite their chameleon effect, and any discoloration in the resin composite would affect the aesthetic and appearance [ 6 ]. In 2022, a study was conducted by Ersöz and colleagues in an in vitro experiment. The result showed that the color stability of single-shade resin composites showed less color change was seen in resin composites having silane-coated fillers in their structure [ 7 ]. On the other hand, a recent study in 2023 by Rohym et al. was done to assess and compare two single-shade resin composites' color stability and found that a new chromatic material technology used in single-shade resin composites lacks aesthetic success due to surface roughness and dramatic color change [ 6 ]. In 2023, Elmalawany et al. evaluated the effect of multiple beverages, with and without brushing, on the surface mechanical properties of two resin composites and concluded that beverages and brushing harmed the surface properties of both dental resin composites [ 8 ]. Another study in 2022 by Ebaya et al. investigated and compared the surface roughness and color stability of two different single‑shade composite restorations, methacrylate resin-based composite and ormocer‑based composite. Universal composites demonstrated acceptable surface smoothness and good color matching with various tooth colors; the aging process adversely affected their color stability and surface properties [ 9 ]. This research was conducted due to the insignificant number of studies related to our topic, especially in children using the most common coloring beverages, and the importance of using single-shade restorations in children due to their advantages. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of four common children's beverages on the color, gloss, and microhardness of single-shade resin composites. The null hypothesis states that there was no difference in the effect of these four common children's coloring beverages on single-shade resin composites. 2. Materials and Methods The present in vitro study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of the College of Dentistry Research Center (IRB. No. E-24-8918). The materials evaluated in the study were shade A2 universal and single-shade resin composite, as shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Materials used in the study. Product Type Shade Composition Manufacturer Vittra APS Nanohybrid Adaptive Chroma Active ingredients: Mixture of methacrylate monomers, photoinitiator composition (APS), co-initiators, stabilizers, and silane Inactive ingredients:boron-aluminum-silicate glass. FGM, Joinville,SC, Brazil Filtek Z250 Nanohybrid A2 Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA); urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA); triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA); poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA); ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (Bis-EMA) 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA The sample size was calculated by using G*Power version 3.1.9.4 (Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany) with a power of 90%. According to the power analysis, the total sample size was determined to be 48 specimens from each resin composite, 12 units from each subgroup, with a supposed significance level of 0.05 and an effect size of 0.455. Forty-eight specimens of each Shade A2 universal (Filtek Z250) and single shade resin composite material (Vittra APS Unique) were made by filling a silicon mold set on a glass slide with the uncured material. The specimens were 2 mm in diameter and 10 mm thick, and were covered with a Mylar® strip matrix (Crosstex International, Inc., Hauppauge, NY, USA). The mold was covered with a second strip and a glass slide. As directed by the manufacturers, the specimens were cured on both sides using a photo-polymerization unit (Bluephase, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) with an intensity of 900 mW/cm². In the studies that were performed, only specimens free of macroscopically visible defects were used. For a week, the resin composite disks were kept at 37°C in distilled water. Then, using aluminum oxide disks (Sof-Lex, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and an electric handpiece operated at 15,000 rpm for 10 s on each disk (medium, fine, and superfine), all specimens were polished. All of the specimens were kept in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours in order to finish the polymerization process [ 10 ]. One operator handled every polishing operation. Each sample's color was measured using the spectrophotometer's LabScan XE color space in relation to the CIE standard illuminant D65. The CIE-L*a*b* color space states that the L* parameter specifies the degree of lightness, a* indicates redness or greenness, and b* indicates yellowness or blueness. A portable reflecting spectrophotometer (X-Rite, model RM200QC, Germany) was used to measure each sample's shade. The specimens were perfectly aligned with the spectrophotometer, which had an opening size of 4 mm. Three areas—one in the middle and one on each side—were measured for every sample on a table in the room with a clear LED light and a white background. For the gloss, all specimens were measured using a gloss meter (Novo-Curve 60°, UK). This device employs a measurement technique that evaluates specular gloss at a 60° incident angle over a 2 mm × 2 mm area. It utilizes a source-filter photocell combination that is spectrally adjusted to acquire CIE luminous efficiency based on CIE source C, with an exposure time of 2s, repeated two times. Then, the specimens were subjected to initial surface microhardness measurements using a hardness tester (Innovatest, Netherlands). The microhardness parameters: Vickers diamond hardness was measured using a 300 g load applied for 15s. The indentations were measured by a built-in graduated microscope with an x40 objective lens. After that, Specimens of each main group of resin composite were randomly distributed into four subgroups (n = 12), according to storage media: Distilled water (control group), cola, orange juice, and chocolate milk, all at 24°C. The specimens were immersed in their corresponding solutions for 30 min, and kept in closed containers in distilled water at an incubator at 37°C. All the specimens were measured for the color change, gloss loss, and microhardness again after 1st day, 7 th, and 30th days (Fig. 1 ) All the statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS Statistical software for Windows version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to describe the color change, gloss, and microhardness values. An independent t-test and one-way ANOVA followed the two-way analysis of variance. A P-value of ≤ 0.05 was used to report the statistical significance of the results. 3. Results Results are summarized in Tables 2 - 4 . The given data was extracted using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality, which revealed that there was a significant difference with P-value > 0.05. A two-way ANOVA repeated measurement test was later used, and resulted in a significant interaction between the material, storage media, and time with a P-value < 0.05. 3.1. Color measurement results Table 2 and Fig. 2 show there was a statistically significant difference between the color change values of the composite resins at the end of the 1st, 7th, and 30th days (p < 0.05). Among the resin composite Vittra APS, the single shade composite group showed statistically significantly more color changes after 30 days. It was shown that the cola media after 30 days had the highest significant difference in comparison with other media. Finally, single-shade composite resin with repeated measurement test showed statistically significantly more color changes in all time periods(p < 0.05). Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) of the multi-shade composite resins showed less color change than the single shade composite group (Vittra APS) in all time periods(p < 0.05). With repeated measurement for the Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) group to compare the four storage media, water, orange, cola, and chocolate, over the three selected times and we found that the means and SD of all storage media, except water, were statistically significantly increased (p < 0.05). For the multiple comparison test used, we found that the orange media had the highest significant difference compared to other media over the three times. Table 2 Color measurements results. Material Storage Media ∆E After 1st day Mean ± SD ∆E After 7days Mean ± SD ∆E After 30days Mean ± SD P-value Vittra APS ( n = 48) Water 0.66 + 0.4 a 1.58 + 0.6 a 1.45 + 0.2 a 0 Orange 1.33 + 1.2 a 2.5 + 1.3 a 2.44 + 1.2 ab 0.002 cola 0.89 + 0.7 a 1.64 + 1 a 2.72 + 1.4 b 0.003 Chocolate 1.04 + 0.7 a 2.33 + 0.9 a 2.26 + 0.8 ab 0.003 P-value 0.222 0.053 0.028 Filtek Z250( n = 48) Water 0.51 + 0.2 a 0.57 + 0.3 a 0.7 + 0.4 a 0.176 Orange 1.97 + 1.8 b 1.9 + 0.9 b 2.23 + 1.7 b 0.014 cola 0.45 + 0.2 a 0.44 + 0.2 a 0.81 + 0.4 a 0.02 Chocolate 1.07 + 0.3 ab 0.93 + 0.2 a 0.49 + 0.2 a 0.001 P-value 0.001 0 0 * Significant difference as P value is 0.05 Letters a and b describe the significances determined by the post hoc test for multiple comparisons Different superscripts indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) 3.2. Gloss measurements results Results of gloss measurements are presented in Table 3 and Fig. 3 . Two-way ANOVA test for the single shade composite group (Vittra APS), at all time periods for four storage media showed statistically significant difference, P < 0.05. For multiple comparison test showed that chocolate was significantly lower than water at baseline and after 1st day. However, at 7 days, chocolate was significantly lower than cola, while at 30 days, chocolate was significantly lower than orange. For the Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) group, at all time periods in four storage media, results showed a statistically significant difference. Based on the multiple comparison test, at baseline, chocolate was significantly higher than water. At 7 days and 30 days, water was significantly lower than cola and chocolate. Repeated measurement test in all time periods revealed that water, orange, cola, and chocolate showed a significant change with P < 0.05. Table 3 Gloss measurements results. Material Storage Media Baseline Mean ± SD After 1st day Mean ± SD After 7days Mean ± SD After 30days Mean ± SD P-value Vittra APS ( n = 48) Water 46.04 + 8.1 b 46.93 + 6 b 49.18 + 6.3 b 46.46 + 3.7 b 0.032 Orange 43.45 + 5.3 ab 41.17 + 3.9 a 47.31 + 6.9 b 43.9 + 6 b 0.000 cola 43.6 + 5.9 ab 43.86 + 6.6 ab 48.29 + 6.4 b 44.47 + 5.6 b 0.029 Chocolate 37.81 + 2.9 a 41.05 + 3.7 a 43.22 + 3.6 a 41.43 + 3.8 a 0.065* P-value 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 Filtek Z250( n = 48) Water 104.22 ± 2.1 a 105.23 ± 0.8 a 105.34 ± 1.5 a 107.87 ± 1.1 a 0.000 Orange 104.34 ± 1.4 a 106.1 ± 1.1 a 107.42 ± 2.1 b 119.7 ± 3.1 b 0.000 cola 104.53 ± 1.8 a 106.01 ± 1.4 a 111.93 ± 2.1 c 124.44 ± 2.8 c 0.000 Chocolate 107.1 ± 2.8 b 106.3 ± 0.9 a 111 ± 1.3 c 127.33 ± 5.2 c 0.000 P-value 0.004 0.084* 0.000 0.000 * Significant difference as P value is 0.05 Letters a, b, and c describe the significances determined by the post hoc test for multiple comparisons 3.3. Microhardness measurement results The microhardness measurement of the restorative materials is shown in Table 4 and Fig. 4 . When the hardness values of the materials were listed, the single shade composite (Vittra APS) hardness value was statistically significant in all time periods for all Storage Media except water ( p < 0.05). For multiple comparison test showed that chocolate was significantly lower than water at baseline. After 1st day, both chocolate and orange were significantly lower than water. Within Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250), at baseline, water, orange, cola, and chocolate showed statistically there was a statistically significant difference in the mean hardness value. After 1st day, the values were and showed P < 0.05 statistically there was a significant difference. Multiple comparison test showed at baseline, water was significantly lower than orange and chocolate. At 1st day, cola was significantly lower than chocolate. Table 4 Microhardness measurements results. Material Storage Media Baseline Mean ± SD After 1st day Mean ± SD After 7days Mean ± SD After 30days Mean ± SD P-value Vittra APS ( n = 48) Water 46.04 + 8.1 b 46.93 + 6 b 49.18 + 6.3 b 46.46 + 3.7 b 0.277 Orange 43.45 + 5.3 ab 41.17 + 3.9 a 47.31 + 6.9 b 43.9 + 6 b 0 cola 43.6 + 5.9 ab 43.86 + 6.6 ab 48.29 + 6.4 b 44.47 + 5.6 b 0.005 Chocolate 37.81 + 2.9 a 41.05 + 3.7 a 43.22 + 3.6 a 41.43 + 3.8 a 0 P-value 0.01 0.025 0.082 0.01 Filtek Z250( n = 48) Water 66.51 + 2.9 a 69.45 + 1.2 ab 64.72 + 4.88 a 64.9 + 3.1 a 0.003 Orange 71.79 + 1.9 b 70 + 1.9 ab 68.88 + 4.25 a 68.01 + 6.1 a 0.008 cola 68.82 + 4.5 ab 68.18 + 2.5 a 67.8 + 5.31 a 64.99 + 7 a 0.023 Chocolate 70.02 + 1.5 b 70.6 + 1.5 b 67.63 + 4.21 a 65.68 + 4.8 a 0.002 P-value 0.001 0.015 0.174 0.471 * Significant difference as P value is 0.05 Letters a, b, and c describe the significances determined by the post hoc test for multiple comparisons 4. Discussion The aesthetic and functional longevity of single-shade restorative materials is a crucial concern in pediatric dentistry, as these materials are often exposed to colored, acidic, and sugary beverages that are commonly consumed by children [ 11 ]. Several studies have explored the effects of such beverages on the surface properties of these materials, particularly focusing on color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness [ 12 ]. Multiple studies found that the optical properties of direct restorative materials used in paediatric patients were notably affected by prolonged exposure to drinks commonly consumed by children [ 13 ]. Prasada in 2023 highlighted that single shade composite resins have the potential to adapt to color changes, which can be beneficial for patients with a high propensity for consuming colored beverages [ 11 ]. However, despite these advancements, the ability of single-shade composites to maintain their color stability over time remains a challenge, especially when exposed to commonly consumed beverages such as cola and fruit juices, such as orange juice [ 14 ]. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of four different children's beverages as storage media on the color stability, gloss, and surface microhardness of single shade composite (Vittra APS) and compare it with the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) group. The results of this study demonstrate significant differences in the color change, gloss, and microhardness stability of single-shade composite (Vittra APS) and universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) over time when exposed to various storage media. The single-shade resin composite (Vittra APS) exhibited greater color changes compared to the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250), particularly in media such as cola and orange juice. Vittra APS showed significant discoloration after 30 days, especially when stored in cola, which produced the highest color change among the other tested storage media. In terms of gloss stability, both resin composites demonstrated significant changes in gloss across the different media, with chocolate consistently resulting in lower gloss values, particularly for single-shade composite resin (Vittra APS) and Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250); however, they exhibited relatively better gloss retention, particularly in water. This suggests that while both materials are affected by environmental factors, the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) maintains its aesthetic properties to a greater extent than the single-shade composite (Vittra APS). When comparing with other studies' results, we found different effects of beverages on surface properties Study by found that exposure to cola and orange juice resulted in the greatest changes in both surface roughness and color stability, emphasizing the role of beverages in material [ 12 ]. These findings are supported by a similar study with Bengal and colleagues in 2024, which also observed that beverages significantly affect resin composites, increasing surface roughness and reducing microhardness [ 15 ]. This suggests that frequent consumption of beverages may compromise the long-term performance of dental restorations. In addition, the type of beverage, acidic or pigmented, also plays a significant role in discoloration [ 16 ]. Also, with sugar and sugar-free, for example, this study shows that sugar-containing milks and juices caused more significant color changes than sugar-free options, particularly in materials, which exhibited a higher susceptibility to staining[ 17 ]. FAZLIOĞLU et al. in 2022 demonstrated that significant color change in single-shade composites, with supra-nanohybrid resins showing a greater tendency for discoloration compared to other composites [ 18 ]. This agrees with another study's findings, which showed that single-shade composites exhibit greater surface roughness and discoloration than multi-shade composites, thus highlighting the trade-off between clinical convenience and material durability [ 19 ]. This finding underscores the need for material selection that accounts for both the type of beverage and the sugar content, which is a common factor in children’s diets. Furthermore, Habib et al. confirmed that chocolate milk and orange fizzy drinks caused clinically unacceptable color changes in resin composites after seven days of immersion[ 20 ]. This is consistent with the observations of other studies that emphasize the significant impact of sugary and colored beverages on the aesthetics and durability of restorative materials [ 16 , 17 ]. These findings have clinical significance: children who regularly drink these kinds of beverages may eventually experience more aesthetic issues with their dental restorations over time. These findings suggest that single-shade composites are more prone to color degradation, likely due to the nature of their resin and filler composition, which may be more susceptible to staining agents [ 5 ]. Another study measured the effect artifcial-aging of both the same resin composite restorations, including the single shade resin composite and multi-shade resin composite. El-Rashidy et al. found discoloration changes and gloss reduction after immersion [ 21 ]. Similarly, microhardness values for both materials decreased over time, with chocolate and cola media showing the most significant reductions in hardness single-shade composite (Vittra APS) showed a noticeable decline in hardness after storage in these media. In contrast, universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) demonstrated relatively stable microhardness, particularly in water, indicating that its composition may offer better durability under certain conditions. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of material selection in clinical practice. While single-shade composites like Vittra APS may offer initial aesthetic appeal, they are more vulnerable to color change and degradation over time, particularly when exposed to staining agents. Regular composites like Filtek Z250, however, showed superior resistance to color change and mechanical degradation, making them a more durable option for long-term use in environments that expose restorative materials to staining substances. The microhardness of composite restorations surface can be influenced by the type of beverages used for immersion and the duration of immersion [ 22 ] However, the effect of the interaction between resin composite and various beverages is influenced by a complex interplay of multiple variables [ 23 ]. Also microhardness of these materials diminishes upon immersion of these drinks, as the acidic components penetrate the resin matrix, leading to softening and weakening of the material's structure; therefore reduction in microhardness compromises the material's resistance to wear and its overall durability [ 24 ]. This study's limitations include it’s in vitro design, which may not fully replicate real oral conditions. The use of only four storage media limits the applicability of the findings to other staining agents, and the 30-day observation period may not capture long-term effects. Additionally, a larger sample size could provide more reliable results. 5. Conclusions In summary, the single-shade composite resin (Vittra APS) showed greater color changes, gloss reduction, and hardness loss compared to the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250), particularly in storage media like cola and orange. Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) exhibited better overall stability, making it a more durable choice for long-term use. These results highlight the importance of selecting materials based on both aesthetic and mechanical durability in clinical applications. Declarations Institutional Review Board Statement The in-vitro study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of the College of Dentistry Research Center (IRB. No. E-24-8918). Informed Consent Statement : This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding: This research received no external funding. Author Contribution Conceptualization, I.M.; data curation, M.M., I.M., R.Q., R.Q., K.H., Z.H., and M.H.; formal analysis, R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; investigation, M.M., I.M., R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; methodology, R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; writing-original draft, M.M., I.M., R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; writing-review and editing, M.M., I.M., Z.H., and M.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors thank the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, for providing the facilities for this study. The authors do not have any financial interest in the companies whose materials were included in this article. Data Availability The data used in this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author. References Daltoé, M. O. et al. L. A. B. Color Stability, Surface Roughness, and Microhardness of Resin-Based Composites After Immersion in Beverages Commonly Consumed by Children or Accelerated Artificial Aging. 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Changes in optical properties of aesthetic paediatric restorative materials following exposure to beverages: In-vitro study. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 26 , 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-024-00986-4 (2025). Cumhur, A. & Cevval Özkoçak, B. B. Evaluation of the Color Stability and Surface Roughness of a Novel Single-Shade Composite Resin: A Smart Chromatic Technology. Cyprus J. Med. Sci. 9 , 28–35. https://doi.org/10.4274/cjms.2023.2023-37 (2024). Bengal, S., Badole, G. P., Shenoi, P. R., Kubde, R. & Shahu, S. Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Bulk-fill and Nanohybrid Composite after Exposure to Different Beverages at Various Time Intervals - An In vitro Study. Ann. Afr. Med. 23 , 466–473. https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_157_23 (2024). Thakkar, R. et al. Effect of Staining Beverages on Color Stability of Composite: A Spectrophotometric Study. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 16 , S389–S392. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_611_23 (2024). Ponnala, S. L. et al. An In Vitro Staining Effect of Different Children’s Health Drinks on Esthetic Restorative Materials. Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 16 , 211–217. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2479 (2023). FAZLIOĞLU, L., OĞLAKÇI, B., ÖZDUMAN, Z. C. & ELİGÜZELOĞLU DALKILIÇ, E. The Color Change of a Novel Single-Shade Composite Immersed in Different Beverages. Bezmialem Sci. 10 , 716–721. https://doi.org/10.14235/bas.galenos.2022.35220 (2022). Alex, A. & Venkatesh, V. Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Color Stability Between Single-Shade Composite and Multi-Shade Composite: An. Vitro Study Cureus . 16 , e65396. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.65396 (2024). Habib, A. N. E. D. A., Abdelmoniem, S. A. & Mahmoud, S. A. Effect of children’s drinks on color stability of different dental composites: An in vitro study. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 41 , 120–125. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-41.2.120 (2017). El-Rashidy, A. A., Abdelraouf, R. M. & Habib, N. A. Effect of two artificial aging protocols on color and gloss of single-shade versus multi-shade resin composites. BMC Oral Health . 22 , 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02351-7 (2022). AlSheikh, R. et al. The effect of beverage temperature on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of the monoshade composite resin: An in vitro study. Saudi Dent. J. 36 , 740–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.03.002 (2024). Vejendla, I., Sandeep, A. H., S, P. & Choudhari, S. In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Different Beverages on the Surface Microhardness of a Single-Shade Universal Composite. Cureus 15 , e43669. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43669 (2023). Rathod, A. et al. Effect of Acidic Beverages on Color Stability and Microhardness of Various Esthetic Restorative Materials: A Comparative Study. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 13 , S1084–S1087. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_189_21 (2021). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 19 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 19 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 18 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8842196","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":595041017,"identity":"9068cb75-2115-4480-b074-0aca7011da26","order_by":0,"name":"Manal Almutairi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYQycPAzNj4EMxkSCCkhbEBpAiohbnZkCQtQMDeJkmUFt32g62beX/YyZi3M7ZVzvhzmIGfPceA8UcNbi1mZxLbbvMkJPPIHGZsu7mx7TCDZM8bA2aeY3i0HABrYeaRYAZqedhwmMHgRo4BMwMbHi3nH4K01IO1FD4AOsz+Bshh//BouQG25TBYC+MGNqAtEjkGDLxt+LQ8bLs5J+04SEuz5My2dB6JM88KDvP24XNY8rEbb2yq7SX4jz/82PPHWo6/PXnjwx/fcGvBADwg4gAJGkbBKBgFo2AUYAEAI8dSBHWHBAcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manal","middleName":"","lastName":"Almutairi","suffix":""},{"id":595041018,"identity":"702677ff-e36d-419e-b9f4-255feb1f1a2a","order_by":1,"name":"Ihab Mousa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ihab","middleName":"","lastName":"Mousa","suffix":""},{"id":595041020,"identity":"f007ef9d-e8ba-4fb5-8487-8ec477c9fede","order_by":2,"name":"Raghad Alqahtani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raghad","middleName":"","lastName":"Alqahtani","suffix":""},{"id":595041023,"identity":"af493bac-8c5c-46d0-913e-11e63372608e","order_by":3,"name":"Rahaf Alqahtani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rahaf","middleName":"","lastName":"Alqahtani","suffix":""},{"id":595041024,"identity":"1b4ca53a-8ff6-442b-8e48-5f86a436fae8","order_by":4,"name":"Khozama Alhazzani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khozama","middleName":"","lastName":"Alhazzani","suffix":""},{"id":595041025,"identity":"48776906-4cee-4ddf-903a-703144b792d4","order_by":5,"name":"Zain Hafiz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zain","middleName":"","lastName":"Hafiz","suffix":""},{"id":595041026,"identity":"d3fb7b78-d9c9-46c9-9db0-899fc931ea0a","order_by":6,"name":"Majedah Alhomaidhi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Majedah","middleName":"","lastName":"Alhomaidhi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-10 14:38:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842196/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842196/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103349200,"identity":"d3167025-d6a6-42c6-ad93-06cff8b01440","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-24 16:41:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":775888,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepresentative images of laboratory procedures. A: Color machine (Spectrophotometer); B: Gloss machine (Gloss meter); C: Microhardness machine (Vickers micro-hardness tester).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8842196/v1/94079aa5e565d766b7ec97e9.png"},{"id":103349195,"identity":"359199d4-2927-4516-a437-47fc0601e193","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-24 16:41:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eColor measurements results\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8842196/v1/bb89be8732016c7769c558ea.png"},{"id":103349203,"identity":"4da8bf30-cc97-48ef-899a-e594a97564c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-24 16:41:25","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGloss measurements results\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8842196/v1/a4d7d1f71055dfc0a30126f5.png"},{"id":103349159,"identity":"a0046f04-ee2c-4e7e-a7a7-f4b3b6e8819b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-24 16:41:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrohardness measurements results\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8842196/v1/54b6633858b633a01dee3841.png"},{"id":103349238,"identity":"518b72a4-7242-4cc5-b4c4-69998110ef20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-24 16:41:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2150030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8842196/v1/5d52ac3b-7b43-439f-aa62-ac9086b183d4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of Common Children's Beverages on Surface Properties of Single-Shade Restorative Material: An in vitro Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResin-based composites as direct restoration have become a preferred dental restorative option due to their enhanced aesthetics, adhesive properties, and minimal tooth removal requirements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Aesthetic indications of Resin Composite restorations in the anterior region, such as fracture of the incisal edge and closure of diastemas, are often preferred due to their superior optical properties, translucency effect, and high polishability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been recommended to use layering techniques for color matching; this method works extremely well, but it takes a lot of professional skills and more clinical time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Clinicians have challenges when dealing with the layering of resin composite restorations in the cosmetic area, since it might be difficult to achieve color matching between the tooth and the dental structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, single-shade composite restoration can adapt to tooth structure and improve aesthetics, reducing reliance on shade selection. This effect is referred to as the \u0026ldquo;Chameleon effect\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. However, multiple studies assessing the discoloration of Single-shade composites have demonstrated that significant discoloration from beverages like coffee and tea, despite their chameleon effect, and any discoloration in the resin composite would affect the aesthetic and appearance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2022, a study was conducted by Ers\u0026ouml;z and colleagues in an in vitro experiment. The result showed that the color stability of single-shade resin composites showed less color change was seen in resin composites having silane-coated fillers in their structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, a recent study in 2023 by Rohym et al. was done to assess and compare two single-shade resin composites' color stability and found that a new chromatic material technology used in single-shade resin composites lacks aesthetic success due to surface roughness and dramatic color change [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2023, Elmalawany et al. evaluated the effect of multiple beverages, with and without brushing, on the surface mechanical properties of two resin composites and concluded that beverages and brushing harmed the surface properties of both dental resin composites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study in 2022 by Ebaya et al. investigated and compared the surface roughness and color stability of two different single‑shade composite restorations, methacrylate resin-based composite and ormocer‑based composite. Universal composites demonstrated acceptable surface smoothness and good color matching with various tooth colors; the aging process adversely affected their color stability and surface properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted due to the insignificant number of studies related to our topic, especially in children using the most common coloring beverages, and the importance of using single-shade restorations in children due to their advantages. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of four common children's beverages on the color, gloss, and microhardness of single-shade resin composites. The null hypothesis states that there was no difference in the effect of these four common children's coloring beverages on single-shade resin composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present in vitro study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of the College of Dentistry Research Center (IRB. No. E-24-8918). The materials evaluated in the study were shade A2 universal and single-shade resin composite, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials used in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduct\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVittra APS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanohybrid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive Chroma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredients: Mixture of methacrylate monomers, photoinitiator composition (APS), co-initiators, stabilizers, and silane\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInactive ingredients:boron-aluminum-silicate glass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGM, Joinville,SC, Brazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiltek Z250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanohybrid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA); urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA); triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA); poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA); ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (Bis-EMA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated by using G*Power version 3.1.9.4 (Heinrich Heine University of D\u0026uuml;sseldorf, D\u0026uuml;sseldorf, Germany) with a power of 90%. According to the power analysis, the total sample size was determined to be 48 specimens from each resin composite, 12 units from each subgroup, with a supposed significance level of 0.05 and an effect size of 0.455.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForty-eight specimens of each Shade A2 universal (Filtek Z250) and single shade resin composite material (Vittra APS Unique) were made by filling a silicon mold set on a glass slide with the uncured material. The specimens were 2 mm in diameter and 10 mm thick, and were covered with a Mylar\u0026reg; strip matrix (Crosstex International, Inc., Hauppauge, NY, USA). The mold was covered with a second strip and a glass slide. As directed by the manufacturers, the specimens were cured on both sides using a photo-polymerization unit (Bluephase, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) with an intensity of 900 mW/cm\u0026sup2;. In the studies that were performed, only specimens free of macroscopically visible defects were used. For a week, the resin composite disks were kept at 37\u0026deg;C in distilled water. Then, using aluminum oxide disks (Sof-Lex, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and an electric handpiece operated at 15,000 rpm for 10 s on each disk (medium, fine, and superfine), all specimens were polished. All of the specimens were kept in distilled water at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours in order to finish the polymerization process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. One operator handled every polishing operation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach sample's color was measured using the spectrophotometer's LabScan XE color space in relation to the CIE standard illuminant D65. The CIE-L*a*b* color space states that the L* parameter specifies the degree of lightness, a* indicates redness or greenness, and b* indicates yellowness or blueness. A portable reflecting spectrophotometer (X-Rite, model RM200QC, Germany) was used to measure each sample's shade. The specimens were perfectly aligned with the spectrophotometer, which had an opening size of 4 mm. Three areas\u0026mdash;one in the middle and one on each side\u0026mdash;were measured for every sample on a table in the room with a clear LED light and a white background.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the gloss, all specimens were measured using a gloss meter (Novo-Curve 60\u0026deg;, UK). This device employs a measurement technique that evaluates specular gloss at a 60\u0026deg; incident angle over a 2 mm \u0026times; 2 mm area. It utilizes a source-filter photocell combination that is spectrally adjusted to acquire CIE luminous efficiency based on CIE source C, with an exposure time of 2s, repeated two times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThen, the specimens were subjected to initial surface microhardness measurements using a hardness tester (Innovatest, Netherlands). The microhardness parameters: Vickers diamond hardness was measured using a 300 g load applied for 15s. The indentations were measured by a built-in graduated microscope with an x40 objective lens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter that, Specimens of each main group of resin composite were randomly distributed into four subgroups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12), according to storage media: Distilled water (control group), cola, orange juice, and chocolate milk, all at 24\u0026deg;C. The specimens were immersed in their corresponding solutions for 30 min, and kept in closed containers in distilled water at an incubator at 37\u0026deg;C. All the specimens were measured for the color change, gloss loss, and microhardness again after 1st day, 7\u003csup\u003eth,\u003c/sup\u003e and 30th days (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS Statistical software for Windows version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to describe the color change, gloss, and microhardness values. An independent t-test and one-way ANOVA followed the two-way analysis of variance. A P-value of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was used to report the statistical significance of the results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eResults are summarized in Tables\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e-\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The given data was extracted using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov test for normality, which revealed that there was a significant difference with P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. A two-way ANOVA repeated measurement test was later used, and resulted in a significant interaction between the material, storage media, and time with a P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Color measurement results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show there was a statistically significant difference between the color change values of the composite resins at the end of the 1st, 7th, and 30th days (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among the resin composite Vittra APS, the single shade composite group showed statistically significantly more color changes after 30 days. It was shown that the cola media after 30 days had the highest significant difference in comparison with other media. Finally, single-shade composite resin with repeated measurement test showed statistically significantly more color changes in all time periods(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversal resin composite (Filtek Z250) of the multi-shade composite resins showed less color change than the single shade composite group (Vittra APS) in all time periods(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). With repeated measurement for the Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) group to compare the four storage media, water, orange, cola, and chocolate, over the three selected times and we found that the means and SD of all storage media, except water, were statistically significantly increased (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For the multiple comparison test used, we found that the orange media had the highest significant difference compared to other media over the three times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor measurements results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStorage Media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e∆E\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 1st day\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e∆E\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 7days\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e∆E\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 30days\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVittra APS (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.6 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.3 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.2 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.7 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.4 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChocolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.7 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.9 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.8 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.028\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiltek Z250(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.4 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.9 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.7 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.4 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChocolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.3 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e* Significant difference as P value is 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLetters a and b describe the significances determined by the post hoc test for multiple comparisons\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent superscripts indicate a significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Gloss measurements results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of gloss measurements are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Two-way ANOVA test for the single shade composite group (Vittra APS), at all time periods for four storage media showed statistically significant difference, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. For multiple comparison test showed that chocolate was significantly lower than water at baseline and after 1st day. However, at 7 days, chocolate was significantly lower than cola, while at 30 days, chocolate was significantly lower than orange.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) group, at all time periods in four storage media, results showed a statistically significant difference. Based on the multiple comparison test, at baseline, chocolate was significantly higher than water. At 7 days and 30 days, water was significantly lower than cola and chocolate. Repeated measurement test in all time periods revealed that water, orange, cola, and chocolate showed a significant change with \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGloss measurements results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStorage Media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 1st day\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 7days\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 30days\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVittra APS (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.04\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.93\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.18\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.3\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.46\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.17\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.86\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.29\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.4\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.47\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChocolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.81\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.05\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.22\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.43\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiltek Z250(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChocolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* Significant difference as P value is 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLetters a, b, and c describe the significances determined by the post hoc test for multiple comparisons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Microhardness measurement results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microhardness measurement of the restorative materials is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. When the hardness values of the materials were listed, the single shade composite (Vittra APS) hardness value was statistically significant in all time periods for all Storage Media except water (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For multiple comparison test showed that chocolate was significantly lower than water at baseline. After 1st day, both chocolate and orange were significantly lower than water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250), at baseline, water, orange, cola, and chocolate showed statistically there was a statistically significant difference in the mean hardness value. After 1st day, the values were and showed \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 statistically there was a significant difference. Multiple comparison test showed at baseline, water was significantly lower than orange and chocolate. At 1st day, cola was significantly lower than chocolate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrohardness measurements results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStorage Media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 1st day\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 7days\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 30days\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVittra APS (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.04\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.93\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.18\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.3\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.46\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.17\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.86\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.29\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.4\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.47\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChocolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.81\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.05\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.22\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.43\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiltek Z250(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.51\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.72\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4.88\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.79\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.88\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4.25\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.01\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.82\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eab\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.18\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.31\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.99\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChocolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.02\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.63\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4.21\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.68\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4.8\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* Significant difference as P value is 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLetters a, b, and c describe the significances determined by the post hoc test for multiple comparisons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aesthetic and functional longevity of single-shade restorative materials is a crucial concern in pediatric dentistry, as these materials are often exposed to colored, acidic, and sugary beverages that are commonly consumed by children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Several studies have explored the effects of such beverages on the surface properties of these materials, particularly focusing on color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Multiple studies found that the optical properties of direct restorative materials used in paediatric patients were notably affected by prolonged exposure to drinks commonly consumed by children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Prasada in 2023 highlighted that single shade composite resins have the potential to adapt to color changes, which can be beneficial for patients with a high propensity for consuming colored beverages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. However, despite these advancements, the ability of single-shade composites to maintain their color stability over time remains a challenge, especially when exposed to commonly consumed beverages such as cola and fruit juices, such as orange juice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of four different children's beverages as storage media on the color stability, gloss, and surface microhardness of single shade composite (Vittra APS) and compare it with the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study demonstrate significant differences in the color change, gloss, and microhardness stability of single-shade composite (Vittra APS) and universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) over time when exposed to various storage media. The single-shade resin composite (Vittra APS) exhibited greater color changes compared to the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250), particularly in media such as cola and orange juice. Vittra APS showed significant discoloration after 30 days, especially when stored in cola, which produced the highest color change among the other tested storage media.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of gloss stability, both resin composites demonstrated significant changes in gloss across the different media, with chocolate consistently resulting in lower gloss values, particularly for single-shade composite resin (Vittra APS) and Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250); however, they exhibited relatively better gloss retention, particularly in water. This suggests that while both materials are affected by environmental factors, the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) maintains its aesthetic properties to a greater extent than the single-shade composite (Vittra APS).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing with other studies' results, we found different effects of beverages on surface properties Study by found that exposure to cola and orange juice resulted in the greatest changes in both surface roughness and color stability, emphasizing the role of beverages in material [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings are supported by a similar study with Bengal and colleagues in 2024, which also observed that beverages significantly affect resin composites, increasing surface roughness and reducing microhardness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This suggests that frequent consumption of beverages may compromise the long-term performance of dental restorations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the type of beverage, acidic or pigmented, also plays a significant role in discoloration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, with sugar and sugar-free, for example, this study shows that sugar-containing milks and juices caused more significant color changes than sugar-free options, particularly in materials, which exhibited a higher susceptibility to staining[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. FAZLIOĞLU et al. in 2022 demonstrated that significant color change in single-shade composites, with supra-nanohybrid resins showing a greater tendency for discoloration compared to other composites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This agrees with another study's findings, which showed that single-shade composites exhibit greater surface roughness and discoloration than multi-shade composites, thus highlighting the trade-off between clinical convenience and material durability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This finding underscores the need for material selection that accounts for both the type of beverage and the sugar content, which is a common factor in children\u0026rsquo;s diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Habib et al. confirmed that chocolate milk and orange fizzy drinks caused clinically unacceptable color changes in resin composites after seven days of immersion[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This is consistent with the observations of other studies that emphasize the significant impact of sugary and colored beverages on the aesthetics and durability of restorative materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings have clinical significance: children who regularly drink these kinds of beverages may eventually experience more aesthetic issues with their dental restorations over time. These findings suggest that single-shade composites are more prone to color degradation, likely due to the nature of their resin and filler composition, which may be more susceptible to staining agents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study measured the effect artifcial-aging of both the same resin composite restorations, including the single shade resin composite and multi-shade resin composite. El-Rashidy et al. found discoloration changes and gloss reduction after immersion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, microhardness values for both materials decreased over time, with chocolate and cola media showing the most significant reductions in hardness single-shade composite (Vittra APS) showed a noticeable decline in hardness after storage in these media. In contrast, universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) demonstrated relatively stable microhardness, particularly in water, indicating that its composition may offer better durability under certain conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, these findings emphasize the importance of material selection in clinical practice. While single-shade composites like Vittra APS may offer initial aesthetic appeal, they are more vulnerable to color change and degradation over time, particularly when exposed to staining agents. Regular composites like Filtek Z250, however, showed superior resistance to color change and mechanical degradation, making them a more durable option for long-term use in environments that expose restorative materials to staining substances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microhardness of composite restorations surface can be influenced by the type of beverages used for immersion and the duration of immersion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] However, the effect of the interaction between resin composite and various beverages is influenced by a complex interplay of multiple variables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Also microhardness of these materials diminishes upon immersion of these drinks, as the acidic components penetrate the resin matrix, leading to softening and weakening of the material's structure; therefore reduction in microhardness compromises the material's resistance to wear and its overall durability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study's limitations include it\u0026rsquo;s in vitro design, which may not fully replicate real oral conditions. The use of only four storage media limits the applicability of the findings to other staining agents, and the 30-day observation period may not capture long-term effects. Additionally, a larger sample size could provide more reliable results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the single-shade composite resin (Vittra APS) showed greater color changes, gloss reduction, and hardness loss compared to the universal resin composite (Filtek Z250), particularly in storage media like cola and orange. Universal resin composite (Filtek Z250) exhibited better overall stability, making it a more durable choice for long-term use. These results highlight the importance of selecting materials based on both aesthetic and mechanical durability in clinical applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe in-vitro study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of the College of Dentistry Research Center (IRB. No. E-24-8918).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement\u003c/strong\u003e: This research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, I.M.; data curation, M.M., I.M., R.Q., R.Q., K.H., Z.H., and M.H.; formal analysis, R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; investigation, M.M., I.M., R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; methodology, R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; writing-original draft, M.M., I.M., R.Q., R.Q., and K.H.; writing-review and editing, M.M., I.M., Z.H., and M.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, for providing the facilities for this study. The authors do not have any financial interest in the companies whose materials were included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDalto\u0026eacute;, M. O. et al. L. A. B. Color Stability, Surface Roughness, and Microhardness of Resin-Based Composites After Immersion in Beverages Commonly Consumed by Children or Accelerated Artificial Aging. \u003cem\u003ePesqui Bras. Em Odontopediatria e Clin. 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In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Different Beverages on the Surface Microhardness of a Single-Shade Universal Composite. \u003cem\u003eCureus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e, e43669. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43669\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7759/cureus.43669\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRathod, A. et al. Effect of Acidic Beverages on Color Stability and Microhardness of Various Esthetic Restorative Materials: A Comparative Study. \u003cem\u003eJ. Pharm. Bioallied Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e, S1084\u0026ndash;S1087. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_189_21\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_189_21\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Beverages, Children, Single-shade composite resin, Pediatric dentistry","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842196/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842196/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-shade composite restorations can adapt to the tooth structure, improve aesthetics, and reduce reliance on shade selection. To assess the effect of four different children's beverages on the color changes, gloss, and surface microhardness of a resin composite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForty-eight specimens were prepared from each Shade A2 universal (Filtek Z250) and single shade resin composite material (Vittra APS Unique). Then, the specimens were divided into four subgroups: Distilled water (control group), cola, orange juice, and chocolate milk, all at 24\u0026deg;C. These specimens underwent 30 minutes of daily immersion in their respective beverages. Color changes, gloss, and microhardness values were evaluated at baseline, first, 7th, and 30th days of immersion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor change was significantly higher in Vittra APS than in Filtek Z250 across all time intervals, especially in cola after 30 days. For gloss, Vittra APS and Filtek Z250 at all time periods for four storage media showed statistically significant differences. Microhardness of Vittra APS was significantly affected by all time periods and all media except water. Filtek Z250 showed significant differences across all storage media at baseline and after 1 day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe single-shade composite showed more color change, gloss loss, and hardness reduction\u0026mdash;especially in storage media like cola and orange \u0026mdash;compared to the universal composite, which demonstrated greater stability and durability, emphasizing the need to choose materials with both aesthetic and mechanical resilience in clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Common Children's Beverages on Surface Properties of Single-Shade Restorative Material: An in vitro Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-24 16:40:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842196/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-16T18:07:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-09T10:00:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"288232580827883387838845926012905448319","date":"2026-03-07T08:46:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-04T08:52:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"218206034364026091565203098436919062891","date":"2026-03-04T05:33:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96969001845235718914889552575860153072","date":"2026-03-04T04:53:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-19T16:27:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-19T16:22:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-19T15:40:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-18T14:33:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-02-18T14:27:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5fc87de1-5437-4f95-ba85-8066b4eb0d82","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 24th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":63322122,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":63322123,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-09T18:54:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-24 16:40:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8842196","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8842196","identity":"rs-8842196","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}